US20050054602A1 - Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules - Google Patents

Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20050054602A1
US20050054602A1 US10/894,657 US89465704A US2005054602A1 US 20050054602 A1 US20050054602 A1 US 20050054602A1 US 89465704 A US89465704 A US 89465704A US 2005054602 A1 US2005054602 A1 US 2005054602A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
odn
cpg
dna
cells
seq
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/894,657
Inventor
Arthur Krieg
Joel Kline
Dennis Klinman
Alfred Steinberg
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of Iowa Research Foundation UIRF
US Department of Health and Human Services
Coley Pharmaceutical Group Inc
Original Assignee
University of Iowa Research Foundation UIRF
US Department of Health and Human Services
Coley Pharmaceutical Group Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=24968901&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US20050054602(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from US08/386,063 external-priority patent/US6194388B1/en
Priority to US10/894,657 priority Critical patent/US20050054602A1/en
Application filed by University of Iowa Research Foundation UIRF, US Department of Health and Human Services, Coley Pharmaceutical Group Inc filed Critical University of Iowa Research Foundation UIRF
Assigned to UNIVERSITY OF IOWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, THE reassignment UNIVERSITY OF IOWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KRIEG, ARTHUR M.
Assigned to UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,THE reassignment UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KLINMAN, DENNIS
Assigned to CPG IMMUNOPHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment CPG IMMUNOPHARMACEUTICALS, INC. AGREEMENT Assignors: STEINBERG, ALFRED D.
Assigned to COLEY PHARMACEUTICAL GROUP, INC. reassignment COLEY PHARMACEUTICAL GROUP, INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CPG IMMUNOPHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Assigned to UNIVERSITY OF IOWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, THE reassignment UNIVERSITY OF IOWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KLINE, JOEL
Publication of US20050054602A1 publication Critical patent/US20050054602A1/en
Assigned to NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT reassignment NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT CONFIRMATORY LICENSE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
Priority to US12/383,824 priority patent/US7888327B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/4706—4-Aminoquinolines; 8-Aminoquinolines, e.g. chloroquine, primaquine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7048—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin, digitoxin or digoxin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • A61K31/711—Natural deoxyribonucleic acids, i.e. containing only 2'-deoxyriboses attached to adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine and having 3'-5' phosphodiester links
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • A61K31/7125—Nucleic acids or oligonucleotides having modified internucleoside linkage, i.e. other than 3'-5' phosphodiesters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/02—Stomatological preparations, e.g. drugs for caries, aphtae, periodontitis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/117—Nucleic acids having immunomodulatory properties, e.g. containing CpG-motifs
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55561—CpG containing adjuvants; Oligonucleotide containing adjuvants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/17—Immunomodulatory nucleic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/31—Chemical structure of the backbone
    • C12N2310/315—Phosphorothioates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • oligonucleotides Like DNA, oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) are able to enter cells in a saturable, sequence independent, and temperature and energy dependent fashion (reviewed in Jaroszewski, J. W., and J. S. Cohen. 1991.
  • Lymphocyte ODN uptake has been shown to be regulated by cell activation.
  • Spleen cells stimulated with the B cell mitogen LPS had dramatically enhanced ODN uptake in the B cell population, while spleen cells treated with the T cell mitogen Con A showed enhanced ODN uptake by T but not B cells (Krieg, A. M., F. Gmelig-Meyling, M. F. Gourley, W. J. Kisch, L. A. Chrisey, and A. D. Steinberg. 1991. “Uptake of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by lymphoid cells is heterogeneous and inducible”. Antisense Research and Development 1:161).
  • Guanine ribonucleotides substituted at the C8 position with either a bromine or a thiol group are B cell mitogens and may replace “B cell differentiation factors” (Feldbush, T. L., and Z. K. Ballas. 1985. “Lymphokine-like activity of 8-mercaptoguanosine: induction of T and B cell differentiation”. J. Immunol. 134:3204; and Goodman, M. G. 1986. “Mechanism of synergy between T cell signals and C8-substituted guanine nucleosides in humoral immunity: B lymphotropic cytokines induce responsiveness to 8-mercaptoguanosine”. J. Immunol. 136.3335).
  • 8-mercaptoguanosine and 8-bromoguanosine also can substitute for the cytokine requirement for the generation of MHC restricted CTL (Feldbush, T. L., 1985. cited supra), augment murine NK activity (Koo, G. C., M. E. Jewell, C. L. Manyak, N. H. Sigal, and L. S. Wicker. 1988. “Activation of murine natural killer cells and macrophages by 8-bromoguanosine”. J. Immunol. 140:3249), and synergize with IL-2 in inducing murine LAK generation (Thompson, R. A., and Z. K. Ballas. 1990. “Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.
  • CREB cAMP response element binding protein
  • ATF activating transcription factor
  • CREB/ATF family of transcription factors is a ubiquitously expressed class of transcription factors of which 11 members have so far been cloned (reviewed in de Groot, R. P., and P. Sassone-Corsi: “Hormonal control of gene expression: Multiplicity and versatility of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-responsive nuclear regulators”. Mol. Endocrin. 7:145, 1993; Lee, K. A. W., and N. Masson: “Transcriptional regulation by CREB and its relatives”. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1174:221, 1993.).
  • bZip basic region/leucine zipper
  • All cells appear to express one or more CREB/ATF proteins, but the members expressed and the regulation of mRNA splicing appear to be tissue-specific. Differential splicing of activation domains can determine whether a particular CREB/ATF protein will be a transcriptional inhibitor or activator. Many CREB/ATF proteins activate viral transcription, but some splicing variants which lack the activation domain are inhibitory.
  • CREB/ATF proteins can bind DNA as homo- or hetero-dimers through the cAMP response element, the CRE, the consensus form of which is the unmethylated sequence TGACGTC (binding is abolished if the CpG is methylated) (Iguchi-Ariga, S. M. M., and W. Schaffner: “CpG methylation of the cAMP-responsive enhancer/promoter sequence TGACGTCA abolishes specific factor binding as well as transcriptional activation”. Genes & Develop. 3:612, 1989.).
  • FIG. 8A shows the results from a flow cytometry study using mouse B cells with the dihydrorhodamine 123 dye to determine levels of reactive oxygen species.
  • the dye only sample in Panel A of the figure shows the background level of cells positive for the dye at 28.6%.
  • This level of reactive oxygen species was greatly increased to 80% in the cells treated for 20 minutes with PMA and ionomycin, a positive control (Panel B).
  • the cells treated with the CpG oligo (TCCATGACGTTCCTGACGTT SEQ ID NO:37) also showed an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species such that more than 50% of the cells became positive (Panel D).
  • an “immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule” refers to a nucleic acid molecule, which contains an unmethylated cytosine, guanine dinucleotide sequence (i.e. “CpG DNA” or DNA containing a cytosine followed by guanosine and linked by a phosphate bond) and stimulates (e.g. has a mitogenic effect on, or induces or increases cytokine expression by) a vertebrate lymphocyte.
  • An immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Generally, double-stranded molecules are more stable in vivo, while single-stranded molecules have increased immune activity.
  • immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules are between 2 to 100 base pairs in size and contain a consensus mitogenic CpG motif represented by the formula: 5′ X 1 X 2 CGX 3 X 4 3′
  • the stimulation index of a particular immunostimulatory CpG DNA can be tested in various immune cell assays.
  • the stimulation index of the immunostimulatory CpG DNA with regard to B-cell proliferation is at least about 5, preferably at least about 10, more preferably at least about 15 and most preferably at least about 20 as determined by incorporation of 3 H uridine in a murine B cell culture, which has been contacted with a 20 ⁇ M of ODN for 20 h at 37° C. and has been pulsed with 1 ⁇ Ci of 3 H uridine; and harvested and counted 4 h later as described in detail in Example 1.
  • the immunostimulatory CpG DNA be capable of effectively inducing cytokine secretion by monocytic cells and/or Natural Killer (NK) cell lytic activity.
  • Preferred immunostimulatory CpG nucleic acids should effect at least about 500 pg/ml of TNF- ⁇ , 15 pg/ml IFN- ⁇ , 70 pg/ml of GM-CSF 275 pg/ml of IL-6, 200 pg/ml IL-12, depending on the therapeutic indication, as determined by the assays described in Example 12.
  • Other preferred immunostimulatory CpG DNAs should effect at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15% and most preferably at least about 20% YAC-1 cell specific lysis or at least about 30, more preferably at least about 35 and most preferably at least about 40% 2 C 11 cell specific lysis as determined by the assay described in detail in Example 4.
  • nucleic acid or “DNA” shall mean multiple nucleotides (i.e. molecules comprising a sugar (e.g. ribose or deoxyribose) linked to a phosphate group and to an exchangeable organic base, which is either a substituted pyrimidine (e.g. cytosine (C), thymine (T) or uracil (U)) or a substituted purine (e.g. adenine (A) or guanine (G)).
  • cytosine (C), thymine (T) or uracil (U) or a substituted purine (e.g. adenine (A) or guanine (G)
  • the term refers to ribonucleotides as well as oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
  • the term shall also include polynucleosides (i.e.
  • nucleic acid delivery complex shall mean a nucleic acid molecule associated with (e.g. ionically or covalently bound to; or encapsulated within) a targeting means (e.g. a molecule that results in higher affinity binding to target cell (e.g. B-cell and natural killer (NK) cell) surfaces and/or increased cellular uptake by target cells).
  • a targeting means e.g. a molecule that results in higher affinity binding to target cell (e.g. B-cell and natural killer (NK) cell) surfaces and/or increased cellular uptake by target cells.
  • nucleic acid delivery complexes include nucleic acids associated with: a sterol (e.g. cholesterol), a lipid (e.g. a cationic lipid, virosome or liposome), or a target cell specific binding agent (e.g. a ligand recognized by target cell specific receptor).
  • Preferred complexes must be sufficiently stable in vivo to prevent significant uncoupling prior to internalization by the target
  • “Palindromic sequence” shall mean an inverted repeat (i.e. a sequence such as ABCDEE′D° C.′B′A′ in which A and A′ are bases capable of forming the usual Watson-Crick base pairs. In vivo, such sequences may form double stranded structures.
  • Preferred stabilized nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention have a modified backbone.
  • especially preferred stabilized nucleic acid molecules are phosphorothioate modified nucleic acid molecules (i.e. at least one of the phosphate oxygens of the nucleic acid molecule is replaced by sulfur).
  • the phosphate modification occurs at or near the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the nucleic acid molecule.
  • phosphorothioate-modified nucleic acid molecules can increase the extent of immune stimulation of the nucleic acid molecule, which contains an unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as shown herein.
  • a “subject” shall mean a human or vertebrate animal including a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, sheep, goat, chicken, monkey, rat, mouse, etc.
  • ODN 1 and 2 were synthesized. These ODNs, including the two original “controls” (ODN 1 and 2) and two originally synthesized as “antisense” (ODN 3D and 3M; Krieg, A. M. J. Immunol. 143:2448 (1989)), were then examined for in vitro effects on spleen cells (representative sequences are listed in Table 1).
  • ODN that contained CpG dinucleotides induced B cell activation and IgM secretion; the magnitude of this stimulation typically could be increased by adding more CpG dinucleotides (Table 1; compare ODN 2 to 2a or 3D to 3Da and 3 Db). Stimulation did not appear to result from an antisense mechanism or impurity. ODN caused no detectable proliferation of ⁇ or other T cell populations.
  • the optimal stimulatory motif was determined to consist of a CpG flanked by two 5′ purines (preferably a GpA dinucleotide) and two 3′ pyrimidines (preferably a TpT or TpC dinucleotide). Mutations of ODN to bring the CpG motif closer to this ideal improved stimulation (e.g. Table 1, compare ODN 2 to 2e; 3M to 3Md) while mutations that disturbed the motif reduced stimulation (e.g. Table 1, compare ODN 3D to 3Df; 4 to 4b, 4c and 4d).
  • ODNs shorter than 8 bases were non-stimulatory (e.g. Table 1, ODN 4e).
  • ODN 4e the most stimulatory sequence identified was TCAACGTT (ODN 4) which contains the self complementary “palindrome” AACGTT.
  • ODN containing Gs at both ends showed increased stimulation, particularly if the ODN were rendered nuclease resistant by phosphorothioate modification of the terminal internucleotide linkages.
  • ODN 1585 (5′ GGGGTCAACGTTGAGGGGGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:30)), in which the first two and last five internucleotide linkages are phosphorothioate modified caused an average 25.4 fold increase in mouse spleen cell proliferation compared to an average 3.2 fold increase in proliferation induced by ODN 1638, which has the same sequence as ODN 1585 except that the 10 Gs at the two ends are replaced by 10 As.
  • the effect of the G-rich ends is cis; addition of an ODN with poly G ends but no CpG motif to cells along with 1638 gave no increased proliferation.
  • non-palindromic motifs containing an unmethylated CpG were found to be more immunostimulatory.
  • octamer ODN containing a 6 base palindrome with a TpC dinucleotide at the 5′ end were also active (e.g. Table 1, ODN 4b,4c).
  • Other dinucleotides at the 5′ end gave reduced stimulation (e.g. ODN 4f; all sixteen possible dinucleotides were tested).
  • ODN 4f all sixteen possible dinucleotides were tested.
  • the presence of a 3′ dinucleotide was insufficient to compensate for the lack of a 5′ dinucleotide (e.g. Table 1, ODN 4g).
  • Disruption of the palindrome eliminated stimulation in octamer ODN (e.g. Table 1, ODN 4h), but palindromes were not required in longer ODN.
  • liver IL-6 mRNA peaked at 2 hr post-injection and rapidly decreased and reached basal level 8 hr after stimulation ( FIG. 3A ).
  • Splenic IL-6 mRNA peaked at 2 hr after stimulation and then gradually decreased ( FIG. 3A ).
  • Thymus IL-6 mRNA peaked at 1 hr post-injection and then gradually decreased ( FIG. 3A ).
  • IL-6 mRNA was significantly increased in bone marrow within 1 hr after CpG S-ODN injection but then returned to basal level. In response to CpG S-ODN, liver, spleen and thymus showed more substantial increases in IL-6 mRNA expression than the bone marrow.
  • the dye only sample in Panel A of the figure shows the background level of cells positive for the dye at 28.6%.
  • this level of reactive oxygen species was greatly increased to 80% in the cells treated for 20 minutes with PMA and ionomycin, a positive control (Panel B).
  • the cells treated with the CpG oligo also showed an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species such that more than 50% of the cells became positive (Panel D).
  • cells treated with an oligonucleotide with the identical sequence except that the CpG was switched did not show this significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (Panel E).
  • Another use of the described immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules is in desensitization therapy for allergies, which are generally caused by IgE antibody generation against harmless allergens.
  • the cytokines that are induced by unmethylated CpG nucleic acids are predominantly of a class called “Th1” which is most marked by a cellular immune response and is associated with IL-12 and IFN- ⁇ .
  • Th1 The other major type of immune response is termed a Th2 immune response, which is associated with more of an antibody immune response and with the production of IL-4, EL-5 and L-10.
  • Th2 immune response which is associated with more of an antibody immune response and with the production of IL-4, EL-5 and L-10.
  • allergic diseases are mediated by Th2 type immune responses and autoimmune diseases by Th1 immune response.
  • oligonucleotides containing an unmethylated CpG motif i.e. TCCATGA CG TTCCTGA CG TT; SEQ ID NO:37
  • TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT
  • a nucleic acid alone or as a nucleic acid delivery complex can be administered in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intended to include substances that can be coadministered with a nucleic acid or a nucleic acid delivery complex and allows the nucleic acid to perform its indicated function. Examples of such carriers include solutions, solvents, dispersion media, delay agents, emulsions and the like. The use of such media for pharmaceutically active substances are well known in the art. Any other conventional carrier suitable for use with the nucleic acids falls within the scope of the instant invention.
  • an effective amount of a nucleic acid molecule refers to the amount necessary or sufficient to realize a desired biologic effect.
  • an effective amount of a nucleic acid containing at least one unmethylated CpG for treating an immune system deficiency could be that amount necessary to eliminate a tumor, cancer, or bacterial, viral or fungal infection.
  • An effective amount for use as a vaccine adjuvant could be that amount useful for boosting a subjects immune response to a vaccine.
  • An “effective amount” for treating asthma can be that amount useful for redirecting a Th2 type of immune response that is associated with asthma to a Th1 type of response.
  • the effective amount for any particular application can vary depending on such factors as the disease or condition being treated, the particular nucleic acid being administered (e.g.
  • DBA/2 B cells were cultured with no DNA or 50 ⁇ g/ml of a) Micrococcus lysodeikticus ; b) NZB/N mouse spleen; and c) NFS/N mouse spleen genomic DNAs for 48 hours, then pulsed with 3 H thymidine for 4 hours prior to cell harvest.
  • Duplicate DNA samples were digested with DNAse I for 30 minutes at 37 C prior to addition to cell cultures.
  • E coli DNA also induced an 8.8 fold increase in the number of IgM secreting B cells by 48 hours using the ELISA-spot assay.
  • DBA/2 B cells were cultured with either no additive, 50 ⁇ g/ml LPS or the ODN 1; 1a; 4; or 4a at 20 uM. Cells were cultured and harvested at 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours. BXSB cells were cultured as in Example 1 with 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 ⁇ M of ODN 1; 1a; 4; or 4a or LPS. In this experiment, wells with no ODN had 3833 cpm. Each experiment was performed at least three times with similar results. Standard deviations of the triplicate wells were ⁇ 5%.
  • 10 ⁇ 10 6 C57BL/6 spleen cells were cultured in two ml RPMI (supplemented as described for Example 1) with or without 40 ⁇ M CpG or non-CpG ODN for forty-eight hours. Cells were washed, and then used as effector cells in a short term 51 Cr release assay with YAC-1 and 2C 11, two NK sensitive target cell lines (Ballas, Z. K. et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 150:17). Effector cells were added at various concentrations to 10 4 51 Cr-labeled target cells in V-bottom microtiter plates in 0.2 ml, and incubated in 5% CO 2 for 4 hr. at 37° C.
  • mice were weighed and injected IP with 0.25 ml of sterile PBS or the indicated phophorothioate ODN dissolved in PBS. Twenty four hours later, spleen cells were harvested, washed, and stained for flow cytometry using phycoerythrin conjugated 6B2 to gate on B cells in conjunction with biotin conjugated anti Ly-6A/E or anti-Ia d (Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.) or anti-Bla-1 (Hardy, R. R. et al., J. Exp. Med. 159:1169 (1984). Two mice were studied for each condition and analyzed individually.
  • B cells were cultured with phosphorothioate ODN with the sequence of control ODN 1a or the CpG ODN 1d and 3 Db and then either pulsed after 20 hr with 3 H uridine or after 44 hr with 3 H thymidine before harvesting and determining cpm.
  • mice DBA/2 female mice (2 mos. old) were injected IP with 500 ⁇ g CpG or control phosphorothioate ODN. At various time points after injection, the mice were bled. Two mice were studied for each time point. IL-6 was measured by Elisa, and IL-6 concentration was calculated by comparison to a standard curve generated using recombinant IL-6. The sensitivity of the assay was 10 pg/ml. Levels were undetectable after 8 hr.
  • E. coli and calf thymus DNA were digested with DNAse I (2U/ ⁇ g of DNA) at 37° C. for 2 hr in 1 ⁇ SSC with 5 mM MgCl 2 .
  • DNAse I (2U/ ⁇ g of DNA)
  • E. coli DNA was treated with CpG methylase (M. SssI; 2U/ ⁇ g of DNA) in NEBuffer 2 supplemented with 160 ⁇ M S-adenosyl methionine and incubated overnight at 37° C.
  • Methylated DNA was purified as above. Efficiency of methylation was confirmed by Hpa II digestion followed by analysis by gel electrophoresis.
  • cells were treated with CpG O-ODN along with various concentrations (1-10 ⁇ g/ml) of neutralizing rat IgG1 antibody against murine IL-6 (hybridoma MP5-20F3) or control rat IgG1 mAb to E. coli ⁇ -galactosidase (hybridoma GL113; ATCC, Rockville, Md.) (20) for 5 days.
  • culture supernatant fractions were analyzed by ELISA as below.
  • TPBS 0.5 mM MgCl 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, 2.68 mM KCl, 1.47 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 0.14 M NaCl, 6.6 mM K 2 HPO 4 , 0.5% Tween 20
  • TPBS 0.5 mM MgCl 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, 2.68 mM KCl, 1.47 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 0.14 M NaCl, 6.6 mM K 2 HPO 4 , 0.5% Tween 20
  • the plates were washed and 100 ⁇ l/well of biotinylated rat anti-mouse IL-6 monoclonal antibodies (MP5-32C11, Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.) (1 ⁇ g/ml in 10% FCS) or biotinylated anti-mouse Ig (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) were added and incubated for 45 min. at room temperature following washes with TPBS. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated avidin (Bio-rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) at 1:4000 dilution in 10% FCS (100 ⁇ l/well) was added and incubated at room temperature for 30 min.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • the plates were washed and developed with o-phenylendiamine dihydrochloride (OPD; Sigma, St. Louis Mo.) 0.05 M phosphate-citrate buffer, pH 5.0, for 30 min.
  • OPD o-phenylendiamine dihydrochloride
  • the reaction was stopped with 0.67 N H 2 SO 4 and plates were read on a microplate reader (Cambridge Technology, Inc., Watertown, Mass.) at 490-600 nm. The results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 .
  • RNA synthesis and IL-6 PCR was done essentially as described by Montgomery and Dallman (Montgomery, R. A. and M. S. Dallman (1991), Analysis of cytokine gene expression during fetal thymic ontogeny using the polymerase chain reaction ( J. Immunol .) 147:554).
  • cDNA synthesis and IL-6 PCR was done essentially as described by Montgomery and Dallman (Montgomery, R. A. and M. S. Dallman (1991), Analysis of cytokine gene expression during fetal thymic ontogeny using the polymerase chain reaction ( J.
  • the gel was dried and prehybridized at 47° C. for 2 hr. hybridization buffer (5 ⁇ SSPE, 0.1% SDS) containing 10 ⁇ g/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA.
  • hybridization buffer 5 ⁇ SSPE, 0.1% SDS
  • the gel was hybridized with 2 ⁇ 10 6 cpm/ml ⁇ -[ 32 P]ATP end-labeled internal oligonucleotide probe for IL-6 (5′CATTTCCACGATTTCCCA3′) SEQ ID NO:11) overnight at 47° C., washed 4 times (2 ⁇ SSC, 0.2% SDS) at room temperature and autoradiographed.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 3 .
  • DBA/2 mice spleen B cells (5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/100 ⁇ l/well) were treated with media, CpG or non-CpG S-ODN (0.5 ⁇ M) or O-ODN (20 ⁇ M) for 24 hr at 37° C. Cells were pulsed for the last four hr. with either [ 3 H] Thymidine or [ 3 H] Uridine (1 ⁇ Ci/well). Amounts of [ 3 H] incorporated were measured using Liquid Scintillation Analyzer (Packard Instrument Co., Downers Grove, Ill.).
  • Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was measured by a solution assay (Seed, B. and J. Y. Sheen (1988) A single phase-extraction assay for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity. Gene 76:271) 16 hr. after transfection. The results are presented in FIG. 5 .
  • ODN were synthesized on an Applied Biosystems Inc. (Foster City, Calif.) model 380A, 380B, or 394 DNA synthesizer using standard procedures (Beacage and Caruthers (1981) Deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites—A new class of key intermediates for deoxypolynucleotide synthesis. Tetrahedron Letters 22, 1859-1862.).
  • Phosphodiester ODN were synthesized using standard beta-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite chemistry. Phosphorothioate linkages were introduced by oxidizing the phosphite linkage with elemental sulfur instead of the standard iodine oxidation.
  • the four common nucleoside phosphoramidites were purchased from Applied Biosystems. All phosphodiester and thioate containing ODN were deprotected by treatment with concentrated ammonia at 55° C. for 12 hours. The ODN were purified by gel exclusion chromatography and lyophilized to dryness prior to use. Phosphorodithioate linkages were introduced by using deoxynucleoside S-(b-benzoylmercaptoethyl) pyrrolidino thiophosphoramidites (Wiesler, W. T. et al., (1993) In Methods in Molecular Biology: Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs-Synthesis and Properties, Agrawal, S. (ed.), Humana Press, 191-206.). Dithioate containing ODN were deprotected by treatment with concentrated ammonia at 55° C. for 12 hours followed by reverse phase HPLC purification.
  • the methylphosphinodiester is treated with the sulfurizing reagent (5% elemental sulfur, 100 millimolar N,N-diamethylaminopyridine in carbon disulfide/pyridine/triethylamine), four consecutive times for 450 seconds each to produce methylphosphonothioates.
  • the methylphosphinodiester is treated with standard oxidizing reagent (0.1 M iodine in tetrahydrofuran/2,6-lutidine/water).
  • silica gel bound oligomer was treated with distilled pyridine/concentrated ammonia, 1:1, (v/v) for four days at 4 degrees centigrade.
  • the supernatant was dried in vacuo, dissolved in water and chromatographed on a G50/50 Sephadex column.
  • O-ODN refers to ODN which are phosphodiester; S-ODN are completely phosphorothioate modified; S-O-ODN are chimeric ODN in which the central linkages are phosphodiester, but the two 5′ and five 3′ linkages are phosphorothioate modified; S 2 -O-ODN are chimeric ODN in which the central linkages are phosphodiester, but the two 5′ and five 3′ linkages are phosphorodithioate modified; and MP-O-ODN are chimeric ODN in which the central linkages are phosphodiester, but the two 5′ and five 3′ linkages are methylphosphonate modified.
  • the ODN sequences studied include: 3D (5′ GAGAA CG CTGGACCTTCCAT),; (SEQ ID NO:17) 3M (5′ TCCATGT CG GTCCTGATGCT),; (SEQ ID NO:46) 5 (5′ GG CG TTATTCCTGACT CG CC),; (SEQ ID NO:29) and 6 (5′ CCTA CG TTGTATG CG CCCAGCT),. (SEQ ID NO:12) These sequences are representative of literally hundreds of CpG and non-CpG ODN that have been tested in the course of these studies.
  • mice DBA/2, or BXSB mice obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.), and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions were used as a source of lymphocytes at 5-10 wk of age with essentially identical results.
  • mouse spleen cells (5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/100 ⁇ l/well) were cultured at 37° C. in a 5% CO 2 humidified incubator in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat inactivated fetal calf serum (heated to 65° C. for experiments with O-ODN, or 56° C. for experiments using only modified ODN), 1.5 ⁇ M L-glutamine, 50 ⁇ M 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin for 24 hr or 48 hr as indicated.
  • Phosphodiester ODN were purchased from Operon Technologies (Alameda, Calif.). Phosphorothioate ODN were purchased from the DNA core facility, University of Iowa, or from The Midland Certified Reagent Company (Midland Tex.). E. coli (strain B) DNA and calf thymus DNA were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). All DNA and ODN were purified by extraction with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and/or ethanol precipitation. The LPS level in ODN was less than 12.5 ng/mg and E. coli and calf thymus DNA contained less than 2.5 ng of LPS/mg of DNA by Limulus assay.
  • Virus-free, 4-6 week old, DBA/2, C57BL/6 (B6) and congenitally athymic BALB/C mice were obtained on contract through the Veterans Affairs from the National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, Md.). C57BL/6 SCID mice were bred in the SPF barrier facility at the University of Iowa Animal Care Unit.
  • PBMC peripheral mononuclear blood leukocytes
  • 1 LU was defined as the number of cells needed to effect 30% specific lysis.
  • neutralizing antibodies against IFN- ⁇ Lee Biomolecular, San Diego, Calif.
  • IL-12 C15.1, C15.6, C17.8, and C17.15; provided by Dr. Giorgio Trinchieri, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.
  • isotype controls were added at the initiation of cultures to a concentration of 10 ⁇ g/ml.
  • 10 ⁇ g of each of the 4 MAB (or isotype controls) were added simultaneously.
  • Recombinant human IL-2 was used at a concentration of 100 U/ml.
  • Schistosoma mansoni eggs contain an antigen ( Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen (SEA)) that induces a Th2 immune response (e.g. production of IgE antibody).
  • SEA Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen
  • mice were then treated with oligonucleotides (30 ⁇ g in 200 ⁇ l saline by i.p.injection), which either contained an unmethylated CpG motif (i.e. TCCATGA CG TTCCTGA CG TT; SEQ ID NO:37) or did not (i.e. control, TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT; SEQ ID NO:39).
  • Soluble SEA (10 ⁇ g in 25 ⁇ l of saline) was administered by intranasal instillation on days 14 and 21. Saline was used as a control.
  • mice were sacrificed at various times after airway challenge.
  • Whole lung lavage was performed to harvest airway and alveolar inflammatory cells.
  • Cytokine levels were measured from lavage fluid by ELISA.
  • RNA was isolated from whole lung for Northern analysis and RT-PCR studies using CsCl gradients. Lungs were inflated and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde for histologic examination.
  • FIG. 9 shows that when the mice are initially injected with the eggs i.p., and then inhale the egg antigen (open circle), many inflammatory cells are present in the lungs. However, when the mice are initially given a nucleic acid containing an unmethylated CpG motif along with the eggs, the inflammatory cells in the lung are not increased by subsequent inhalation of the egg antigen (open triangles).
  • FIG. 10 shows that the same results are obtained when only eosinophils present in the lung lavage are measured.
  • Eosinophils are the type of inflammatory cell most closely associated with asthma.
  • FIG. 11 shows that when the mice are treated with a control oligo at the time of the initial exposure to the egg, there is little effect on the subsequent influx of eosinophils into the lungs after inhalation of SEA.
  • mice inhale the eggs on days 14 or 21 they develop an acute inflammatory response in the lungs.
  • giving a CpG oligo along with the eggs at the time of initial antigen exposure on days 0 and 7 almost completely abolishes the increase in eosinophils when the mice inhale the egg antigen on day 14.
  • FIG. 12 shows that very low doses of oligonucleotide ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ g) can give this protection.
  • FIG. 13 shows that the resultant inflammatory response correlates with the levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 in the lung.
  • FIG. 14 shows that administration of an oligonucleotide containing an unmethylated CpG motif can actually redirect the cytokine response of the lung to production of Il-12, indicating a Th1 type of immune response.
  • FIG. 15 shows that administration of an oligonucleotide containing an unmethylated CpG motif can also redirect the cytokine response of the lung to production of IFN- ⁇ , indicating a Th1 type of immune response.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)

Abstract

Nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides and therapeutic utilities based on their ability to stimulate an immune response and to redirect a Th2 response to a Th1 response in a subject are disclosed. Methods for treating atopic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, are disclosed.

Description

    RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/738,652, filed Oct. 30, 1996, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/386,063, filed Feb. 7, 1995, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,388, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/276,358, filed Jul. 15, 1994, now abandoned.
    • GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
  • The work resulting in this invention was supported in part by National Institute of Health Grant No. R29-AR42556-01. The U.S. Government may therefore be entitled to certain rights in the invention.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • DNA Binds to Cell Membranes and is Internalized
  • In the 1970's, several investigators reported the binding of high molecular weight DNA to cell membranes (Lerner, R. A., W. Meinke, and D. A. Goldstein. 1971. “Membrane-associated DNA in the cytoplasm of diploid human lymphocytes”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68:1212; Agrawal, S. K., R. W. Wagner, P. K. McAllister, and B. Rosenberg. 1975. “Cell-surface-associated nucleic acid in tumorigenic cells made visible with platinum-pyrimidine complexes by electron microscopy”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:928). In 1985, Bennett et al. presented the first evidence that DNA binding to lymphocytes is similar to a ligand receptor interaction: binding is saturable, competitive, and leads to DNA endocytosis and degradation into oligonucleotides (Bennett, R. M., G. T. Gabor, and M. M. Merritt. 1985. “DNA binding to human leukocytes. Evidence for a receptor-mediated association, internalization, and degradation of DNA”. J. Clin. Invest. 76:2182). Like DNA, oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) are able to enter cells in a saturable, sequence independent, and temperature and energy dependent fashion (reviewed in Jaroszewski, J. W., and J. S. Cohen. 1991. “Cellular uptake of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides”. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 6:235; Akhtar, S., Y. Shoji, and R. L. Juliano. 1992. “Pharmaceutical aspects of the biological stability and membrane transport characteristics of antisense oligonucleotides”. In: Gene Regulation: Biology of Antisense RNA and DNA. R. P. Erickson, and J. G. Izant, eds. Raven Press, Ltd. New York, pp. 133; and Zhao, Q., T. Waldschmidt, E. Fisher, C. J. Herrera, and A. M. Krieg., 1994. “Stage specific oligonucleotide uptake in murine bone marrow B cell precursors”. Blood, 84:3660). No receptor for DNA or ODN uptake has yet been cloned, and it is not yet clear whether ODN binding and cell uptake occurs through the same or a different mechanism from that of high molecular weight DNA.
  • Lymphocyte ODN uptake has been shown to be regulated by cell activation. Spleen cells stimulated with the B cell mitogen LPS had dramatically enhanced ODN uptake in the B cell population, while spleen cells treated with the T cell mitogen Con A showed enhanced ODN uptake by T but not B cells (Krieg, A. M., F. Gmelig-Meyling, M. F. Gourley, W. J. Kisch, L. A. Chrisey, and A. D. Steinberg. 1991. “Uptake of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by lymphoid cells is heterogeneous and inducible”. Antisense Research and Development 1:161).
  • Immune Effects of Nucleic Acids
  • Several polynucleotides have been extensively evaluated as biological response modifiers. Perhaps the best example is poly (I,C) which is a potent inducer of IFN production as well as a macrophage activator and inducer of NK activity (Talmadge, J. E., J. Adams, H. Phillips, M. Collins, B. Lenz, M. Schneider, E. Schlick, R. Ruffmann, R. H. Wiltrout, and M. A. Chirigos. 1985. “Immunomodulatory effects in mice of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose”. Cancer Res. 45:1058; Wiltrout, R. H., R. R. Salup, T. A. Twilley, and J. E. Talmadge. 1985. “Immunomodulation of natural killer activity by polyribonucleotides”. J. Biol. Resp. Mod. 4:512; Krown, S. E. 1986. “Interferons and interferon inducers in cancer treatment”. Sem. Oncol. 13:207; and Ewel, C. H., S. J. Urba, W. C. Kopp, J. W. Smith II, R. G. Steis, J. L. Rossio, D. L. Longo, M. J. Jones, W. G. Alvord, C. M. Pinsky, J. M. Beveridge, K. L. McNitt, and S. P. Creekmore. 1992. “Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose in combination with interleukin-2 in patients with cancer: clinical and immunological effects”. Canc. Res. 52:3005). It appears that this murine NK activation may be due solely to induction of IFN-β secretion (Ishikawa, R., and C. A. Biron. 1993. “IFN induction and associated changes in splenic leukocyte distribution”. J. Immunol. 150:3713). This activation was specific for the ribose sugar since deoxyribose was ineffective. Its potent in vitro antitumor activity led to several clinical trials using poly (I,C) complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (to reduce degradation by RNAse) (Talmadge, J. E., et al., 1985. cited supra; Wiltrout, R. H., et al., 1985. cited supra); Krown, S. E., 1986. cited supra); and Ewel, C. H., et al., 1992. cited supra). Unfortunately, toxic side effects have thus far prevented poly (I,C) from becoming a useful therapeutic agent.
  • Guanine ribonucleotides substituted at the C8 position with either a bromine or a thiol group are B cell mitogens and may replace “B cell differentiation factors” (Feldbush, T. L., and Z. K. Ballas. 1985. “Lymphokine-like activity of 8-mercaptoguanosine: induction of T and B cell differentiation”. J. Immunol. 134:3204; and Goodman, M. G. 1986. “Mechanism of synergy between T cell signals and C8-substituted guanine nucleosides in humoral immunity: B lymphotropic cytokines induce responsiveness to 8-mercaptoguanosine”. J. Immunol. 136.3335). 8-mercaptoguanosine and 8-bromoguanosine also can substitute for the cytokine requirement for the generation of MHC restricted CTL (Feldbush, T. L., 1985. cited supra), augment murine NK activity (Koo, G. C., M. E. Jewell, C. L. Manyak, N. H. Sigal, and L. S. Wicker. 1988. “Activation of murine natural killer cells and macrophages by 8-bromoguanosine”. J. Immunol. 140:3249), and synergize with IL-2 in inducing murine LAK generation (Thompson, R. A., and Z. K. Ballas. 1990. “Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. V. 8-Mercaptoguanosine as an IL-2-sparing agent in LAK generation”. J. Immunol. 145:3524). The NK and LAK augmenting activities of these C8-substituted guanosines appear to be due to their induction of IFN (Thompson, R. A., et al. 1990. cited supra). Recently, a 5′ triphosphorylated thymidine produced by a mycobacterium was found to be mitogenic for a subset of human γδ T cells (Constant, P., F. Davodeau, M.-A. Peyrat, Y. Poquet, G. Puzo, M. Bonneville, and J.-J. Fournie. 1994. “Stimulation of human γδ T cells by nonpeptidic mycobacterial ligands” Science 264:267). This report indicated the possibility that the immune system may have evolved ways to preferentially respond to microbial nucleic acids.
  • Several observations suggest that certain DNA structures may also have the potential to activate lymphocytes. For example, Bell et al. reported that nucleosomal protein-DNA complexes (but not naked DNA) in spleen cell supernatants caused B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion (Bell, D. A., B. Morrison, and P. VandenBygaart. 1990. “Immunogenic DNA-related factors”. J. Clin. Invest. 85:1487). In other cases, naked DNA has been reported to have immune effects. For example, Messina et al. have recently reported that 260 to 800 bp fragments of poly (dG)•(dC) and poly (dG•dC) were mitogenic for B cells (Messina, J. P., G. S. Gilkeson, and D. S. Pisetsky. 1993. “The influence of DNA structure on the in vitro stimulation of murine lymphocytes by natural and synthetic polynucleotide antigens”. Cell. Immunol.147:148). Tokunaga, et al. have reported that dG•dC induces IFN-γ and NK activity (Tokunaga, S. Yamamoto, and K. Namba. 1988. “A synthetic single-stranded DNA, poly(dG,dC), induces interferon-α/β and -γ, augments natural killer activity, and suppresses tumor growth” Jpn. J Cancer Res. 79:682). Aside from such artificial homopolymer sequences, Pisetsky et al. reported that pure mammalian DNA has no detectable immune effects, but that DNA from certain bacteria induces B cell activation and immunoglobulin secretion (Messina, J. P., G. S. Gilkeson, and D. S. Pisetsky. 1991. “Stimulation of in vitro murine lymphocyte proliferation by bacterial DNA”. J. Immunol. 147:1759). Assuming that these data did not result from some unusual contaminant, these studies suggested that a particular structure or other characteristic of bacterial DNA renders it capable of triggering B cell activation. Investigations of mycobacterial DNA sequences have demonstrated that ODN which contain certain palindrome sequences can activate NK cells (Yamamoto, S., T. Yamamoto, T. Kataoka, E. Kuramoto, O. Yano, and T. Tokunaga. 1992. “Unique palindromic sequences in synthetic oligonucleotides are required to induce INF and augment INF-mediated natural killer activity”. J. Immunol. 148:4072; Kuramoto, E., O. Yano, Y. Kimura, M. Baba, T. Makino, S. Yamamoto, T. Yamamoto, T. Kataoka, and T. Tokunaga. 1992. “Oligonucleotide sequences required for natural killer cell activation”. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 83:1128).
  • Several phosphorothioate modified ODN have been reported to induce in vitro or in vivo B cell stimulation (Tanaka, T., C. C. Chu, and W. E. Paul. 1992. “An antisense oligonucleotide complementary to a sequence in Iγ2b increases γ2b germline transcripts, stimulates B cell DNA synthesis, and inhibits immunoglobulin secretion”. J. Exp. Med. 175:597; Branda, R. F., A. L. Moore, L. Mathews, J. J. McCormack, and G. Zon. 1993. “Immune stimulation by an antisense oligomer complementary to the rev gene of HIV-1”. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45:2037; McIntyre, K. W., K. Lombard-Gillooly, J. R. Perez, C. Kunsch, U. M. Sarmiento, J. D. Larigan, K. T. Landreth, and R. Narayanan. 1993. “A sense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide directed to the initiation codon of transcription factor NFκB T65 causes sequence-specific immune stimulation”. Antisense Res. Develop. 3:309; and Pisetsky, D. S., and C. F. Reich. 1993. “Stimulation of murine lymphocyte proliferation by a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide with antisense activity for herpes simplex virus”. Life Sciences 54:101). These reports do not suggest a common structural motif or sequence element in these ODN that might explain their effects.
  • The CREB/ATF Family of Transcription Factors and their Role in Replication
  • The cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor (ATF) or CREB/ATF family of transcription factors is a ubiquitously expressed class of transcription factors of which 11 members have so far been cloned (reviewed in de Groot, R. P., and P. Sassone-Corsi: “Hormonal control of gene expression: Multiplicity and versatility of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-responsive nuclear regulators”. Mol. Endocrin. 7:145, 1993; Lee, K. A. W., and N. Masson: “Transcriptional regulation by CREB and its relatives”. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1174:221, 1993.). They all belong to the basic region/leucine zipper (bZip) class of proteins. All cells appear to express one or more CREB/ATF proteins, but the members expressed and the regulation of mRNA splicing appear to be tissue-specific. Differential splicing of activation domains can determine whether a particular CREB/ATF protein will be a transcriptional inhibitor or activator. Many CREB/ATF proteins activate viral transcription, but some splicing variants which lack the activation domain are inhibitory. CREB/ATF proteins can bind DNA as homo- or hetero-dimers through the cAMP response element, the CRE, the consensus form of which is the unmethylated sequence TGACGTC (binding is abolished if the CpG is methylated) (Iguchi-Ariga, S. M. M., and W. Schaffner: “CpG methylation of the cAMP-responsive enhancer/promoter sequence TGACGTCA abolishes specific factor binding as well as transcriptional activation”. Genes & Develop. 3:612, 1989.).
  • The transcriptional activity of the CRE is increased during B cell activation (Xie, H. T. C. Chiles, and T. L. Rothstein: “Induction of CREB activity via the surface Ig receptor of B cells”. J. Immunol. 151:880, 1993.). CREB/ATF proteins appear to regulate the expression of multiple genes through the CRE including immunologically important genes such as fos, jun B, Rb-1, IL-6, IL-1 (Tsukada, J., K. Saito, W. R. Waterman, A. C. Webb, and P. E. Auron: “Transcription factors NF-IL6 and CREB recognize a common essential site in the human prointerleukin 1βgene”. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7285, 1994; Gray, G. D., O. M. Hernandez, D. Hebel, M. Root, J. M. Pow-Sang, and E. Wickstrom: “Antisense DNA inhibition of tumor growth induced by c-Ha-ras oncogene in nude mice”. Cancer Res. 53:577, 1993), EFN-β (Du, W., and T. Maniatis: “An ATF/CREB binding site protein is required for virus induction of the human interferon B gene”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2150, 1992), TGF-β1 (Asiedu, C. K., L. Scott, R. K. Assoian, M. Ehrlich: “Binding of AP-1/CREB proteins and of MDBP to contiguous sites downstream of the human TGF-B1 gene”. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1219:55, 1994.), TGF-β2, class II MHC (Cox, P. M., and C. R. Goding: “An ATF/CREB binding motif is required for aberrant constitutive expression of the MHC class II DRa promoter and activation by SV40 T-antigen”. Nucl. Acids Res. 20:4881, 1992.), E-selectin, GM-CSF, CD-8α, the germline Igα constant region gene, the TCR Vβ gene, and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Huang, D., P. M. Shipman-Appasamy, D. J. Orten, S. H. Hinrichs, and M. B. Prystowsky: “Promoter activity of the proliferating-cell nuclear antigen gene is associated with inducible CRE-binding proteins in interleukin 2-stimulated T lymphocytes”. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4233, 1994.). In addition to activation through the cAMP pathway, CREB can also mediate transcriptional responses to changes in intracellular Ca++ concentration (Sheng, M., G. McFadden, and M. E. Greenberg: “Membrane depolarization and calcium induce c-fos transcription via phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB”. Neuron 4:571, 1990).
  • The role of protein-protein interactions in transcriptional activation by CREB/ATF proteins appears to be extremely important. There are several published studies reporting direct or indirect interactions between NFKB proteins and CREB/ATF proteins (Whitley, et. al., (1994) Mol. & Cell. Biol. 14:6464; Cogswell, et al., (1994) J. Immun. 153:712; Hines, et al., (1993) Oncogene 8:3189; and Du, et al., (1993) Cell 74:887. Activation of CREB through the cyclic AMP pathway requires protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates CREB341 on ser133 and allows it to bind to a recently cloned protein, CBP (Kwok, R. P. S., J. R. Lundblad, J. C. Chrivia, J. P. Richards, H. P. Bachinger, R. G. Brennan, S. G. E. Roberts, M. R. Green, and R. H. Goodman: “Nuclear protein CBP is a coactivator for the transcription factor CREB”. Nature 370:223, 1994; Arias, J., A. S. Alberts, P. Brindle, F. X. Claret, T. Smea, M. Karin, J. Feramisco, and M. Montminy: “Activation of cAMP and mitogen responsive genes relies on a common nuclear factor”. Nature 370:226, 1994.). CBP in turn interacts with the basal transcription factor TFIIB causing increased transcription. CREB also has been reported to interact with dTAFII 110, a TATA binding protein-associated factor whose binding may regulate transcription (Ferreri, K., G. Gill, and M. Montminy: “The cAMP-regulated transcription factor CREB interacts with a component of the TFIID complex”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1210, 1994.). In addition to these interactions, CREB/ATF proteins can specifically bind multiple other nuclear factors (Hoeffler, J. P., J. W. Lustbader, and C.-Y. Chen: “Identification of multiple nuclear factors that interact with cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate response element-binding protein and activating transcription factor-2 by protein-protein interactions”. Mol. Endocrinol. 5:256, 1991) but the biologic significance of most of these interactions is unknown. CREB is normally thought to bind DNA either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with several other proteins. Surprisingly, CREB monomers constitutively activate transcription (Krajewski, W., and K. A. W. Lee: “A monomeric derivative of the cellular transcription factor CREB functions as a constitutive activator”. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7204, 1994.).
  • Aside from their critical role in regulating cellular transcription, it has recently been shown that CREB/ATF proteins are subverted by some infectious viruses and retroviruses, which require them for viral replication. For example, the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter, one of the strongest known mammalian promoters, contains eleven copies of the CRE which are essential for promoter function (Chang, Y.-N., S. Crawford, J. Stall, D. R. Rawlins, K.-T. Jeang, and G. S. Hayward: “The palindromic series I repeats in the simian cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter behave as both strong basal enhancers and cyclic AMP response elements”. J. Virol. 64:264, 1990). At least some of the transcriptional activating effects of the adenovirus E1A protein, which induces many promoters, are due to its binding to the DNA binding domain of the CREB/ATF protein, ATF-2, which mediates E1A inducible transcription activation (Liu, F., and M. R. Green: “Promoter targeting by adenovirus E1a through interaction with different cellular DNA-binding domains”. Nature 368:520, 1994). It has also been suggested that E1A binds to the CREB-binding protein, CBP (Arany, Z., W. R. Sellers, D. M. Livingston, and R. Eckner: “E1A-associated p300 and CREB-associated CBP belong to a conserved family of coactivators”. Cell 77:799, 1994). Human T lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-1), the retrovirus which causes human T cell leukemia and tropical spastic paresis, also requires CREB/ATF proteins for replication. In this case, the retrovirus produces a protein, Tax, which binds to CREB/ATF proteins and redirects them from their normal cellular binding sites to different DNA sequences (flanked by G- and C-rich sequences) present within the HTLV transcriptional enhancer (Paca-Uccaralertkun, S., L.-J. Zhao, N. Adya, J. V. Cross, B. R. Cullen, I. M. Boros, and C.-Z. Giam: “In vitro selection of DNA elements highly responsive to the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I transcriptional activator, Tax”. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:456, 1994; Adya, N., L.-J. Zhao, W. Huang, I. Boros, and C.-Z. Giam: “Expansion of CREB's DNA recognition specificity by Tax results from interaction with Ala-Ala-Arg at positions 282-284 near the conserved DNA-binding domain of CREB”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:5642, 1994).
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The instant invention is based on the finding that certain nucleic acids containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides activate lymphocytes in a subject and redirect a subject's immune response from a Th2 to a Th1 (e.g. by inducing monocytic cells and other cells to produce Th1 cytokines, including IL-12, IFN-γ and GM-CSF). Based on this finding, the invention features, in one aspect, novel immunostimulatory nucleic acid compositions.
  • In a preferred embodiment, the immunostimulatory nucleic acid contains a consensus mitogenic CpG motif represented by the formula:
    5′ X1CGX2 3′
      • wherein X1 is selected from the group consisting of A, G and T; and X2 is C or T.
  • In a particularly preferred embodiment an immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule contains a consensus mitogenic CpG motif represented by the formula:
    5′ X1X2CGX3X4 3′
      • Wherein C and G are unmethylated; and X1, X2, X3 and X4 are nucleotides.
  • Enhanced immunostimulatory activity of human cells occurs where X1 X2 is selected from the group consisting of GpT, GpG, GpA and ApA and/or X3X4 is selected from the group consisting of TpT, CpT and GpT (Table 5). For facilitating uptake into cells, CpG containing immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules are preferably in the range of 8 to 40 base pairs in size. However, nucleic acids of any size (even many kb long) are immunostimulatory if sufficient immunostimulatory motifs are present, since such larger nucleic acids are degraded into oligonucleotides inside of cells. Preferred synthetic oligonucleotides do not include a GCG trinucleotide sequence at or near the 5′ and/or 3′ terminals and/or the consensus mitogenic CpG motif is not a palindrome. Prolonged immunostimulation can be obtained using stabilized oligonucleotides, particularly phosphorothioate stabilized oligonucleotides.
  • In a second aspect, the invention features useful therapies, which are based on the immunostimulatory activity of the nucleic acid molecules. For example, the immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules can be used to treat, prevent or ameliorate an immune system deficiency (e.g., a tumor or cancer or a viral, fungal, bacterial or parasitic infection in a subject). In addition, immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules can be administered to stimulate a subject's response to a vaccine.
  • Further, by redirecting a subject's immune response from Th2 to Th1, the instant claimed nucleic acid molecules can be administered to treat or prevent the symptoms of asthma. In addition, the instant claimed nucleic acid molecules can be administered in conjunction with a particular allergen to a subject as a type of desensitization therapy to treat or prevent the occurrence of an allergic reaction.
  • Further, the ability of immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to induce leukemic cells to enter the cell cycle supports the use of immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules in treating leukemia by increasing the sensitivity of chronic leukemia cells and then administering conventional ablative chemotherapy, or combining the immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules with another immunotherapy.
  • Other features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
  • FIG. 1A-C are graphs plotting dose-dependent IL-6 production in response to various DNA sequences in T cell depleted spleen cell cultures. A. E. coli DNA (●) and calf thymus DNA (▪) sequences and LPS (at 10× the concentration of E. coli and calf thymus DNA) (♦). B. Control phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 5′ ATGGAAGGTCCAGTGTTCTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:7) (▪) and two phosphodiester CpG ODN 5′ ATCGACCTACGTGCGTTCTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1) (♦) and 5′ TCCATAACGTTCCTGATGCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:33) (●). C. Control phosphorothioate ODN 5′ GCTAGATGTTAGCGT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:27) (▪) and two phosphorothioate CpG ODN 5′ GAGAACGTCGACCTTCGAT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:19) (♦) and 5′ GCATGACGTTGAGCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:22) (●). Data present the mean±standard deviation of triplicates.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph plotting IL-6 production induced by CpG DNA in vivo as determined 1-8 hrs after injection. Data represent the mean from duplicate analyses of sera from two mice. BALB/c mice (two mice/group) were injected iv. with 100 μl of PBS (□) or 200 μg of CpG phosphorothioate ODN 5′ TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:38) (▪) or non-CpG phosphorothioate ODN 5′ TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:39) (♦).
  • FIG. 3 is an autoradiograph showing IL-6 mRNA expression as determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in liver, spleen, and thymus at various time periods after in vivo stimulation of BALB/c mice (two mice/group) injected iv with 100 μl of PBS, 200 μg of CpG phosphorothioate ODN 5′ TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:38) or non-CpG phosphorothioate ODN 5′ TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:39).
  • FIG. 4A is a graph plotting dose-dependent inhibition of CpG-induced IgM production by anti-IL-6. Splenic B-cells from DBA/2 mice were stimulated with CpG ODN 5′ TCCAAGACGTTCCTGATGCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:32) in the presence of the indicated concentrations of neutralizing anti-IL-6 (♦) or isotype control Ab (●) and IgM levels in culture supernatants determined by ELISA. In the absence of CpG ODN, the anti-L-6 Ab had no effect on IgM secretion (▪).
  • FIG. 4B is a graph plotting the stimulation index of CpG-induced splenic B cells cultured with anti-IL-6 and CpG S-ODN 5′ TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:38) (♦) or anti-IL-6 antibody only (▪). Data present the mean±standard deviation of triplicates.
  • FIG. 5 is a bar graph plotting chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in WEHI-231 cells transfected with a promoter-less CAT construct (pCAT), positive control plasmid (RSV), or L-6 promoter-CAT construct alone or cultured with CpG 5′ TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:38) or non-CpG 5′ TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:39) phosphorothioate ODN at the indicated concentrations. Data present the mean of triplicates.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic overview of the immune effects of the immunostimulatory unmethylated CpG containing nucleic acids, which can directly activate both B cells and monocytic cells (including macrophages and dendritic cells) as shown. The immunostimulatory oligonucleotides do not directly activate purified NK cells, but render them competent to respond to IL-12 with a marked increase in their IFN-γ production. By inducing IL-12 production and the subsequent increased IFN-γ secretion by NK cells, the immunostimulatory nucleic acids promote a Th1 type immune response. No direct activation of proliferation of cytokine secretion by highly purified T cells has been found. However, the induction of Th1 cytokine secretion by the immunostimulatory oligonucleotides promotes the development of a cytotoxic lymphocyte response.
  • FIG. 7 is an autoradiograph showing NFκB mRNA induction in monocytes treated with E. coli (EC) DNA (containing unmethylated CpG motifs), control (CT) DNA (containing no unmethylated CpG motifs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at various measured times, 15 and 30 minutes after contact.
  • FIG. 8A shows the results from a flow cytometry study using mouse B cells with the dihydrorhodamine 123 dye to determine levels of reactive oxygen species. The dye only sample in Panel A of the figure shows the background level of cells positive for the dye at 28.6%. This level of reactive oxygen species was greatly increased to 80% in the cells treated for 20 minutes with PMA and ionomycin, a positive control (Panel B). The cells treated with the CpG oligo (TCCATGACGTTCCTGACGTT SEQ ID NO:37) also showed an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species such that more than 50% of the cells became positive (Panel D). However, cells treated with an oligonucleotide with the identical sequence except that the CpGs were switched (TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT SEQ ID NO:39) did not show this significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (Panel E).
  • FIG. 8B shows the results from a flow cytometry study using mouse B cells in the presence of chloroquine with the dihydrorhodamine 123 dye to determine levels of reactive oxygen species. Chloroquine slightly lowers the background level of reactive oxygen species in the cells such that the untreated cells in Panel A have only 4.3% that are positive. Chloroquine completely abolishes the induction of reactive oxygen species in the cells treated with CpG DNA (Panel B) but does not reduce the level of reactive oxygen species in the cells treated with PMA and ionomycin (Panel E).
  • FIG. 9 is a graph plotting lung lavage cell count over time. The graph shows that when the mice are initially injected with Schistosoma mansoni eggs “egg”, which induces a Th2 immune response, and subsequently inhale Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen “SEA” (open circle), many inflammatory cells are present in the lungs. However, when the mice are initially given CpG oligo (SEQ ID NO:37) along with egg, the inflammatory cells in the lung are not increased by subsequent inhalation of SEA (open triangles).
  • FIG. 10 is a graph plotting lung lavage eosinophil count over time. Again, the graph shows that when the mice are initially injected with egg and subsequently inhale SEA (open circle), many eosinophils are present in the lungs. However, when the mice are initially given CpG oligo (SEQ ID NO:37) along with egg, the inflammatory cells in the lung are not increased by subsequent inhalation of the SEA (open triangles).
  • FIG. 11 is a bar graph plotting the effect on the percentage of macrophage, lymphocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil cells induced by exposure to saline alone; egg, then SEA; egg and SEQ ID NO:39, then SEA; and egg and control oligo (SEQ ID NO:39), then SEA. When the mice are treated with the control oligo at the time of the initial exposure to the egg, there is little effect on the subsequent influx of eosinophils into the lungs after inhalation of SEA. Thus, when mice inhale the eggs on days 14 or 21, they develop an acute inflammatory response in the lungs. However, giving a CpG oligo along with the eggs at the time of initial antigen exposure on days 0 and 7 almost completely abolishes the increase in eosinophils when the mice inhale the egg antigen on day 14.
  • FIG. 12 is a bar graph plotting eosinophil count in response to injection of various amounts of the protective oligo SEQ ID NO:37.
  • FIG. 13 is a graph plotting interleukin 4 (IL-4) production (pg/ml) in mice over time in response to injection of egg, then SEA (open diamond); egg and SEQ ID NO:37, then SEA (open circle); or saline, then saline (open square). The graph shows that the resultant inflammatory response correlates with the levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 in the lung.
  • FIG. 14 is a bar graph plotting interleukin 12 (IL-12) production (pg/ml) in mice over time in response to injection of saline; egg, then SEA; or SEQ ID NO:37 and egg, then SEA. The graph shows that administration of an oligonucleotide containing an unmethylated CpG motif can actually redirect the cytokine response of the lung to production of IL-12, indicating a Th1 type of immune response.
  • FIG. 15 is a bar graph plotting interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production (pg/ml) in mice over time in response to injection of saline; egg, then saline; or SEQ ID NO:37 and egg, then SEA. The graph shows that administration of an oligonucleotide containing an unmethylated CpG motif can also redirect the cytokine response of the lung to production of IFN-γ, indicating a Th1 type of immune response.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • Definitions
  • As used herein, the following terms and phrases shall have the meanings set forth below:
  • An “allergen” refers to a substance that can induce an allergic or asthmatic response in a susceptible subject. The list of allergens is enormous and can include pollens, insect venoms, animal dander, dust, fungal spores and drugs (e.g. penicillin). Examples of natural, animal and plant allergens include proteins specific to the following genera: Canine (Canis familiaris); Dermatophagoides (e.g. Dermatophagoides farinae); Felis (Felis domesticus); Ambrosia (Ambrosia artemiisfolia; Lolium (e.g. Lolium perenne or Lolium multiflorum); Cryptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica); Alternaria (Alternaria alternata); Alder; Alnus (Alnus gultinosa); Betula (Betula verrucosa); Quercus (Quercus alba); Olea (Olea europa); Artemisia (Artemisia vulgaris); Plantago (e.g. Plantago lanceolata); Parietaria (e.g. Parietaria officinalis or Parietaria judaica); Blattella (e.g. Blattella germanica); Apis (e.g. Apis multiflorum); Cupressus (e.g. Cupressus sempervirens, Cupressus arizonica and Cupressus macrocarpa); Juniperus (e.g. Juniperus sabinoides, Juniperus virginiana, Juniperus communis and Juniperus ashei); Thuya (e.g. Thuya orientalis); Chamaecyparis (e.g. Chamaecyparis obtusa); Periplaneta (e.g. Periplaneta americana); Agropyron (e.g. Agropyron repens); Secale (e.g. Secale cereale); Triticum (e.g. Triticum aestivum); Dactylis (e.g. Dactylis glomerata); Festuca (e.g. Festuca elatior); Poa (e.g. Poa pratensis or Poa compressa); Avena (e.g. Avena sativa); Holcus (e.g. Holcus lanatus); Anthoxanthum (e.g. Anthoxanthum odoratum); Arrhenatherum (e.g. Arrhenatherum elatius); Agrostis (e.g. Agrostis alba); Phleum (e.g. Phleum pratense); Phalaris (e.g. Phalaris arundinacea); Paspalum (e.g. Paspalum notatum); Sorghum (e.g. Sorghum halepensis); and Bromus (e.g. Bromus inermis).
  • An “allergy” refers to acquired hypersensitivity to a substance (allergen). Allergic conditions include eczema, allergic rhinitis or coryza, hay fever, bronchial asthma, urticaria (hives) and food allergies, and other atopic conditions.
  • “Asthma”—refers to a disorder of the respiratory system characterized by inflammation, narrowing of the airways and increased reactivity of the airways to inhaled agents. Asthma is frequently, although not exclusively associated with atopic or allergic symptoms.
  • An “immune system deficiency” shall mean a disease or disorder in which the subject's immune system is not functioning in normal capacity or in which it would be useful to boost a subject's immune response for example to eliminate a tumor or cancer (e.g. tumors of the brain, lung (e.g. small cell and non-small cell), ovary, breast, prostate, colon, as well as other carcinomas and sarcomas) or an infection in a subject.
  • Examples of infectious virus include: Retroviridae (e.g., human immunodeficiency viruses, such as HIV-1 (also referred to as HTLV-III, LAV or HTLV-III/LAV, or HIV-III; and other isolates, such as HIV-LP; Picornaviridae (e.g., polio viruses, hepatitis A virus; enteroviruses, human coxsackie viruses, rhinoviruses, echoviruses); Calciviridae (e.g., strains that cause gastroenteritis); Togaviridae (e.g., equine encephalitis viruses, rubella viruses); Flaviridae (e.g., dengue viruses, encephalitis viruses, yellow fever viruses); Coronaviridae (e.g., coronaviruses); Rhabdoviridae (e.g., vesicular stomatitis viruses, rabies viruses); Filoviridae (e.g., ebola viruses); Paramyxoviridae (e.g., parainfluenza viruses, mumps virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus); Orthomyxoviridae (e.g., influenza viruses); Bunyaviridae (e.g., Hantaan viruses, bunya viruses, phleboviruses and Nairo viruses); Arena viridae (hemorrhagic fever viruses); Reoviridae (e.g., reoviruses, orbiviurses and rotaviruses); Birnaviridae; Hepadnaviridae (Hepatitis B virus); Parvoviridae (parvoviruses); Papovaviridae (papilloma viruses, polyoma viruses); Adenoviridae (most adenoviruses); Herpesviridae (herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes viruses'); Poxyiridae (variola viruses, vaccinia viruses, pox viruses); and Iridoviridae (e.g., African swine fever virus); and unclassified viruses (e.g., the etiological agents of Spongiform encephalopathies, the agent of delta hepatitis (thought to be a defective satellite of hepatitis B virus), the agents of non-A, non-B hepatitis (class 1=internally transmitted; class 2=parenterally transmitted (i.e., Hepatitis C); Norwalk and related viruses, and astroviruses).
  • Examples of infectious bacteria include: Helicobacter pyloris, Borelia burgdorferi, Legionella pneumophilia, Mycobacteria spp. (e.g., M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. gordonae), Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus), Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus), Streptococcus (viridans group), Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus (anaerobic spp.), Streptococcus pneumoniae, pathogenic Campylobacter sp., Enterococcus sp., Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium sp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pasturella multocida, Bacteroides sp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Treponema pallidum, Treponema pertenue, Leptospira, and Actinomyces israelli.
  • Examples of infectious fungi include: Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Candida albicans. Other infectious organisms (i.e., protists) include: Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii.
  • An “immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule” refers to a nucleic acid molecule, which contains an unmethylated cytosine, guanine dinucleotide sequence (i.e. “CpG DNA” or DNA containing a cytosine followed by guanosine and linked by a phosphate bond) and stimulates (e.g. has a mitogenic effect on, or induces or increases cytokine expression by) a vertebrate lymphocyte. An immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Generally, double-stranded molecules are more stable in vivo, while single-stranded molecules have increased immune activity.
  • In a preferred embodiment, the immunostimulatory nucleic acid contains a consensus mitogenic CpG motif represented by the formula:
    5′ X1CGX2 3′
      • wherein X1 is selected from the group consisting of A,G and T; and X2 is C or T.
  • In a particularly preferred embodiment, immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules are between 2 to 100 base pairs in size and contain a consensus mitogenic CpG motif represented by the formula:
    5′ X1X2CGX3X4 3′
      • wherein C and G are unmethylated, X1, X2, X3 and X4 are nucleotides.
  • For economic reasons, preferably the immunostimulatory CpG DNA is in the range of between 8 to 40 base pairs in size if it is synthesized as an oligonucleotide. Alternatively, CpG dinucleotides can be produced on a large scale in plasmids, which after being administered to a subject are degraded into oligonucleotides. Preferred immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules (e.g. for use in increasing the effectiveness of a vaccine or to treat an immune system deficiency by stimulating an antibody [humoral] response in a subject) have a relatively high stimulation index with regard to B cell, monocyte and/or natural killer cell responses (e.g. cytokine, proliferative, lytic or other responses).
  • The stimulation index of a particular immunostimulatory CpG DNA can be tested in various immune cell assays. Preferably, the stimulation index of the immunostimulatory CpG DNA with regard to B-cell proliferation is at least about 5, preferably at least about 10, more preferably at least about 15 and most preferably at least about 20 as determined by incorporation of 3H uridine in a murine B cell culture, which has been contacted with a 20 μM of ODN for 20 h at 37° C. and has been pulsed with 1 μCi of 3H uridine; and harvested and counted 4 h later as described in detail in Example 1. For use in vivo, for example to treat an immune system deficiency by stimulating a cell-mediated (local) immune response in a subject, it is important that the immunostimulatory CpG DNA be capable of effectively inducing cytokine secretion by monocytic cells and/or Natural Killer (NK) cell lytic activity.
  • Preferred immunostimulatory CpG nucleic acids should effect at least about 500 pg/ml of TNF-α, 15 pg/ml IFN-γ, 70 pg/ml of GM-CSF 275 pg/ml of IL-6, 200 pg/ml IL-12, depending on the therapeutic indication, as determined by the assays described in Example 12. Other preferred immunostimulatory CpG DNAs should effect at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15% and most preferably at least about 20% YAC-1 cell specific lysis or at least about 30, more preferably at least about 35 and most preferably at least about 40% 2 C11 cell specific lysis as determined by the assay described in detail in Example 4.
  • A “nucleic acid” or “DNA” shall mean multiple nucleotides (i.e. molecules comprising a sugar (e.g. ribose or deoxyribose) linked to a phosphate group and to an exchangeable organic base, which is either a substituted pyrimidine (e.g. cytosine (C), thymine (T) or uracil (U)) or a substituted purine (e.g. adenine (A) or guanine (G)). As used herein, the term refers to ribonucleotides as well as oligodeoxyribonucleotides. The term shall also include polynucleosides (i.e. a polynucleotide minus the phosphate) and any other organic base containing polymer. Nucleic acid molecules can be obtained from existing nucleic acid sources (e.g. genomic or cDNA), but are preferably synthetic (e.g. produced by oligonucleotide synthesis).
  • A “nucleic acid delivery complex” shall mean a nucleic acid molecule associated with (e.g. ionically or covalently bound to; or encapsulated within) a targeting means (e.g. a molecule that results in higher affinity binding to target cell (e.g. B-cell and natural killer (NK) cell) surfaces and/or increased cellular uptake by target cells). Examples of nucleic acid delivery complexes include nucleic acids associated with: a sterol (e.g. cholesterol), a lipid (e.g. a cationic lipid, virosome or liposome), or a target cell specific binding agent (e.g. a ligand recognized by target cell specific receptor). Preferred complexes must be sufficiently stable in vivo to prevent significant uncoupling prior to internalization by the target cell. However, the complex should be cleavable under appropriate conditions within the cell so that the nucleic acid is released in a functional form.
  • “Palindromic sequence” shall mean an inverted repeat (i.e. a sequence such as ABCDEE′D° C.′B′A′ in which A and A′ are bases capable of forming the usual Watson-Crick base pairs. In vivo, such sequences may form double stranded structures.
  • A “stabilized nucleic acid molecule” shall mean a nucleic acid molecule that is relatively resistant to in vivo degradation (e.g. via an exo- or endo-nuclease). Stabilization can be a function of length or secondary structure. Unmethylated CpG containing nucleic acid molecules that are tens to hundreds of kbs long are relatively resistant to in vivo degradation. For shorter immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules, secondary structure can stabilize and increase their effect. For example, if the 3′ end of a nucleic acid molecule has self-complementarity to an upstream region, so that it can fold back and form a sort of stem loop structure, then the nucleic acid molecule becomes stabilized and therefore exhibits more activity.
  • Preferred stabilized nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention have a modified backbone. For use in immune stimulation, especially preferred stabilized nucleic acid molecules are phosphorothioate modified nucleic acid molecules (i.e. at least one of the phosphate oxygens of the nucleic acid molecule is replaced by sulfur). Preferably the phosphate modification occurs at or near the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the nucleic acid molecule. In addition to stabilizing nucleic acid molecules, as reported further herein, phosphorothioate-modified nucleic acid molecules (including phosphorodithioate-modified) can increase the extent of immune stimulation of the nucleic acid molecule, which contains an unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as shown herein. International Patent Application Publication Number: WO 95/26204 entitled “Immune Stimulation By Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide Analogs” also reports on the non-sequence specific immunostimulatory effect of phosphorothioate modified oligonucleotides. As reported herein, unmethylated CpG containing nucleic acid molecules having a phosphorothioate backbone have been found to preferentially activate B-cell activity, while unmethylated CpG containing nucleic acid molecules having a phosphodiester backbone have been found to preferentially activate monocytic (macrophages, dendritic cells and monocytes) and NK cells. Phosphorothioate CpG oligonucleotides with preferred human motifs are also strong activators of monocytic and NK cells.
  • Other stabilized nucleic acid molecules include: nonionic DNA analogs, such as alkyl- and aryl-phosphonates (in which the charged phosphonate oxygen is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group), phosphodiester and alkylphosphotriesters, in which the charged oxygen moiety is alkylated. Nucleic acid molecules which contain a diol, such as tetraethyleneglycol or hexaethyleneglycol, at either or both termini have also been shown to be substantially resistant to nuclease degradation.
  • A “subject” shall mean a human or vertebrate animal including a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, sheep, goat, chicken, monkey, rat, mouse, etc.
  • As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous replication and expression of nucleic acids to which they are linked (e.g., an episome). Vectors capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked are referred to herein as “expression vectors.” In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of “plasmids” which refer generally to circular double stranded DNA loops which, in their vector form, are not bound to the chromosome. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” are used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors which serve equivalent functions and which become known in the art subsequently hereto.
  • Certain Unmethylated CpG Containing Nucleic Acids Have B Cell Stimulatory Activity As Shown In Vitro and In Vivo
  • In the course of investigating the lymphocyte stimulatory effects of two antisense oligonucleotides specific for endogenous retroviral sequences, using protocols described in the attached Examples 1 and 2, it was surprisingly found that two out of twenty-four “controls” (including various scrambled, sense, and mismatch controls for a panel of “antisense” ODN) also mediated B cell activation and IgM secretion, while the other “controls” had no effect.
  • Two observations suggested that the mechanism of this B cell activation by the “control” ODN may not involve antisense effects 1) comparison of vertebrate DNA sequences listed in GenBank showed no greater homology than that seen with non-stimulatory ODN and 2) the two controls showed no hybridization to Northern blots with 10 μg of spleen poly A+ RNA. Resynthesis of these ODN on a different synthesizer or extensive purification by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or high pressure liquid chromatography gave identical stimulation, eliminating the possibility of an impurity. Similar stimulation was seen using B cells from C3H/HeJ mice, eliminating the possibility that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contamination could account for the results.
  • The fact that two “control” ODN caused B cell activation similar to that of the two “antisense” ODN raised the possibility that all four ODN were stimulating B cells through some non-antisense mechanism involving a sequence motif that was absent in all of the other nonstimulatory control ODN. In comparing these sequences, it was discovered that all of the four stimulatory ODN contained CpG dinucleotides that were in a different sequence context from the nonstimulatory control.
  • To determine whether the CpG motif present in the stimulatory ODN was responsible for the observed stimulation, over 300 ODN ranging in length from 5 to 42 bases that contained methylated, unmethylated, or no CpG dinucleotides in various sequence contexts were synthesized. These ODNs, including the two original “controls” (ODN 1 and 2) and two originally synthesized as “antisense” (ODN 3D and 3M; Krieg, A. M. J. Immunol. 143:2448 (1989)), were then examined for in vitro effects on spleen cells (representative sequences are listed in Table 1). Several ODN that contained CpG dinucleotides induced B cell activation and IgM secretion; the magnitude of this stimulation typically could be increased by adding more CpG dinucleotides (Table 1; compare ODN 2 to 2a or 3D to 3Da and 3 Db). Stimulation did not appear to result from an antisense mechanism or impurity. ODN caused no detectable proliferation of γδ or other T cell populations.
  • Mitogenic ODN sequences uniformly became nonstimulatory if the CpG dinucleotide was mutated (Table 1; compare ODN 1 to 1a; 3D to 3Dc; 3M to 3Ma; and 4 to 4a) or if the cytosine of the CpG dinucleotide was replaced by 5-methylcytosine (Table 1; ODN 1b, 2b, 3Dd, and 3 Mb). Partial methylation of CpG motifs caused a partial loss of stimulatory effect (compare 2a to 2c, Table 1). In contrast, methylation of other cytosines did not reduce ODN activity (ODN 1c, 2d, 3De and 3Mc). These data confirmed that a CpG motif is the essential element present in ODN that activate B cells.
  • In the course of these studies, it became clear that the bases flanking the CpG dinucleotide played an important role in determining the murine B cell activation induced by an ODN. The optimal stimulatory motif was determined to consist of a CpG flanked by two 5′ purines (preferably a GpA dinucleotide) and two 3′ pyrimidines (preferably a TpT or TpC dinucleotide). Mutations of ODN to bring the CpG motif closer to this ideal improved stimulation (e.g. Table 1, compare ODN 2 to 2e; 3M to 3Md) while mutations that disturbed the motif reduced stimulation (e.g. Table 1, compare ODN 3D to 3Df; 4 to 4b, 4c and 4d). On the other hand, mutations outside the CpG motif did not reduce stimulation (e.g. Table 1, compare ODN 1 to 1d; 3D to 3Dg; 3M to 3Me). For activation of human cells, the best flanking bases are slightly different (See Table 5).
  • Of those tested, ODNs shorter than 8 bases were non-stimulatory (e.g. Table 1, ODN 4e). Among the forty-eight 8 base ODN tested, the most stimulatory sequence identified was TCAACGTT (ODN 4) which contains the self complementary “palindrome” AACGTT. In further optimizing this motif, it was found that ODN containing Gs at both ends showed increased stimulation, particularly if the ODN were rendered nuclease resistant by phosphorothioate modification of the terminal internucleotide linkages. ODN 1585 (5′ GGGGTCAACGTTGAGGGGGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:30)), in which the first two and last five internucleotide linkages are phosphorothioate modified caused an average 25.4 fold increase in mouse spleen cell proliferation compared to an average 3.2 fold increase in proliferation induced by ODN 1638, which has the same sequence as ODN 1585 except that the 10 Gs at the two ends are replaced by 10 As. The effect of the G-rich ends is cis; addition of an ODN with poly G ends but no CpG motif to cells along with 1638 gave no increased proliferation. For nucleic acid molecules longer than 8 base pairs, non-palindromic motifs containing an unmethylated CpG were found to be more immunostimulatory.
  • Other octamer ODN containing a 6 base palindrome with a TpC dinucleotide at the 5′ end were also active (e.g. Table 1, ODN 4b,4c). Other dinucleotides at the 5′ end gave reduced stimulation (e.g. ODN 4f; all sixteen possible dinucleotides were tested). The presence of a 3′ dinucleotide was insufficient to compensate for the lack of a 5′ dinucleotide (e.g. Table 1, ODN 4g). Disruption of the palindrome eliminated stimulation in octamer ODN (e.g. Table 1, ODN 4h), but palindromes were not required in longer ODN.
    TABLE 1
    Oligonucleotide Stimulation of Mouse B Cells
    Stimulation Index′
    3H IgM
    ODN Sequence (5′ to 3′)═ Uridine Production
    1 (SEQ ID NO:23) GCTAGACGTTAGCGT 6.1 ± 0.8 17.9 ± 3.6 
    1a (SEQ ID NO:27) ......T........ 1.2 ± 0.2 1.7 ± 0.5
    1b (SEQ ID NO:28) ......Z........ 1.2 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.0
    1c (SEQ ID NO:25) ............Z.. 10.3 ± 4.4  9.5 ± 1.8
    1d (SEQ ID NO:22) ..AT......GAGC. 13.0 ± 2.3  18.3 ± 7.5 
    2 (SEQ ID NO:6) ATGGAAGGTCCAGCGTTCTC 2.9 ± 0.2 13.6 ± 2.0 
    2a (SEQ ID NO:2) ..C..CTC..G......... 7.7 ± 0.8 24.2 ± 3.2 
    2b (SEQ ID NO:10) ..Z..CTC.ZG..Z...... 1.6 ± 0.5 2.8 ± 2.2
    2c (SEQ ID NO:9) ..Z..CTC..G......... 3.1 ± 0.6 7.3 ± 1.4
    2d (SEQ ID NO:3) ..C..CTC..G......Z.. 7.4 ± 1.4 27.7 ± 5.4 
    2e (SEQ ID NO:5) ............A....... 5.6 ± 2.0 ND
    3D (SEQ ID NO:17) GAGAACGCTGGACCTTCCAT 4.9 ± 0.5 19.9 ± 3.6 
    3Da (SEQ ID NO:15) .........C......... 6.6 ± 1.5 33.9 ± 6.8 
    3Db (SEQ ID NO:16) .........C.......G.. 10.1 ± 2.8  25.4 ± 0.8 
    3Dc (SEQ ID NO:21) ...C.A.............. 1.0 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.5
    3Dd (SEQ ID NO:20) .....Z.............. 1.2 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.4
    3De (SEQ ID NO:18) .............Z...... 4.4 ± 1.2 18.8 ± 4.4 
    3Df (SEQ ID NO:13) .......A............ 1.6 ± 0.1 7.7 ± 0.4
    3Dg (SEQ ID NO:14) .........CC.G.ACTG.. 6.1 ± 1.5 18.6 ± 1.5 
    3M (SEQ ID NO:46) TCCATGTCGGTCCTGATGCT 4.1 ± 0.2 23.2 ± 4.9 
    3Ma (SEQ ID NO:41) ......CT............ 0.9 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.5
    3Mb (SEQ ID NO:42) .......Z............ 1.3 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 0.6
    3Mc (SEQ ID NO:48) ............Z........ 5.4 ± 1.5 8.5 ± 2.6
    3Md (SEQ ID NO:38) ......A..T.......... 17.2 ± 9.4  ND
    3Me (SEQ ID NO:47) ...............C..A. 3.6 ± 0.2 14.2 ± 5.2 
    4 TCAACGTT 6.1 ± 1.4 19.2 ± 5.2 
    4a ....GC.. 1.1 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 1.1
    4b ...GCGC. 4.5 ± 0.2 9.6 ± 3.4
    4c ...TCGA. 2.7 ± 1.0 ND
    4d ..TT..AA 1.3 ± 0.2 ND
    4e —....... 1.3 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.5
    4f C....... 3.9 ± 1.4 ND
    4g ——......CT 1.4 ± 0.3 ND
    4h .......C 1.2 ± 0.2 ND
    LPS 7.8 ± 2.5 4.8 ± 1.0

    ′Stimulation indexes are the means and std. dev. derived from at least 3 separate experiments, and are compared to wells cultured with no added ODN.

    ND = not done.

    CpG dinucleotides are underlined.

    Dots indicate identity; dashes indicate deletions.

    Z indicates 5 methyl cytosine.
  • TABLE 2
    Identification of the optimal CpG motif for Murine IL-6
    production and B cell activation.
    IL-6 (pg/ml)a
    ODN SEQUENCE (5′-3′) CH12.LX SPLENIC B CELL SIb IgM (ng/ml)c
    512 (SEQ ID NO:46) TCCATGTCGGTCCTGATGCT 1300 ± 106  627 ± 43  5.8 ± 0.3 7315 ± 1324
    1637 (SEQ ID NO:40) ......C............. 136 ± 27  46 ± 6  1.7 ± 0.2 770 ± 72 
    1615 (SEQ ID NO:43) ......G............. 1201 ± 155  850 ± 202 3.7 ± 0.3 3212 ± 617 
    1614 (SEQ ID NO:35) ......A............. 1533 ± 321  1812 ± 103  10.8 ± 0.6  7558 ± 414 
    1636 (SEQ ID NO:44) .........A.......... 1181 ± 76  947 ± 132 5.4 ± 0.4 3983 ± 485 
    1634 (SEQ ID NO:45) .........C.......... 1049 ± 223  1671 ± 175  9.2 ± 0.9 6256 ± 261 
    1619 (SEQ ID NO:49) .........T.......... 1555 ± 304  2908 ± 129  12.5 ± 1.0  8243 ± 698 
    1618 (SEQ ID NO:38) ......A..T.......... 2109 ± 291  2596 ± 166  12.9 ± 0.7  10425 ± 674 
    1639 (SEQ ID NO:33) ......AA..T.......... 1827 ± 83  2012 ± 132  11.5 ± 0.4  9489 ± 103 
    1707 (SEQ ID NO:36) .......A..TC......... ND 1147 ± 175  4.0 ± 0.2 3534 ± 217 
    1708 (SEQ ID NO:34) .....CA..TG......... ND 59 ± 3  1.5 ± 0.1 466 ± 109

    Dots indicate identity; CpG dinucleotides are underlined; ND = not done

    aThe experiment was done at least three times with similar results. The level of IL-6 of unstimulated control cultures of both CH12.LX and splenic B cells was ≦10 pg/ml. The IgM level of unstimulated culture was 547 ± 82 ng/ml. CpG dinucleotides are underlined and dots indicate identity.

    b[3H] Uridine uptake was indicated as a fold increase (SI: stimulation index) from unstimulated control (2322.67 ± 213.68 cpm). Cells were stimulated with 20 μM of various CpG O-ODN. Data present the mean ± SD of triplicates

    cMeasured by ELISA.
  • The kinetics of lymphocyte activation were investigated using mouse spleen cells. When the cells were pulsed at the same time as ODN addition and harvested just four hours later, there was already a two-fold increase in 3H uridine incorporation. Stimulation peaked at 12-48 hours and then decreased. After 24 hours, no intact ODN were detected, perhaps accounting for the subsequent fall in stimulation when purified B cells with or without anti-IgM (at a submitogenic dose) were cultured with CpG ODN, proliferation was found to synergistically increase about 10-fold by the two mitogens in combination after 48 hours. The magnitude of stimulation was concentration dependent and consistently exceeded that of LPS under optimal conditions for both. Oligonucleotides containing a nuclease resistant phosphorothioate backbone were approximately two hundred times more potent than unmodified oligonucleotides.
  • Cell cycle analysis was used to determine the proportion of B cells activated by CpG-ODN. CpG-ODN induced cycling in more than 95% of B cells. Splenic B lymphocytes sorted by flow cytometry into CD23− (marginal zone) and CD23+ (follicular) subpopulations were equally responsive to ODN-induced stimulation, as were both resting and activated populations of B cells isolated by fractionation over Percoll gradients. These studies demonstrated that CpG-ODN induce essentially all B cells to enter the cell cycle.
  • Immunostimulatory Nucleic Acid Molecules Block Murine B Cell Apoptosis
  • Certain B cell lines such as WEHI-231 are induced to undergo growth arrest and/or apoptosis in response to crosslinking of their antigen receptor by anti-IgM (Jakway, J. P. et al., “Growth regulation of the B lymphoma cell line WEHI-231 by anti-immunoglobulin, lipopolysaccharide and other bacterial products” J. Immunol. 137:2225 (1986); Tsubata, T., J. Wu and T. Honjo: B-cell apoptosis induced by antigen receptor crosslinking is blocked by a T-cell signal through CD40.“ Nature 364: 645 (1993)). WEHI-231 cells are rescued from this growth arrest by certain stimuli such as LPS and by the CD40 ligand. ODN containing the CpG motif were also found to protect WEHI-231 from anti-IgM induced growth arrest, indicating that accessory cell populations are not required for the effect. Subsequent work indicates that CpG ODN induce Bcl-x and myc expression, which may account for the protection from apoptosis. Also, CpG nucleic acids have been found to block apoptosis in human cells. This inhibition of apoptosis is important, since it should enhance and prolong immune activation by CpG DNA.
  • Induction of Murine Cytokine Secretion by CpG Motifs in Bacterial DNA or Oligonucleotides.
  • As described in Example 9, the amount of IL-6 secreted by spleen cells after CpG DNA stimulation was measured by ELISA. T cell depleted spleen cell cultures rather than whole spleen cells were used for in vitro studies following preliminary studies showing that T cells contribute little or nothing to the IL-6 produced by CpG DNA-stimulated spleen cells. As shown in Table 3, IL-6 production was markedly increased in cells cultured with E. coli DNA but not in cells cultured with calf thymus DNA. To confirm that the increased IL-6 production observed with E. coli DNA was not due to contamination by other bacterial products, the DNA was digested with DNAse prior to analysis. DNAse pretreatment abolished IL-6 production induced by E. coli DNA (Table 3). In addition, spleen cells from LPS-nonresponseive C3H/HeJ mouse produced similar levels of IL-6 in response to bacterial DNA. To analyze whether the IL-6 secretion induced by E. coli DNA was mediated by the unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in bacterial DNA, methylated E. coli DNA and a panel of synthetic ODN were examined. As shown in Table 3, CpG ODN significantly induced IL-6 secretion (ODN 5a, 5b, 5c) while CpG methylated E. coli DNA, or ODN containing methylated CpG (ODN 5f) or no CpG (ODN 5d) did not. Changes at sites other than CpG dinucleotides (ODN 5b) or methylation of other cytosines (ODN 5g) did not reduce the effect of CpG ODN. Methylation of a single CpG in an ODN with three CpGs resulted in a partial reduction in the stimulation (compare ODN 5c to 5e; Table 3).
    TABLE 3
    Induction of Murine IL-6 secretion by CpG motifs
    in bacterial DNA or oligonucleotides.
    Treatment IL-6 (pg/ml)
    calf thymus DNA ≦10
    calf thymus DNA + DNase ≦10
    E. coli DNA 1169.5 ± 94.1 
    E. coli DNA + DNase ≦10
    CpG methylated E. coli DNA ≦10
    LPS 280.1 ± 17.1 
    Media (no DNA) ≦10
    ODN 5a SEQ ID NO:8 ATGGACTCTCCAGCGTTCTC 1096.4 ± 372.0 
    5b SEQ ID NO:5 .....AGG....A....... 1124.5 ± 126.2 
    5c SEQ ID NO:2 ..C.......G......... 1783.0 ± 189.5 
    5d SEQ ID NO:7 .....AGG..C..T...... ≦10
    5e SEQ ID NO:4 ..C.......G..Z...... 851.1 ± 114.4
    5f SEQ ID NO:10 ..Z......ZG..Z...... ≦10
    5g SEQ ID NO:3 ..C.......G......Z.. 1862.3 ± 87.26 

    T cell depleted spleen cells from DBA/2 mice were stimulated with phosphodiester modified oligonucleotides (O-ODN) (20 μM), calf thymus DNA (50 μg/ml) or E. coli DNA (50 μg/ml) with or without enzyme treatment, or LPS (10 μg/ml) for 24 hr. Data represent the mean (pg/ml) ± SD of triplicates. CpG dinucleotides are underlined and dots indicate identity. Z indicates 5-methylcytosine.
  • Identification of the Optimal CpG Motif for Induction of Murine IL-6 and IgM Secretion and B Cell Proliferation.
  • To evaluate whether the optimal B cell stimulatory CpG motif was identical with the optimal CpG motif for IL-6 secretion, a panel of ODN in which the bases flanking the CpG dinucleotide were progressively substituted was studied. This ODN panel was analyzed for effects on B cell proliferation, Ig production, and IL-6 secretion, using both splenic B cells and CH12.LX cells. As shown in Table 2, the optimal stimulatory motif is composed of an unmethylated CpG flanked by two 5′ purines and two 3′ pyrimidines. Generally a mutation of either 5′ purine to pyrimidine or 3′ pyrimidine to purine significantly reduced its effects. Changes in 5′ purines to C were especially deleterious, but changes in 5′ purines to T or 3′ pyrimidines to purines had less marked effects. Based on analyses of these and scores of other ODN, it was determined that the optimal CpG motif for induction of IL-6 secretion is TGACGTT, which is identical with the optimal mitogenic and IgM-inducing CpG motif (Table 2). This motif was more stimulatory than any of the palindrome containing sequences studied (1639, 1707 and 1708).
  • Titration of Induction of Murine IL-6 Secretion by CpG Motifs.
  • Bacterial DNA and CpG ODN induced IL-6 production in T cell depleted murine spleen cells in a dose-dependent manner, but vertebrate DNA and non-CpG ODN did not (FIG. 1). IL-6 production plateaued at approximately 50 μg/ml of bacterial DNA or 40 μM of CpG O-ODN. The maximum levels of IL-6 induced by bacterial DNA and CpG ODN were 1-1.5 ng/ml and 2-4 ng/ml respectively. These levels were significantly greater than those seen after stimulation by LPS (0.35 ng/ml) (FIG. 1A). To evaluate whether CpG ODN with a nuclease-resistant DNA backbone would also induce IL-6 production, S-ODN were added to T cell depleted murine spleen cells. CpG S-ODN also induced IL-6 production in a dose-dependent manner to approximately the same level as CpG O-ODN while non-CpG S-ODN failed to induce IL-6 (FIG. 1C). CpG S-ODN at a concentration of 0.05 μM could induce maximal IL-6 production in these cells. This result indicated that the nuclease-resistant DNA backbone modification retains the sequence specific ability of CpG DNA to induce IL-6 secretion and that CpG S-ODN are more than 80-fold more potent than CpG O-ODN in this assay system.
  • Induction of Murine IL-6 Secretion by CpG DNA In Vivo.
  • To evaluate the ability of bacterial DNA and CpG S-ODN to induce IL-6 secretion in vivo, BALB/c mice were injected iv. with 100 μg of E. coli DNA, calf thymus DNA, or CpG or non-stimulatory S-ODN and bled 2 hr after stimulation. The level of IL-6 in the sera from the E. coli DNA injected group was approximately 13 ng/ml while IL-6 was not detected in the sera from calf thymus DNA or PBS injected groups (Table 4). CpG S-ODN also induced IL-6 secretion in vivo. The IL-6 level in the sera from CpG S-ODN injected groups was approximately 20 ng/ml. In contrast, IL-6 was not detected in the sera from non-stimulatory S-ODN stimulated group (Table 4).
    TABLE 4
    Secretion of Murine IL-6 induced by CpG DNA stimulation in vivo.
    Stimulant IL-6 (pg/ml)
    PBS <50
    E. coli DNA 13858 ± 3143
    Calf Thymus DNA <50
    CpG S-ODN 20715 ± 606 
    non-CpG S-ODN <50

    Mice (2 mice/group) were i.v. injected with 100 μl of PBS, 200 μg of E. coli DNA or calf thymus DNA, or 500 μg of CpG S-ODN or non-CpG control S-ODN. Mice were bled 2 hr after injection and 1:10 dilution of each serum was analyzed by IL-6 ELISA. Sensitivity limit of IL-6 ELISA was 5
    # pg/ml. Sequences of the CpG S-ODN is 5′GCATGACGTTGAGCT3′ (SEQ ID NO: 22) and of the non-stimulatory S-ODN is 5′GCTAGATGTTAGCGT3′ (SEQ ID NO: 27). Note that although there is a CpG in sequence 48, it is too close to the 3′ end to effect stimulation, as explained herein. Data
    # represent mean ± SD of duplicates. The experiment was done at least twice with similar results.
  • Kinetics of Murine IL-6 Secretion After Stimulation by CpG Motifs In Vivo.
  • To evaluate the kinetics of induction of IL-6 secretion by CpG DNA in vivo, BALB/c mice were injected iv. with CpG or control non-CpG S-ODN. Serum IL-6 levels were significantly increased within 1 hr and peaked at 2 hr to a level of approximately 9 ng/ml in the CpG S-ODN injected group (FIG. 2). IL-6 protein in sera rapidly decreased after 4 hr and returned to basal level by 12 hr after stimulation. In contrast to CpG DNA stimulated groups, no significant increase of IL-6 was observed in the sera from the non-stimulatory S-ODN or PBS injected groups (FIG. 2).
  • Tissue Distribution and Kinetics of IL-6 mRNA Expression Induced by CpG Motifs In Vivo.
  • As shown in FIG. 2, the level of serum IL-6 increased rapidly after CpG DNA stimulation. To investigate the possible tissue origin of this serum IL-6, and the kinetics of IL-6 gene expression in vivo after CpG DNA stimulation, BALB/c mice were injected iv with CpG or non-CpG S-ODN and RNA was extracted from liver, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow at various time points after stimulation. As shown in FIG. 3A, the level of IL-6 mRNA in liver, spleen, and thymus was increased within 30 min. after injection of CpG S-ODN. The liver IL-6 mRNA peaked at 2 hr post-injection and rapidly decreased and reached basal level 8 hr after stimulation (FIG. 3A). Splenic IL-6 mRNA peaked at 2 hr after stimulation and then gradually decreased (FIG. 3A). Thymus IL-6 mRNA peaked at 1 hr post-injection and then gradually decreased (FIG. 3A). IL-6 mRNA was significantly increased in bone marrow within 1 hr after CpG S-ODN injection but then returned to basal level. In response to CpG S-ODN, liver, spleen and thymus showed more substantial increases in IL-6 mRNA expression than the bone marrow.
  • Patterns of Murine Cytokine Expression Induced by CpG DNA
  • In vivo or in whole spleen cells, no significant increase in the protein levels of the following interleukins: IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, L-5, or IL-10 was detected within the first six hours (Klinman, D. M. et al., (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:2879-2883). However, the level of TNF-α is increased within 30 minutes and the level of IL-6 increased strikingly within 2 hours in the serum of mice injected with CpG ODN. Increased expression of IL-12 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) mRNA by spleen cells was also detected within the first two hours.
    TABLE 5
    Induction of human PBMC cytokine secretion by CpG oligos
    ODN Sequence (5′-3′) IL-61 TNF-α1 IFN-γ1 GM-CSF IL-12
    512 TCCATGTCGGTCCTGATGCT 500 140 15.6 70 250
    SEQ ID NO:46
    1637 ......C............. 550 16 7.8 15.6 35
    SEQ ID NO:40
    1615 ......G............. 600 145 7.8 45 250
    SEQ ID NO:43
    1614 ......A............. 550 31 0 50 250
    SEQ ID NO:35
    1636 .........A.......... 325 250 35 40 0
    SEQ ID NO:44
    1634 .........C.......... 300 400 40 85 200
    SEQ ID NO:45
    1619 .........T.......... 275 450 200 80 >500
    SEQ ID NO:49
    1618 ......A..T.......... 300 60 15.6 15.6 62
    SEQ ID NO:38
    1639 .....AA..T.......... 625 220 15.6 40 60
    SEQ ID NO:33
    1707 ......A..TC......... 300 70 17 0 0
    SEQ ID NO:36
    1708 .....CA..TG......... 270 10 17 0 0
    SEQ ID NO:34

    dots indicate identity; CpG dinucleotides are underlined

    1measured by ELISA using Quantikine kits from R&D Systems (pg/ml) Cells were cultured in 10% autologous serum with the indicated oligodeoxynucleotides (12 μg/ml) for 4 hr in the case of TNF-α or 24 hr for the other cytokines before supernatant harvest and assay. Data are presented as the level of cytokine above that in wells with no added oligodeoxynucleotide.
  • CpG DNA Induces Cytokine Secretion by Human PBMC, Specifically Monocytes
  • The same panels of ODN used for studying mouse cytokine expression were used to determine whether human cells also are induced by CpG motifs to express cytokine (or proliferate), and to identify the CpG motif(s) responsible. Oligonucleotide 1619 (GTCGTT) was the best inducer of TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion, and was closely followed by a nearly identical motif in oligonucleotide 1634 (GTCGCT) (Table 5). The motifs in oligodeoxynucleotides 1637 and 1614 (GCCGGT and GACGGT) led to strong IL-6 secretion with relatively little induction of other cytokines. Thus, it appears that human lymphocytes, like murine lymphocytes, secrete cytokines differentially in response to CpG dinucleotides, depending on the surrounding bases. Moreover, the motifs that stimulate murine cells best differ from those that are most effective with human cells. Certain CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are poor at activating human cells (oligodeoxynucleotides 1707, 1708, which contain the palindrome forming sequences GACGTC and CACGTG respectively).
  • The cells responding to the DNA appear to be monocytes, since the cytokine secretion is abolished by treatment of the cells with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (L-LME), which is selectively toxic to monocytes (but also to cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells), and does not affect B cell Ig secretion (Table 6, and data not shown). The cells surviving L-LME treatment had >95% viability by trypan blue exclusion, indicating that the lack of a cytokine response among these cells did not simply reflect a nonspecific death all all cell types. Cytokine secretion in response to E. Coli (EC) DNA requires unmethylated CpG motifs, since it is abolished by methylation of the EC DNA (next to the bottom row, Table 6). LPS contamination of the DNA cannot explain the results since the level of contamination was identical in the native and methylated DNA, and since addition of twice the highest amount of contaminating LPS had no effect (not shown).
    TABLE 6
    CpG DNA induces cytokine secretion by human PBMC
    TNF-α IL-6 IFN-γ RANTES
    DNA (pg/ml)1 (pg/ml) (pg/ml) (pg/ml)
    EC DNA (50 μg/ml) 900 12,000 700 1560
    EC DNA (5 μg/ml) 850 11,000 400 750
    EC DNA (0.5 μg/ml) 500 ND 200 0
    EC DNA (0.05 μg/ml) 62.5 10,000 15.6 0
    EC DNA (50 μg/ml) + L-LME 2 0 ND ND ND
    EC DNA (10 μg/ml) Methyl.3 0 5 ND ND
    CT DNA (50 μg/ml) 0 600 0 0

    1Levels of all cytokines were determined by ELISA using Quantikine kits from R&D Systems as described in the previous table. Results are representative using PBMC from different donors.

    2Cells were pretreated for 15 min. with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (M-LME) to determine whether the cytokine production under these conditions was from monocytes (or other L-LME-sensitive cells).

    3EC DNA was methylated using 2 U/μg DNA of CpG methylase (New England Biolabs) according to the manufacturer's directions, and methylation confirmed by digestion with Hpa-II and Msp-I. As a negative control, samples were included containing twice the maximal amount of LPS contained in
    # the highest concentration of EC DNA which failed to induce detectable cytokine production under these experimental conditions.

    ND = not done
  • The loss of cytokine production in the PBMC treated with L-LME suggested that monocytes may be responsible for cytokine production in response to CpG DNA. To test this hypothesis more directly, the effects of CpG DNA on highly purified human monocytes and macrophages was tested. As hypothesized, CpG DNA directly activated production of the cytokines IL-6, GM-CSF, and TNF-α by human macrophages, whereas non-CpG DNA did not (Table 7).
    TABLE 7
    CpG DNA induces cytokine expression in purified human macrophages
    IL-6 (pg/ml) GM-CSF (pg/ml) TNF-α (pg/ml)
    Cells alone 0 0 0
    CT DNA (50 μg/ml) 0 0 0
    EC DNA (50 μg/ml) 2000 15.6 1000
  • Biological Role of IL-6 in Inducing Murine IgM Production in Response to CpG Motifs.
  • The kinetic studies described above revealed that induction of IL-6 secretion, which occurs within 1 hr post CpG stimulation, precedes IgM secretion. Since the optimal CpG motif for ODN inducing secretion of IL-6 is the same as that for IgM (Table 2), whether the CpG motifs independently induce IgM and IL-6 production or whether the IgM production is dependent on prior IL-6 secretion was examined. The addition of neutralizing anti-IL-6 antibodies inhibited in vitro IgM production mediated by CpG ODN in a dose-dependent manner but a control antibody did not (FIG. 4A). In contrast, anti-IL-6 addition did not affect either the basal level or the CpG-induced B cell proliferation (FIG. 4B).
  • Increased Transcriptional Activity of the IL-6 Promoter in Response to CpG DNA.
  • The increased level of IL-6 mRNA and protein after CpG DNA stimulation could result from transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation. To determine if the transcriptional activity of the IL-6 promoter was upregulated in B cells cultured with CpG ODN, a murine B cell line, WEHI-231, which produces IL-6 in response to CpG DNA, was transfected with an IL-6 promoter-CAT construct (pIL-6/CAT) (Pottratz, S. T. et al., 17B-estradiol) inhibits expression of human interleukin-6-promoter-reporter constructs by a receptor-dependent mechanism. J. Clin. Invest. 93:944). CAT assays were performed after stimulation with various concentrations of CpG or non-CpG ODN. As shown in FIG. 5, CpG ODN induced increased CAT activity in dose-dependent manner while non-CpG ODN failed to induce CAT activity. This confirms that CpG induces the transcriptional activity of the IL-6 promoter.
  • Dependence of B Cell Activation by CpG ODN on the Number of 5′ and 3′ Phosphorothioate Internucleotide Linkages.
  • To determine whether partial sulfur modification of the ODN backbone would be sufficient to enhance B cell activation, the effects of a series of ODN with the same sequence, but with differing numbers of S internucleotide linkages at the 5′ and 3′ ends were tested. Based on previous studies of nuclease degradation of ODN, it was determined that at least two phosphorothioate linkages at the 5′ end of ODN were required to provide optimal protection of the ODN from degradation by intracellular exo- and endo-nucleases. Only chimeric ODN containing two 5′ phosphorothioate-modified linkages, and a variable number of 3′ modified linkages were therefore examined.
  • The lymphocyte stimulating effects of these ODN were tested at three concentrations (3.3, 10, and 30 μM) by measuring the total levels of RNA synthesis (by 3H uridine incorporation) or DNA synthesis (by 3H thymidine incorporation) in treated spleen cell cultures (Example 10). O-ODN (0/0 phosphorothioate modifications) bearing a CpG motif caused no spleen cell stimulation unless added to the cultures at concentrations of at least 10 μM (Example 10). However, when this sequence was modified with two S linkages at the 5′ end and at least three S linkages at the 3′ end, significant stimulation was seen at a dose of 3.3 μM. At this low dose, the level of stimulation showed a progressive increase as the number of 3′ modified bases was increased, until this reached or exceeded six, at which point the stimulation index began to decline. In general, the optimal number of 3′ S linkages for spleen cell stimulation was five. At all three concentrations tested in these experiments, the S-ODN was less stimulatory than the optimal chimeric compounds.
  • Dependence of CpG-Mediated Lymphocyte Activation on the Type of Backbone Modification.
  • Phosphorothioate modified ODN (S-ODN) are far more nuclease resistant than phosphodiester modified ODN (O-ODN). Thus, the increased immune stimulation caused by S-ODN and S-O-ODN (i.e. chimeric phosphorothioate ODN in which the central linkages are phosphodiester, but the two 5′ and five 3′ linkages are phosphorothioate modified) compared to O-ODN may result from the nuclease resistance of the former. To determine the role of ODN nuclease resistance in immune stimulation by CpG ODN, the stimulatory effects of chimeric ODN in which the 5′ and 3′ ends were rendered nuclease resistant with either methylphosphonate (MP-), methylphosphorothioate (MPS-), phosphorothioate (S-), or phosphorodithioate (S2-) internucleotide linkages were tested (Example 10). These studies showed that despite their nuclease resistance, MP-O-ODN were actually less immune stimulatory than O-ODN. However, combining the MP and S modifications by replacing both nonbridging O molecules with 5′ and 3′ MPS internucleotide linkages restored immune stimulation to a slightly higher level than that triggered by O-ODN.
  • S-O-ODN were far more stimulatory than O-ODN, and were even more stimulatory than S-ODN, at least at concentrations above 3.3 μM. At concentrations below 3 μM, the S-ODN with the 3M sequence was more potent than the corresponding S-O-ODN, while the S-ODN with the 3D sequence was less potent than the corresponding S—O-ODN (Example 10). In comparing the stimulatory CpG motifs of these two sequences, it was noted that the 3D sequence is a perfect match for the stimulatory motif in that the CpG is flanked by two 5′ purines and two 3′ pyrimidines. However, the bases immediately flanking the CpG in ODN 3D are not optimal; it has a 5′ pyrimidine and a 3′ purine. Based on further testing, it was found that the sequence requirement for immune stimulation is more stringent for S-ODN than for S-O- or O-ODN. S-ODN with poor matches to the optimal CpG motif cause little or no lymphocyte activation (e.g. Sequence 3D). However, S-ODN with good matches to the motif, most critically at the positions immediately flanking the CpG, are more potent than the corresponding S-O-ODN (e.g. Sequence 3M, Sequences 4 and 6), even though at higher concentrations (greater than 3 μM) the peak effect from the S-O-ODN is greater (Example 10).
  • S2-O-ODN were remarkably stimulatory, and caused substantially greater lymphocyte activation than the corresponding S-ODN or S-O-ODN at every tested concentration.
  • The increased B cell stimulation seen with CpG ODN bearing S or S2 substitutions could result from any or all of the following effects: nuclease resistance, increased cellular uptake, increased protein binding, and altered intracellular localization. However, nuclease resistance can not be the only explanation, since the MP-O-ODN were actually less stimulatory than the O-ODN with CpG motifs. Prior studies have shown that ODN uptake by lymphocytes is markedly affected by the backbone chemistry (Zhao et al., (1993) Comparison of cellular binding and uptake of antisense phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, and mixed phosphorothioate and methylphosphonate oligonucleotides. (Antisense Research and Development 3, 53-66; Zhao et al., (1994) Stage specific oligonucleotide uptake in murine bone marrow B cell precursors. Blood 84, 3660-3666.) The highest cell membrane binding and uptake was seen with S-ODN, followed by S-O-ODN, O-ODN, and MP-ODN. This differential uptake correlates well with the degree of immune stimulation.
  • Unmethylated CpG Containing Oligos Have NK Cell Stimulatory Activity
  • Experiments were conducted to determine whether CpG containing oligonucleotides stimulated the activity of natural killer (NK) cells in addition to B cells. As shown in Table 8, a marked induction of NK activity among spleen cells cultured with CpG ODN 1 and 3Dd was observed. In contrast, there was relatively no induction in effectors that had been treated with non-CpG control ODN.
    TABLE 8
    Induction Of NK Activity By CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN)
    % YAC-1 Specific Lysis* % 2C11 Specific Lysis
    Effector:Target Effector:Target
    ODN 50:1 100:1 50:1 100:1
    None −1.1 −1.4 15.3 16.6
    1 16.1 24.5 38.7 47.2
    3Dd 17.1 27.0 37.0 40.0
    non-CpG ODN −1.6 −1.7 14.8 15.4
  • Induction of NK Activity by DNA Containing CpG Motifs, but not by Non-CpG DNA.
  • Bacterial DNA cultured for 18 hrs. at 37° C. and then assayed for killing of K562 (human) or Yac-1 (mouse) target cells induced NK lytic activity in both mouse spleen cells depleted of B cells and human PBMC, but vertebrate DNA did not (Table 9). To determine whether the stimulatory activity of bacterial DNA may be a consequence of its increased level of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides, the activating properties of more than 50 synthetic ODN containing unmethylated, methylated, or no CpG dinucleotides was tested. The results, summarized in Table 9, demonstrate that synthetic ODN can stimulate significant NK activity, as long as they contain at least one unmethylated CpG dinucleotide. No difference was observed in the stimulatory effects of ODN in which the CpG was within a palindrome (such as ODN 1585, which contains the palindrome AACGTT) from those ODN without palindromes (such as 1613 or 1619), with the caveat that optimal stimulation was generally seen with ODN in which the CpG was flanked by two 5′ purines or a 5′ GpT dinucleotide and two 3′ pyrimidines. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that NK activity peaked around 18 hrs. after addition of the ODN. The data indicates that the murine NK response is dependent on the prior activation of monocytes by CpG DNA, leading to the production of IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-α/β (Example 11).
    TABLE 9
    Induction of NK Activity by DNA Containing CpG Motifs
    but not by Non-CpG DNA
    LU/106
    Mouse Human
    DNA or Cytokine Added Cells Cells
    Expt. 1 None 0.00 0.00
    IL-2 16.68 15.82
    E. coli DNA 7.23 5.05
    Calf thymus DNA 0.00 0.00
    Expt. 2 None 0.00 3.28
    1585 gggGTCAACGTTGAgggggG (SEQ ID NO:30) 7.38 17.98
    1629 .......gtc.......... (SEQ ID NO:31) 0.00 4.4
    Expt. 3 None 0.00
    1613 GCTAGACGTTAGTGT (SEQ ID NO:24) 5.22
    1769 .......Z....... (SEQ ID NO:26) 0.02 ND
    1619 TCCATGTCGTTCCTGATGCT (SEQ ID NO:49) 3.35
    1765 .......Z............ (SEQ ID NO:50) 0.11

    CpG dinucleotides in ODN sequences are indicated by underlying; Z indicates methylcytosine. Lower case letters indicate nuclease resistant phosphorothioate modified internucleotide linkages which, in titration experiments, were more than 20 times as potent as non-modified ODN, depending on the flanking bases. Poly G ends (g) were used in some ODN, because they significantly increase the level of ODN uptake.
  • From all of these studies, a more complete understanding of the immune effects of CpG DNA has been developed, which is summarized in FIG. 6.
  • Identification of B Cell and Monocyte/NK Cell-Specific Olizonucleotides
  • As shown in FIG. 6, CpG DNA can directly activate highly purified B cells and monocytic cells. There are many similarities in the mechanism through which CpG DNA activates these cell types. For example, both require NFκB activation as explained further below.
  • In further studies of different immune effects of CpG DNA, it was found that there is more than one type of CpG motif. Specifically, oligo 1668, with the best mouse B cell motif, is a strong inducer of both B cell and natural killer (NK) cell activation, while oligo 1758 is a weak B cell activator, but still induces excellent NK responses (Table 10).
    TABLE 10
    Different CpG motifs stimulate optimal
    murine B cell and NK activation
    B cell NK
    ODN Sequence activation1 activation2
    1668 TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT 42,849 2.52
    (SEQ ID NO:38)
    1758 TCTCCCAGCGTGCGCCAT 1,747 6.66
    (SEQ ID NO:51)
    NONE 367 0.00

    CpG dinucleotides are underlined; oligonucleotides were synthesized with phosphorothioate modified backbones to improve their nuclease resistance.

    1Measured by 3H thymidine incorporation after 48 hr culture with oligodeoxynucleotides at a 200 nM concentration as described in Example 1.

    2Measured in lytic units.
  • Teleological Basis of Immunostimulatory, Nucleic Acids
  • Vertebrate DNA is highly methylated and CpG dinucleotides are underrepresented. However, the stimulatory CpG motif is common in microbial genomic DNA, but quite rare in vertebrate DNA. In addition, bacterial DNA has been reported to induce B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin (Ig) production, while mammalian DNA does not (Messina, J. P. et al., J. Immunol. 147:1759 (1991)). Experiments further described in Example 3, in which methylation of bacterial DNA with CpG methylase was found to abolish mitogenicity, demonstrates that the difference in CpG status is the cause of B cell stimulation by bacterial DNA. This data supports the following conclusion: that unmethylated CpG dinucleotides present within bacterial DNA are responsible for the stimulatory effects of bacterial DNA.
  • Teleologically, it appears likely that lymphocyte activation by the CpG motif represents an immune defense mechanism that can thereby distinguish bacterial from host DNA. Host DNA, which would commonly be present in many anatomic regions and areas of inflammation due to apoptosis (cell death), would generally induce little or no lymphocyte activation due to CpG suppression and methylation. However, the presence of bacterial DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs can cause lymphocyte activation precisely in infected anatomic regions, where it is beneficial. This novel activation pathway provides a rapid alternative to T cell dependent antigen specific B cell activation. Since the CpG pathway synergizes with B cell activation through the antigen receptor, B cells bearing antigen receptor specific for bacterial antigens would receive one activation signal through cell membrane Ig and a second signal from bacterial DNA, and would therefore tend to be preferentially activated. The interrelationship of this pathway with other pathways of B cell activation provide a physiologic mechanism employing a polyclonal antigen to induce antigen-specific responses.
  • However, it is likely that B cell activation would not be totally nonspecific. B cells bearing antigen receptors specific for bacterial products could receive one activation signal through cell membrane Ig, and a second from bacterial DNA, thereby more vigorously triggering antigen specific immune responses. As with other immune defense mechanisms, the response to bacterial DNA could have undesirable consequences in some settings. For example, autoimmune responses to self antigens would also tend to be preferentially triggered by bacterial infections, since autoantigens could also provide a second activation signal to autoreactive B cells triggered by bacterial DNA. Indeed the induction of autoimmunity by bacterial infections is a common clinical observance. For example, the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus, which is: i) characterized by the production of anti-DNA antibodies; ii) induced by drugs which inhibit DNA methyltransferase (Cornacchia, E. J. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 92:38 (1993)); and iii) associated with reduced DNA methylation (Richardson, B. L. et al., Arth. Rheum 35:647 (1992)), is likely triggered at least in part by activation of DNA-specific B cells through stimulatory signals provided by CpG motifs, as well as by binding of bacterial DNA to antigen receptors.
  • Further, sepsis, which is characterized by high morbidity and mortality due to massive and nonspecific activation of the immune system may be initiated by bacterial DNA and other products released from dying bacteria that reach concentrations sufficient to directly activate many lymphocytes. Further evidence of the role of CpG DNA in the sepsis syndrome is described in Cowdery, J., et. al., (1996) The Journal of Immunology 156:4570-4575.
  • Proposed Mechanisms of Action
  • Unlike antigens that trigger B cells through their surface Ig receptor, CpG-ODN did not induce any detectable Ca2+ flux, changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation, or IP 3 generation. Flow cytometry with FITC-conjugated ODN with or without a CpG motif was performed as described in Zhao, Q et al., (Antisense Research and Development 3:53-66 (1993)), and showed equivalent membrane binding, cellular uptake, efflux, and intracellular localization. This suggests that there may not be cell membrane proteins specific for CpG ODN. Rather than acting through the cell membrane, that data suggests that unmethylated CpG containing oligonucleotides require cell uptake for activity: ODN covalently linked to a solid Teflon support were nonstimulatory, as were biotinylated ODN immobilized on either avidin beads or avidin coated petri dishes. CpG ODN conjugated to either FITC or biotin retained full mitogenic properties, indicating no steric hindrance.
  • Recent data indicate the involvement of the transcription factor NFκB as a direct or indirect mediator of the CpG effect. For example, within 15 minutes of treating B cells or monocytes with CpG DNA, the level of NFkB binding activity is increased (FIG. 7). However, it is not increased by DNA that does not contain CpG motifs. In addition, it was found that two different inhibitors of NFκB activation, PDTC and gliotoxin, completely block the lymphocyte stimulation by CpG DNA as measured by B cell proliferation or monocytic cell cytokine secretion, suggesting that NFκB activation is required for both cell types.
  • There are several possible mechanisms through which NFκB can be activated. These include through activation of various protein kinases, or through the generation of reactive oxygen species. No evidence for protein kinase activation induced immediately after CpG DNA treatment of B cells or monocytic cells have been found, and inhibitors of protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and protein tyrosine kinases had no effects on the CpG induced activation. However, CpG DNA causes a rapid induction of the production of reactive oxygen species in both B cells and monocytic cells, as detected by the sensitive fluorescent dye dihydrorhodamine 123 as described in Royall, J. A., and Ischiropoulos, H. (Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 302:348-355 (1993)). Moreover, inhibitors of the generation of these reactive oxygen species completely block the induction of NFκB and the later induction of cell proliferation and cytokine secretion by CpG DNA.
  • Working backwards, the next question was how CpG DNA leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species so quickly. Previous studies by the inventors demonstrated that oligonucleotides and plasmid or bacterial DNA are taken up by cells into endosomes. These endosomes rapidly become acidified inside the cell. To determine whether this acidification step may be important in the mechanism through which CpG DNA activates reactive oxygen species, the acidification step was blocked with specific inhibitors of endosome acidification including chloroquine, monensin, and bafilomycin, which work through different mechanisms. FIG. 8A shows the results from a flow cytometry study using mouse B cells with the dihydrorhodamine 123 dye to determine levels of reactive oxygen species. The dye only sample in Panel A of the figure shows the background level of cells positive for the dye at 28.6%. As expected, this level of reactive oxygen species was greatly increased to 80% in the cells treated for 20 minutes with PMA and ionomycin, a positive control (Panel B). The cells treated with the CpG oligo also showed an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species such that more than 50% of the cells became positive (Panel D). However, cells treated with an oligonucleotide with the identical sequence except that the CpG was switched did not show this significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (Panel E).
  • In the presence of chloroquine, the results are very different (FIG. 8B). Chloroquine slightly lowers the background level of reactive oxygen species in the cells such that the untreated cells in Panel A have only 4.3% that are positive. Chloroquine completely abolishes the induction of reactive oxygen species in the cells treated with CpG DNA (Panel B) but does not reduce the level of reactive oxygen species in the cells treated with PMA and ionomycin (Panel E). This demonstrates that unlike the PMA plus ionomycin, the generation of reactive oxygen species following treatment of B cells with CpG DNA requires that the DNA undergo an acidification step in the endosomes. This is a completely novel mechanism of leukocyte activation. Chloroquine, monensin, and bafilomycin also appear to block the activation of NFκB by CpG DNA as well as the subsequent proliferation and induction of cytokine secretion.
  • Presumably, there is a protein in or near the endosomes that specifically recognizes DNA containing CpG motifs and leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species. To detect any protein in the cell cytoplasm that may specifically bind CpG DNA, we used electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) with 5′ radioactively labeled oligonucleotides with or without CpG motifs. A band was found that appears to represent a protein binding specifically to single stranded oligonucleotides that have CpG motifs, but not to oligonucleotides that lack CpG motifs or to oligonucleotides in which the CpG motif has been methylated. This binding activity is blocked if excess of oligonucleotides that contain the NFκB binding site was added. This suggests that an NFκB or related protein is a component of a protein or protein complex that binds the stimulatory CpG oligonucleotides.
  • No activation of CREB/ATF proteins was found at time points where NFκB was strongly activated. These data therefore do not provide proof that NFκB proteins actually bind to the CpG nucleic acids, but rather that the proteins are required in some way for the CpG activity. It is possible that a CREB/ATF or related protein may interact in some way with NFkB proteins or other proteins thus explaining the remarkable similarity in the binding motifs for CREB proteins and the optimal CpG motif. It remains possible that the oligos bind to a CREB/ATF or related protein, and that this leads to NFκB activation.
  • Alternatively, it is very possible that the CpG nucleic acids may bind to one of the TRAF proteins that bind to the cytoplasmic region of CD40 and mediate NFκB activation when CD40 is cross-linked. Examples of such TRAF proteins include TRAF-2 and TRAF-5.
  • Method for Making Immunostimulatory Nucleic Acids
  • For use in the instant invention, nucleic acids can be synthesized de novo using any of a number of procedures well known in the art. For example, the β-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite method (S. L. Beaucage and M. H. Caruthers, (1981) Tet. Let. 22:1859); nucleoside H-phosphonate method (Garegg et al., (1986) Tet. Let. 27: 4051-4054; Froehler et al., (1986) Nucl. Acid. Res. 14: 5399-5407; Garegg et al., (1986) Tet. Let. 27: 4055-4058, Gaffney et al., (1988) Tet. Let. 29:2619-2622). These chemistries can be performed by a variety of automated oligonucleotide synthesizers available in the market. Alternatively, oligonucleotides can be prepared from existing nucleic acid sequences (e.g. genomic or cDNA) using known techniques, such as those employing restriction enzymes, exonucleases or endonucleases.
  • For use in vivo, nucleic acids are preferably relatively resistant to degradation (e.g. via endo- and exo-nucleases). Secondary structures, such as stem loops, can stabilize nucleic acids against degradation. Alternatively, nucleic acid stabilization can be accomplished via phosphate backbone modifications. A preferred stabilized nucleic acid has at least a partial phosphorothioate modified backbone. Phosphorothioates may be synthesized using automated techniques employing either phosphoramidate or H-phosphonate chemistries. Aryl- and alkyl-phosphonates can be made e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863; and alkylphosphotriesters (in which the charged oxygen moiety is alkylated as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243 and European Patent No. 092,574) can be prepared by automated solid phase synthesis using commercially available reagents. Methods for making other DNA backbone modifications and substitutions have been described (Uhlmann, E. and Peyman, A. (1990) Chem. Rev. 90:544; Goodchild, J. (1990) Bioconjugate Chem. 1:165). 2′-O-methyl nucleic acids with CpG motifs also cause immune activation, as do ethoxy-modified CpG nucleic acids. In fact, no backbone modifications have been found that completely abolish the CpG effect, although it is greatly reduced by replacing the C with a 5-methyl C.
  • For administration in vivo, nucleic acids may be associated with a molecule that results in higher affinity binding to target cell (e.g. B-cell, monocytic cell and natural killer (NK) cell) surfaces and/or increased cellular uptake by target cells to form a “nucleic acid delivery complex”. Nucleic acids can be ionically, or covalently associated with appropriate molecules using techniques which are well known in the art. A variety of coupling or crosslinking agents can be used e.g. protein A, carbodiimide, and N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP). Nucleic acids can alternatively be encapsulated in liposomes or virosomes using well-known techniques.
  • Therapeutic Uses of Immunostimulatory Nucleic Acid Molecules
  • Based on their immunostimulatory properties, nucleic acid molecules containing at least one unmethylated CpG dinucleotide can be administered to a subject in vivo to treat an “immune system deficiency”. Alternatively, nucleic acid molecules containing at least one unmethylated CpG dinucleotide can be contacted with lymphocytes (e.g. B cells, monocytic cells or NK cells) obtained from a subject having an immune system deficiency ex vivo and activated lymphocytes can then be reimplanted in the subject.
  • As reported herein, in response to unmethylated CpG containing nucleic acid molecules, an increased number of spleen cells secrete IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-1, IL-3, IL-10, TNF-α, TNF-β, GM-CSF, RANTES, and probably others. The increased IL-6 expression was found to occur in B cells, CD4+ T cells and monocytic cells.
  • Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules can also be administered to a subject in conjunction with a vaccine to boost a subject's immune system and thereby effect a better response from the vaccine. Preferably the immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule is administered slightly before or at the same time as the vaccine. A conventional adjuvant may optionally be administered in conjunction with the vaccine, which is minimally comprised of an antigen, as the conventional adjuvant may further improve the vaccination by enhancing antigen absorption.
  • When the vaccine is a DNA vaccine at least two components determine its efficacy. First, the antigen encoded by the vaccine determines the specificity of the immune response. Second, if the backbone of the plasmid contains CpG motifs, it functions as an adjuvant for the vaccine. Thus, CpG DNA acts as an effective “danger signal” and causes the immune system to respond vigorously to new antigens in the area. This mode of action presumably results primarily from the stimulatory local effects of CpG DNA on dendritic cells and other “professional” antigen presenting cells, as well as from the costimulatory effects on B cells.
  • Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and unmethylated CpG containing vaccines, which directly activate lymphocytes and co-stimulate an antigen-specific response, are fundamentally different from conventional adjuvants (e.g. aluminum precipitates), which are inert when injected alone and are thought to work through absorbing the antigen and thereby presenting it more effectively to immune cells. Further, conventional adjuvants only work for certain antigens, only induce an antibody (humoral) immune response (Th2), and are very poor at inducing cellular immune responses (Th1). For many pathogens, the humoral response contributes little to protection, and can even be detrimental.
  • In addition, an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide can be administered prior to, along with or after administration of a chemotherapy or immunotherapy to increase the responsiveness of the malignant cells to subsequent chemotherapy or immunotherapy or to speed the recovery of the bone marrow through induction of restorative cytokines such as GM-CSF. CpG nucleic acids also increase natural killer cell lytic activity and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Induction of NK activity and ADCC may likewise be beneficial in cancer immunotherapy, alone or in conjunction with other treatments.
  • Another use of the described immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules is in desensitization therapy for allergies, which are generally caused by IgE antibody generation against harmless allergens. The cytokines that are induced by unmethylated CpG nucleic acids are predominantly of a class called “Th1” which is most marked by a cellular immune response and is associated with IL-12 and IFN-γ. The other major type of immune response is termed a Th2 immune response, which is associated with more of an antibody immune response and with the production of IL-4, EL-5 and L-10. In general, it appears that allergic diseases are mediated by Th2 type immune responses and autoimmune diseases by Th1 immune response. Based on the ability of the immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to shift the immune response in a subject from a Th2 (which is associated with production of IgE antibodies and allergy) to a Th1 response (which is protective against allergic reactions), an effective dose of an immunostimulatory nucleic acid (or a vector containing a nucleic acid) alone or in conjunction with an allergen can be administered to a subject to treat or prevent an allergy.
  • Nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG motifs may also have significant therapeutic utility in the treatment of asthma. Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-5 are elevated in the airways of asthmatic subjects. These cytokines promote important aspects of the asthmatic inflammatory response, including IgE isotype switching, eosinophil chemotaxis and activation and mast cell growth. Th1 cytokines, especially IFN-γ and IL-12, can suppress the formation of Th2 clones and production of Th2 cytokines.
  • As described in detail in the following Example 12, oligonucleotides containing an unmethylated CpG motif (i.e. TCCATGACGTTCCTGACGTT; SEQ ID NO:37), but not a control oligonucleotide (TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT; SEQ ID NO:39) prevented the development of an inflammatory cellular infiltrate and eosinophilia in a murine model of asthma. Furthermore, the suppression of eosinophilic inflammation was associated with a suppression of a Th2 response and induction of a Th1 response.
  • For use in therapy, an effective amount of an appropriate immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule alone or formulated as a delivery complex can be administered to a subject by any mode allowing the oligonucleotide to be taken up by the appropriate target cells (e.g., B-cells and monocytic cells). Preferred routes of administration include oral and transdermal (e.g., via a patch). Examples of other routes of administration include injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, parenteral, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, etc.). The injection can be in a bolus or a continuous infusion.
  • A nucleic acid alone or as a nucleic acid delivery complex can be administered in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include substances that can be coadministered with a nucleic acid or a nucleic acid delivery complex and allows the nucleic acid to perform its indicated function. Examples of such carriers include solutions, solvents, dispersion media, delay agents, emulsions and the like. The use of such media for pharmaceutically active substances are well known in the art. Any other conventional carrier suitable for use with the nucleic acids falls within the scope of the instant invention.
  • The language “effective amount” of a nucleic acid molecule refers to the amount necessary or sufficient to realize a desired biologic effect. For example, an effective amount of a nucleic acid containing at least one unmethylated CpG for treating an immune system deficiency could be that amount necessary to eliminate a tumor, cancer, or bacterial, viral or fungal infection. An effective amount for use as a vaccine adjuvant could be that amount useful for boosting a subjects immune response to a vaccine. An “effective amount” for treating asthma can be that amount useful for redirecting a Th2 type of immune response that is associated with asthma to a Th1 type of response. The effective amount for any particular application can vary depending on such factors as the disease or condition being treated, the particular nucleic acid being administered (e.g. the number of unmethylated CpG motifs or their location in the nucleic acid), the size of the subject, or the severity of the disease or condition. One of ordinary skill in the art can empirically determine the effective amount of a particular oligonucleotide without necessitating undue experimentation.
  • The present invention is further illustrated by the following Examples which in no way should be construed as further limiting. The entire contents of all of the references (including literature references, issued patents, published patent applications, and co-pending patent applications) cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
    • EXAMPLES Example 1 Effects of ODNs on B Cell Total RNA Synthesis and Cell Cycle
            • B cells were purified from spleens obtained from 6-12 wk old specific pathogen free DBA/2 or BXSB mice (bred in the University of Iowa animal care facility; no substantial strain differences were noted) that were depleted of T cells with anti-Thy-1.2 and complement and centrifugation over lympholyte M (Cedarlane Laboratories, Homby, Ontario, Canada) (“B cells”). B cells contained fewer than 1% CD4+ or CD8+ cells. 8×104 B cells were dispensed in triplicate into 96 well microtiter plates in 100 μl RPMI containing 10% FBS (heat inactivated to 65° C. for 30 min.), 50 μM 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 ug/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM L-glutamate. 20 μM ODN were added at the start of culture for 20 h at 37° C., cells pulsed with 1 μCi of 3H uridine, and harvested and counted 4 hr later. Ig secreting B cells were enumerated using the ELISA spot assay after culture of whole spleen cells with ODN at 20 μM for 48 hr. Data, reported in Table 1, represent the stimulation index compared to cells cultured without ODN. 3H thymidine incorporation assays showed similar results, but with some nonspecific inhibition by thymidine released from degraded ODN (Matson. S and A. M. Krieg (1992) Nonspecific suppression of 3H-thymidine incorporation by control oligonucleotides. Antisense Research and Development 2:325).
    Example 2 Effects of ODN on Production of IgM from B cells
  • Single cell suspensions from the spleens of freshly killed mice were treated with anti-Thyl, anti-CD4, and anti-CD8 and complement by the method of Leibson et al., J. Exp. Med. 154:1681 (1981)). Resting B cells (<02% T cell contamination) were isolated from the 63-70% band of a discontinuous Percoll gradient by the procedure of DeFranco et al, J. Exp. Med. 155:1523 (1982). These were cultured as described above in 30 μM ODN or 20 μg/ml LPS for 48 hr. The number of B cells actively secreting IgM was maximal at this time point, as determined by ELIspot assay (Klinman, D. M. et al. J. Immunol. 144:506 (1990)). In that assay, B cells were incubated for 6 hrs on anti-Ig coated microtiter plates. The Ig they produced (>99% IgM) was detected using phosphatase-labelled anti-Ig (Southern Biotechnology Associated, Birmingham, Ala.). The antibodies produced by individual B cells were visualized by addition of BCIP (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis Mo.) which forms an insoluble blue precipitate in the presence of phosphatase. The dilution of cells producing 20-40 spots/well was used to determine the total number of antibody-secreting B cells/sample. All assays were performed in triplicate (data reported in Table 1). In some experiments, culture supernatants were assayed for IgM by ELISA, and showed similar increases in response to CpG-ODN.
    • Example 3 B cell Stimulation by Bacterial DNA
  • DBA/2 B cells were cultured with no DNA or 50 μg/ml of a) Micrococcus lysodeikticus; b) NZB/N mouse spleen; and c) NFS/N mouse spleen genomic DNAs for 48 hours, then pulsed with 3H thymidine for 4 hours prior to cell harvest. Duplicate DNA samples were digested with DNAse I for 30 minutes at 37 C prior to addition to cell cultures. E coli DNA also induced an 8.8 fold increase in the number of IgM secreting B cells by 48 hours using the ELISA-spot assay.
  • DBA/2 B cells were cultured with either no additive, 50 μg/ml LPS or the ODN 1; 1a; 4; or 4a at 20 uM. Cells were cultured and harvested at 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours. BXSB cells were cultured as in Example 1 with 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 μM of ODN 1; 1a; 4; or 4a or LPS. In this experiment, wells with no ODN had 3833 cpm. Each experiment was performed at least three times with similar results. Standard deviations of the triplicate wells were <5%.
    • Example 4 Effects of ODN on Natural Killer (NK) Activity
  • 10×106 C57BL/6 spleen cells were cultured in two ml RPMI (supplemented as described for Example 1) with or without 40 μM CpG or non-CpG ODN for forty-eight hours. Cells were washed, and then used as effector cells in a short term 51Cr release assay with YAC-1 and 2C 11, two NK sensitive target cell lines (Ballas, Z. K. et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 150:17). Effector cells were added at various concentrations to 104 51Cr-labeled target cells in V-bottom microtiter plates in 0.2 ml, and incubated in 5% CO2 for 4 hr. at 37° C. Plates were then centrifuged, and an aliquot of the supernatant counted for radioactivity. Percent specific lysis was determined by calculating the ratio of the 51Cr released in the presence of effector cells minus the 51Cr released when the target cells are cultured alone, over the total counts released after cell lysis in 2% acetic acid minus the 51Cr cpm released when the cells are cultured alone.
    • Example 5 In Vivo Studies with CpG Phosphorothioate ODN
  • Mice were weighed and injected IP with 0.25 ml of sterile PBS or the indicated phophorothioate ODN dissolved in PBS. Twenty four hours later, spleen cells were harvested, washed, and stained for flow cytometry using phycoerythrin conjugated 6B2 to gate on B cells in conjunction with biotin conjugated anti Ly-6A/E or anti-Iad (Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.) or anti-Bla-1 (Hardy, R. R. et al., J. Exp. Med. 159:1169 (1984). Two mice were studied for each condition and analyzed individually.
    • Example 6 Titration of Phosphorothioate ODN for B Cell Stimulation
  • B cells were cultured with phosphorothioate ODN with the sequence of control ODN 1a or the CpG ODN 1d and 3 Db and then either pulsed after 20 hr with 3H uridine or after 44 hr with 3H thymidine before harvesting and determining cpm.
    • Example 7 Rescue of B Cells from Apoptosis
  • WEHI-231 cells (5×104/well) were cultured for 1 hr. at 37 C in the presence or absence of LPS or the control ODN 1a or the CpG ODN 1d and 3 Db before addition of anti-IgM (1 pJml). Cells were cultured for a further 20 hr. before a 4 hr. pulse with 2 μCi/well 3H thymidine. In this experiment, cells with no ODN or anti-IgM gave 90.4×103 cpm of 3H thymidine incorporation by addition of anti-IgM. The phosphodiester ODN shown in Table 1 gave similar protection, though with some nonspecific suppression due to ODN degradation. Each experiment was repeated at least 3 times with similar results.
    • Example 8 In Vivo Induction of Murine IL-6
  • DBA/2 female mice (2 mos. old) were injected IP with 500 μg CpG or control phosphorothioate ODN. At various time points after injection, the mice were bled. Two mice were studied for each time point. IL-6 was measured by Elisa, and IL-6 concentration was calculated by comparison to a standard curve generated using recombinant IL-6. The sensitivity of the assay was 10 pg/ml. Levels were undetectable after 8 hr.
    • Example 9 Systemic Induction of Murine IL-6 Transcription
  • Mice and cell lines. DBA/2, BALB/c, and C3H/HeJ mice at 5-10 wk of age were used as a source of lymphocytes. All mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.), and bred and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions in the University of Iowa Animal Care Unit. The mouse B cell line CH12.LX was kindly provided by Dr. G. Bishop (University of Iowa, Iowa City).
  • Cell preparation. Mice were killed by cervical dislocation. Single cell suspensions were prepared aseptically from the spleens from mice. T cell depleted mouse splenocytes were prepared by using anti-Thy-1.2 and complement and centrifugation over lympholyte M (Cedarlane Laboratories, Hornby, Ontario, Canada) as described (Krieg, A. M. et al., (1989) A role for endogenous retroviral sequences in the regulation of lymphocyte activation. J. Immunol. 143:2448).
  • ODN and DNA. Phosphodiester oligonucleotides (O-ODN) and the backbone modified phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (S-ODN) were obtained from the DNA Core facility at the University of Iowa or from Operon Technologies (Alameda, Calif.). E. coli DNA (Strain B) and calf thymus DNA were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). All DNA and ODN were purified by extraction with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and/or ethanol precipitation. E. coli and calf thymus DNA were single stranded prior to use by boiling for 10 min. followed by cooling on ice for 5 min. For some experiments, E. coli and calf thymus DNA were digested with DNAse I (2U/μg of DNA) at 37° C. for 2 hr in 1×SSC with 5 mM MgCl2. To methylate the cytosine in CpG dinucleotides in E. coli DNA, E. coli DNA was treated with CpG methylase (M. SssI; 2U/μg of DNA) in NEBuffer 2 supplemented with 160 μM S-adenosyl methionine and incubated overnight at 37° C. Methylated DNA was purified as above. Efficiency of methylation was confirmed by Hpa II digestion followed by analysis by gel electrophoresis. All enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs (Beverly, Mass.). LPS level in ODN was less than 12.5 ng/mg and E. coli and calf thymus DNA contained less than 2.5 ng of LPS/mg of DNA by Limulus assay.
  • Cell Culture. All cells were cultured at 37° C. in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator maintained in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS), 1.5 mM L-glutamine, 50 μg/ml), CpG or non-CpG phosphodiester ODN (O-ODN) (20 μM), phosphorothioate ODN (S-ODN) (0.5 μM), or E. coli or calf thymus DNA (50 μg/ml) at 37° C. for 24 hr. (for IL-6 production) or 5 days (for IgM production). Concentrations of stimulants were chosen based on preliminary studies with titrations. In some cases, cells were treated with CpG O-ODN along with various concentrations (1-10 μg/ml) of neutralizing rat IgG1 antibody against murine IL-6 (hybridoma MP5-20F3) or control rat IgG1 mAb to E. coli β-galactosidase (hybridoma GL113; ATCC, Rockville, Md.) (20) for 5 days. At the end of incubation, culture supernatant fractions were analyzed by ELISA as below.
  • In vivo induction of IL-6 and IgM. BALB/c mice were injected intravenously (iv) with PBS, calf thymus DNA (200 μg/100 μl PBS/mouse), E. coli DNA (200 μg/100 μl PBS/mouse), or CpG or non-CpG S-ODN (200 μg/100 μl PBS/mouse). Mice (two/group) were bled by retroorbital puncture and sacrificed by cervical dislocation at various time points. Liver, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow were removed and RNA was prepared from those organs using RNAzol B (Tel-Test, Friendswood, Tex.) according to the manufacturers protocol.
  • ELISA. Flat-bottomed Immun 1 plates (Dynatech Laboratories, Inc., Chantilly, Va.) were coated with 100 μl/well of anti-mouse IL-6 mAb (MP5-20F3) (2 μg/ml) or anti-mouse IgM μ-chain specific (5 μg/ml; Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) in carbonate-bicarbonate, pH 9.6 buffer (15 nM Na2CO3, 35 mM NaHCO3) overnight at 4° C. The plates were then washed with TPBS (0.5 mM MgCl2·6H2O, 2.68 mM KCl, 1.47 mM KH2PO4, 0.14 M NaCl, 6.6 mM K2HPO4, 0.5% Tween 20) and blocked with 10% FCS in TPBS for 2 hr at room temperature and then washed again. Culture supernatants, mouse sera, recombinant mouse IL-6 (Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.) or purified mouse IgM (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.) were appropriately diluted in 10% FCS and incubated in triplicate wells for 6 hr at room temperature. The plates were washed and 100 μl/well of biotinylated rat anti-mouse IL-6 monoclonal antibodies (MP5-32C11, Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.) (1 μg/ml in 10% FCS) or biotinylated anti-mouse Ig (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) were added and incubated for 45 min. at room temperature following washes with TPBS. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated avidin (Bio-rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) at 1:4000 dilution in 10% FCS (100 μl/well) was added and incubated at room temperature for 30 min. The plates were washed and developed with o-phenylendiamine dihydrochloride (OPD; Sigma, St. Louis Mo.) 0.05 M phosphate-citrate buffer, pH 5.0, for 30 min. The reaction was stopped with 0.67 N H2SO4 and plates were read on a microplate reader (Cambridge Technology, Inc., Watertown, Mass.) at 490-600 nm. The results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • RT-PCR. A sense primer, an antisense primer, and an internal oligonucleotide probe for IL-6 were synthesized using published sequences (Montgomery, R. A. and M. S. Dallman (1991), Analysis of cytokine gene expression during fetal thymic ontogeny using the polymerase chain reaction (J. Immunol.) 147:554). cDNA synthesis and IL-6 PCR was done essentially as described by Montgomery and Dallman (Montgomery, R. A. and M. S. Dallman (1991), Analysis of cytokine gene expression during fetal thymic ontogeny using the polymerase chain reaction (J. Immunol.) 147:554) using RT-PCR reagents from Perkin-Elmer Corp. (Hayward, Calif.). Samples were analyzed after 30 cycles of amplification by gel electrophoresis followed by unblot analysis (Stoye, J. P. et al., (1991) DNA hybridization in dried gels with fragmented probes: an improvement over blotting techniques, Techniques 3:123). Briefly, the gel was hybridized at room temperature for 30 min. in denaturation buffer (0.05 M NaOH, 1.5M NaCl) followed by incubation for 30 min. in renaturation buffer (1.5 M NaCl, 1 M Tris, pH 8) and a 30 min. wash in double distilled water. The gel was dried and prehybridized at 47° C. for 2 hr. hybridization buffer (5×SSPE, 0.1% SDS) containing 10 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. The gel was hybridized with 2×106 cpm/ml γ-[32 P]ATP end-labeled internal oligonucleotide probe for IL-6 (5′CATTTCCACGATTTCCCA3′) SEQ ID NO:11) overnight at 47° C., washed 4 times (2× SSC, 0.2% SDS) at room temperature and autoradiographed. The results are shown in FIG. 3.
  • Cell Proliferation assay. DBA/2 mice spleen B cells (5×104 cells/100 μl/well) were treated with media, CpG or non-CpG S-ODN (0.5 μM) or O-ODN (20 μM) for 24 hr at 37° C. Cells were pulsed for the last four hr. with either [3H] Thymidine or [3H] Uridine (1 μCi/well). Amounts of [3H] incorporated were measured using Liquid Scintillation Analyzer (Packard Instrument Co., Downers Grove, Ill.).
  • Transfections and CAT assays. WEHI-231 cells (107 cells) were electroporated with 20 μg of control or human IL-6 promoter-CAT construct (kindly provided by S. Manolagas, Univ. of Arkansas) (Pottratz, S. T. et al., (1994) 17B-estradiol inhibits expression of human interleukin-6 promoter-reporter constructs by a receptor-dependent mechanism. J. Clin. Invest. 93:944) at 250 mV and 960 μF. Cells were stimulated with various concentrations or CpG or non-CpG ODN after electroporation. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was measured by a solution assay (Seed, B. and J. Y. Sheen (1988) A single phase-extraction assay for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity. Gene 76:271) 16 hr. after transfection. The results are presented in FIG. 5.
    • Example 10 Oligodeoxynucleotide Modifications Determine the Magnitude of B Cell Stimulation by CpG Motifs
  • ODN were synthesized on an Applied Biosystems Inc. (Foster City, Calif.) model 380A, 380B, or 394 DNA synthesizer using standard procedures (Beacage and Caruthers (1981) Deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites—A new class of key intermediates for deoxypolynucleotide synthesis. Tetrahedron Letters 22, 1859-1862.). Phosphodiester ODN were synthesized using standard beta-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite chemistry. Phosphorothioate linkages were introduced by oxidizing the phosphite linkage with elemental sulfur instead of the standard iodine oxidation. The four common nucleoside phosphoramidites were purchased from Applied Biosystems. All phosphodiester and thioate containing ODN were deprotected by treatment with concentrated ammonia at 55° C. for 12 hours. The ODN were purified by gel exclusion chromatography and lyophilized to dryness prior to use. Phosphorodithioate linkages were introduced by using deoxynucleoside S-(b-benzoylmercaptoethyl) pyrrolidino thiophosphoramidites (Wiesler, W. T. et al., (1993) In Methods in Molecular Biology: Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs-Synthesis and Properties, Agrawal, S. (ed.), Humana Press, 191-206.). Dithioate containing ODN were deprotected by treatment with concentrated ammonia at 55° C. for 12 hours followed by reverse phase HPLC purification.
  • In order to synthesize oligomers containing methylphosphonothioates or methylphosphonates as well as phosphodiesters at any desired internucleotide linkage, two different synthetic cycles were used. The major synthetic differences in the two cycles are the coupling reagent where dialkylaminomethylnucleoside phosphines are used and the oxidation reagents in the case of methylphosphonothioates. In order to synthesize either derivative, the condensation time has been increased for the dialkylaminomethylnucleoside phosphines due to the slower kinetics of coupling (Jager and Engels, (1984) Synthesis of deoxynucleoside methylphosphonates via a phosphonamidite approach. Tetrahedron Letters 24, 1437-1440). After the coupling step has been completed, the methylphosphinodiester is treated with the sulfurizing reagent (5% elemental sulfur, 100 millimolar N,N-diamethylaminopyridine in carbon disulfide/pyridine/triethylamine), four consecutive times for 450 seconds each to produce methylphosphonothioates. To produce methylphosphonate linkages, the methylphosphinodiester is treated with standard oxidizing reagent (0.1 M iodine in tetrahydrofuran/2,6-lutidine/water).
  • The silica gel bound oligomer was treated with distilled pyridine/concentrated ammonia, 1:1, (v/v) for four days at 4 degrees centigrade. The supernatant was dried in vacuo, dissolved in water and chromatographed on a G50/50 Sephadex column.
  • As used herein, O-ODN refers to ODN which are phosphodiester; S-ODN are completely phosphorothioate modified; S-O-ODN are chimeric ODN in which the central linkages are phosphodiester, but the two 5′ and five 3′ linkages are phosphorothioate modified; S2-O-ODN are chimeric ODN in which the central linkages are phosphodiester, but the two 5′ and five 3′ linkages are phosphorodithioate modified; and MP-O-ODN are chimeric ODN in which the central linkages are phosphodiester, but the two 5′ and five 3′ linkages are methylphosphonate modified. The ODN sequences studied (with CpG dinucleotides indicated by underlining) include:
    3D (5′ GAGAACGCTGGACCTTCCAT),; (SEQ ID NO:17)
    3M (5′ TCCATGTCGGTCCTGATGCT),; (SEQ ID NO:46)
    5 (5′ GGCGTTATTCCTGACTCGCC),; (SEQ ID NO:29) and
    6 (5′ CCTACGTTGTATGCGCCCAGCT),. (SEQ ID NO:12)

    These sequences are representative of literally hundreds of CpG and non-CpG ODN that have been tested in the course of these studies.
  • Mice. DBA/2, or BXSB mice obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.), and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions were used as a source of lymphocytes at 5-10 wk of age with essentially identical results.
  • Cell proliferation assay. For cell proliferation assays, mouse spleen cells (5×104 cells/100 μl/well) were cultured at 37° C. in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat inactivated fetal calf serum (heated to 65° C. for experiments with O-ODN, or 56° C. for experiments using only modified ODN), 1.5 μM L-glutamine, 50 μM 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin for 24 hr or 48 hr as indicated. 1 μCi of 3H uridine or thymidine (as indicated) was added to each well, and the cells harvested after an additional 4 hours of culture. Filters were counted by scintillation counting. Standard deviations of the triplicate wells were <5%. The results are presented in FIGS. 6-8.
    • Example 11 Induction of NK Activity
  • Phosphodiester ODN were purchased from Operon Technologies (Alameda, Calif.). Phosphorothioate ODN were purchased from the DNA core facility, University of Iowa, or from The Midland Certified Reagent Company (Midland Tex.). E. coli (strain B) DNA and calf thymus DNA were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). All DNA and ODN were purified by extraction with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and/or ethanol precipitation. The LPS level in ODN was less than 12.5 ng/mg and E. coli and calf thymus DNA contained less than 2.5 ng of LPS/mg of DNA by Limulus assay.
  • Virus-free, 4-6 week old, DBA/2, C57BL/6 (B6) and congenitally athymic BALB/C mice were obtained on contract through the Veterans Affairs from the National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, Md.). C57BL/6 SCID mice were bred in the SPF barrier facility at the University of Iowa Animal Care Unit.
  • Human peripheral mononuclear blood leukocytes (PBMC) were obtained as previously described (Ballas, Z. K. et al., (1990) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 85:453; Ballas, Z. K. and W. Rasmussen (1990) J. Immunol. 145:1039; Ballas, Z. K. and W. Rasmussen (1993) J. Immunol. 150;17). Human or murine cells were cultured at 5×106/well, at 37° C. in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere in 24-well plates (Ballas, Z. K. et al., (1990) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 85:453; Ballas, Z. K. and W. Rasmussen (1990) J Immunol 145:1039; and Ballas, Z. K. and W. Rasmussen (1993) J. Immunol, 150:17), with medium alone or with CpG or non-CpG ODN at the indicated concentrations, or with E. coli or calf thymus (50 P g/ml) at 37° C. for 24 hr. All cultures were harvested at 18 hr. and the cells were used as effectors in a standard 4 hr. 51Cr-release assay against K562 (human) or YAC-1 (mouse) target cells as previously described. For calculation of lytic units (LU), 1 LU was defined as the number of cells needed to effect 30% specific lysis. Where indicated, neutralizing antibodies against IFN-β (Lee Biomolecular, San Diego, Calif.) or IL-12 (C15.1, C15.6, C17.8, and C17.15; provided by Dr. Giorgio Trinchieri, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.) or their isotype controls were added at the initiation of cultures to a concentration of 10 μg/ml. For anti-IL-12 addition, 10 μg of each of the 4 MAB (or isotype controls) were added simultaneously. Recombinant human IL-2 was used at a concentration of 100 U/ml.
    • Example 12 Prevention of the Development of an Inflammatory Cellular Infiltrate and Eosinophilia in a Murine Model of Asthma
  • 6-8 week old C56BL/6 mice (from The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were immunized with 5,000 Schistosoma mansoni eggs by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection on days 0 and 7. Schistosoma mansoni eggs contain an antigen (Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen (SEA)) that induces a Th2 immune response (e.g. production of IgE antibody). IgE antibody production is known to be an important cause of asthma.
  • The immunized mice were then treated with oligonucleotides (30 μg in 200 μl saline by i.p.injection), which either contained an unmethylated CpG motif (i.e. TCCATGACGTTCCTGACGTT; SEQ ID NO:37) or did not (i.e. control, TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT; SEQ ID NO:39). Soluble SEA (10 μg in 25 μl of saline) was administered by intranasal instillation on days 14 and 21. Saline was used as a control.
  • Mice were sacrificed at various times after airway challenge. Whole lung lavage was performed to harvest airway and alveolar inflammatory cells. Cytokine levels were measured from lavage fluid by ELISA. RNA was isolated from whole lung for Northern analysis and RT-PCR studies using CsCl gradients. Lungs were inflated and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde for histologic examination.
  • FIG. 9 shows that when the mice are initially injected with the eggs i.p., and then inhale the egg antigen (open circle), many inflammatory cells are present in the lungs. However, when the mice are initially given a nucleic acid containing an unmethylated CpG motif along with the eggs, the inflammatory cells in the lung are not increased by subsequent inhalation of the egg antigen (open triangles).
  • FIG. 10 shows that the same results are obtained when only eosinophils present in the lung lavage are measured. Eosinophils are the type of inflammatory cell most closely associated with asthma.
  • FIG. 11 shows that when the mice are treated with a control oligo at the time of the initial exposure to the egg, there is little effect on the subsequent influx of eosinophils into the lungs after inhalation of SEA. Thus, when mice inhale the eggs on days 14 or 21, they develop an acute inflammatory response in the lungs. However, giving a CpG oligo along with the eggs at the time of initial antigen exposure on days 0 and 7 almost completely abolishes the increase in eosinophils when the mice inhale the egg antigen on day 14.
  • FIG. 12 shows that very low doses of oligonucleotide (<10 μg) can give this protection.
  • FIG. 13 shows that the resultant inflammatory response correlates with the levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 in the lung.
  • FIG. 14 shows that administration of an oligonucleotide containing an unmethylated CpG motif can actually redirect the cytokine response of the lung to production of Il-12, indicating a Th1 type of immune response.
  • FIG. 15 shows that administration of an oligonucleotide containing an unmethylated CpG motif can also redirect the cytokine response of the lung to production of IFN-γ, indicating a Th1 type of immune response.
    • Example 13 CpG Oligonucleotides Induce Human PBMC to Secrete Cytokines
  • Human PBMC were prepared from whole blood by standard centrifugation over ficoll hypaque. Cells (5×105/ml) were cultured in 10% autologous serum in 96 well microtiter plates with CpG or control oligodeoxynucleotides (24 μg/ml for phosphodiester oligonucleotides; 6 μg/ml for nuclease resistant phosphorothioate oligonucleotides) for 4 hr in the case of TNF-α or 24 hr. for the other cytokines before supernatant harvest and assay, measured by ELISA using Quantikine kits or reagents from R&D Systems (pg/ml) or cytokine ELISA kits from Biosource (for IL-12 assay). Assays were performed as per the manufacturer's instructions. Data are presented in Table 6 as the level of cytokine above that in wells with no added oligodeoxynucleotide.
  • Equivalents
  • Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents of the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Claims (22)

1.-18. (Cancelled)
19. A method for treating an allergic condition, comprising
administering to a subject in need of treatment of an allergic condition an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide 8 to 100 nucleotides long, comprising:
5′ X1CGX2 3′
wherein the C is unmethylated and wherein X1 and X2 are nucleotides, wherein X1 is selected from the group consisting of A, G, and T, and wherein X2 is selected from the group consisting of C and T, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered without an allergen, in an effective amount to treat the allergic condition.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the allergic condition is selected from the group consisting of eczema, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, urticaria, and food allergies.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide is 8 to 40 nucleotides long.
22. The method of claim 19, wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide is a stabilized oligonucleotide.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide comprises a phosphate backbone modification which is a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate modification.
24. The method of claim 19, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is administered to the subject orally.
25. The method of claim 19, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is administered to the subject transdermally.
26. The method of claim 19, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is administered to the subject by injection.
27. A method for treating an allergic condition, comprising
administering to a subject in need of treatment of an allergic condition an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide 8 to 100 nucleotides long, comprising:
5′ X1X2CGX3X4 3′
wherein the C is unmethylated and wherein X1, X2, X3, and X4 are nucleotides, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered without an allergen, in an effective amount to treat the allergic condition.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein X1X2 is selected from the group consisting of GpT, GpG, GpA and ApA.
29. The method of claim 27, wherein X3X4 is selected from the group consisting of TpT and CpT.
30. The method of claim 27, wherein X1X2 is selected from the group consisting of GpT, GpG, GpA and ApA and wherein X3X4 is selected from the group consisting of TpT and CpT.
31. The method of claim 27, wherein 5′X1X2CGX3X43′ is not a palindrome.
32. The method of claim 27, wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of
TCCATGTCGGTCCTGATGCT, (SEQ ID NO:46) TCCATGCCGGTCCTGATGCT, (SEQ ID NO:40) TCCATGGCGGTCCTGATGCT, (SEQ ID NO:43) TCCATGACGGTCCTGATGCT, (SEQ ID NO:35) TCCATGTCGCTCCTGATGCT, (SEQ ID NO:45) TCCATGTCGTTCCTGATGCT, (SEQ ID NO:49) TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT, (SEQ ID NO:38) and TCCATAACGTTCCTGATGCT. (SEQ ID NO:33)
33. The method of claim 27, wherein the allergic condition is selected from the group consisting of eczema, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, urticaria, and food allergies.
34. The method of claim 27, wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide is 8 to 40 nucleotides long.
35. The method of claim 27, wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide is a stabilized oligonucleotide.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide comprises a phosphate backbone modification which is a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate modification.
37. The method of claim 27, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is administered to the subject orally.
38. The method of claim 27, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is administered to the subject transdermally.
39. The method of claim 27, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is administered to the subject by injection.
US10/894,657 1994-07-15 2004-07-16 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules Abandoned US20050054602A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/894,657 US20050054602A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-16 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US12/383,824 US7888327B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2009-03-25 Methods of using immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to treat allergic conditions

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US27635894A 1994-07-15 1994-07-15
US08/386,063 US6194388B1 (en) 1994-07-15 1995-02-07 Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US08/738,652 US6207646B1 (en) 1994-07-15 1996-10-30 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US09/818,918 US20030050261A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2001-03-27 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/894,657 US20050054602A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-16 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/818,918 Continuation US20030050261A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2001-03-27 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/383,824 Continuation US7888327B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2009-03-25 Methods of using immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to treat allergic conditions

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20050054602A1 true US20050054602A1 (en) 2005-03-10

Family

ID=24968901

Family Applications (32)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/738,652 Expired - Lifetime US6207646B1 (en) 1994-07-15 1996-10-30 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US09/818,918 Abandoned US20030050261A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2001-03-27 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/435,656 Abandoned US20050277604A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2003-05-09 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/613,916 Abandoned US20050070491A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2003-07-03 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/679,710 Abandoned US20040147468A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2003-10-03 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/743,625 Abandoned US20040132685A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2003-12-22 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid
US10/769,282 Expired - Fee Related US7674777B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-01-30 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/817,165 Abandoned US20040198688A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-04-02 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/831,647 Expired - Fee Related US7402572B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-04-23 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/847,642 Abandoned US20050004061A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-05-17 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/877,407 Abandoned US20040229835A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-06-24 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/884,852 Abandoned US20050059625A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-02 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/888,785 Expired - Fee Related US7517861B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-09 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/888,449 Abandoned US20050049215A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-09 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/894,657 Abandoned US20050054602A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-16 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/894,862 Expired - Fee Related US8058249B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-16 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/928,762 Abandoned US20050123523A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-08-26 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/956,494 Expired - Fee Related US7879810B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-10-01 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/956,745 Abandoned US20050239732A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-10-01 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/972,301 Abandoned US20050215500A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-10-22 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/987,146 Abandoned US20050148537A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-11-12 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/031,460 Expired - Fee Related US8158592B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2005-01-07 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/036,527 Expired - Fee Related US7723022B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2005-01-14 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/067,587 Expired - Fee Related US8129351B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2005-02-25 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/134,918 Abandoned US20050267064A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2005-05-23 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/296,572 Abandoned US20060089326A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2005-12-07 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/503,483 Expired - Fee Related US7723500B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2006-08-11 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/526,197 Abandoned US20070078104A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2006-09-22 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/598,207 Expired - Fee Related US8258106B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2006-11-10 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/810,353 Abandoned US20080026011A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2007-06-05 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US12/248,493 Abandoned US20090202575A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2008-10-09 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US12/383,824 Expired - Fee Related US7888327B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2009-03-25 Methods of using immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to treat allergic conditions

Family Applications Before (14)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/738,652 Expired - Lifetime US6207646B1 (en) 1994-07-15 1996-10-30 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US09/818,918 Abandoned US20030050261A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2001-03-27 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/435,656 Abandoned US20050277604A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2003-05-09 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/613,916 Abandoned US20050070491A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2003-07-03 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/679,710 Abandoned US20040147468A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2003-10-03 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/743,625 Abandoned US20040132685A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2003-12-22 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid
US10/769,282 Expired - Fee Related US7674777B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-01-30 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/817,165 Abandoned US20040198688A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-04-02 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/831,647 Expired - Fee Related US7402572B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-04-23 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/847,642 Abandoned US20050004061A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-05-17 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/877,407 Abandoned US20040229835A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-06-24 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/884,852 Abandoned US20050059625A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-02 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/888,785 Expired - Fee Related US7517861B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-09 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/888,449 Abandoned US20050049215A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-09 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules

Family Applications After (17)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/894,862 Expired - Fee Related US8058249B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-07-16 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/928,762 Abandoned US20050123523A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-08-26 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/956,494 Expired - Fee Related US7879810B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-10-01 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/956,745 Abandoned US20050239732A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-10-01 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/972,301 Abandoned US20050215500A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-10-22 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US10/987,146 Abandoned US20050148537A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2004-11-12 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/031,460 Expired - Fee Related US8158592B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2005-01-07 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/036,527 Expired - Fee Related US7723022B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2005-01-14 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/067,587 Expired - Fee Related US8129351B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2005-02-25 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/134,918 Abandoned US20050267064A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2005-05-23 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/296,572 Abandoned US20060089326A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2005-12-07 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/503,483 Expired - Fee Related US7723500B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2006-08-11 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/526,197 Abandoned US20070078104A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2006-09-22 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/598,207 Expired - Fee Related US8258106B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2006-11-10 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US11/810,353 Abandoned US20080026011A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2007-06-05 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US12/248,493 Abandoned US20090202575A1 (en) 1994-07-15 2008-10-09 Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US12/383,824 Expired - Fee Related US7888327B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2009-03-25 Methods of using immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to treat allergic conditions

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (32) US6207646B1 (en)
EP (5) EP1746159A3 (en)
JP (5) JP2001503267A (en)
KR (1) KR100689942B1 (en)
CN (2) CN101265285A (en)
AT (1) ATE332966T1 (en)
AU (3) AU5242498A (en)
CA (1) CA2270345C (en)
DE (1) DE69736331T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0948510T3 (en)
ES (2) ES2624859T3 (en)
NZ (1) NZ335397A (en)
PT (1) PT948510E (en)
WO (1) WO1998018810A1 (en)

Cited By (56)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020164341A1 (en) * 1997-03-10 2002-11-07 Loeb Health Research Institute At The Ottawa Hospital Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US20030026801A1 (en) * 2000-06-22 2003-02-06 George Weiner Methods for enhancing antibody-induced cell lysis and treating cancer
US20030092663A1 (en) * 1997-09-05 2003-05-15 Eyal Raz Immunization-free methods for treating antigen-stimulated inflammation in a mammalian host and shifting the host's antigen immune responsiveness to a Th1 phenotype
US20030109469A1 (en) * 1993-08-26 2003-06-12 Carson Dennis A. Recombinant gene expression vectors and methods for use of same to enhance the immune response of a host to an antigen
US20030139364A1 (en) * 2001-10-12 2003-07-24 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods and products for enhancing immune responses using imidazoquinoline compounds
US20030148976A1 (en) * 2001-08-17 2003-08-07 Krieg Arthur M. Combination motif immune stimulatory oligonucleotides with improved activity
US20030191079A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2003-10-09 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for treating and preventing infectious disease
US20030212026A1 (en) * 1999-09-25 2003-11-13 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US20040067905A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-04-08 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040087534A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-05-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20040092472A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-05-13 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040132685A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-07-08 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid
US20040131628A1 (en) * 2000-03-08 2004-07-08 Bratzler Robert L. Nucleic acids for the treatment of disorders associated with microorganisms
US20040152649A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-08-05 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040157791A1 (en) * 1998-06-25 2004-08-12 Dow Steven W. Systemic immune activation method using nucleic acid-lipid complexes
US20040171571A1 (en) * 2002-12-11 2004-09-02 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. 5' CpG nucleic acids and methods of use
US20040198680A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-10-07 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040235774A1 (en) * 2000-02-03 2004-11-25 Bratzler Robert L. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of asthma and allergy
US20040235777A1 (en) * 1998-05-14 2004-11-25 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods for regulating hematopoiesis using CpG-oligonucleotides
US20050013812A1 (en) * 2003-07-14 2005-01-20 Dow Steven W. Vaccines using pattern recognition receptor-ligand:lipid complexes
US20050054601A1 (en) * 1997-01-23 2005-03-10 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Pharmaceutical composition comprising a polynucleotide and optionally an antigen especially for vaccination
US20050059619A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2005-03-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US20050075302A1 (en) * 1994-03-25 2005-04-07 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs
US20050100983A1 (en) * 2003-11-06 2005-05-12 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Cell-free methods for identifying compounds that affect toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling
US20050101557A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-05-12 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050119273A1 (en) * 2003-06-20 2005-06-02 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Small molecule toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonists
US20050130911A1 (en) * 2003-09-25 2005-06-16 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid-lipophilic conjugates
US20050181422A1 (en) * 2000-09-15 2005-08-18 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Process for high throughput screening of CpG-based immuno-agonist/antagonist
US20050197314A1 (en) * 1998-04-03 2005-09-08 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods and products for stimulating the immune system using immunotherapeutic oligonucleotides and cytokines
US20050239734A1 (en) * 2003-10-30 2005-10-27 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh C-class oligonucleotide analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory potency
US20050239733A1 (en) * 2003-10-31 2005-10-27 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Sequence requirements for inhibitory oligonucleotides
US20050256073A1 (en) * 2004-02-19 2005-11-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory viral RNA oligonucleotides
US20060003962A1 (en) * 2002-10-29 2006-01-05 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Ltd. Methods and products related to treatment and prevention of hepatitis C virus infection
US20060140875A1 (en) * 2004-10-20 2006-06-29 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Semi-soft C-class immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20060172966A1 (en) * 2002-04-04 2006-08-03 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory G, U-containing oligoribonucleotides
US20060211644A1 (en) * 2005-02-24 2006-09-21 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20060229271A1 (en) * 2005-04-08 2006-10-12 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Methods for treating infectious disease exacerbated asthma
US20060241076A1 (en) * 2005-04-26 2006-10-26 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Modified oligoribonucleotide analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity
US20060286070A1 (en) * 1999-09-27 2006-12-21 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods related to immunostimulatory nucleic acid-induced interferon
US20070009710A1 (en) * 2000-08-04 2007-01-11 Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha Flexible metal-clad laminate and method for producing the same
US20070065467A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-03-22 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules for activating dendritic cells
US20080026986A1 (en) * 2006-06-05 2008-01-31 Rong-Fu Wang Reversal of the suppressive function of specific t cells via toll-like receptor 8 signaling
US20080045473A1 (en) * 2006-02-15 2008-02-21 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Compositions and methods for oligonucleotide formulations
US20080226649A1 (en) * 2000-12-08 2008-09-18 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh CPG-like nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
US20090117132A1 (en) * 2005-07-07 2009-05-07 Pfizer, Inc. Anti-Ctla-4 Antibody and Cpg-Motif-Containing Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotide Combination Therapy for Cancer Treatment
US20090142362A1 (en) * 2006-11-06 2009-06-04 Avant Immunotherapeutics, Inc. Peptide-based vaccine compositions to endogenous cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)
US20090214578A1 (en) * 2005-09-16 2009-08-27 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory Single-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid with Phosphodiester Backbone
US20090306177A1 (en) * 2005-09-16 2009-12-10 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Modulation of Immunostimulatory Properties of Short Interfering Ribonucleic Acid (Sirna) by Nucleotide Modification
US20090311277A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2009-12-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20100010193A1 (en) * 1999-02-17 2010-01-14 Csl Limited Immunogenic complexes and methods relating thereto
US7662949B2 (en) 2005-11-25 2010-02-16 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory oligoribonucleotides
US7741300B2 (en) 1998-06-25 2010-06-22 National Jewish Medical And Research Center Methods of using nucleic acid vector-lipid complexes
US8574599B1 (en) 1998-05-22 2013-11-05 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Methods and products for inducing mucosal immunity
US8580268B2 (en) 2006-09-27 2013-11-12 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh CpG oligonucleotide analogs containing hydrophobic T analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity
US8883174B2 (en) 2009-03-25 2014-11-11 The Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Compositions for stimulation of mammalian innate immune resistance to pathogens
US10286065B2 (en) 2014-09-19 2019-05-14 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Compositions and methods for treating viral infections through stimulated innate immunity in combination with antiviral compounds

Families Citing this family (797)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IL105325A (en) * 1992-04-16 1996-11-14 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Immunogen/vaccine adjuvant composition
US6498147B2 (en) * 1992-05-22 2002-12-24 The Scripps Research Institute Suppression of nuclear factor-κb dependent processes using oligonucleotides
CA2110946A1 (en) * 1992-12-09 1994-06-10 Elazar Rabbani Induction of immunocompatibility by nucleic acid
US5849719A (en) * 1993-08-26 1998-12-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Method for treating allergic lung disease
US7422902B1 (en) * 1995-06-07 2008-09-09 The University Of British Columbia Lipid-nucleic acid particles prepared via a hydrophobic lipid-nucleic acid complex intermediate and use for gene transfer
US6825174B2 (en) * 1995-06-07 2004-11-30 East Carolina University Composition, formulations & method for prevention & treatment of diseases and conditions associated with bronchoconstriction, allergy(ies) & inflammation
US7034007B1 (en) * 1995-06-07 2006-04-25 East Carolina University Low adenosine anti-sense oligonucleotide, compositions, kit & method for treatment of airway disorders associated with bronchoconstriction, lung inflammation, allergy(ies) & surfactant depletion
US5981501A (en) * 1995-06-07 1999-11-09 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. Methods for encapsulating plasmids in lipid bilayers
DK0909323T3 (en) 1996-01-04 2007-05-21 Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostic Helicobacter pylori bacterioferritin
US20030078223A1 (en) * 1996-01-30 2003-04-24 Eyal Raz Compositions and methods for modulating an immune response
DE69739515D1 (en) * 1996-01-30 2009-09-10 Univ California EXPRESSION VECTORS INDUCING AN ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE AND METHODS FOR THEIR USE.
US9096636B2 (en) 1996-06-06 2015-08-04 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Chimeric oligomeric compounds and their use in gene modulation
US20040171031A1 (en) * 1996-06-06 2004-09-02 Baker Brenda F. Sugar surrogate-containing oligomeric compounds and compositions for use in gene modulation
US20050119470A1 (en) * 1996-06-06 2005-06-02 Muthiah Manoharan Conjugated oligomeric compounds and their use in gene modulation
US20040147022A1 (en) * 1996-06-06 2004-07-29 Baker Brenda F. 2'-methoxy substituted oligomeric compounds and compositions for use in gene modulations
US5898031A (en) * 1996-06-06 1999-04-27 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligoribonucleotides for cleaving RNA
US7812149B2 (en) 1996-06-06 2010-10-12 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2′-Fluoro substituted oligomeric compounds and compositions for use in gene modulations
ES2241042T3 (en) 1996-10-11 2005-10-16 The Regents Of The University Of California IMMUNO STIMULATOR POLINUCLEOTIDE CONJUGATES / IMMUNOMODULATOR MOLECULA.
DE69737935T2 (en) 1996-10-25 2008-04-03 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co., St. Paul The immune response modifying compound for the treatment of TH2-mediated and related diseases
US6884435B1 (en) * 1997-01-30 2005-04-26 Chiron Corporation Microparticles with adsorbent surfaces, methods of making same, and uses thereof
WO1998033487A1 (en) * 1997-01-30 1998-08-06 Chiron Corporation Use of microparticles with adsorbed antigen to stimulate immune responses
CA2281838A1 (en) * 1997-02-28 1998-09-03 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated cpg dinucleotide in the treatment of lps-associated disorders
AU753688B2 (en) * 1997-03-10 2002-10-24 Ottawa Civic Loeb Research Institute Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US6426334B1 (en) * 1997-04-30 2002-07-30 Hybridon, Inc. Oligonucleotide mediated specific cytokine induction and reduction of tumor growth in a mammal
US20030104044A1 (en) * 1997-05-14 2003-06-05 Semple Sean C. Compositions for stimulating cytokine secretion and inducing an immune response
JP4656675B2 (en) 1997-05-14 2011-03-23 ユニバーシティー オブ ブリティッシュ コロンビア High rate encapsulation of charged therapeutic agents in lipid vesicles
DE69838294T2 (en) 1997-05-20 2009-08-13 Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa Process for the preparation of nucleic acid constructs
US6589940B1 (en) 1997-06-06 2003-07-08 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof
US20040006034A1 (en) * 1998-06-05 2004-01-08 Eyal Raz Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof
EP1374894A3 (en) * 1997-06-06 2004-09-22 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof
PT1003850E (en) 1997-06-06 2009-08-13 Dynavax Tech Corp Inhibitors of dna immunostimulatory sequence activity
DE69840025D1 (en) * 1997-07-03 2008-10-30 Donald E Macfarlane ASSOCIATED ANSWERS
AU2003203948B2 (en) * 1997-09-05 2005-12-22 The Regents Of The University Of California Use of immunostimulatory oligonucleotides for preventing or reducing antigen-stimulated, granulocyte-mediated inflammation
WO2001031019A2 (en) 1999-10-29 2001-05-03 Chiron Spa Neisserial antigenic peptides
JP2002513763A (en) * 1998-05-06 2002-05-14 ユニバーシティ オブ アイオワ リサーチ ファウンデーション Methods for preventing and treating parasitic infections and related diseases using CPG oligonucleotides
AU761879B2 (en) 1998-05-19 2003-06-12 Research Development Foundation Triterpene compositions and methods for use thereof
KR19990086271A (en) * 1998-05-27 1999-12-15 손경식 Novel endonucleases of immune cells and immunoadjuvant using the same
US6562798B1 (en) * 1998-06-05 2003-05-13 Dynavax Technologies Corp. Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides with modified bases and methods of use thereof
US20040247662A1 (en) * 1998-06-25 2004-12-09 Dow Steven W. Systemic immune activation method using nucleic acid-lipid complexes
JP2002521489A (en) * 1998-07-27 2002-07-16 ユニバーシティ オブ アイオワ リサーチ ファウンデーション Stereoisomers of CpG oligonucleotides and related methods
WO2000009159A1 (en) 1998-08-10 2000-02-24 Aquila Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. Compositions of cpg and saponin adjuvants and methods thereof
JP2003524602A (en) * 1998-09-18 2003-08-19 ダイナバックス テクノロジーズ コーポレイション Methods for treating IgE-related diseases and compositions used in the treatment
EP1117433A1 (en) * 1998-10-09 2001-07-25 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Anti hiv compositions comprising immunostimulatory polynucleotides and hiv antigens
US6867289B1 (en) * 1998-10-26 2005-03-15 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas Systems Thio-modified aptamer synthetic methods and compositions
JP2002532547A (en) * 1998-12-22 2002-10-02 パナシーア ファーマスーティカルズ エルエルシー Treatment of skin lesions
US6558951B1 (en) * 1999-02-11 2003-05-06 3M Innovative Properties Company Maturation of dendritic cells with immune response modifying compounds
ATE279943T1 (en) * 1999-02-26 2004-11-15 Chiron Srl IMPROVEMENT OF BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF NEISSERIA ANTIGENS WITH OLIGONUCLEOTIDES CONTAINING CG
US8206749B1 (en) 1999-02-26 2012-06-26 Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics, Inc. Microemulsions with adsorbed macromolecules and microparticles
GB2348132B (en) * 1999-03-02 2004-08-04 Nedaa Abdul-Ghani Nasif Asthma/allergy therapy that targets t-lymphocytes and/or eosinophils
FR2790955B1 (en) 1999-03-19 2003-01-17 Assist Publ Hopitaux De Paris USE OF STABILIZED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AS ANTI-TUMOR ACTIVE INGREDIENT
EP1176966B1 (en) * 1999-04-12 2013-04-03 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, as represented by THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Oligodeoxynucleotide and its use to induce an immune response
US6977245B2 (en) 1999-04-12 2005-12-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Oligodeoxynucleotide and its use to induce an immune response
WO2000062803A2 (en) * 1999-04-15 2000-10-26 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System ppGpp AND pppGpp AS IMMUNOMODULATORY AGENTS
GB9908885D0 (en) * 1999-04-19 1999-06-16 Smithkline Beecham Biolog Vccine
US6558670B1 (en) 1999-04-19 2003-05-06 Smithkline Beechman Biologicals S.A. Vaccine adjuvants
PT1187629E (en) * 1999-04-19 2005-02-28 Glaxosmithkline Biolog Sa ADJUVANT COMPOSITION THAT UNDERSTANDS SAPONIN AND AN IMMUNOSTIMULATOR OLIGONUCLEOTIDE
EP1171158A2 (en) * 1999-04-20 2002-01-16 SmithKline Beecham Biologicals s.a. Vaccine comprising rsv antigen and cpg oligonucleotide
ES2250151T3 (en) * 1999-06-29 2006-04-16 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. USE OF CPG AS A VACCINE ASSISTANT AGAINST HIV.
US20050002958A1 (en) * 1999-06-29 2005-01-06 Smithkline Beecham Biologicals Sa Vaccines
US6514948B1 (en) * 1999-07-02 2003-02-04 The Regents Of The University Of California Method for enhancing an immune response
FR2795963A1 (en) * 1999-07-08 2001-01-12 Pasteur Merieux Serums Vacc New polynucleotides are useful as vaccines for humans
DE19935756A1 (en) * 1999-07-27 2001-02-08 Mologen Forschungs Entwicklung Covalently closed nucleic acid molecule for immune stimulation
US20050226890A1 (en) * 1999-08-12 2005-10-13 Cohen David I Tat-based vaccine compositions and methods of making and using same
AU783745B2 (en) * 1999-08-13 2005-12-01 Hybridon, Inc. Modulation of oligonucleotide CpG-mediated immune stimulation by positional modification of nucleosides
CA2380947C (en) * 1999-08-19 2011-11-01 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Methods of modulating an immune response using immunostimulatory sequences and compositions for use therein
US20050249794A1 (en) * 1999-08-27 2005-11-10 Semple Sean C Compositions for stimulating cytokine secretion and inducing an immune response
EP1212085B1 (en) * 1999-08-27 2007-10-31 INEX Pharmaceuticals Corp. Compositions for stimulating cytokine secretion and inducing an immune response
EP1220684B2 (en) * 1999-09-27 2010-07-14 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Methods related to immunostimulatory nucleic acid-induced interferon
EP1688147A1 (en) * 1999-09-27 2006-08-09 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Methods Related to Immunostimulatory Nucleic Acid-Induced Interferon
US7223398B1 (en) 1999-11-15 2007-05-29 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunomodulatory compositions containing an immunostimulatory sequence linked to antigen and methods of use thereof
ATE378348T1 (en) * 2000-01-14 2007-11-15 Us Health OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES AND THEIR USE FOR INDUCING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
CA2396871A1 (en) * 2000-01-20 2001-12-20 Ottawa Health Research Institute Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for inducing a th2 immune response
US6552006B2 (en) 2000-01-31 2003-04-22 The Regents Of The University Of California Immunomodulatory polynucleotides in treatment of an infection by an intracellular pathogen
US20030130217A1 (en) * 2000-02-23 2003-07-10 Eyal Raz Method for treating inflammatory bowel disease and other forms of gastrointestinal inflammation
US6613751B2 (en) 2000-02-23 2003-09-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Method for treating inflammatory bowel disease and other forms of gastrointestinal inflammation
WO2001062092A1 (en) * 2000-02-25 2001-08-30 Thomas Jefferson University Formulations and methods for using the same to elicit an immune response
US20030129251A1 (en) 2000-03-10 2003-07-10 Gary Van Nest Biodegradable immunomodulatory formulations and methods for use thereof
US20020098199A1 (en) 2000-03-10 2002-07-25 Gary Van Nest Methods of suppressing hepatitis virus infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences
US7157437B2 (en) 2000-03-10 2007-01-02 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Methods of ameliorating symptoms of herpes infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences
US7129222B2 (en) * 2000-03-10 2006-10-31 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunomodulatory formulations and methods for use thereof
US20010046967A1 (en) 2000-03-10 2001-11-29 Gary Van Nest Methods of preventing and treating respiratory viral infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide
EP1278550A4 (en) * 2000-04-07 2004-05-12 Univ California Synergistic improvements to polynucleotide vaccines
AU5736601A (en) * 2000-05-01 2001-11-12 Hybridon Inc Modulation of oligonucleotide cpg-mediated immune stimulation by positional modification of nucleosides
US6696064B2 (en) * 2000-06-20 2004-02-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Methods of protecting vasculature from damage by diphtheria toxin-and pseudomonas toxin-based immunotoxins during therapy
AU2001276831A1 (en) 2000-06-22 2002-01-02 Rxkinetix, Inc. Delivery vehicle composition and methods for delivering antigens and other drugs
AU2001268662A1 (en) * 2000-06-23 2002-01-08 Wyeth Holdings Corporation Assembly of wild-type and chimeric influenza virus-like particles (VLPs)
WO2002002172A1 (en) * 2000-06-30 2002-01-10 Univ Jefferson Dna palindrome - oligoguanylic acid compositions and uses thereof
WO2005090392A1 (en) * 2004-03-16 2005-09-29 Inist Inc. Tat-based tolerogen compositions and methods of making and using same
EP1335741A4 (en) * 2000-08-25 2005-10-26 Yeda Res & Dev METHODS OF TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES WITH CpG-CONTAINING POLYNUCLEOTIDE
ES2298269T3 (en) * 2000-09-26 2008-05-16 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. MODULATION OF THE IMMUNO-STIMULATING ACTIVITY OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDIC ANALOGS IMMUNO-STIMULANTS THROUGH POSITIONAL CHEMICAL CHANGES.
EP1328543B1 (en) 2000-10-27 2009-08-12 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Nucleic acids and proteins from streptococcus groups a & b
AU2006216669A1 (en) * 2000-12-08 2006-08-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Compositions and methods for targeted delivery of immune response modifiers
US6677347B2 (en) * 2000-12-08 2004-01-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinolines
CA2430691A1 (en) * 2000-12-27 2002-07-04 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunomodulatory polynucleotides and methods of using the same
US20040110834A1 (en) * 2001-01-12 2004-06-10 Masahiro Murakami Preventives for microbial infections
US7320793B2 (en) * 2001-01-19 2008-01-22 Cytos Biotechnology Ag Molecular antigen array
WO2002060476A2 (en) * 2001-01-31 2002-08-08 Mologen Forschungs-, Entwicklungs- Und Vertriebs Gmbh Tumor vaccine
US20030050268A1 (en) * 2001-03-29 2003-03-13 Krieg Arthur M. Immunostimulatory nucleic acid for treatment of non-allergic inflammatory diseases
US20070128229A1 (en) * 2002-04-12 2007-06-07 Wyeth Surface proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes
JP2004533236A (en) * 2001-04-13 2004-11-04 ワイエス Surface protein of Streptococcus pyogenes
EP2258842A1 (en) 2001-04-16 2010-12-08 Wyeth Holdings Corporation Streptococcus pneumoniae open reading frames encoding polypeptide antigens and uses thereof
US7034140B2 (en) * 2001-04-24 2006-04-25 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Genes involved in isoprenoid compound production
WO2002094845A2 (en) 2001-05-21 2002-11-28 Intercell Ag Method for stabilising of nucleic acids
US6818787B2 (en) * 2001-06-11 2004-11-16 Xenoport, Inc. Prodrugs of GABA analogs, compositions and uses thereof
GB0115176D0 (en) 2001-06-20 2001-08-15 Chiron Spa Capular polysaccharide solubilisation and combination vaccines
US7785610B2 (en) * 2001-06-21 2010-08-31 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Chimeric immunomodulatory compounds and methods of using the same—III
CN100334228C (en) * 2001-06-21 2007-08-29 戴纳瓦克斯技术公司 Cimeric immunomodulatory compounds and methods of using the same
NZ530632A (en) * 2001-06-29 2007-04-27 Chiron Corp HCV E1E2 vaccine compositions comprising E1E2 antigens, submicron oil-in-water emulsions and/or CpG oligonucleotides
GB0118249D0 (en) 2001-07-26 2001-09-19 Chiron Spa Histidine vaccines
GB0121591D0 (en) 2001-09-06 2001-10-24 Chiron Spa Hybrid and tandem expression of neisserial proteins
US7666674B2 (en) 2001-07-27 2010-02-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Use of sterically stabilized cationic liposomes to efficiently deliver CPG oligonucleotides in vivo
WO2003012061A2 (en) * 2001-08-01 2003-02-13 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods and compositions relating to plasmacytoid dendritic cells
CA2456193A1 (en) * 2001-08-03 2003-03-27 Medarex, Inc. Compositions comprising immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and uses thereof to enhance fc receptor-mediated immunotherapies
US20030133988A1 (en) * 2001-08-07 2003-07-17 Fearon Karen L. Immunomodulatory compositions, formulations, and methods for use thereof
US7354909B2 (en) * 2001-08-14 2008-04-08 The United States Of America As Represented By Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Method for rapid generation of mature dendritic cells
WO2003018611A2 (en) 2001-08-24 2003-03-06 University Of Victoria Innovation And Development Corporation Proaerolysin containing protease activation sequences and methods of use for treatment of prostate cancer
WO2003020889A2 (en) * 2001-08-30 2003-03-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Methods of maturing plasmacytoid dendritic cells using immune response modifier molecules
WO2003022296A1 (en) * 2001-09-07 2003-03-20 The Trustees Of Boston University Method and composition for treating immune complex associated disorders
CA2492823A1 (en) * 2001-09-14 2003-03-27 Martin F. Bachmann In vivo activation of antigen presenting cells for enhancement of immune responses induced by virus like particles
DE60234375D1 (en) * 2001-09-14 2009-12-24 Cytos Biotechnology Ag PACKAGING IMMUNSTIMULATING CpG IN VIRUS LIKE PARTICLES: PREPARATION METHOD AND USE
WO2003027313A2 (en) 2001-09-24 2003-04-03 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services SUPPRESSORS OF CpG OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND METHODS OF USE
US20030119774A1 (en) * 2001-09-25 2003-06-26 Marianna Foldvari Compositions and methods for stimulating an immune response
AR045702A1 (en) 2001-10-03 2005-11-09 Chiron Corp COMPOSITIONS OF ASSISTANTS.
IL160837A0 (en) * 2001-10-05 2004-08-31 Coley Pharm Gmbh Toll-like receptor 3 signaling agonists and antagonists
KR20050048539A (en) * 2001-10-06 2005-05-24 메리얼엘엘씨 CpG formulations and related methods
EP1455593B1 (en) 2001-10-06 2013-07-24 Merial Limited Methods and compositions for promoting growth and innate immunity in young animals
MX339524B (en) 2001-10-11 2016-05-30 Wyeth Corp Novel immunogenic compositions for the prevention and treatment of meningococcal disease.
US7276489B2 (en) * 2002-10-24 2007-10-02 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of immunostimulatory properties of oligonucleotide-based compounds by optimal presentation of 5′ ends
EP1441763A2 (en) * 2001-11-07 2004-08-04 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. Mucosal adjuvants comprising an oligonucleotide and a cationic lipid
WO2003039592A2 (en) * 2001-11-09 2003-05-15 Medigene Aktiengesellschaft Cellular vaccines comprising adjuvants
US20040014779A1 (en) * 2001-11-16 2004-01-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Methods and compositions related to IRM compounds and toll-like recptor pathways
US7179798B2 (en) * 2001-11-16 2007-02-20 Russell R. Roby Methods and compositions for the treatment of pain and other hormone-allergy-related symptoms using dilute hormone solutions
EP1450821A1 (en) * 2001-12-07 2004-09-01 Intercell AG Immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides
US8466116B2 (en) 2001-12-20 2013-06-18 The Unites States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Use of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to induce epithelial cell growth
WO2003054161A2 (en) 2001-12-20 2003-07-03 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services USE OF CpG OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES TO INDUCE ANGIOGENESIS
CA2365732A1 (en) * 2001-12-20 2003-06-20 Ibm Canada Limited-Ibm Canada Limitee Testing measurements
CA2471092A1 (en) * 2001-12-21 2003-07-10 Antigenics Inc. Compositions comprising immunoreactive reagents and saponins, and methods of use thereof
JP2005526497A (en) 2002-02-04 2005-09-08 ビオミラ，インコーポレーテッド Immunostimulatory, covalently lipidated oligonucleotide
US8088388B2 (en) * 2002-02-14 2012-01-03 United Biomedical, Inc. Stabilized synthetic immunogen delivery system
CA2476626A1 (en) 2002-02-20 2003-08-28 Chiron Corporation Microparticles with adsorbed polypeptide-containing molecules
SI1478327T1 (en) * 2002-02-22 2015-08-31 Meda Ab Method of reducing and treating uvb-induced immunosuppression
US6923958B2 (en) * 2002-03-02 2005-08-02 The Scripps Research Institute DNA vaccines encoding CEA and a CD40 ligand and methods of use thereof
MXPA04008890A (en) * 2002-03-15 2005-10-18 Wyeth Corp Mutants of the p4 protein of nontypable haemophilus influenzae with reduced enzymatic activity.
EP1485403A4 (en) * 2002-03-15 2007-08-08 Multicell Immunotherapeutics I Compositions and methods to initiate or enhance antibody and major-histocompatibility class i or class ii-restricted t cell responses by using immunomodulatory, non-coding rna motifs
EP2258712A3 (en) 2002-03-15 2011-05-04 Multicell Immunotherapeutics, Inc. Compositions and Methods to Initiate or Enhance Antibody and Major-histocompatibility Class I or Class II-restricted T Cell Responses by Using Immunomodulatory, Non-coding RNA Motifs
US20030224013A1 (en) * 2002-04-19 2003-12-04 Cole Garry T. Methods for protection against Coccidioides spp. infection using Coccidioides spp. urea amidohydrolase (Ure) protein
US20040009943A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2004-01-15 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Pathogen vaccines and methods for using the same
US20040013649A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2004-01-22 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Cancer vaccines and methods of using the same
US20040009944A1 (en) * 2002-05-10 2004-01-15 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Methylated immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and methods of using the same
US20060088909A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2006-04-27 Compans Richard W Virus-like particles, methods of preparation, and immunogenic compositions
US9045727B2 (en) 2002-05-17 2015-06-02 Emory University Virus-like particles, methods of preparation, and immunogenic compositions
KR100456681B1 (en) * 2002-05-22 2004-11-10 주식회사 대웅 Immnune-stimulating and controlling Composition comprising bacterial chromosomal DNA fragments and detoxified lipopolysaccharides
CA2388049A1 (en) 2002-05-30 2003-11-30 Immunotech S.A. Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and uses thereof
US20040009949A1 (en) * 2002-06-05 2004-01-15 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Method for treating autoimmune or inflammatory diseases with combinations of inhibitory oligonucleotides and small molecule antagonists of immunostimulatory CpG nucleic acids
EP1513552B1 (en) * 2002-06-20 2010-12-01 Cytos Biotechnology AG Packaged virus-like particles in combination with cpg for use as adjuvants with allergens : method of preparation and use
CA2494508A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-01-15 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
WO2004007743A2 (en) * 2002-07-17 2004-01-22 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Use of cpg nucleic acids in prion-disease
US20060270620A1 (en) * 2002-07-23 2006-11-30 University Of South Florida Method of Enhancing Therapeutic Effect of Nucleic Acids
CN1650012A (en) 2002-07-24 2005-08-03 英特塞尔股份公司 Antigens encoded by alternative reading frame from pathogenic viruses
EP1575504A4 (en) 2002-08-01 2009-11-04 Us Gov Health & Human Serv Method of treating inflammatory arthropathies with suppressors of cpg oligonucleotides
WO2004032829A2 (en) 2002-08-15 2004-04-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Immunostimulatory compositions and methods of stimulating an immune response
GB0220194D0 (en) 2002-08-30 2002-10-09 Chiron Spa Improved vesicles
US7785608B2 (en) * 2002-08-30 2010-08-31 Wyeth Holdings Corporation Immunogenic compositions for the prevention and treatment of meningococcal disease
US7595303B1 (en) * 2002-09-05 2009-09-29 University Of South Florida Genetic adjuvants for immunotherapy
WO2004024182A2 (en) 2002-09-13 2004-03-25 Intercell Ag Method for isolating hepatitis c virus peptides
EA008940B1 (en) * 2002-09-13 2007-10-26 Репликор, Инк. Non-sequence complementary antiviral oligonucleotides
US20050196382A1 (en) * 2002-09-13 2005-09-08 Replicor, Inc. Antiviral oligonucleotides targeting viral families
US8263091B2 (en) * 2002-09-18 2012-09-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Method of treating and preventing infections in immunocompromised subjects with immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides
US7301554B2 (en) * 2002-09-20 2007-11-27 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Light scanning device, scanning line adjusting method, scanning line adjusting control method, image forming apparatus, and image forming method
WO2004031382A1 (en) * 2002-10-02 2004-04-15 Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Novel method of constructing monoclonal antibody
US8043622B2 (en) 2002-10-08 2011-10-25 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Method of treating inflammatory lung disease with suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides
CA2501812C (en) 2002-10-11 2012-07-10 Mariagrazia Pizza Polypeptide-vaccines for broad protection against hypervirulent meningococcal lineages
CA2503457A1 (en) * 2002-10-25 2004-05-06 University Of Connecticut Health Center Apparatus and method for immunotherapy of a cancer through controlled cell lysis
WO2004098491A2 (en) * 2002-11-01 2004-11-18 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services METHOD OF PREVENTING INFECTIONS FROM BIOTERRORISM AGENTS WITH IMMUNOSTIMULATORY CpG OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
WO2004044132A2 (en) * 2002-11-05 2004-05-27 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modified oligonucleotides for use in rna interference
ATE466875T1 (en) 2002-11-15 2010-05-15 Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostic UNEXPECTED SURFACE PROTEINS IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
US20050124565A1 (en) * 2002-11-21 2005-06-09 Diener John L. Stabilized aptamers to platelet derived growth factor and their use as oncology therapeutics
US10100316B2 (en) * 2002-11-21 2018-10-16 Archemix Llc Aptamers comprising CPG motifs
EP2322186A3 (en) * 2002-11-21 2011-07-13 Bayhill Therapeutics, Inc. Methods and immune modulatory nucleic acid compositions for preventing and treating disease
US8853376B2 (en) 2002-11-21 2014-10-07 Archemix Llc Stabilized aptamers to platelet derived growth factor and their use as oncology therapeutics
US8039443B2 (en) * 2002-11-21 2011-10-18 Archemix Corporation Stabilized aptamers to platelet derived growth factor and their use as oncology therapeutics
GB0227346D0 (en) 2002-11-22 2002-12-31 Chiron Spa 741
AU2003287324A1 (en) * 2002-12-11 2004-06-30 3M Innovative Properties Company Gene expression systems and recombinant cell lines
AU2003287316A1 (en) * 2002-12-11 2004-06-30 3M Innovative Properties Company Assays relating to toll-like receptor activity
WO2004052293A2 (en) * 2002-12-11 2004-06-24 Hawaii Biotech, Inc. Recombinant vaccine against flavivirus infection
US8158768B2 (en) * 2002-12-23 2012-04-17 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunostimulatory sequence oligonucleotides and methods of using the same
EP1625140A4 (en) * 2002-12-23 2008-06-18 Dynavax Tech Corp Branched immunomodulatory compounds and methods of using the same
DK1575977T3 (en) 2002-12-23 2009-11-09 Dynavax Tech Corp Immunostimulatory sequence oligonucleotides and methods for using them
EP2263687B1 (en) 2002-12-27 2015-03-25 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc. Immunogenic compositions containing phospholipid
JP2006512391A (en) 2002-12-30 2006-04-13 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー Combination immunostimulant
ES2411080T3 (en) 2003-01-30 2013-07-04 Novartis Ag Injectable vaccines against multiple serogroups of meningococci
US7354907B2 (en) * 2003-02-07 2008-04-08 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Short immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
WO2004071459A2 (en) * 2003-02-13 2004-08-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Methods and compositions related to irm compounds and toll-like receptor 8
DE602004030541D1 (en) 2003-02-20 2011-01-27 Univ Connecticut Health Ct PROCESS FOR PREPARING ALPHA (2) MACROGLOBULIN ANTIGEN MOLECULAR COMPLEXES
GB2398783A (en) 2003-02-26 2004-09-01 Antonio Lanzavecchia A method for producing immortalised human B memory lymphocytes
EP1599726A4 (en) * 2003-02-27 2009-07-22 3M Innovative Properties Co Selective modulation of tlr-mediated biological activity
AU2004218349A1 (en) 2003-03-04 2004-09-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Prophylactic treatment of UV-induced epidermal neoplasia
CN100439386C (en) * 2003-03-05 2008-12-03 长春华普生物技术有限公司 Deoxyoligonucleotide containing CpG single strand for strengthening immunological effect of Protein vaccine
US8426457B2 (en) * 2003-03-13 2013-04-23 Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation Methods of improving skin quality
AU2004220465A1 (en) 2003-03-13 2004-09-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of tattoo removal
ES2562456T3 (en) 2003-03-24 2016-03-04 Valneva Austria Gmbh Use of an adjuvant that induces a Th1 immune response to improve immune responses
US20040192585A1 (en) 2003-03-25 2004-09-30 3M Innovative Properties Company Treatment for basal cell carcinoma
US7537767B2 (en) 2003-03-26 2009-05-26 Cytis Biotechnology Ag Melan-A- carrier conjugates
US20060210588A1 (en) * 2003-03-26 2006-09-21 Cytos Biotechnology Ag Hiv-peptide-carrier-conjugates
EP1605972A2 (en) * 2003-03-26 2005-12-21 Cytos Biotechnology AG Hiv-peptide-carrier-conjugates
JP2006522806A (en) * 2003-03-26 2006-10-05 マルチセル・イミュノセラピューティクス，インコーポレイテッド Selected RNA motifs for inducing cell death and / or apoptosis
WO2004087203A2 (en) * 2003-04-02 2004-10-14 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Ltd. Immunostimulatory nucleic acid oil-in-water formulations for topical application
US20040265351A1 (en) * 2003-04-10 2004-12-30 Miller Richard L. Methods and compositions for enhancing immune response
AU2004244962A1 (en) * 2003-04-10 2004-12-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Delivery of immune response modifier compounds using metal-containing particulate support materials
ES2529736T3 (en) 2003-04-10 2015-02-25 Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics, Inc. Immunogenic composition comprising a SARS coronavirus spicular protein
CA2523260A1 (en) 2003-04-21 2004-11-04 Archemix Corporation Stabilized aptamers to platelet derived growth factor and their use as oncology therapeutics
WO2004094448A1 (en) * 2003-04-23 2004-11-04 Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. METHYLATED CpG POLYNUCLEOTIDE
US20050250106A1 (en) * 2003-04-24 2005-11-10 David Epstein Gene knock-down by intracellular expression of aptamers
RU2364419C2 (en) * 2003-04-25 2009-08-20 Новартис Вэксинес Энд Дайэгностикс, Инк. Compositions containing cation microparticles and dna hcv e1e2, and methods of their application
EP1617845A4 (en) * 2003-04-28 2006-09-20 3M Innovative Properties Co Compositions and methods for induction of opioid receptors
CN1798563A (en) * 2003-05-15 2006-07-05 独立行政法人科学技术振兴机构 Immunostimulant
US8080642B2 (en) 2003-05-16 2011-12-20 Vical Incorporated Severe acute respiratory syndrome DNA compositions and methods of use
ES2596553T3 (en) 2003-06-02 2017-01-10 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Immunogenic compositions based on microparticles comprising adsorbed toxoid and an antigen containing a polysaccharide
US7803386B2 (en) 2003-06-05 2010-09-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Poly-gamma-glutamic conjugates for eliciting immune responses directed against bacilli
WO2005001055A2 (en) * 2003-06-11 2005-01-06 Hybridon, Inc. Stabilized immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
KR20060031607A (en) * 2003-07-10 2006-04-12 사이토스 바이오테크놀로지 아게 Packaged virus-like particles
WO2005012488A2 (en) * 2003-07-31 2005-02-10 3M Innovative Properties Company Compositions for encapsulation and controlled release
WO2005016275A2 (en) * 2003-08-05 2005-02-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Formulations containing an immune response modifier
WO2005018556A2 (en) * 2003-08-12 2005-03-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Hydroxylamine substituted imidazo-containing compounds
US20050065136A1 (en) * 2003-08-13 2005-03-24 Roby Russell R. Methods and compositions for the treatment of infertility using dilute hormone solutions
US20060035242A1 (en) 2004-08-13 2006-02-16 Michelitsch Melissa D Prion-specific peptide reagents
WO2005020902A2 (en) * 2003-08-21 2005-03-10 Cytokine Pharmasciences, Inc. Compositions and methods for treating and diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome
JP2007503268A (en) * 2003-08-25 2007-02-22 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー Delivery of immune response modifying compounds
CA2551075A1 (en) * 2003-08-25 2005-03-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Immunostimulatory combinations and treatments
ES2406730T3 (en) * 2003-08-27 2013-06-07 3M Innovative Properties Company Imidazoquinolines substituted with aryloxy and arylalkylenoxy
EP1663222A4 (en) * 2003-09-02 2008-05-21 3M Innovative Properties Co Methods related to the treatment of mucosal associated conditions
AU2004270201A1 (en) * 2003-09-05 2005-03-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Treatment for CD5+ B cell lymphoma
AU2004274430A1 (en) 2003-09-12 2005-03-31 Antigenics, Inc. Vaccine for treatment and prevention of herpes simplex virus infection
GB0323103D0 (en) 2003-10-02 2003-11-05 Chiron Srl De-acetylated saccharides
RU2378010C2 (en) 2003-10-02 2010-01-10 Новартис Вэксинес Энд Дайэгностикс С.Р.Л. Liquid vaccines for multiple meningococcal serogroups
US20090075980A1 (en) * 2003-10-03 2009-03-19 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Pyrazolopyridines and Analogs Thereof
US7544697B2 (en) * 2003-10-03 2009-06-09 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Pyrazolopyridines and analogs thereof
CA2540541C (en) * 2003-10-03 2012-03-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Alkoxy substituted imidazoquinolines
CA2542099A1 (en) * 2003-10-11 2005-04-21 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Methods and compositions for enhancing innate immunity and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
GB0323965D0 (en) * 2003-10-13 2003-11-19 Glaxosmithkline Biolog Sa Immunogenic compositions
EP1680080A4 (en) * 2003-10-31 2007-10-31 3M Innovative Properties Co Neutrophil activation by immune response modifier compounds
EP1685129A4 (en) 2003-11-14 2008-10-22 3M Innovative Properties Co Oxime substituted imidazo ring compounds
WO2005048945A2 (en) * 2003-11-14 2005-06-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Hydroxylamine substituted imidazo ring compounds
JP4891088B2 (en) * 2003-11-25 2012-03-07 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー Substituted imidazo ring systems and methods
US20050287118A1 (en) * 2003-11-26 2005-12-29 Epitomics, Inc. Bacterial plasmid with immunological adjuvant function and uses thereof
US20050277127A1 (en) * 2003-11-26 2005-12-15 Epitomics, Inc. High-throughput method of DNA immunogen preparation and immunization
US8940755B2 (en) * 2003-12-02 2015-01-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Therapeutic combinations and methods including IRM compounds
US20050226878A1 (en) * 2003-12-02 2005-10-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Therapeutic combinations and methods including IRM compounds
US9090673B2 (en) 2003-12-12 2015-07-28 City Of Hope Synthetic conjugate of CpG DNA and T-help/CTL peptide
SG182189A1 (en) 2003-12-17 2012-07-30 Elan Pharma Int Ltd A(beta) immunogenic peptide carrier conjugates and methods of producing same
HUE026000T2 (en) 2003-12-17 2016-04-28 Wyeth Llc Immunogenic peptide carrier conjugates and methods of producing same
JP4817599B2 (en) * 2003-12-25 2011-11-16 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 Immune activity enhancer and method for enhancing immune activity using the same
JP2007517035A (en) * 2003-12-29 2007-06-28 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー Arylalkenyl and arylalkynyl substituted imidazoquinolines
CA2551399A1 (en) * 2003-12-30 2005-07-21 3M Innovative Properties Company Imidazoquinolinyl, imidazopyridinyl, and imidazonaphthyridinyl sulfonamides
US20050239735A1 (en) * 2003-12-30 2005-10-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Enhancement of immune responses
KR100558851B1 (en) * 2004-01-08 2006-03-10 학교법인연세대학교 Modified CpG oligodeoxynucleotide with improved immunoregulatory function
US7973016B2 (en) * 2004-01-23 2011-07-05 Joslin Diebetes Center Methods of treating, reducing, or preventing autoimmune conditions
US20050181035A1 (en) * 2004-02-17 2005-08-18 Dow Steven W. Systemic immune activation method using non CpG nucleic acids
WO2005080567A1 (en) * 2004-02-20 2005-09-01 Mologen Ag Substituted, non-coding nucleic acid molecule used for the therapeutic and prophylactic immune stimulation in humans and higher animals
US20060193821A1 (en) * 2004-03-05 2006-08-31 Diener John L Aptamers to the human IL-12 cytokine family and their use as autoimmune disease therapeutics
DE202005022108U1 (en) 2004-03-09 2013-11-12 Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics, Inc. Influenza virus vaccines
US8569474B2 (en) 2004-03-09 2013-10-29 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Double stranded constructs comprising one or more short strands hybridized to a longer strand
US7927580B2 (en) * 2004-03-16 2011-04-19 Nanirx, Inc. Tat-based immunomodulatory compositions and methods of their discovery and use
CA2559458A1 (en) 2004-03-19 2005-10-06 Xiu-Min Li Herbal therapy for the treatment of food allergy
CA2559863A1 (en) * 2004-03-24 2005-10-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Amide substituted imidazopyridines, imidazoquinolines, and imidazonaphthyridines
TWI235440B (en) * 2004-03-31 2005-07-01 Advanced Semiconductor Eng Method for making leadless semiconductor package
CA2560108A1 (en) * 2004-04-02 2005-11-24 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for inducing il-10 responses
US20050260755A1 (en) * 2004-04-06 2005-11-24 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Sequential delivery of oligomeric compounds
WO2005105106A2 (en) * 2004-04-21 2005-11-10 Roby Russell R Hormone treatment of macular degeneration
WO2005105107A2 (en) * 2004-04-21 2005-11-10 Roby Russell R Hormone treatment of multiple sclerosis
US7579450B2 (en) * 2004-04-26 2009-08-25 Archemix Corp. Nucleic acid ligands specific to immunoglobulin E and their use as atopic disease therapeutics
CN101426524A (en) * 2004-04-28 2009-05-06 3M创新有限公司 Compositions and methods for mucosal vaccination
BRPI0510315A (en) 2004-04-30 2007-10-16 Chiron Srl integration of meningococcal conjugate vaccination
GB0409745D0 (en) 2004-04-30 2004-06-09 Chiron Srl Compositions including unconjugated carrier proteins
GB0500787D0 (en) 2005-01-14 2005-02-23 Chiron Srl Integration of meningococcal conjugate vaccination
CA2565714C (en) * 2004-05-06 2014-12-23 The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Methods and compositions for the treatment of uveitis
GB0410220D0 (en) 2004-05-07 2004-06-09 Kirkham Lea Ann Mutant pneumolysin proteins
GB0410866D0 (en) 2004-05-14 2004-06-16 Chiron Srl Haemophilius influenzae
CN1296378C (en) * 2004-05-17 2007-01-24 中国人民解放军第三军医大学 CpG-N ODN gene sequence with high immunological activity CpG-S ODN and antagonism CpG-N ODN and use thereof
US20060024670A1 (en) * 2004-05-18 2006-02-02 Luke Catherine J Influenza virus vaccine composition and methods of use
WO2006078294A2 (en) 2004-05-21 2006-07-27 Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics Inc. Alphavirus vectors for respiratory pathogen vaccines
KR20070029708A (en) 2004-05-21 2007-03-14 와이어쓰 Altered fibronectin-binding protein of staphylococcus aureus
HUE026644T2 (en) 2004-05-28 2016-07-28 Oryxe A mixture for transdermal delivery of low and high molecular weight compounds
US20050267145A1 (en) * 2004-05-28 2005-12-01 Merrill Bryon A Treatment for lung cancer
JP2008501693A (en) * 2004-06-03 2008-01-24 アイシス ファーマシューティカルズ、インク． Double-stranded composition with individually regulated strands for use in gene regulation
US8394947B2 (en) 2004-06-03 2013-03-12 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Positionally modified siRNA constructs
EP1753453A2 (en) * 2004-06-08 2007-02-21 Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH Abasic oligonucleotide as carrier platform for antigen and immunostimulatory agonist and antagonist
US8017779B2 (en) * 2004-06-15 2011-09-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Nitrogen containing heterocyclyl substituted imidazoquinolines and imidazonaphthyridines
TW200613554A (en) 2004-06-17 2006-05-01 Wyeth Corp Plasmid having three complete transcriptional units and immunogenic compositions for inducing an immune response to HIV
US8026366B2 (en) * 2004-06-18 2011-09-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Aryloxy and arylalkyleneoxy substituted thiazoloquinolines and thiazolonaphthyridines
WO2006009832A1 (en) * 2004-06-18 2006-01-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Substituted imidazo ring systems and methods
US7915281B2 (en) * 2004-06-18 2011-03-29 3M Innovative Properties Company Isoxazole, dihydroisoxazole, and oxadiazole substituted imidazo ring compounds and method
WO2006038923A2 (en) * 2004-06-18 2006-04-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Aryl substituted imidazonaphthyridines
US7482158B2 (en) * 2004-07-01 2009-01-27 Mathison Brian H Composite polynucleic acid therapeutics
NZ553244A (en) 2004-07-18 2009-10-30 Csl Ltd Immuno stimulating complex and oligonucleotide formulations for inducing enhanced interferon-gamma responses
US20060025390A1 (en) * 2004-07-28 2006-02-02 Roby Russell R Treatment of hormone allergy and related symptoms and disorders
US20090317420A1 (en) 2004-07-29 2009-12-24 Chiron Corporation Immunogenic compositions for gram positive bacteria such as streptococcus agalactiae
US7732131B2 (en) 2004-08-03 2010-06-08 Innate Pharma S.A. Therapeutic and diagnostic methods and compositions targeting 4Ig-B7-H3 and its counterpart NK cell receptor
EP1786450A4 (en) * 2004-08-27 2009-11-11 3M Innovative Properties Co Hiv immunostimulatory compositions
WO2006026760A2 (en) * 2004-09-02 2006-03-09 3M Innovative Properties Company 1-amino imidazo-containing compounds and methods
US7884086B2 (en) * 2004-09-08 2011-02-08 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Conjugates for use in hepatocyte free uptake assays
PL1791858T3 (en) 2004-09-24 2010-09-30 Intercell Ag Modified vp1-capsid protein of parvovirus b19
JP2008000001A (en) * 2004-09-30 2008-01-10 Osaka Univ Immune stimulating oligonucleotide and use in pharmaceutical
WO2006041819A1 (en) 2004-10-06 2006-04-20 Medimmune Vaccines, Inc. Refrigerator-temperature stable influenza vaccine compositions
US20070243215A1 (en) * 2004-10-08 2007-10-18 Miller Richard L Adjuvant for Dna Vaccines
EP2808384B1 (en) 2004-10-08 2017-12-06 The Government of the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services Modulation of replicative fitness by using less frequently used synonymous codons
EP1802335A2 (en) 2004-10-21 2007-07-04 Wyeth a Corporation of the State of Delaware Immunogenic compositions of staphylococcus epidermidis polypeptide and polynucleotide antigens
GB0424092D0 (en) 2004-10-29 2004-12-01 Chiron Srl Immunogenic bacterial vesicles with outer membrane proteins
EP2436391A3 (en) 2004-11-02 2012-07-04 Archemix LLC Stabilized aptamers to platelet derived growth factor and their use as oncology therapeutics
US7332324B2 (en) 2004-12-03 2008-02-19 University Of Toledo Attenuated vaccine useful for immunizations against Coccidioides spp. infections
WO2006063072A2 (en) * 2004-12-08 2006-06-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Immunomodulatory compositions, combinations and methods
US9809824B2 (en) * 2004-12-13 2017-11-07 The United States Of America, Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services CpG oligonucleotide prodrugs, compositions thereof and associated therapeutic methods
US8197817B2 (en) 2004-12-17 2012-06-12 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Regulation of mink in thymocytes and T lymphocytes
EP2351577A1 (en) * 2004-12-29 2011-08-03 Mannkind Corporation Methods to trigger, maintain and manipulate immune responses by targeted administration of biological response modifiers into lymphoid organs
AU2005326708C1 (en) 2004-12-30 2012-08-30 3M Innovative Properties Company Substituted chiral fused [1,2]imidazo[4,5-c] ring compounds
AU2005321912B2 (en) 2004-12-30 2012-04-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Treatment for cutaneous metastases
AU2005322898B2 (en) * 2004-12-30 2011-11-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Chiral fused (1,2)imidazo(4,5-c) ring compounds
HUE033196T2 (en) 2005-01-27 2017-11-28 Children's Hospital & Res Center At Oakland GNA1870-based vesicle vaccines for broad spectrum protection against diseases caused by Neisseria meningitidis
EP1841777B1 (en) * 2005-01-28 2015-09-30 Kwon, Hyung-Joo Oligonucleotides derived from mycobacterium for stimulating immune function, treating immune-related diseases, atopic dermatitis and/or protecting normal immune cell
GB0502095D0 (en) 2005-02-01 2005-03-09 Chiron Srl Conjugation of streptococcal capsular saccharides
CA2597092A1 (en) * 2005-02-04 2006-08-10 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Aqueous gel formulations containing immune reponse modifiers
WO2006086634A2 (en) 2005-02-11 2006-08-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Oxime and hydroxylamine substituted imidazo[4,5-c] ring compounds and methods
ES2385045T3 (en) 2005-02-18 2012-07-17 Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics, Inc. Urotogenic Escherichia coli immunogens
HUE027400T2 (en) 2005-02-18 2016-10-28 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Proteins and nucleic acids from meningitis/sepsis-associated escherichia coli
NZ561144A (en) 2005-03-04 2009-09-25 Dynavax Tech Corp Vaccines comprising oligonucleotides having immunostimulatory sequences (ISS) wherein the ISS are conjugated to antigens and stabilized by buffer conditions and further excipients
US8101345B1 (en) 2005-03-25 2012-01-24 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Proinflammatory nucleic acids
CA2602590A1 (en) 2005-04-01 2006-10-12 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. 1-substituted pyrazolo (3,4-c) ring compounds as modulators of cytokine biosynthesis for the treatment of viral infections and neoplastic diseases
EP1869043A2 (en) 2005-04-01 2007-12-26 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Pyrazolopyridine-1,4-diamines and analogs thereof
US8642577B2 (en) * 2005-04-08 2014-02-04 Chimerix, Inc. Compounds, compositions and methods for the treatment of poxvirus infections
EP2425855A1 (en) 2005-04-08 2012-03-07 Wyeth LLC Multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate composition
US7709001B2 (en) 2005-04-08 2010-05-04 Wyeth Llc Multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate composition
WO2006110656A2 (en) * 2005-04-08 2006-10-19 Chimerix, Inc. Compounds, compositions and methods for the treatment of viral infections and other medical disorders
CA2604683C (en) 2005-04-12 2019-04-30 Duke University Method of inducing neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus
WO2006113528A2 (en) 2005-04-18 2006-10-26 Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics Inc. Expressing hepatitis b virus surface antigen for vaccine preparation
US20080193474A1 (en) * 2005-04-25 2008-08-14 Griesgraber George W Immunostimulatory Compositions
US20090075342A1 (en) * 2005-04-26 2009-03-19 Sharon Cload Metabolic profile directed aptamer medicinal chemistry
JP5220594B2 (en) 2005-06-14 2013-06-26 プロトクス セラピューティックス インコーポレイティッド Method for treating or preventing benign prostatic hypertrophy using pore-forming modified proteins
US8101385B2 (en) 2005-06-30 2012-01-24 Archemix Corp. Materials and methods for the generation of transcripts comprising modified nucleotides
EP1907590B1 (en) 2005-06-30 2012-09-19 Archemix LLC T7 rna polymerase and methods for the generation of fully 2'-modified nucleic acid transcripts
AU2006266503B2 (en) 2005-07-01 2011-12-08 Index Pharmaceuticals Ab Immunostimulatory method
EP2179737B1 (en) 2005-07-01 2013-08-14 Index Pharmaceuticals AB Modulating responsiveness to steroids
US20080206276A1 (en) * 2005-07-08 2008-08-28 Michael Otto Targeting Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid to Treat Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Related Infections
WO2007011777A2 (en) 2005-07-18 2007-01-25 Novartis Ag Small animal model for hcv replication
WO2007012285A1 (en) * 2005-07-28 2007-02-01 Changchun Huapu Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Viral infection resistent single strand deoxynucleosides
WO2007041190A2 (en) * 2005-09-30 2007-04-12 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Polymer-based delivery system for immunotherapy of cancer
WO2007047749A1 (en) 2005-10-18 2007-04-26 Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics Inc. Mucosal and systemic immunizations with alphavirus replicon particles
US8895522B2 (en) 2005-10-28 2014-11-25 Index Pharmaceuticals Ab Composition and method for the prevention, treatment and/or alleviation of an inflammatory disease
AU2006310337B9 (en) 2005-11-04 2013-11-28 Novartis Ag Adjuvanted influenza vaccines including cytokine-inducing agents
EP1951299B1 (en) 2005-11-04 2012-01-04 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Influenza vaccines including combinations of particulate adjuvants and immunopotentiators
NZ567978A (en) 2005-11-04 2011-09-30 Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostic Influenza vaccine with reduced amount of oil-in-water emulsion as adjuvant
CA2628152C (en) 2005-11-04 2016-02-02 Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics S.R.L. Adjuvanted vaccines with non-virion antigens prepared from influenza viruses grown in cell culture
CN102864152B (en) * 2005-11-07 2015-11-18 艾德拉药物股份有限公司 Comprise the immunostimulatory properties of the compound based on oligonucleotide of modified immunostimulating dinucleotides
EP2360175B1 (en) 2005-11-22 2014-07-16 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc. Norovirus and Sapovirus virus-like particles (VLPs)
GB0524066D0 (en) 2005-11-25 2006-01-04 Chiron Srl 741 ii
CA2636139A1 (en) 2005-12-14 2007-06-21 Cytos Biotechnology Ag Immunostimulatory nucleic acid packaged particles for the treatment of hypersensitivity
PL1976559T6 (en) 2006-01-27 2020-08-10 Novartis Influenza Vaccines Marburg Gmbh Influenza vaccines containing hemagglutinin and matrix proteins
US8951528B2 (en) * 2006-02-22 2015-02-10 3M Innovative Properties Company Immune response modifier conjugates
BRPI0708912B8 (en) 2006-03-14 2021-07-27 Univ Oregon Health & Science in vitro methods for detecting mycobacterium tuberculosis and cd8 expressing t cells that specifically recognize seq id no: 11 in an individual
EP2357184B1 (en) 2006-03-23 2015-02-25 Novartis AG Imidazoquinoxaline compounds as immunomodulators
CA2646891A1 (en) * 2006-03-23 2007-09-27 Novartis Ag Immunopotentiating compounds
JP2009534303A (en) 2006-03-24 2009-09-24 ノバルティス ヴァクシンズ アンド ダイアグノスティクス ゲーエムベーハー アンド カンパニー カーゲー Preserving influenza vaccines that are not refrigerated
US20100285062A1 (en) 2006-03-31 2010-11-11 Novartis Ag Combined mucosal and parenteral immunization against hiv
EP2017281A4 (en) 2006-04-14 2012-03-14 Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd Toll-like receptor 9 agonists
TW200806315A (en) * 2006-04-26 2008-02-01 Wyeth Corp Novel formulations which stabilize and inhibit precipitation of immunogenic compositions
CN101460620B (en) 2006-05-31 2012-02-15 东丽株式会社 Immunostimulatory oligonucleotide and pharmaceutical application thereof
US20110206692A1 (en) 2006-06-09 2011-08-25 Novartis Ag Conformers of bacterial adhesins
ES2427994T3 (en) 2006-06-12 2013-11-05 Cytos Biotechnology Ag Processes for packaging oligonucleotides into viral bacterial phage particles
AU2007263281B2 (en) 2006-06-20 2012-12-06 Transgene S.A. Recombinant viral vaccine
US8153116B2 (en) 2006-07-11 2012-04-10 University Of Connecticut Use of conditional plasmodium strains lacking an essential gene in malaria vaccination
US8128921B2 (en) * 2006-07-11 2012-03-06 University Of Connecticut Use of conditional plasmodium strains lacking nutrient transporters in malaria vaccination
WO2008008432A2 (en) * 2006-07-12 2008-01-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Substituted chiral fused( 1,2) imidazo (4,5-c) ring compounds and methods
GB0614460D0 (en) 2006-07-20 2006-08-30 Novartis Ag Vaccines
EP2586790A3 (en) 2006-08-16 2013-08-14 Novartis AG Immunogens from uropathogenic Escherichia coli
CA2663196A1 (en) 2006-09-11 2008-03-20 Novartis Ag Making influenza virus vaccines without using eggs
DE102006050655A1 (en) * 2006-10-24 2008-04-30 Halmon Beheer B.V. Pharmaceutical composition useful for treating allergic diseases comprises RNA and an allergen
CN101558157A (en) * 2006-10-26 2009-10-14 科勒制药有限责任公司 Oligoribonucleotides and uses thereof
EP2444807B1 (en) 2006-11-01 2014-06-11 Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. Mono- and dinitropyrazole hapten conjugates
DK2094849T3 (en) 2006-11-09 2014-03-24 Dynavax Tech Corp LONG-TERM DISEASE MODIFICATION USING IMMUNSTIMULATORY OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
ES2528166T3 (en) * 2006-11-15 2015-02-04 Eli Lilly And Company Methods and compositions to treat the flu
JP2011506264A (en) 2006-12-06 2011-03-03 ノバルティス アーゲー Vaccines containing antigens from four strains of influenza virus
US20080149123A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2008-06-26 Mckay William D Particulate material dispensing hairbrush with combination bristles
AR064642A1 (en) 2006-12-22 2009-04-15 Wyeth Corp POLINUCLEOTIDE VECTOR THAT INCLUDES IT RECOMBINATING CELL THAT UNDERSTANDS THE VECTOR POLYPEPTIDE, ANTIBODY, COMPOSITION THAT UNDERSTANDS THE POLINUCLEOTIDE, VECTOR, RECOMBINATING CELL POLYPEPTIDE OR ANTIBODY, USE OF THE COMPOSITION AND A COMPOSITION AND A METHOD
GB0700562D0 (en) 2007-01-11 2007-02-21 Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostic Modified Saccharides
EP2444410A3 (en) 2007-02-28 2012-08-08 The Govt. Of U.S.A. As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Brachyury polypeptides and methods for use
WO2008127651A1 (en) * 2007-04-13 2008-10-23 Duke University Method of inducing neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus
US8518903B2 (en) 2007-04-19 2013-08-27 University of Pittsburgh—of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education Use of toll-like receptor-9 agonists
EP2152903A2 (en) 2007-04-26 2010-02-17 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Ltd. Methods for diagnosing and treating astrocytomas
KR20100010509A (en) 2007-05-17 2010-02-01 콜레이 파마시티컬 그룹, 인코포레이티드 Class a oligonucleotides with immunostimulatory potency
CA2687535C (en) * 2007-05-18 2017-08-22 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Phosphate-modified oligonucleotide analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity
EP3561513A1 (en) 2007-05-23 2019-10-30 Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. Polymeric carriers for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization
KR20110091817A (en) * 2007-05-24 2011-08-12 글락소스미스클라인 바이오로지칼즈 에스.에이. Lyophilised antigen composition
SI2185191T1 (en) 2007-06-27 2012-12-31 Novartis Ag Low-additive influenza vaccines
GB0713880D0 (en) * 2007-07-17 2007-08-29 Novartis Ag Conjugate purification
GB0714963D0 (en) 2007-08-01 2007-09-12 Novartis Ag Compositions comprising antigens
US7879812B2 (en) 2007-08-06 2011-02-01 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides and methods of use therefor
WO2009026465A2 (en) * 2007-08-21 2009-02-26 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Composition and methods of making and using influenza proteins
RU2471497C2 (en) 2007-09-12 2013-01-10 Новартис Аг Mutant antigens gas57 and gas57 antibodies
KR20100068422A (en) 2007-10-09 2010-06-23 콜리 파마슈티칼 게엠베하 Immune stimulatory oligonucleotide analogs containing modified sugar moieties
WO2009060440A1 (en) * 2007-11-05 2009-05-14 Mor Research Applications Ltd. Anti-measles cancer immunotherapy
CA2703621C (en) 2007-11-09 2022-03-22 The Salk Institute For Biological Studies Use of tam receptor inhibitors as antimicrobials
GB0810305D0 (en) 2008-06-05 2008-07-09 Novartis Ag Influenza vaccination
US8815253B2 (en) 2007-12-07 2014-08-26 Novartis Ag Compositions for inducing immune responses
GB0818453D0 (en) 2008-10-08 2008-11-12 Novartis Ag Fermentation processes for cultivating streptococci and purification processes for obtaining cps therefrom
CN104292312A (en) 2007-12-21 2015-01-21 诺华股份有限公司 Mutant forms of streptolysin o
AU2008340319A1 (en) * 2007-12-21 2009-07-02 Wyeth Llc Genetically modified attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus, compositions and methods of use thereof
EP2254582B1 (en) * 2008-01-25 2016-01-20 Chimerix, Inc. Methods of treating viral infections
WO2009095226A2 (en) * 2008-01-31 2009-08-06 Curevac Gmbh Nucleic acids of formula (i) (nuglxmgnnv)a and derivatives thereof as an immunostimulating agent/adjuvant
EP2245048B1 (en) 2008-02-21 2014-12-31 Novartis AG Meningococcal fhbp polypeptides
EP2265640B1 (en) 2008-03-10 2015-11-04 Children's Hospital & Research Center at Oakland Chimeric factor h binding proteins (fhbp) containing a heterologous b domain and methods of use
EP2268309B1 (en) 2008-03-18 2015-01-21 Novartis AG Improvements in preparation of influenza virus vaccine antigens
EP2300102B1 (en) 2008-05-15 2014-01-08 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunostimulatory sequences containing CpG for use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis
EP2278979A4 (en) 2008-05-21 2012-09-26 Us Gov Health & Human Serv Method of treating pneumoconiosis with oligodeoxynucleotides
WO2009149013A2 (en) 2008-06-05 2009-12-10 Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. Compositions comprising nanomaterials and method for using such compositions for histochemical processes
CN102316894A (en) 2008-06-20 2012-01-11 惠氏有限责任公司 Compositions and methods of use of ORF1358 from beta-hemolytic streptococcal strains
DK2310046T3 (en) 2008-06-27 2016-04-25 Zoetis Services Llc HOW TO UNKNOWN ADJUSTIVE COMPOSITIONS
TWI351288B (en) * 2008-07-04 2011-11-01 Univ Nat Pingtung Sci & Tech Cpg dna adjuvant in avian vaccines
WO2010018583A1 (en) * 2008-08-14 2010-02-18 Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem Ltd. Toll-like receptor 9 agonists for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders and inflammatory disorders
EP3301116A1 (en) 2008-08-25 2018-04-04 Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Conserved influenza hemagglutinin epitope and antibodies thereto
JP2012502972A (en) 2008-09-18 2012-02-02 ノバルティス アーゲー Combination of vaccine adjuvant
CN102187224A (en) 2008-09-22 2011-09-14 俄勒冈健康科学大学 Methods for detecting a mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
NZ591925A (en) 2008-10-16 2012-09-28 Internat Vaccine Inst Adjuvant composition comprising a host defense peptide, an immunostimulatory sequence and a polyanionic polymer
US8691502B2 (en) 2008-10-31 2014-04-08 Tremrx, Inc. T-cell vaccination with viral vectors via mechanical epidermal disruption
CN102203122A (en) 2008-11-05 2011-09-28 惠氏有限责任公司 Multicomponent immunogenic composition for the prevention of beta-hemolytic streptococcal (bhs) disease
US8329188B2 (en) * 2008-11-12 2012-12-11 Theraclone Sciences, Inc. Human M2e peptide immunogens
CA2744987C (en) 2008-12-02 2018-01-16 Chiralgen, Ltd. Method for the synthesis of phosphorus atom modified nucleic acids
PE20110998A1 (en) 2008-12-09 2012-02-10 Coley Pharm Group Inc IMMUNOSTIMULATORY OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
US8552165B2 (en) * 2008-12-09 2013-10-08 Heather Davis Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
EP2376108B1 (en) 2008-12-09 2017-02-22 Pfizer Vaccines LLC IgE CH3 PEPTIDE VACCINE
AU2010203223B9 (en) 2009-01-05 2015-10-08 Epitogenesis Inc. Adjuvant compositions and methods of use
US20100233270A1 (en) 2009-01-08 2010-09-16 Northwestern University Delivery of Oligonucleotide-Functionalized Nanoparticles
MX2011007456A (en) 2009-01-12 2011-08-03 Novartis Ag Cna_b domain antigens in vaccines against gram positive bacteria.
WO2010099472A2 (en) 2009-02-27 2010-09-02 The U.S.A. Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Spanx-b polypeptides and their use
US8568732B2 (en) 2009-03-06 2013-10-29 Novartis Ag Chlamydia antigens
AU2010230073B2 (en) 2009-03-23 2016-05-26 Pin Pharma, Inc. Treatment of cancer with immunostimulatory HIV Tat derivative polypeptides
WO2010109323A1 (en) 2009-03-24 2010-09-30 Novartis Ag Adjuvanting meningococcal factor h binding protein
EP2413953B1 (en) 2009-04-03 2017-11-08 Agenus Inc. Methods for preparing and using multichaperone-antigen complexes
EP2413951A4 (en) * 2009-04-03 2015-05-20 Univ Duke Formulation for inducing broadly reactive neutralizing anti-hiv antibodies
SG175092A1 (en) 2009-04-14 2011-11-28 Novartis Ag Compositions for immunising against staphylococcus aerus
US20110223201A1 (en) * 2009-04-21 2011-09-15 Selecta Biosciences, Inc. Immunonanotherapeutics Providing a Th1-Biased Response
BRPI1014494A2 (en) 2009-04-30 2016-08-02 Coley Pharm Group Inc pneumococcal vaccine and its uses
CN107252482A (en) 2009-05-27 2017-10-17 西莱克塔生物科技公司 Nano-carrier processing component with different rates of release
DK2442826T3 (en) 2009-06-15 2015-09-21 Univ Singapore Influenza vaccine, composition and methods of using
RU2531234C2 (en) 2009-06-22 2014-10-20 ВАЙЕТ ЭлЭлСи POLYSACCHARIDE-PROTEIN CONJUGATE POLYSACCHARIDE-PROTEIN FOR INDUCING IMMUNE RESPONSE AND PROTECTION AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus INFECTION, METHODS OF CONJUGATE OBTAINING (VERSIONS), CONJUGATE-CONTAINING COMPOSITION AND METHODS OF INDUCING IMMUNE RESPONSE AND PREVENTION OF Staphylococcus aureus INFECTION
TWI469789B (en) 2009-06-22 2015-01-21 Wyeth Llc Immunogenic compositions of staphylococcus aureus antigens
AU2010270714B2 (en) 2009-07-06 2015-08-13 Wave Life Sciences Ltd. Novel nucleic acid prodrugs and methods use thereof
HRP20220756T1 (en) 2009-07-15 2022-09-02 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Rsv f protein compositions and methods for making same
SG178035A1 (en) 2009-07-16 2012-03-29 Novartis Ag Detoxified escherichia coli immunogens
KR101425404B1 (en) 2009-07-17 2014-08-01 한림대학교 산학협력단 Immunostimulatory Compositions Comprising Liposome―Encapsulated Oligonucleotides and Epitopes
WO2011011519A1 (en) 2009-07-21 2011-01-27 Chimerix, Inc. Compounds, compositions and methods for treating ocular conditions
PE20120817A1 (en) 2009-07-30 2012-07-07 Pfizer Vaccines Llc ANTIGENIC TAU PEPTIDES AND USES OF THEM
US20110033515A1 (en) * 2009-08-04 2011-02-10 Rst Implanted Cell Technology Tissue contacting material
SG178408A1 (en) * 2009-08-18 2012-03-29 Baxter Int Aptamers to tissue factor pathway inhibitor and their use as bleeding disorder therapeutics
US8598327B2 (en) 2009-08-18 2013-12-03 Baxter International Inc. Aptamers to tissue factor pathway inhibitor and their use as bleeding disorder therapeutics
JP5933437B2 (en) 2009-08-26 2016-06-08 セレクタ バイオサイエンシーズ インコーポレーテッドＳｅｌｅｃｔａ Ｂｉｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｉｎｃ． Composition to induce T cell help
CA2772103A1 (en) 2009-08-27 2011-03-03 Novartis Ag Adjuvant comprising aluminium, oligonucleotide and polycation
AU2010288240B2 (en) 2009-08-27 2014-03-27 Novartis Ag Hybrid polypeptides including meningococcal fHBP sequences
WO2011026111A1 (en) 2009-08-31 2011-03-03 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Oral delivery of a vaccine to the large intestine to induce mucosal immunity
PE20161560A1 (en) 2009-09-03 2017-01-11 Pfizer Vaccines Llc PCSK9 VACCINE
US20120237536A1 (en) 2009-09-10 2012-09-20 Novartis Combination vaccines against respiratory tract diseases
GB0917002D0 (en) 2009-09-28 2009-11-11 Novartis Vaccines Inst For Global Health Srl Improved shigella blebs
GB0917003D0 (en) 2009-09-28 2009-11-11 Novartis Vaccines Inst For Global Health Srl Purification of bacterial vesicles
JP2013506651A (en) 2009-09-30 2013-02-28 ノバルティス アーゲー Staphylococcus. aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharide conjugates
WO2011039631A2 (en) 2009-09-30 2011-04-07 Novartis Ag Expression of meningococcal fhbp polypeptides
WO2011041886A1 (en) 2009-10-07 2011-04-14 University Of Victoria Innovation And Development Corporation Vaccines comprising heat-sensitive transgenes
WO2011047340A1 (en) 2009-10-16 2011-04-21 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health & Human Services Insertion of foreign genes in rubella virus and their stable expression in a live, attenuated viral vaccine
GB0918392D0 (en) 2009-10-20 2009-12-02 Novartis Ag Diagnostic and therapeutic methods
AU2010310985B2 (en) 2009-10-27 2014-11-06 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Modified meningococcal fHBP polypeptides
GB0919690D0 (en) 2009-11-10 2009-12-23 Guy S And St Thomas S Nhs Foun compositions for immunising against staphylococcus aureus
WO2011063283A2 (en) 2009-11-20 2011-05-26 Oregon Health & Science University Methods for detecting a mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
EP3257525A3 (en) 2009-12-22 2018-02-28 Celldex Therapeutics, Inc. Vaccine compositions
WO2011100698A2 (en) 2010-02-12 2011-08-18 Chimerix, Inc. Methods of treating viral infection
GB201003333D0 (en) 2010-02-26 2010-04-14 Novartis Ag Immunogenic proteins and compositions
US8685416B2 (en) 2010-03-02 2014-04-01 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Compositions and methods for the treatment of cancer
US20130195919A1 (en) 2010-03-05 2013-08-01 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Induced dendritic cell compositions and uses thereof
WO2011112599A2 (en) 2010-03-12 2011-09-15 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary. Department Of Health & Human Services Immunogenic pote peptides and methods of use
BR112012022896A2 (en) 2010-03-18 2018-03-27 Novartis Ag adjuvant vaccines for serogroup b meningococci
CN102834410B (en) 2010-03-30 2016-10-05 奥克兰儿童医院及研究中心 Modified H factor bindin (FHBP) and using method thereof
GB201005625D0 (en) 2010-04-01 2010-05-19 Novartis Ag Immunogenic proteins and compositions
WO2011127316A1 (en) 2010-04-07 2011-10-13 Novartis Ag Method for generating a parvovirus b19 virus-like particle
WO2011130379A1 (en) 2010-04-13 2011-10-20 Novartis Ag Benzonapthyridine compositions and uses thereof
EP2563367A4 (en) 2010-04-26 2013-12-04 Chimerix Inc Methods of treating retroviral infections and related dosage regimes
PT2772265T (en) 2010-05-14 2018-04-20 Univ Oregon Health & Science Recombinant hcmv and rhcmv vectors and uses thereof
US20110293701A1 (en) 2010-05-26 2011-12-01 Selecta Biosciences, Inc. Multivalent synthetic nanocarrier vaccines
JP2013532008A (en) 2010-05-28 2013-08-15 テトリス オンライン インコーポレイテッド Interactive hybrid asynchronous computer game infrastructure
US10456463B2 (en) 2010-05-28 2019-10-29 Zoetis Belgium S.A Vaccines comprising cholesterol and CpG as sole adjuvant-carrier molecules
CA3113343A1 (en) 2010-06-03 2011-12-08 Pharmacyclics Llc Use of inhibitors of bruton's tyrosine kinase (btk) in the treatment of follicular lymphoma
PL2575870T3 (en) 2010-06-04 2017-05-31 Wyeth Llc Vaccine formulations
CA2800774A1 (en) 2010-06-07 2011-12-15 Pfizer Vaccines Llc Ige ch3 peptide vaccine
GB201009861D0 (en) 2010-06-11 2010-07-21 Novartis Ag OMV vaccines
EP2585106A1 (en) 2010-06-25 2013-05-01 Novartis AG Combinations of meningococcal factor h binding proteins
US9192661B2 (en) 2010-07-06 2015-11-24 Novartis Ag Delivery of self-replicating RNA using biodegradable polymer particles
US20130171185A1 (en) 2010-07-06 2013-07-04 Ethan Settembre Norovirus derived immunogenic compositions and methods
SI3246044T2 (en) 2010-08-23 2024-06-28 Wyeth Llc Stable formulations of neisseria meningitidis rlp2086 antigens
ES2585328T5 (en) 2010-09-10 2022-12-14 Wyeth Llc Non-lipidated variants of Neisseria meningitidis ORF2086 antigens
WO2012036993A1 (en) 2010-09-14 2012-03-22 University Of Pittsburgh-Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens for influenza
GB201101665D0 (en) 2011-01-31 2011-03-16 Novartis Ag Immunogenic compositions
US10668092B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2020-06-02 The John Hopkins University Compositions and methods for treatment of inflammatory disorders
US9072760B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2015-07-07 University of Pittsburgh—of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education TLR4 inhibitors for the treatment of human infectious and inflammatory disorders
EP2620428B1 (en) 2010-09-24 2019-05-22 Wave Life Sciences Ltd. Asymmetric auxiliary group
GB201017519D0 (en) 2010-10-15 2010-12-01 Novartis Vaccines Inst For Global Health S R L Vaccines
WO2012061717A1 (en) 2010-11-05 2012-05-10 Selecta Biosciences, Inc. Modified nicotinic compounds and related methods
WO2012072769A1 (en) 2010-12-01 2012-06-07 Novartis Ag Pneumococcal rrgb epitopes and clade combinations
EP2468866A1 (en) * 2010-12-21 2012-06-27 Index Pharmaceuticals AB Biologically active oligonucleotides capable of modulating the immune system
EP2654784B1 (en) 2010-12-22 2016-12-07 Wyeth LLC Stable immunogenic compositions of staphylococcus aureus antigens
CA2822359C (en) 2010-12-22 2021-06-01 Bayer Intellectual Property Gmbh Enhanced immune response in bovine species
WO2012088425A2 (en) 2010-12-22 2012-06-28 University Of Pittsburgh - Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Gap junction-enhancing agents for treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis and inflammatory bowel disease
GB201021867D0 (en) 2010-12-23 2011-02-02 Mologen Ag Non-coding immunomodulatory DNA construct
CA2860331A1 (en) 2010-12-24 2012-06-28 Novartis Ag Compounds
EP2471926A3 (en) * 2010-12-30 2012-07-11 Intervet International BV Immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides
TR201908715T4 (en) 2011-01-26 2019-07-22 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Rsv immunization regimen.
WO2012109675A1 (en) 2011-02-11 2012-08-16 Baxter International Inc. Aptamers to tissue factor pathway inhibitor and their use as bleeding disorder therapeutics
US20140004142A1 (en) 2011-03-02 2014-01-02 Pfizer Inc. Pcsk9 vaccine
AU2012243039B2 (en) 2011-04-08 2017-07-13 Immune Design Corp. Immunogenic compositions and methods of using the compositions for inducing humoral and cellular immune responses
US9452212B2 (en) 2011-04-14 2016-09-27 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Methods and compositions for eliciting an immune response against hepatitis B virus
US20120288515A1 (en) 2011-04-27 2012-11-15 Immune Design Corp. Synthetic long peptide (slp)-based vaccines
PL2707385T3 (en) 2011-05-13 2018-03-30 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Pre-fusion rsv f antigens
FR2975600B1 (en) 2011-05-24 2013-07-05 Assist Publ Hopitaux De Paris AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF TUMORS
TR201808393T4 (en) * 2011-05-26 2018-07-23 Intervet Int Bv Immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides.
WO2012167046A1 (en) 2011-06-01 2012-12-06 Janus Biotherapeutics, Inc. Novel immune system modulators
WO2012167053A1 (en) 2011-06-01 2012-12-06 Janus Biotherapeutics, Inc. Novel immune system modulators
CA2838158C (en) 2011-06-03 2019-07-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Heterobifunctional linkers with polyethylene glycol segments and immune response modifier conjugates made therefrom
JP6415979B2 (en) 2011-06-03 2018-10-31 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー Hydrazino 1H-imidazoquinolin-4-amine and complexes prepared therefrom
KR102033185B1 (en) 2011-06-17 2019-10-16 유니버시티 오브 테네시 리서치 파운데이션 Group a streptococcus multivalent vaccine
BR112013032723A2 (en) 2011-06-20 2017-01-31 Univ Pittsburgh Commonwealth Sys Higher Education widely reactive antigens computationally optimized for influenza h1n1
ITMI20111182A1 (en) 2011-06-28 2012-12-29 Canio Buonavoglia VACCINE FOR CORONAVIRUS CANINO
US11896636B2 (en) 2011-07-06 2024-02-13 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Immunogenic combination compositions and uses thereof
EP2729168A2 (en) 2011-07-06 2014-05-14 Novartis AG Immunogenic compositions and uses thereof
WO2013009564A1 (en) 2011-07-08 2013-01-17 Novartis Ag Tyrosine ligation process
WO2013007703A1 (en) * 2011-07-08 2013-01-17 Universität Zürich CLASS A CpG OLIGONUCLEOTIDES FOR PREVENTION OF VIRAL INFECTION IN CATS
SG10201700554VA (en) 2011-07-19 2017-03-30 Wave Life Sciences Pte Ltd Methods for the synthesis of functionalized nucleic acids
US20130023736A1 (en) 2011-07-21 2013-01-24 Stanley Dale Harpstead Systems for drug delivery and monitoring
WO2013016460A1 (en) 2011-07-25 2013-01-31 Novartis Ag Compositions and methods for assessing functional immunogenicity of parvovirus vaccines
CN109172819A (en) 2011-07-29 2019-01-11 西莱克塔生物科技公司 Generate the synthesis nano-carrier of body fluid and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response
GB201114923D0 (en) 2011-08-30 2011-10-12 Novartis Ag Immunogenic proteins and compositions
WO2013039792A1 (en) 2011-09-12 2013-03-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Immunogens based on an hiv-1 gp120 v1v2 epitope
JP2014531442A (en) 2011-09-14 2014-11-27 ノバルティス アーゲー Escherichia coli vaccine combination
CN103917245B (en) 2011-09-14 2017-06-06 葛兰素史密丝克莱恩生物有限公司 Method for preparing glycoprotein glycoconjugate
WO2013049535A2 (en) 2011-09-30 2013-04-04 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health & Human Services Influenza vaccine
EP2763677B1 (en) 2011-10-04 2020-02-26 Janus Biotherapeutics, Inc. Novel imidazole quinoline-based immune system modulators
AU2012326079B2 (en) 2011-10-20 2017-01-12 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Dengue virus E-glycoprotein polypeptides containing mutations that eliminate immunodominant cross-reactive epitopes
CA2854934A1 (en) 2011-11-07 2013-05-16 Novartis Ag Carrier molecule comprising a spr0096 and a spr2021 antigen
RU2014127714A (en) 2011-12-08 2016-01-27 Новартис Аг TOXIN VACCINE Clostridium difficile
KR20200106088A (en) 2012-01-16 2020-09-10 엘라자베스 맥켄나 Compositions and methods for the treatment of hepatic diseases and disorders
WO2013108272A2 (en) 2012-01-20 2013-07-25 International Centre For Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology Blood stage malaria vaccine
CA2863981A1 (en) 2012-02-07 2013-08-15 University Of Pittsburgh - Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens for h3n2, h2n2, and b influenza viruses
WO2013122827A1 (en) 2012-02-13 2013-08-22 University Of Pittsburgh-Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens for human and avian h5n1 influenza
CN104321335A (en) 2012-02-24 2015-01-28 诺华股份有限公司 Pilus proteins and compositions
SA115360586B1 (en) 2012-03-09 2017-04-12 فايزر انك Neisseria meningitidis compositions and methods thereof
RU2665841C2 (en) 2012-03-09 2018-09-04 Пфайзер Инк. Neisseria meningitidis compositions and methods of use thereof
US9421250B2 (en) 2012-03-23 2016-08-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Pathogenic phlebovirus isolates and compositions and methods of use
WO2013163176A1 (en) 2012-04-23 2013-10-31 Allertein Therapeutics, Llc Nanoparticles for treatment of allergy
CA2871520C (en) 2012-04-26 2020-12-29 Novartis Ag Antigens from non-typeable h. influenzae
US10279026B2 (en) 2012-04-26 2019-05-07 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Antigens and antigen combinations
US10076535B2 (en) 2012-04-27 2018-09-18 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Use of CPG oligonucleotides co-formulated with an antibiotic to accelerate wound healing
MX359257B (en) 2012-05-04 2018-09-19 Pfizer Prostate-associated antigens and vaccine-based immunotherapy regimens.
SG11201407440WA (en) 2012-05-22 2014-12-30 Novartis Ag Meningococcus serogroup x conjugate
WO2013177291A1 (en) 2012-05-23 2013-11-28 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health & Human Services Salmonella typhi ty21a expressing yersinia pestis f1-v fusion protein and uses thereof
CN104428008B (en) 2012-05-24 2020-10-09 美国政府(由卫生和人类服务部的部长所代表) Multivalent meningococcal conjugates and methods of making conjugates
WO2013192144A2 (en) 2012-06-19 2013-12-27 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Rift valley fever virus replicon particles and use thereof
RU2621450C2 (en) 2012-06-19 2017-06-06 Вольво Ластвагнар Аб Device for controlling gas stream, after-treatment system of exhaust gases and propulsion system for means of transport
KR102057217B1 (en) 2012-06-20 2020-01-22 에스케이바이오사이언스 주식회사 Multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate composition
JP2015522580A (en) 2012-07-06 2015-08-06 ノバルティス アーゲー Immunological compositions and uses thereof
SG11201500239VA (en) 2012-07-13 2015-03-30 Wave Life Sciences Japan Asymmetric auxiliary group
WO2014012081A2 (en) 2012-07-13 2014-01-16 Ontorii, Inc. Chiral control
BR112015000723A2 (en) 2012-07-13 2017-06-27 Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd chiral nucleic acid adjuvant
MX2015000789A (en) 2012-07-19 2015-05-07 Zoetis Llc Bovine influenza c virus compositions.
EP3550031A1 (en) 2012-07-24 2019-10-09 Pharmacyclics, LLC Mutations associated with resistance to inhibitors of bruton's tyrosine kinase (btk)
AU2013295770A1 (en) 2012-07-27 2015-01-29 Zoetis Services Llc Tick toxin compositions
WO2014027302A1 (en) 2012-08-16 2014-02-20 Pfizer Inc. Glycoconjugation processes and compositions
EP2892549A1 (en) 2012-09-04 2015-07-15 Bavarian Nordic A/S Methods and compositions for enhancing vaccine immune responses
WO2014043518A1 (en) 2012-09-14 2014-03-20 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Brachyury protein, non-poxvirus non-yeast vectors encoding brachyury protein, and their use
WO2014043535A1 (en) 2012-09-14 2014-03-20 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Compositions for the treatment of cancer
AU2013320313B2 (en) 2012-09-18 2018-07-12 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Outer membrane vesicles
WO2014047588A1 (en) 2012-09-21 2014-03-27 Elizabeth Mckenna Naturally occurring cpg oligonucleotide compositions and therapeutic applications thereof
US9562066B2 (en) * 2012-09-25 2017-02-07 University Of Pittsburgh-Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Oral therapy of necrotizing enterocolitis
SG11201500979RA (en) 2012-10-03 2015-07-30 Glaxosmithkline Biolog Sa Immunogenic composition
US9717731B2 (en) 2012-11-02 2017-08-01 Pharmacyclics Llc TEC family kinase inhibitor adjuvant therapy
WO2014074785A1 (en) 2012-11-08 2014-05-15 Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research Ltd. Methods of predicting outcome and treating breast cancer
KR20140075201A (en) 2012-12-11 2014-06-19 에스케이케미칼주식회사 Multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate composition
KR20140075196A (en) 2012-12-11 2014-06-19 에스케이케미칼주식회사 Multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate composition
TWI465241B (en) 2012-12-19 2014-12-21 Ind Tech Res Inst Use of an extract of juniperus chinensis or lignan for manufacturing a medicament for inhibiting angiogenesis
EP4169929A1 (en) 2012-12-20 2023-04-26 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising pn-serotype 12f
CA2936092A1 (en) 2013-01-23 2014-07-31 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Stabilized hepatitis b core polypeptide
EP4272750A3 (en) 2013-02-07 2024-01-24 Children's Medical Center, Corp. Protein antigens that provide protection against pneumococcal colonization and/or disease
JP6446377B2 (en) 2013-03-08 2018-12-26 ファイザー・インク Immunogenic fusion polypeptide
WO2014153087A1 (en) 2013-03-14 2014-09-25 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Nanoparticle-based compositions
DE102013004595A1 (en) 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Emergent Product Development Germany Gmbh RSV vaccines
JP2016512841A (en) 2013-03-15 2016-05-09 ゾエティス・サービシーズ・エルエルシー B. Multivalent vaccine Interference effect of cattle on trehaloci infection
EP3760223A1 (en) 2013-04-03 2021-01-06 N-Fold Llc Nanoparticle composition for desensitizing a subject to peanut allergens
US20160083698A1 (en) 2013-04-19 2016-03-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Lone star virus
AR095882A1 (en) 2013-04-22 2015-11-18 Hoffmann La Roche ANTIBODY COMBINATION THERAPY AGAINST HUMAN CSF-1R WITH A TLR9 AGONIST
CN103550783A (en) * 2013-04-27 2014-02-05 中国人民解放军军事医学科学院放射与辐射医学研究所 Nucleic acid drug targeting delivery system and preparation method thereof
US20210145963A9 (en) 2013-05-15 2021-05-20 The Governors Of The University Of Alberta E1e2 hcv vaccines and methods of use
WO2014201245A1 (en) 2013-06-12 2014-12-18 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Tlr-9 agonist with tlr-7 and/or tlr-8 agonist for treating tumors
US20160168571A1 (en) * 2013-07-19 2016-06-16 National Health Research Institutes CpG-OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE, IMMUNOGENIC COMPOSITION COMPRISING THE SAME, AND METHODS FOR PREPARING THE COMPOSITION AND STIMULATING IMMUNE RESPONSE THEREBY
ES2750608T3 (en) 2013-07-25 2020-03-26 Exicure Inc Nucleic acid-based spherical constructs as immunostimulatory agents for prophylactic and therapeutic use
EP3632458A1 (en) 2013-07-26 2020-04-08 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Methods and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of bacterial infections
EP3041502A2 (en) 2013-09-08 2016-07-13 Pfizer Inc. Neisseria meningitidis compositions and methods thereof
AR097584A1 (en) 2013-09-12 2016-03-23 Hoffmann La Roche ANTIBODY COMBINATION THERAPY AGAINST HUMAN CSF-1R AND ANTIBODIES AGAINST HUMAN PD-L1
EP3046580A2 (en) 2013-09-19 2016-07-27 Zoetis Services LLC Oil-based adjuvants
US10076567B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2018-09-18 Duke University MPER-liposome conjugates and uses thereof
EP3052517B1 (en) 2013-09-30 2023-07-19 Triad National Security, LLC Mosaic conserved region hiv immunogenic polypeptides
AU2014329393B2 (en) 2013-10-04 2020-04-30 Pin Pharma, Inc. Immunostimulatory HIV Tat derivative polypeptides for use in cancer treatment
KR102006527B1 (en) 2013-11-01 2019-08-02 화이자 인코포레이티드 Vectors for expression of prostate-associated antigens
EP2870974A1 (en) 2013-11-08 2015-05-13 Novartis AG Salmonella conjugate vaccines
PT3074517T (en) 2013-11-28 2021-11-03 Bavarian Nordic As Compositions and methods vectors for inducing an enhanced immune response using poxvirus vectors
CA2932122C (en) 2013-12-03 2022-04-19 Northwestern University Liposomal particles, methods of making same and uses thereof
US10286050B2 (en) 2013-12-13 2019-05-14 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Multi-epitope TARP peptide vaccine and uses thereof
US11708411B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2023-07-25 Wake Forest University Health Sciences Methods and compositions for increasing protective antibody levels induced by pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines
EP3095461A4 (en) * 2014-01-15 2017-08-23 Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. Chiral nucleic acid adjuvant having immunity induction activity, and immunity induction activator
US10149905B2 (en) 2014-01-15 2018-12-11 Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. Chiral nucleic acid adjuvant having antitumor effect and antitumor agent
JPWO2015108046A1 (en) * 2014-01-15 2017-03-23 株式会社新日本科学 Chiral nucleic acid adjuvant and antiallergic agent having antiallergic action
MX2016009290A (en) 2014-01-16 2017-02-28 Wave Life Sciences Ltd Chiral design.
EP3583947B1 (en) 2014-01-21 2023-10-11 Pfizer Inc. Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides and conjugates thereof
US20160030459A1 (en) 2014-01-21 2016-02-04 Immune Design Corp. Compositions and methods for treating allergic conditions
ES2883343T3 (en) 2014-01-21 2021-12-07 Pfizer Capsular polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae and conjugates thereof
EP3096785B1 (en) 2014-01-21 2020-09-09 Pfizer Inc Immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharide antigens and uses thereof
US11160855B2 (en) 2014-01-21 2021-11-02 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharide antigens and uses thereof
WO2016130569A1 (en) 2015-02-09 2016-08-18 Mj Biologics, Inc. A composition comprising pedv antigens and methods for making and using the composition
WO2015123291A1 (en) 2014-02-11 2015-08-20 The Usa, As Represented By The Secretary, Dept. Of Health And Human Services Pcsk9 vaccine and methods of using the same
US10668164B2 (en) 2014-02-14 2020-06-02 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic glycoprotein conjugates
GB2523187A (en) 2014-02-18 2015-08-19 Mologen Ag Covalently closed non-coding immunomodulatory DNA construct
EP3556353A3 (en) 2014-02-25 2020-03-18 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Lipid nanoparticle vaccine adjuvants and antigen delivery systems
RU2740492C2 (en) 2014-02-28 2021-01-14 Байер Энимэл Хельс ГмбХ Immunostimulating plasmids
WO2015138455A1 (en) 2014-03-11 2015-09-17 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vaccines and methods of use thereof
WO2015143400A1 (en) 2014-03-20 2015-09-24 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Phospholipase c gamma 2 and resistance associated mutations
EA037818B1 (en) 2014-03-26 2021-05-25 Глаксосмитклайн Байолоджикалс С.А. Mutant staphylococcal antigens
US9549914B2 (en) 2014-04-03 2017-01-24 The Johns Hopkins University Treatment of human cytomegalovirus by modulating Wnt
WO2015164798A1 (en) 2014-04-25 2015-10-29 Tria Bioscience Corp. Synthetic hapten carrier compositions and methods
EP3145495A4 (en) * 2014-05-23 2018-01-17 Cauchon, Gregory Coating method and materials
WO2015184272A2 (en) 2014-05-30 2015-12-03 Sanofi Pasteur Biologics Llc Expression and conformational analysis of engineered influenza hemagglutinin
EP3508198A1 (en) 2014-06-04 2019-07-10 Exicure, Inc. Multivalent delivery of immune modulators by liposomal spherical nucleic acids for prophylactic or therapeutic applications
AU2015279738A1 (en) 2014-06-25 2016-12-22 Selecta Biosciences, Inc. Methods and compositions for treatment with synthetic nanocarriers and immune checkpoint inhibitors
WO2016011083A1 (en) 2014-07-15 2016-01-21 Immune Design Corp. Prime-boost regimens with a tlr4 agonist adjuvant and a lentiviral vector
EP3398948A3 (en) 2014-08-22 2018-12-05 Janus Biotherapeutics, Inc. 2,4,6,7-tetrasubstituted pteridine compounds and methods of synthesis and use thereof
KR20170063949A (en) 2014-10-06 2017-06-08 엑시큐어, 인크. Anti-tnf compounds
US20160129097A1 (en) * 2014-11-06 2016-05-12 Jeremy Delk Method of processing a veterinary tumor vaccine and a veterinary tumor vaccine processing kit
AU2015349680A1 (en) 2014-11-21 2017-06-08 Northwestern University The sequence-specific cellular uptake of spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates
JP6536964B2 (en) * 2014-12-26 2019-07-03 国立研究開発法人医薬基盤・健康・栄養研究所 Application of nucleic acid polysaccharide complex having immunostimulatory activity as antitumor agent
WO2016109310A1 (en) 2014-12-31 2016-07-07 Checkmate Pharmaceuticals, Llc Combination tumor immunotherapy
DK3244917T5 (en) 2015-01-15 2024-10-14 Pfizer Inc Immunogenic compositions for use in pneumococcal vaccines
PT3244920T (en) 2015-01-16 2023-07-28 Zoetis Services Llc Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine
WO2016131048A1 (en) 2015-02-13 2016-08-18 Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai Rna containing compositions and methods of their use
RU2723045C2 (en) 2015-02-19 2020-06-08 Пфайзер Инк. Compositions of neisseria meningitidis and methods for preparation thereof
EP3268380B1 (en) 2015-03-12 2018-12-26 Zoetis Services LLC Pyolysin methods and compositions
IL297740A (en) 2015-05-04 2022-12-01 Pfizer Group b streptococcus polysaccharide-protein conjugates, methods for producing conjugates, immunogenic compositions comprising conjugates, and uses thereof
WO2016180852A1 (en) 2015-05-12 2016-11-17 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Methods for preparing antigen-specific t cells from an umbilical cord blood sample
KR20180006945A (en) 2015-05-13 2018-01-19 아게누스 인코포레이티드 Vaccine for cancer treatment and prevention
WO2016183371A1 (en) 2015-05-13 2016-11-17 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health & Human Services Methods for the treatment or prevention of ischemic tissue damage
US10584148B2 (en) 2015-06-02 2020-03-10 Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Engineered influenza antigenic polypeptides and immunogenic compositions thereof
WO2016200787A2 (en) 2015-06-09 2016-12-15 The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Oklahoma Compositions and treatments for haemophilus influenzae
WO2016201224A1 (en) 2015-06-10 2016-12-15 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Processes for production and purification of nucleic acid-containing compositions
KR20180035807A (en) 2015-06-26 2018-04-06 세퀴러스 유케이 리미티드 Antigenically matched influenza vaccine
US10449212B2 (en) 2015-07-09 2019-10-22 National Institute For Materials Science Immunostimulating oligonucleotide complex
PE20180657A1 (en) 2015-07-21 2018-04-17 Pfizer IMMUNOGENIC COMPOSITIONS INCLUDING CONJUGATED CAPSULAR SACRED ANTIGENS, KITS THAT INCLUDE THEM AND THEIR USES
KR20180036765A (en) 2015-07-31 2018-04-09 바이엘 애니멀 헬스 게엠베하 Enhanced immune response in pig species
CN108135989B (en) 2015-08-14 2022-08-09 硕腾服务有限责任公司 Mycoplasma bovis composition
EP3344276B1 (en) 2015-09-03 2020-04-22 The Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma Peptide inhibitors of clostridium difficile tcdb toxin
LU92821B1 (en) 2015-09-09 2017-03-20 Mologen Ag Combination comprising immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
EP3349717A4 (en) 2015-09-17 2019-04-17 JRX Biotechnology, Inc. Approaches for improving skin hydration or moisturization
GB2542425A (en) 2015-09-21 2017-03-22 Mologen Ag Means for the treatment of HIV
WO2017059280A1 (en) 2015-10-02 2017-04-06 The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Novel pan-tam inhibitors and mer/axl dual inhibitors
CN108431214B (en) 2015-10-05 2022-03-01 美国政府(由卫生和人类服务部的部长所代表) Human rotavirus G9P [6] strain and use as vaccine
JP7171433B2 (en) 2015-10-30 2022-11-15 ザ ユナイテッド ステイツ オブ アメリカ， アズ リプレゼンテッド バイ ザ セクレタリー， デパートメント オブ ヘルス アンド ヒューマン サービシーズ Compositions and methods for treatment of HER-2 expressing solid tumors
CA3005524C (en) 2015-11-20 2023-10-10 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions for use in pneumococcal vaccines
CN108601951B (en) 2015-12-09 2022-11-22 金港医疗(澳大利亚)私人有限公司 Immunomodulatory compositions for treatment
WO2017123201A1 (en) 2016-01-11 2017-07-20 Zoetis Services Llc Novel cross protective vaccine compositions for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
WO2017129765A1 (en) 2016-01-29 2017-08-03 Bavarian Nordic A/S Recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) equine encephalitis virus vaccine
WO2017189448A1 (en) 2016-04-25 2017-11-02 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Bivalent immunogenic conjugate for malaria and typhoid
US20190298824A1 (en) 2016-05-04 2019-10-03 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Serv Albumin-binding immunomodulatory compositions and methods of use thereof
US11173207B2 (en) 2016-05-19 2021-11-16 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Adjuvant compositions
WO2017210215A1 (en) 2016-05-31 2017-12-07 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Zika virus vaccine and methods of production
CA3026096A1 (en) 2016-06-02 2017-12-07 Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Engineered influenza antigenic polypeptides and immunogenic compositions thereof
KR20230061583A (en) 2016-06-03 2023-05-08 사노피 파스퇴르 인코포레이티드 Modification of engineered influenza hemagglutinin polypeptides
CA3026807A1 (en) 2016-06-13 2017-12-21 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Nucleic acids encoding zika virus-like particles and their use in zika virus vaccines and diagnostic assays
EP3269385A1 (en) 2016-07-12 2018-01-17 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. Pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate composition
US11191822B2 (en) 2016-06-22 2021-12-07 MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. Pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate composition
WO2018009604A1 (en) 2016-07-08 2018-01-11 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Chimeric dengue/zika viruses live-attenuated zika virus vaccines
WO2018009603A1 (en) 2016-07-08 2018-01-11 The United State of America, as represented by the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Service Chimeric west nile/zika viruses and methods of use
SG11201900794PA (en) 2016-08-05 2019-02-27 Sanofi Pasteur Inc Multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate composition
EA039427B1 (en) 2016-08-05 2022-01-26 Санофи Пастер Инк. Multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate composition
US10182146B2 (en) * 2016-08-22 2019-01-15 Nice Ltd. System and method for dynamic redundant call recording
EP3504239B1 (en) 2016-08-25 2024-05-29 F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Intermittent dosing of an anti-csf-1r antibody in combination with macrophage activating agent
US11364304B2 (en) 2016-08-25 2022-06-21 Northwestern University Crosslinked micellar spherical nucleic acids
US10172933B2 (en) 2016-10-31 2019-01-08 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Mosaic vaccines for serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus
US10751402B2 (en) 2016-11-09 2020-08-25 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions and uses thereof
EP3558360A1 (en) 2016-12-22 2019-10-30 F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Treatment of tumors with an anti-csf-1r antibody in combination with an anti-pd-l1 antibody after failure of anti-pd-l1/pd1 treatment
SI3570879T1 (en) 2017-01-20 2022-06-30 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions for use in pneumococcal vaccines
KR102650073B1 (en) 2017-01-31 2024-03-20 머크 샤프 앤드 돔 엘엘씨 Method for producing capsular polysaccharide protein conjugate derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F
IL267733B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2023-10-01 Pfizer Neisseria meningitidis compositions and methods thereof
AU2018214451B2 (en) 2017-02-06 2022-02-03 Meat & Livestock Australia Limited Immunostimulating compositions and uses therefore
GB201703529D0 (en) 2017-03-06 2017-04-19 Cambridge Entpr Ltd Vaccine composition
US10525119B2 (en) 2017-03-31 2020-01-07 Boston Medical Center Corporation Methods and compositions using highly conserved pneumococcal surface proteins
US11696954B2 (en) 2017-04-28 2023-07-11 Exicure Operating Company Synthesis of spherical nucleic acids using lipophilic moieties
CA3066915A1 (en) 2017-06-11 2018-12-20 Molecular Express, Inc. Methods and compositions for substance use disorder vaccine formulations and uses thereof
BR112019027387A8 (en) 2017-06-23 2022-12-06 Univ Maryland IMMUNOGENIC COMPOSITIONS
EP3655031A1 (en) 2017-07-21 2020-05-27 The U.S.A. as represented by the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services Neisseria meningitidis immunogenic compositions
DK3678654T3 (en) 2017-09-07 2024-09-02 Merck Sharp & Dohme Llc PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDES AND THEIR USE IN IMMUNOGENIC POLYSACCHARIDE-CARRIER PROTEIN CONJUGATES
EP3679138B1 (en) 2017-09-08 2023-03-22 MiNA Therapeutics Limited Hnf4a sarna compositions and methods of use
WO2019066571A2 (en) 2017-09-28 2019-04-04 연세대학교 산학협력단 Method for producing myeloid-derived suppressor cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells produced thereby, and uses thereof
CA3081436A1 (en) 2017-10-31 2019-05-09 Western Oncolytics Ltd. Platform oncolytic vector for systemic delivery
US11235046B2 (en) 2017-11-04 2022-02-01 Nevada Research & Innovation Corporation Immunogenic conjugates and methods of use thereof
TWI725359B (en) 2017-12-06 2021-04-21 美商默沙東藥廠 Compositions comprising streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-protein conjugates and methods of use thereof
US11116830B2 (en) 2017-12-18 2021-09-14 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Bacterial polysaccharide-conjugated carrier proteins and use thereof
US11224648B2 (en) 2017-12-19 2022-01-18 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Antigen-adjuvant coupling reagents and methods of use
EP3743107A1 (en) 2018-01-22 2020-12-02 The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services Broadly protective inactivated influenza virus vaccine
SG11202007518RA (en) 2018-02-28 2020-09-29 Pfizer Il-15 variants and uses thereof
MA52435A (en) * 2018-03-02 2021-01-06 Elicio Therapeutics Inc COMPOUNDS CONTAINING A MUTANT KRAS SEQUENCE AND A LIPID AND THEIR USES
WO2019173438A1 (en) 2018-03-06 2019-09-12 Stc. Unm Compositions and methods for reducing serum triglycerides
ES2973078T3 (en) 2018-03-28 2024-06-18 Sanofi Pasteur Inc Methods of generating broadly protective vaccine compositions comprising hemagglutinin
KR20210018205A (en) 2018-04-03 2021-02-17 사노피 Antigenic OspA polypeptide
EP3773703A1 (en) 2018-04-03 2021-02-17 Sanofi Antigenic influenza-ferritin polypeptides
EP3773704A1 (en) 2018-04-03 2021-02-17 Sanofi Antigenic respiratory syncytial virus polypeptides
CN112512564A (en) 2018-04-03 2021-03-16 赛诺菲 Ferritin proteins
JP2021519598A (en) 2018-04-03 2021-08-12 サノフイＳａｎｏｆｉ Antigenic Epstein-Barr virus polypeptide
JP7511478B2 (en) 2018-04-09 2024-07-05 チェックメイト ファーマシューティカルズ Packaging of oligonucleotides into virus-like particles
KR102584675B1 (en) 2018-05-23 2023-10-05 화이자 인코포레이티드 Antibodies specific for GUCY2c and their uses
SG11202010580TA (en) 2018-05-23 2020-12-30 Pfizer Antibodies specific for cd3 and uses thereof
EP3574915A1 (en) 2018-05-29 2019-12-04 Neovacs Immunogenic product comprising il-4 and/or il-13 for treating disorders associated with aberrant il-4 and/or il 13 expression or activity
CN110004150B (en) * 2018-08-01 2023-03-10 中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所 CpG oligonucleotide sequence with immune enhancement activity and application thereof
US11260119B2 (en) 2018-08-24 2022-03-01 Pfizer Inc. Escherichia coli compositions and methods thereof
AU2019393745A1 (en) 2018-12-04 2021-06-10 California Institute Of Technology HIV vaccine immunogens
JP2022512345A (en) 2018-12-12 2022-02-03 ファイザー・インク Immunogenic Multiple Heteroantigen Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugates and Their Use
US20220023413A1 (en) 2018-12-12 2022-01-27 The U.S.A., As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Recombinant mumps virus vaccine expressing genotype g fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins
US20220023410A1 (en) 2018-12-14 2022-01-27 University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus replicon particles and use thereof
JOP20210148A1 (en) 2018-12-19 2023-01-30 Merck Sharp & Dohme Compositions comprising streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-protein conjugates and methods of use thereof
US20220370606A1 (en) 2018-12-21 2022-11-24 Pfizer Inc. Combination Treatments Of Cancer Comprising A TLR Agonist
EP3946446A1 (en) 2019-04-02 2022-02-09 Sanofi Antigenic multimeric respiratory syncytial virus polypeptides
US20220184199A1 (en) 2019-04-10 2022-06-16 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharide antigens, kits comprising the same and uses thereof
EP3966331A4 (en) * 2019-05-10 2023-07-05 Microbio (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Dimeric cpg oligonucleotides for use in modulating immune responses
AU2020290969A1 (en) * 2019-06-14 2022-02-03 G Tech Bio Llc Activated lymphocytic cells and methods of using the same to treat cancer and infectious conditions
EP3999093A4 (en) 2019-07-19 2023-11-22 Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC Antigenic glycoprotein e polypeptides, compositions, and methods of use thereof
KR20220041142A (en) 2019-07-30 2022-03-31 피브로 애니멀 헬스 코포레이션 Composition for mucosal administration to birds
MX2022001241A (en) 2019-07-31 2022-04-20 Sanofi Pasteur Inc Multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate compositions and methods of using the same.
JP2022545181A (en) 2019-08-30 2022-10-26 ユニバーシティ オブ ロチェスター Septin inhibitors for cancer therapy
AU2020351168A1 (en) 2019-09-18 2022-04-14 Children's Medical Center Corporation An anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) cancer vaccine and methods of use
CN110646557A (en) * 2019-10-12 2020-01-03 北京航空航天大学 Urine metabolic marker of glioblastoma patient carrying IDH gene mutation and application thereof
IL292494A (en) 2019-11-01 2022-06-01 Pfizer Escherichia coli compositions and methods thereof
WO2021124073A1 (en) 2019-12-17 2021-06-24 Pfizer Inc. Antibodies specific for cd47, pd-l1, and uses thereof
US20230039456A1 (en) 2019-12-17 2023-02-09 The U.S.A., As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Live attenuated leishmania parasite vaccines with enhanced safety characteristics
WO2021154745A1 (en) 2020-01-27 2021-08-05 Oregon State University Gonorrhea subunit vaccine
EP4103225A2 (en) 2020-02-13 2022-12-21 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois Vaccine and methods for detecting and preventing filariasis
EP4107170A2 (en) 2020-02-23 2022-12-28 Pfizer Inc. Escherichia coli compositions and methods thereof
EP4114848A4 (en) 2020-02-26 2024-04-03 Versitech Limited Pd-1-based vaccines against coronavirus infection
WO2021173907A1 (en) 2020-02-28 2021-09-02 Sanofi Pasteur, Inc. High dose influenza vaccine for pediatric subjects
US11213482B1 (en) 2020-03-05 2022-01-04 University of Pittsburgh—Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Educat SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine and microneedle array delivery system
WO2021211279A1 (en) 2020-04-17 2021-10-21 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota SARS-CoV-2 SPIKE RECEPTOR BINDING DOMAIN AND COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS THEREOF
EP3900739A1 (en) 2020-04-21 2021-10-27 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. Synthetic streptococcus pneumoniae saccharide conjugates to conserved membrane protein
WO2021228832A1 (en) 2020-05-11 2021-11-18 Erytech Pharma Red cell extracellular vesicles (rcevs) containing cargoes and methods of use and production thereof
KR20230022246A (en) 2020-07-17 2023-02-14 화이자 인코포레이티드 Therapeutic Antibodies and Uses Thereof
CA3192786A1 (en) 2020-08-26 2022-03-03 Pfizer Inc. Group b streptococcus polysaccharide-protein conjugates, methods for producing conjugates, immunogenic compositions comprising conjugates, and uses thereof
CA3192500A1 (en) 2020-09-17 2022-03-24 Laurent REBER Immunogenic product comprising an ige fragment for treating ige-mediated inflammatory disorders
WO2022066973A1 (en) 2020-09-24 2022-03-31 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Immunotherapy targeting pbk or oip5 antigens
WO2022066965A2 (en) 2020-09-24 2022-03-31 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Immunotherapy targeting sox2 antigens
IL302362A (en) 2020-10-27 2023-06-01 Pfizer Escherichia coli compositions and methods thereof
CN116744965A (en) 2020-11-04 2023-09-12 辉瑞大药厂 Immunogenic compositions for pneumococcal vaccines
EP4243863A2 (en) 2020-11-10 2023-09-20 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharide antigens and uses thereof
US20220202923A1 (en) 2020-12-23 2022-06-30 Pfizer Inc. E. coli fimh mutants and uses thereof
WO2022147373A1 (en) 2020-12-31 2022-07-07 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Antibody-guided pcsk9-mimicking immunogens lacking 9-residue sequence overlap with human proteins
EP4288087A1 (en) 2021-02-03 2023-12-13 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois Vaccine and methods for preventing filariasis and dirofilariasis
JP2024516400A (en) 2021-04-30 2024-04-15 カリヴィル イムノセラピューティクス， インコーポレイテッド Oncolytic viruses for modified MHC expression - Patents.com
US20220387576A1 (en) 2021-05-28 2022-12-08 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharide antigens and uses thereof
JP2024522395A (en) 2021-05-28 2024-06-19 ファイザー・インク Immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharide antigens and uses thereof
WO2022261251A1 (en) 2021-06-08 2022-12-15 Glyde Bio Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising tumour-associated antigen
EP4104830A1 (en) 2021-06-16 2022-12-21 Burghardt Wittig Sequential innate and adaptive immune modulation for cancer treatment
EP4370152A1 (en) 2021-07-16 2024-05-22 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois Universal vaccine for influenza virus based on tetrameric m2 protein incorporated into nanodiscs
EP4384534A1 (en) 2021-08-11 2024-06-19 Sanofi Pasteur, Inc. Truncated influenza neuraminidase and methods of using the same
JP2024537180A (en) 2021-10-08 2024-10-10 サノフィ パスツール インコーポレイテッド Multivalent influenza vaccine
CZ309696B6 (en) * 2021-10-20 2023-08-02 Ústav organické chemie a biochemie AV ČR, v. v. i. Isosteric Isopolar Phosphate Analogues of Phosphorothioate CpG Oligonucleotide ODN 2006
IL312545A (en) 2021-11-05 2024-07-01 Sanofi Pasteur Inc Multivalent influenza vaccines comprising recombinant hemagglutinin and neuraminidase and methods of using the same
CA3236924A1 (en) 2021-11-05 2023-05-11 Sanofi Respiratory syncytial virus rna vaccine
IL312502A (en) 2021-11-05 2024-07-01 Sanofi Sa Hybrid multivalent influenza vaccines comprising hemagglutinin and neuraminidase and methods of using the same
AU2022399574A1 (en) 2021-11-30 2024-07-11 Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Human metapneumovirus viral vector-based vaccines
CA3239417A1 (en) 2021-11-30 2023-06-08 Yvonne CHAN Human metapneumovirus vaccines
CA3242439A1 (en) 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 Sanofi Lyme disease rna vaccine
AU2023207315A1 (en) 2022-01-13 2024-06-27 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharide antigens and uses thereof
WO2023144206A1 (en) 2022-01-27 2023-08-03 Sanofi Pasteur Modified vero cells and methods of using the same for virus production
WO2023161817A1 (en) 2022-02-25 2023-08-31 Pfizer Inc. Methods for incorporating azido groups in bacterial capsular polysaccharides
WO2023177579A1 (en) 2022-03-14 2023-09-21 Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Machine-learning techniques in protein design for vaccine generation
WO2023201109A1 (en) 2022-04-15 2023-10-19 Yale University Exatecan formulation
TW202408567A (en) 2022-05-06 2024-03-01 法商賽諾菲公司 Signal sequences for nucleic acid vaccines
WO2023218322A1 (en) 2022-05-11 2023-11-16 Pfizer Inc. Process for producing of vaccine formulations with preservatives
WO2024003239A1 (en) 2022-06-29 2024-01-04 Bavarian Nordic A/S RECOMBINANT MODIFIED saRNA (VRP) AND VACCINIA VIRUS ANKARA (MVA) PRIME-BOOST REGIMEN
WO2024069420A2 (en) 2022-09-29 2024-04-04 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising an rsv f protein trimer
WO2024094881A1 (en) 2022-11-04 2024-05-10 Sanofi Respiratory syncytial virus rna vaccination
WO2024100235A1 (en) 2022-11-10 2024-05-16 Université Libre de Bruxelles Group a streptococcus vaccine antigen
WO2024110827A1 (en) 2022-11-21 2024-05-30 Pfizer Inc. Methods for preparing conjugated capsular saccharide antigens and uses thereof
US20240181028A1 (en) 2022-11-22 2024-06-06 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharide antigens and uses thereof
WO2024116096A1 (en) 2022-12-01 2024-06-06 Pfizer Inc. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine formulations
WO2024121380A1 (en) 2022-12-08 2024-06-13 Pierre Fabre Medicament Vaccinal composition and adjuvant
WO2024127215A2 (en) 2022-12-13 2024-06-20 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions and methods for eliciting an immune response against clostridioides (clostridium) difficile
WO2024133515A1 (en) 2022-12-20 2024-06-27 Sanofi Rhinovirus mrna vaccine
WO2024149832A1 (en) 2023-01-12 2024-07-18 Bavarian Nordic A/S RECOMBINANT MODIFIED saRNA (VRP) FOR CANCER VACCINE
WO2024163327A1 (en) 2023-01-30 2024-08-08 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Epstein-barr virus glycoprotein 42 immunogens for vaccination and antibody discovery
WO2024166008A1 (en) 2023-02-10 2024-08-15 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharide antigens and uses thereof
US20240299524A1 (en) 2023-03-02 2024-09-12 Sanofi Compositions for use in treatment of chlamydia
WO2024201324A2 (en) 2023-03-30 2024-10-03 Pfizer Inc. Immunogenic compositions comprising conjugated capsular saccharide antigens and uses thereof

Citations (54)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5112605A (en) * 1989-03-17 1992-05-12 Genentech, Inc. Temporal gamma-interferon administration for allergies
US5498410A (en) * 1991-04-22 1996-03-12 Gleich; Gerald J. Method for the treatment of eosinophil-associated conditions with anionic polymers
US5723335A (en) * 1994-03-25 1998-03-03 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs
US5726160A (en) * 1995-04-13 1998-03-10 Milkhaus Laboratories, Inc. Methods for treating respiratory disease
US5780448A (en) * 1995-11-07 1998-07-14 Ottawa Civic Hospital Loeb Research DNA-based vaccination of fish
US5908620A (en) * 1995-01-31 1999-06-01 National Jewish Medical And Research Center Treatment for diseases involving inflammation
US6025339A (en) * 1995-06-07 2000-02-15 East Carolina University Composition, kit and method for treatment of disorders associated with bronchoconstriction and lung inflammation
US6040296A (en) * 1995-06-07 2000-03-21 East Carolina University Specific antisense oligonucleotide composition & method for treatment of disorders associated with bronchoconstriction and lung inflammation
US6174872B1 (en) * 1996-10-04 2001-01-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Method for treating allergic lung disease
US6194388B1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2001-02-27 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US6207646B1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2001-03-27 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US6214806B1 (en) * 1997-02-28 2001-04-10 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CPC dinucleotide in the treatment of LPS-associated disorders
US6218371B1 (en) * 1998-04-03 2001-04-17 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods and products for stimulating the immune system using immunotherapeutic oligonucleotides and cytokines
US6221882B1 (en) * 1997-07-03 2001-04-24 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for inhibiting immunostimulatory DNA associated responses
US6225292B1 (en) * 1997-06-06 2001-05-01 The Regents Of The University Of California Inhibitors of DNA immunostimulatory sequence activity
US6239116B1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2001-05-29 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US6339068B1 (en) * 1997-05-20 2002-01-15 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Vectors and methods for immunization or therapeutic protocols
US6406705B1 (en) * 1997-03-10 2002-06-18 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US20020091097A1 (en) * 2000-09-07 2002-07-11 Bratzler Robert L. Nucleic acids for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases
US6514948B1 (en) * 1999-07-02 2003-02-04 The Regents Of The University Of California Method for enhancing an immune response
US20030026782A1 (en) * 1995-02-07 2003-02-06 Arthur M. Krieg Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20030026801A1 (en) * 2000-06-22 2003-02-06 George Weiner Methods for enhancing antibody-induced cell lysis and treating cancer
US20030050268A1 (en) * 2001-03-29 2003-03-13 Krieg Arthur M. Immunostimulatory nucleic acid for treatment of non-allergic inflammatory diseases
US20030050263A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2003-03-13 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods and products for treating HIV infection
US20030055014A1 (en) * 2000-12-14 2003-03-20 Bratzler Robert L. Inhibition of angiogenesis by nucleic acids
US20030064064A1 (en) * 1998-09-18 2003-04-03 Dino Dina Methods of treating IgE-associated disorders and compositions for use therein
US20030078223A1 (en) * 1996-01-30 2003-04-24 Eyal Raz Compositions and methods for modulating an immune response
US20030092663A1 (en) * 1997-09-05 2003-05-15 Eyal Raz Immunization-free methods for treating antigen-stimulated inflammation in a mammalian host and shifting the host's antigen immune responsiveness to a Th1 phenotype
US20030100527A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2003-05-29 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules for activating dendritic cells
US20030109469A1 (en) * 1993-08-26 2003-06-12 Carson Dennis A. Recombinant gene expression vectors and methods for use of same to enhance the immune response of a host to an antigen
US6589940B1 (en) * 1997-06-06 2003-07-08 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof
US20030139364A1 (en) * 2001-10-12 2003-07-24 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods and products for enhancing immune responses using imidazoquinoline compounds
US20040006010A1 (en) * 1996-10-11 2004-01-08 Carson Dennis A. Immunostimulatory polynucleotide/immunomodulatory molecule conjugates
US20040006034A1 (en) * 1998-06-05 2004-01-08 Eyal Raz Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof
US20040009949A1 (en) * 2002-06-05 2004-01-15 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Method for treating autoimmune or inflammatory diseases with combinations of inhibitory oligonucleotides and small molecule antagonists of immunostimulatory CpG nucleic acids
US20040030118A1 (en) * 1998-05-14 2004-02-12 Hermann Wagner Methods for regulating hematopoiesis using CpG-oligonucleotides
US20040053880A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-03-18 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040067905A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-04-08 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040067902A9 (en) * 2000-02-03 2004-04-08 Bratzler Robert L. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of asthma and allergy
US6727230B1 (en) * 1994-03-25 2004-04-27 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs
US20040092472A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-05-13 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040131628A1 (en) * 2000-03-08 2004-07-08 Bratzler Robert L. Nucleic acids for the treatment of disorders associated with microorganisms
US20050054601A1 (en) * 1997-01-23 2005-03-10 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Pharmaceutical composition comprising a polynucleotide and optionally an antigen especially for vaccination
US20050059619A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2005-03-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US20050101557A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-05-12 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050100983A1 (en) * 2003-11-06 2005-05-12 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Cell-free methods for identifying compounds that affect toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling
US20050119273A1 (en) * 2003-06-20 2005-06-02 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Small molecule toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonists
US20050130911A1 (en) * 2003-09-25 2005-06-16 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid-lipophilic conjugates
US20060003962A1 (en) * 2002-10-29 2006-01-05 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Ltd. Methods and products related to treatment and prevention of hepatitis C virus infection
US20060019916A1 (en) * 2004-04-02 2006-01-26 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for inducing IL-10 responses
US20060019923A1 (en) * 2004-07-18 2006-01-26 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Ltd. Methods and compositions for inducing innate immune responses
US20060140875A1 (en) * 2004-10-20 2006-06-29 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Semi-soft C-class immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20070066554A1 (en) * 1999-09-25 2007-03-22 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US20070142315A1 (en) * 2005-11-25 2007-06-21 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory oligoribonucleotides

Family Cites Families (470)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2003A (en) * 1841-03-12 Improvement in horizontal windivhlls
US2004A (en) * 1841-03-12 Improvement in the manner of constructing and propelling steam-vessels
US2010A (en) * 1841-03-18 Machine foe
US2005A (en) * 1841-03-16 Improvement in the manner of constructing molds for casting butt-hinges
US2002A (en) * 1841-03-12 Tor and planter for plowing
US3521637A (en) * 1967-11-28 1970-07-28 Nelson J Waterbury Tampon or similar sanitary napkin containing vitamin a
US3627874A (en) 1969-07-16 1971-12-14 Merck & Co Inc Vaccine preparation
US3761585A (en) 1971-04-05 1973-09-25 Beecham Group Ltd Vaccines containing modified allergenic material
US3906092A (en) 1971-11-26 1975-09-16 Merck & Co Inc Stimulation of antibody response
DE2643213C2 (en) 1976-09-25 1985-02-21 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Process for attenuating or inactivating microorganisms
US4469863A (en) 1980-11-12 1984-09-04 Ts O Paul O P Nonionic nucleic acid alkyl and aryl phosphonates and processes for manufacture and use thereof
DE3280400D1 (en) 1981-10-23 1992-06-04 Molecular Biosystems Inc OLIGONUCLEOTIDES MEDICINE AND THEIR PRODUCTION METHOD.
US5023243A (en) * 1981-10-23 1991-06-11 Molecular Biosystems, Inc. Oligonucleotide therapeutic agent and method of making same
ES507187A0 (en) 1981-11-16 1983-01-01 Union Ind Y Agro Ganader S A U PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING AN ADDITIONAL HUMANIZED MILK OF NUCLEOTIDES FOR CHILD FEEDING.
US5766920A (en) * 1982-08-11 1998-06-16 Cellcor, Inc. Ex vivo activation of immune cells
SE8205892D0 (en) 1982-10-18 1982-10-18 Bror Morein IMMUNOGENT MEMBRANE PROTEIN COMPLEX, SET FOR PREPARATION AND USE THEREOF
US4452775A (en) * 1982-12-03 1984-06-05 Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. Cholesterol matrix delivery system for sustained release of macromolecules
SE8405493D0 (en) 1984-11-01 1984-11-01 Bror Morein IMMUNOGENT COMPLEX AND KITCHEN FOR PREPARING IT AND USING IT AS IMMUNOSTIMENTING AGENTS
US5308626A (en) * 1985-06-28 1994-05-03 Toni N. Mariani Lymphokine activated effector cells for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) treatment of cancer and other diseases
ES2039229T3 (en) 1986-01-14 1993-09-16 De Staat Der Nederlanden Vertegenwoordigd Door De Minister Van Welzijn, Volksgezondheid En Cultuur PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF IMMUNOGENIC COMPLEXES AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THESE COMPLEXES.
US4806463A (en) 1986-05-23 1989-02-21 Worcester Foundation For Experimental Biology Inhibition of HTLV-III by exogenous oligonucleotides
US5194428A (en) 1986-05-23 1993-03-16 Worcester Foundation For Experimental Biology Inhibition of influenza virus replication by oligonucleotide phosphorothioates
US5059519A (en) 1986-07-01 1991-10-22 University Of Massachusetts Medical School Oligonucleotide probes for the determination of the proclivity for development of autoimmune diseases
US5075109A (en) * 1986-10-24 1991-12-24 Southern Research Institute Method of potentiating an immune response
US5276019A (en) 1987-03-25 1994-01-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Inhibitors for replication of retroviruses and for the expression of oncogene products
US5264423A (en) 1987-03-25 1993-11-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Inhibitors for replication of retroviruses and for the expression of oncogene products
ES2007350A6 (en) 1987-05-29 1989-06-16 Ganadera Union Ind Agro Food products enriched with nucleosides and/or nucleotides and preparation thereof.
CA1339596C (en) 1987-08-07 1997-12-23 New England Medical Center Hospitals, Inc. Viral expression inhibitors
NZ230747A (en) 1988-09-30 1992-05-26 Bror Morein Immunomodulating matrix comprising a complex of at least one lipid and at least one saponin; certain glycosylated triterpenoid saponins derived from quillaja saponaria molina
US5004810A (en) 1988-09-30 1991-04-02 Schering Corporation Antiviral oligomers
US5087617A (en) * 1989-02-15 1992-02-11 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Methods and compositions for treatment of cancer using oligonucleotides
US5703055A (en) 1989-03-21 1997-12-30 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Generation of antibodies through lipid mediated DNA delivery
US5693622A (en) 1989-03-21 1997-12-02 Vical Incorporated Expression of exogenous polynucleotide sequences cardiac muscle of a mammal
US5629158A (en) * 1989-03-22 1997-05-13 Cemu Bitecknik Ab Solid phase diagnosis of medical conditions
US4958013A (en) * 1989-06-06 1990-09-18 Northwestern University Cholesteryl modified oligonucleotides
US5399346A (en) 1989-06-14 1995-03-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Gene therapy
US4981684A (en) * 1989-10-24 1991-01-01 Coopers Animal Health Limited Formation of adjuvant complexes
US5178860A (en) * 1989-09-01 1993-01-12 Coopers Animal Health Limited Adjuvant complexes and vaccine made therefrom
US5399676A (en) * 1989-10-23 1995-03-21 Gilead Sciences Oligonucleotides with inverted polarity
US5676954A (en) 1989-11-03 1997-10-14 Vanderbilt University Method of in vivo delivery of functioning foreign genes
US5786189A (en) 1989-11-29 1998-07-28 Smithkline Beecham Biologicals (S.A.) Vaccine
US5457189A (en) 1989-12-04 1995-10-10 Isis Pharmaceuticals Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of papillomavirus
US5514788A (en) * 1993-05-17 1996-05-07 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligonucleotide modulation of cell adhesion
US5587361A (en) 1991-10-15 1996-12-24 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligonucleotides having phosphorothioate linkages of high chiral purity
US5514577A (en) 1990-02-26 1996-05-07 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligonucleotide therapies for modulating the effects of herpes viruses
US5248670A (en) 1990-02-26 1993-09-28 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense oligonucleotides for inhibiting herpesviruses
US5166195A (en) 1990-05-11 1992-11-24 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus phosphorothioate oligonucleotides
EP1493825A3 (en) 1990-06-11 2005-02-09 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Method for producing nucleic acid ligands
EP0468520A3 (en) 1990-07-27 1992-07-01 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc. Immunostimulatory remedies containing palindromic dna sequences
US5245022A (en) * 1990-08-03 1993-09-14 Sterling Drug, Inc. Exonuclease resistant terminally substituted oligonucleotides
JP2708960B2 (en) 1990-08-16 1998-02-04 アイシス・ファーマシューティカルス・インコーポレーテッド Oligonucleotides that modulate the effects of cytomegalovirus infection
US6042838A (en) * 1991-02-15 2000-03-28 Uab Research Foundation immunogenic compositions for mucosal administration of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA)
AU643141B2 (en) * 1991-03-15 1993-11-04 Amgen, Inc. Pulmonary administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor
WO1992018522A1 (en) 1991-04-18 1992-10-29 The Salk Institute For Biological Studies Oligodeoxynucleotides and oligonucleotides useful as decoys for proteins which selectively bind to defined dna sequences
US5681555A (en) 1991-04-22 1997-10-28 Gleich; Gerald J. Method for the treatment of bronchial asthma by parenteral administration of anionic polymers
WO1994008003A1 (en) 1991-06-14 1994-04-14 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE INHIBITION OF THE ras GENE
CA2110040A1 (en) 1991-05-31 1992-12-10 Lyle J. Arnold, Jr. Compositions and delivery systems for transdermal administration of neutral oligomers
US5582986A (en) 1991-06-14 1996-12-10 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of the ras gene
US6030954A (en) * 1991-09-05 2000-02-29 University Of Connecticut Targeted delivery of poly- or oligonucleotides to cells
US5576302A (en) 1991-10-15 1996-11-19 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligonucleotides for modulating hepatitis C virus having phosphorothioate linkages of high chiral purity
WO1993009789A1 (en) 1991-11-15 1993-05-27 Temple University - Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Treatment of melanoma with antisense oligonucleotides to c-myb proto-oncogene
WO1993010138A1 (en) 1991-11-18 1993-05-27 Tanox Biosystems, Inc. Anti-sense oligonucleotides for isotype-specific suppression of immunoglobulin production
US5858784A (en) 1991-12-17 1999-01-12 The Regents Of The University Of California Expression of cloned genes in the lung by aerosol- and liposome-based delivery
JPH07503615A (en) 1992-02-04 1995-04-20 カイロン　コーポレイション hepatitis drug
US5643578A (en) 1992-03-23 1997-07-01 University Of Massachusetts Medical Center Immunization by inoculation of DNA transcription unit
US6498147B2 (en) 1992-05-22 2002-12-24 The Scripps Research Institute Suppression of nuclear factor-κb dependent processes using oligonucleotides
EP0646178A1 (en) 1992-06-04 1995-04-05 The Regents Of The University Of California expression cassette with regularoty regions functional in the mammmlian host
US5726518A (en) * 1992-07-22 1998-03-10 Nikon Corporation Supporting device of relative moving element of vibration actuator or vibration motor
US5585479A (en) 1992-07-24 1996-12-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Antisense oligonucleotides directed against human ELAM-I RNA
ATE162198T1 (en) 1992-07-27 1998-01-15 Hybridon Inc OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ALKYLPHOSPHONOTHIATE
US6107062A (en) * 1992-07-30 2000-08-22 Inpax, Inc. Antisense viruses and antisense-ribozyme viruses
WO1994004196A1 (en) 1992-08-14 1994-03-03 Imperial Cancer Research Technology Limited Tumour therapy
US5429199A (en) * 1992-08-26 1995-07-04 Kennametal Inc. Cutting bit and cutting insert
ATE146819T1 (en) 1992-10-05 1997-01-15 Hybridon Inc THERAPEUTIC ANTI-HIV OLIGONUCLEOTIDE AND MEDICINAL PRODUCT
US5593972A (en) 1993-01-26 1997-01-14 The Wistar Institute Genetic immunization
JP2950520B2 (en) 1993-04-02 1999-09-20 アンティキャンサー インコーポレーテド Methods for delivering beneficial formulations to hair follicles
US5567604A (en) 1993-04-23 1996-10-22 Aronex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Anti-viral guanosine-rich oligonucleotides
SG54115A1 (en) * 1993-04-27 1998-11-16 Gerber Scient Products Inc Thermal printing apparatus with improved power supply
WO1994029461A1 (en) 1993-06-11 1994-12-22 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Method for specific silencing of genes by dna methylation
WO1995000638A2 (en) * 1993-06-23 1995-01-05 Genesys Pharma Inc. Antisense oligonucleotides and therapeutic use thereof in human immunodeficiency virus infection
CA2166889C (en) 1993-07-19 2001-09-11 Todd C. Peterson Oligonucleotides with activity against human immunodeficiency virus
US6004534A (en) 1993-07-23 1999-12-21 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Targeted polymerized liposomes for improved drug delivery
US6605708B1 (en) 1993-07-28 2003-08-12 Hybridon, Inc. Building blocks with carbamate internucleoside linkages and oligonucleotides derived therefrom
US5830877A (en) 1993-08-26 1998-11-03 The Regents Of The University Of California Method, compositions and devices for administration of naked polynucleotides which encode antigens and immunostimulatory
US5679647A (en) 1993-08-26 1997-10-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and devices for immunizing a host against tumor-associated antigens through administration of naked polynucleotides which encode tumor-associated antigenic peptides
US5985847A (en) 1993-08-26 1999-11-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Devices for administration of naked polynucleotides which encode biologically active peptides
JPH09501936A (en) 1993-08-26 1997-02-25 ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティ オブ カリフォルニア Methods, Compositions and Devices for Administering Naked Polynucleotides Encoding Bioactive Peptides
US5804566A (en) 1993-08-26 1998-09-08 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and devices for immunizing a host through administration of naked polynucleotides with encode allergenic peptides
FR2711670B1 (en) * 1993-10-22 1996-01-12 Pasteur Institut Nucleotide vector, composition containing it and vaccine for immunization against hepatitis.
DE4338704A1 (en) * 1993-11-12 1995-05-18 Hoechst Ag Stabilized oligonucleotides and their use
US5595756A (en) * 1993-12-22 1997-01-21 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Liposomal compositions for enhanced retention of bioactive agents
EP0736093B1 (en) 1993-12-23 2003-03-19 BIOGNOSTIK GESELLSCHAFT FÜR BIOMOLEKULARE DIAGNOSTIK mbH ANTISENSE NUCLEIC ACIDS FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISORDERS IN WHICH EXPRESSION OF c-erbB-2 PLAYS A ROLL
US5712384A (en) 1994-01-05 1998-01-27 Gene Shears Pty Ltd. Ribozymes targeting retroviral packaging sequence expression constructs and recombinant retroviruses containing such constructs
US5728518A (en) * 1994-01-12 1998-03-17 The Immune Response Corporation Antiviral poly-and oligonucleotides
US5646126A (en) 1994-02-28 1997-07-08 Epoch Pharmaceuticals Sterol modified oligonucleotide duplexes having anticancer activity
EP0804249A2 (en) 1994-03-15 1997-11-05 Brown University Research Foundation Polymeric gene delivery system
US5596091A (en) * 1994-03-18 1997-01-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Antisense oligonucleotides comprising 5-aminoalkyl pyrimidine nucleotides
US5451569A (en) 1994-04-19 1995-09-19 Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology R & D Corporation Limited Pulmonary drug delivery system
US5696248A (en) 1994-06-15 1997-12-09 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft 3'-modified oligonucleotide derivatives
US5741516A (en) 1994-06-20 1998-04-21 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Sphingosomes for enhanced drug delivery
US5543152A (en) 1994-06-20 1996-08-06 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Sphingosomes for enhanced drug delivery
JPH10502820A (en) 1994-07-18 1998-03-17 ユニバーシティ・オブ・ノース・カロライナ・アット・チャペル・ヒル Oligonucleoside compounds and methods for inhibiting tumor growth, invasion and metastasis
US5646262A (en) * 1994-07-28 1997-07-08 Georgetown University Antisense oligonucleotides against hepatitis B viral replication
EP1179340A3 (en) * 1994-09-30 2003-05-07 INEX Pharmaceutical Corp. Compositions for the introduction of polyanionic materials into cells
WO1996010585A1 (en) * 1994-09-30 1996-04-11 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. Glycosylated protein-liposome conjugates and methods for their preparation
US5753613A (en) * 1994-09-30 1998-05-19 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Compositions for the introduction of polyanionic materials into cells
WO1996012008A1 (en) 1994-10-13 1996-04-25 Merck & Co., Inc. Synthesis of methylase-resistant genes
US6630455B1 (en) 1995-01-13 2003-10-07 Vanderbilt University Methods for inducing mucosal immune responses
US5795587A (en) * 1995-01-23 1998-08-18 University Of Pittsburgh Stable lipid-comprising drug delivery complexes and methods for their production
US6008202A (en) * 1995-01-23 1999-12-28 University Of Pittsburgh Stable lipid-comprising drug delivery complexes and methods for their production
DE19502912A1 (en) 1995-01-31 1996-08-01 Hoechst Ag G-Cap Stabilized Oligonucleotides
PL321711A1 (en) 1995-02-09 1997-12-22 Icn Pharmaceuticals Methods of and compositions for controlling the cd28 expression
US5932556A (en) 1995-09-17 1999-08-03 Tam; Robert C Methods and compositions for regulation of CD28 expression
GB9505438D0 (en) 1995-03-17 1995-05-03 Sod Conseils Rech Applic Antisense oligonucleotides
US5703057A (en) 1995-04-07 1997-12-30 Board Of Regents The University Of Texas System Expression library immunization
US6096721A (en) * 1995-04-13 2000-08-01 Milkhaus Laboratory, Inc. Method for treating mucositis by sublingual administration of DNA
UA56132C2 (en) 1995-04-25 2003-05-15 Смітклайн Бічем Байолоджікалс С.А. Vaccine composition (variants), method for stabilizing qs21 providing resistance against hydrolysis (variants), method for manufacturing vaccine
US5858987A (en) * 1995-05-05 1999-01-12 Mitotix, Inc. E6AP antisense constructs and methods of use
RU2205874C2 (en) 1995-05-11 2003-06-10 Апплайд Резеч Системз Арс Холдинг Н.В. Nucleotide sequence able to inhibit il-6 activity, plasmid vector for transfection into mammalian cells, nucleotide sequence used in therapy, pharmaceutical composition (variants)
US5955059A (en) * 1995-06-06 1999-09-21 Trustees Of Boston University Use of locally applied DNA fragments
EP0832271B8 (en) 1995-06-07 2005-03-02 INEX Pharmaceuticals Corp. Lipid-nucleic acid particles prepared via a hydrophobic lipid-nucleic acid complex intermediate and use for gene transfer
US5705385A (en) * 1995-06-07 1998-01-06 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Lipid-nucleic acid particles prepared via a hydrophobic lipid-nucleic acid complex intermediate and use for gene transfer
US5981501A (en) 1995-06-07 1999-11-09 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. Methods for encapsulating plasmids in lipid bilayers
US7034007B1 (en) * 1995-06-07 2006-04-25 East Carolina University Low adenosine anti-sense oligonucleotide, compositions, kit & method for treatment of airway disorders associated with bronchoconstriction, lung inflammation, allergy(ies) & surfactant depletion
US5830878A (en) 1995-06-07 1998-11-03 Megabios Corporation Cationic lipid: DNA complexes for gene targeting
US5994315A (en) 1995-06-07 1999-11-30 East Carolina University Low adenosine agent, composition, kit and method for treatment of airway disease
CA2225460A1 (en) 1995-06-23 1997-01-09 Winston Campbell Patterson Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptors
US5985662A (en) 1995-07-13 1999-11-16 Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Antisense inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication
US6248720B1 (en) * 1996-07-03 2001-06-19 Brown University Research Foundation Method for gene therapy using nucleic acid loaded polymeric microparticles
AU714584B2 (en) 1995-07-21 2000-01-06 Brown University Research Foundation A method for gene therapy using nucleic acid loaded polymeric microparticles
US5968909A (en) 1995-08-04 1999-10-19 Hybridon, Inc. Method of modulating gene expression with reduced immunostimulatory response
US6667293B1 (en) * 1995-09-12 2003-12-23 Hybridon, Inc. Use of cyclodextrins to modulate gene expression with reduced immunostimulatory response
NZ321039A (en) 1995-10-04 2001-03-30 Immunex Corp Use of flt3-ligand to augment immunizing effects of known cytokines by stimulating myeloid precursor cells, monocytic cells, macrophages, B-cells and dendritic cells from CD34+ bone marrow progenitors
US5736152A (en) * 1995-10-27 1998-04-07 Atrix Laboratories, Inc. Non-polymeric sustained release delivery system
DE69739515D1 (en) 1996-01-30 2009-09-10 Univ California EXPRESSION VECTORS INDUCING AN ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE AND METHODS FOR THEIR USE.
US5994316A (en) 1996-02-21 1999-11-30 The Immune Response Corporation Method of preparing polynucleotide-carrier complexes for delivery to cells
SE9600647D0 (en) 1996-02-21 1996-02-21 Bror Morein New use
SE9600648D0 (en) * 1996-02-21 1996-02-21 Bror Morein Receptor binding unit
US5843770A (en) 1996-03-11 1998-12-01 The Immune Response Corporation Antisense constructs directed against viral post-transcriptional regulatory sequences
US6620805B1 (en) 1996-03-14 2003-09-16 Yale University Delivery of nucleic acids by porphyrins
US6030955A (en) * 1996-03-21 2000-02-29 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York And Imclone Systems, Inc. Methods of affecting intracellular phosphorylation of tyrosine using phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, and antiangiogenic and antiproliferative uses thereof
US6121247A (en) 1996-03-29 2000-09-19 The Johns Hopkins University Therapy for allergic diseases
US6184037B1 (en) 1996-05-17 2001-02-06 Genemedicine, Inc. Chitosan related compositions and methods for delivery of nucleic acids and oligonucleotides into a cell
KR20000022445A (en) 1996-07-10 2000-04-25 크리스토퍼 엘. 와이트, 스코트 지. 홀퀴스트, 스티븐 엘. 말라스카 Method of activating dendritic cells
ATE340259T1 (en) 1996-07-16 2006-10-15 Archibald James Mixson CATIONIC VEHICLE: DNA COMPLEXES AND THEIR USE IN GENE THERAPY
US5854418A (en) 1996-07-25 1998-12-29 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) viral macrophage inflammatory protein-1α II (vMIP-1α II) and uses thereof
US5856462A (en) * 1996-09-10 1999-01-05 Hybridon Incorporated Oligonucleotides having modified CpG dinucleosides
DE19637223A1 (en) * 1996-09-13 1998-04-09 Beiersdorf Ag Removable, self-adhesive device
US6562345B1 (en) * 1996-11-12 2003-05-13 City Of Hope Immuno-reactive peptide CTL epitopes of human cytomegalovirus
US20060002959A1 (en) * 1996-11-14 2006-01-05 Government Of The United States Skin-sctive adjuvants for transcutaneous immuization
US20060002949A1 (en) * 1996-11-14 2006-01-05 Army Govt. Of The Usa, As Rep. By Secretary Of The Office Of The Command Judge Advocate, Hq Usamrmc. Transcutaneous immunization without heterologous adjuvant
US6797276B1 (en) * 1996-11-14 2004-09-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Use of penetration enhancers and barrier disruption agents to enhance the transcutaneous immune response
SE9604296D0 (en) 1996-11-22 1996-11-22 Astra Ab New pharmaceutical formulation of polypeptides
CA2278031A1 (en) 1996-12-27 1998-07-09 Robert Tam G-rich oligo aptamers and methods of modulating an immune response
FR2757876B1 (en) 1996-12-27 1999-04-09 Biovector Therapeutics Sa CONJUGATES OF A PARTICULATE VECTOR AND OLIGONUCLEOTIDES, THEIR PREPARATION METHOD AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM
US20030064945A1 (en) * 1997-01-31 2003-04-03 Saghir Akhtar Enzymatic nucleic acid treatment of diseases or conditions related to levels of epidermal growth factor receptors
GB9702021D0 (en) 1997-01-31 1997-03-19 Imperial College Medicaments
US7517952B1 (en) * 1997-02-25 2009-04-14 Corixa Corporation Compositions and methods for the therapy and diagnosis of prostate cancer
AU753688B2 (en) * 1997-03-10 2002-10-24 Ottawa Civic Loeb Research Institute Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US5965542A (en) 1997-03-18 1999-10-12 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. Use of temperature to control the size of cationic liposome/plasmid DNA complexes
US6426334B1 (en) 1997-04-30 2002-07-30 Hybridon, Inc. Oligonucleotide mediated specific cytokine induction and reduction of tumor growth in a mammal
JP4656675B2 (en) * 1997-05-14 2011-03-23 ユニバーシティー オブ ブリティッシュ コロンビア High rate encapsulation of charged therapeutic agents in lipid vesicles
US6835395B1 (en) 1997-05-14 2004-12-28 The University Of British Columbia Composition containing small multilamellar oligodeoxynucleotide-containing lipid vesicles
US20030104044A1 (en) * 1997-05-14 2003-06-05 Semple Sean C. Compositions for stimulating cytokine secretion and inducing an immune response
AU7589398A (en) 1997-05-19 1998-12-11 Merck & Co., Inc. Oligonucleotide adjuvant
US6110745A (en) 1997-07-24 2000-08-29 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. Preparation of lipid-nucleic acid particles using a solvent extraction and direct hydration method
US5877309A (en) * 1997-08-13 1999-03-02 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense oligonucleotides against JNK
JP2001514884A (en) 1997-08-19 2001-09-18 ハイブリドン・インク Novel HIV-specific synthetic oligonucleotides and methods of using the same
US6749856B1 (en) 1997-09-11 2004-06-15 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Mucosal cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses
NZ504894A (en) * 1997-12-02 2002-12-20 Powderject Vaccines Inc Crystalline vaccine and adjuvant compositions jointly and separately administered to animals using a transdermal or transmucosally delivery technique
WO1999030686A1 (en) 1997-12-12 1999-06-24 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. Cationic drugs encapsulated in anionic liposomes
US7393630B2 (en) * 1997-12-16 2008-07-01 Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics, Inc. Use of microparticles combined with submicron oil-in-water emulsions
DE69834133D1 (en) 1997-12-23 2006-05-18 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp NYLON Oligomers
US20050031638A1 (en) * 1997-12-24 2005-02-10 Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. Vaccine
GB9727262D0 (en) 1997-12-24 1998-02-25 Smithkline Beecham Biolog Vaccine
JPH11209289A (en) * 1998-01-22 1999-08-03 Taisho Pharmaceut Co Ltd Mucosal immunity inducer
ES2289200T3 (en) 1998-02-25 2008-02-01 The Government Of The United States, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army USE OF IMPROVERS FOR SKIN PENETRATION AND BARRIER ALTERATION AGENTS TO IMPROVE THE TRANSCUTANEOUS IMMUNE RESPONSE.
DE69918811T2 (en) * 1998-03-12 2005-07-21 Lucite International Uk Ltd., Southampton POLYMER COMPOSITION
JP2002511423A (en) 1998-04-09 2002-04-16 スミスクライン ビーチャム バイオロジカルズ ソシエテ アノニム vaccine
EP1100834B1 (en) 1998-04-28 2006-06-28 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. Polyanionic polymers which enhance fusogenicity
JP2002513763A (en) 1998-05-06 2002-05-14 ユニバーシティ オブ アイオワ リサーチ ファウンデーション Methods for preventing and treating parasitic infections and related diseases using CPG oligonucleotides
IL139813A0 (en) 1998-05-22 2002-02-10 Loeb Health Res Inst At The Ot Methods and products for inducing mucosal immunity
US6881561B1 (en) 1998-05-27 2005-04-19 Cheil Jedang Corporation Endonuclease of immune cell, process for producing the same and immune adjuvant using the same
US6248329B1 (en) * 1998-06-01 2001-06-19 Ramaswamy Chandrashekar Parasitic helminth cuticlin nucleic acid molecules and uses thereof
US6562798B1 (en) 1998-06-05 2003-05-13 Dynavax Technologies Corp. Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides with modified bases and methods of use thereof
CA2334960C (en) 1998-06-10 2012-01-03 Biognostik Gesellschaft Fur Biomolekulare Diagnostik Mbh Combination of tgf-.beta. inhibition and immune stimulation to treat hyperproliferative diseases
CA2333750A1 (en) * 1998-06-23 1999-12-29 Dale T. Umetsu Adjuvant therapy
US20040247662A1 (en) 1998-06-25 2004-12-09 Dow Steven W. Systemic immune activation method using nucleic acid-lipid complexes
US6693086B1 (en) * 1998-06-25 2004-02-17 National Jewish Medical And Research Center Systemic immune activation method using nucleic acid-lipid complexes
US20030022854A1 (en) 1998-06-25 2003-01-30 Dow Steven W. Vaccines using nucleic acid-lipid complexes
CA2335393C (en) 1998-07-20 2008-09-23 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Liposomal encapsulated nucleic acid-complexes
JP2002521489A (en) 1998-07-27 2002-07-16 ユニバーシティ オブ アイオワ リサーチ ファウンデーション Stereoisomers of CpG oligonucleotides and related methods
GB9817052D0 (en) 1998-08-05 1998-09-30 Smithkline Beecham Biolog Vaccine
EP0979869A1 (en) 1998-08-07 2000-02-16 Hoechst Marion Roussel Deutschland GmbH Short oligonucleotides for the inhibition of VEGF expression
US20010034330A1 (en) 1998-08-10 2001-10-25 Charlotte Kensil Innate immunity-stimulating compositions of CpG and saponin and methods thereof
WO2000009159A1 (en) 1998-08-10 2000-02-24 Aquila Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. Compositions of cpg and saponin adjuvants and methods thereof
AU5674699A (en) * 1998-08-20 2000-03-14 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Genes for plant fatty acid modifying enzymes associated with conjugated double bond formation
EP1108017A2 (en) 1998-09-03 2001-06-20 Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH G-motif oligonucleotides and uses thereof
US20020065236A1 (en) * 1998-09-09 2002-05-30 Yew Nelson S. CpG reduced plasmids and viral vectors
FR2783170B1 (en) 1998-09-11 2004-07-16 Pasteur Merieux Serums Vacc IMMUNOSTIMULATING EMULSION
EP1671646A3 (en) 1998-09-18 2007-08-29 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Methods of treating IgE-associated disorders and compositions for use therein
CA2346452A1 (en) 1998-10-05 2000-04-13 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and adjuvants for stimulating mucosal immunity
EP1117433A1 (en) 1998-10-09 2001-07-25 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Anti hiv compositions comprising immunostimulatory polynucleotides and hiv antigens
CA2773698C (en) 1998-10-16 2015-05-19 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Adjuvant systems comprising an immunostimulant adsorbed to a metallic salt particle and vaccines thereof
AUPP807399A0 (en) 1999-01-08 1999-02-04 Csl Limited Improved immunogenic lhrh composition and methods relating thereto
US6887464B1 (en) * 1999-02-02 2005-05-03 Biocache Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Advanced antigen presentation platform
AU2977500A (en) 1999-02-02 2000-08-25 Biocache Pharmaceuticals, Llc Advanced antigen presentation platform
AU2870300A (en) 1999-02-05 2000-08-25 Genzyme Corporation Use of cationic lipids to generate anti-tumor immunity
US6207819B1 (en) 1999-02-12 2001-03-27 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds, processes and intermediates for synthesis of mixed backbone oligomeric compounds
WO2000054803A2 (en) * 1999-03-16 2000-09-21 Panacea Pharmaceuticals, Llc Immunostimulatory nucleic acids and antigens
FR2790955B1 (en) 1999-03-19 2003-01-17 Assist Publ Hopitaux De Paris USE OF STABILIZED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AS ANTI-TUMOR ACTIVE INGREDIENT
HU228499B1 (en) 1999-03-19 2013-03-28 Smithkline Beecham Biolog Streptococcus vaccine
US6625426B2 (en) * 1999-03-22 2003-09-23 Ronald Baratono Combined rear view mirror and telephone
US6977245B2 (en) * 1999-04-12 2005-12-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Oligodeoxynucleotide and its use to induce an immune response
EP1176966B1 (en) 1999-04-12 2013-04-03 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, as represented by THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Oligodeoxynucleotide and its use to induce an immune response
AU4642600A (en) 1999-04-15 2000-11-02 Regents Of The University Of California, The Methods and compositions for use in potentiating antigen presentation by antigenpresenting cells
US6558670B1 (en) * 1999-04-19 2003-05-06 Smithkline Beechman Biologicals S.A. Vaccine adjuvants
PT1187629E (en) 1999-04-19 2005-02-28 Glaxosmithkline Biolog Sa ADJUVANT COMPOSITION THAT UNDERSTANDS SAPONIN AND AN IMMUNOSTIMULATOR OLIGONUCLEOTIDE
AU4978100A (en) 1999-04-29 2000-11-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Screening for immunostimulatory dna functional modifyers
WO2000067787A2 (en) 1999-05-06 2000-11-16 The Immune Response Corporation Hiv immunogenic compositions and methods
US6737066B1 (en) * 1999-05-06 2004-05-18 The Immune Response Corporation HIV immunogenic compositions and methods
CA2376634A1 (en) 1999-06-08 2000-12-14 Aventis Pasteur Immunostimulant oligonucleotide
WO2000076982A1 (en) 1999-06-16 2000-12-21 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Antagonism of immunostimulatory cpg-oligonucleotides by 4-aminoquinolines and other weak bases
US20050002958A1 (en) * 1999-06-29 2005-01-06 Smithkline Beecham Biologicals Sa Vaccines
ES2250151T3 (en) 1999-06-29 2006-04-16 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. USE OF CPG AS A VACCINE ASSISTANT AGAINST HIV.
GB9915204D0 (en) 1999-06-29 1999-09-01 Smithkline Beecham Biolog Vaccine
FR2795963A1 (en) * 1999-07-08 2001-01-12 Pasteur Merieux Serums Vacc New polynucleotides are useful as vaccines for humans
DE19935756A1 (en) * 1999-07-27 2001-02-08 Mologen Forschungs Entwicklung Covalently closed nucleic acid molecule for immune stimulation
AU783745B2 (en) 1999-08-13 2005-12-01 Hybridon, Inc. Modulation of oligonucleotide CpG-mediated immune stimulation by positional modification of nucleosides
CA2380947C (en) 1999-08-19 2011-11-01 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Methods of modulating an immune response using immunostimulatory sequences and compositions for use therein
US20050249794A1 (en) 1999-08-27 2005-11-10 Semple Sean C Compositions for stimulating cytokine secretion and inducing an immune response
US6395678B1 (en) * 1999-09-01 2002-05-28 Aero-Terra-Aqua Technologies Corporation Bead and process for removing dissolved metal contaminants
GB9921146D0 (en) 1999-09-07 1999-11-10 Smithkline Beecham Biolog Novel composition
GB9921147D0 (en) 1999-09-07 1999-11-10 Smithkline Beecham Biolog Novel composition
EP1220684B2 (en) * 1999-09-27 2010-07-14 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Methods related to immunostimulatory nucleic acid-induced interferon
US6949520B1 (en) 1999-09-27 2005-09-27 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Methods related to immunostimulatory nucleic acid-induced interferon
US6562346B1 (en) * 1999-10-27 2003-05-13 Chiron Corporation Activation of HCV-specific T cells
US7223398B1 (en) 1999-11-15 2007-05-29 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunomodulatory compositions containing an immunostimulatory sequence linked to antigen and methods of use thereof
AU772617B2 (en) 1999-11-19 2004-05-06 Csl Limited Vaccine compositions
WO2001039800A2 (en) * 1999-12-06 2001-06-07 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Arkansas Controlled delivery of antigens
AU2593701A (en) 1999-12-21 2001-07-03 Regents Of The University Of California, The Method for preventing an anaphylactic reaction
JP2003527352A (en) 2000-01-13 2003-09-16 アンティジェニクス インコーポレーテッド Innate immune stimulating compounds of CPG and saponin and methods thereof
ATE378348T1 (en) * 2000-01-14 2007-11-15 Us Health OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES AND THEIR USE FOR INDUCING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
CA2396871A1 (en) * 2000-01-20 2001-12-20 Ottawa Health Research Institute Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for inducing a th2 immune response
US6852705B2 (en) 2000-01-21 2005-02-08 Merial DNA vaccines for farm animals, in particular bovines and porcines
US6815429B2 (en) 2000-01-26 2004-11-09 Hybridon, Inc. Modulation of oligonucleotide CpG-mediated immune stimulation by positional modification of nucleosides
AT409085B (en) 2000-01-28 2002-05-27 Cistem Biotechnologies Gmbh PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR IMMUNULATING AND PRODUCING VACCINES
NZ520327A (en) 2000-01-31 2004-06-25 Smithkline Beecham Biolog S Use of human immunodeficiency virus proteins in vaccines
US6552006B2 (en) * 2000-01-31 2003-04-22 The Regents Of The University Of California Immunomodulatory polynucleotides in treatment of an infection by an intracellular pathogen
FR2805265B1 (en) 2000-02-18 2002-04-12 Aventis Pasteur IMMUNOSTIMULATING OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
US20030130217A1 (en) * 2000-02-23 2003-07-10 Eyal Raz Method for treating inflammatory bowel disease and other forms of gastrointestinal inflammation
US6613751B2 (en) 2000-02-23 2003-09-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Method for treating inflammatory bowel disease and other forms of gastrointestinal inflammation
WO2001062275A1 (en) 2000-02-24 2001-08-30 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Adjuvant treatment by in vivo activation of dendritic cells
US20020156033A1 (en) 2000-03-03 2002-10-24 Bratzler Robert L. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids and cancer medicament combination therapy for the treatment of cancer
US20020107212A1 (en) 2000-03-10 2002-08-08 Nest Gary Van Methods of reducing papillomavirus infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences
US20030129251A1 (en) * 2000-03-10 2003-07-10 Gary Van Nest Biodegradable immunomodulatory formulations and methods for use thereof
US7157437B2 (en) * 2000-03-10 2007-01-02 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Methods of ameliorating symptoms of herpes infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences
US20020098199A1 (en) 2000-03-10 2002-07-25 Gary Van Nest Methods of suppressing hepatitis virus infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences
US20010046967A1 (en) * 2000-03-10 2001-11-29 Gary Van Nest Methods of preventing and treating respiratory viral infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide
US6851845B2 (en) * 2000-03-10 2005-02-08 The Maitland Company, Inc. Method and apparatus for processing waste material
US7129222B2 (en) * 2000-03-10 2006-10-31 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunomodulatory formulations and methods for use thereof
US20020028784A1 (en) * 2000-03-10 2002-03-07 Nest Gary Van Methods of preventing and treating viral infections using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences
AU2001249609A1 (en) 2000-03-28 2001-10-08 Department Of Veterans Affairs Methods for increasing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in vivo
US8246945B2 (en) * 2000-04-06 2012-08-21 University Of Arkansas Methods and reagents for decreasing clinical reaction to allergy
EP1278550A4 (en) 2000-04-07 2004-05-12 Univ California Synergistic improvements to polynucleotide vaccines
US7524826B2 (en) 2000-04-14 2009-04-28 Mcmaster University And Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation Method of inhibiting the generation of active thrombin on the surface of a cell within an atherosclerotic plaque
US6321873B1 (en) * 2000-04-21 2001-11-27 Tra-Lor-Mate, Inc. Ladder mounting system
AU5736601A (en) 2000-05-01 2001-11-12 Hybridon Inc Modulation of oligonucleotide cpg-mediated immune stimulation by positional modification of nucleosides
WO2001085910A2 (en) * 2000-05-05 2001-11-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Agents that modulate dna-pk activity and methods of use thereof
US20020013287A1 (en) 2000-05-09 2002-01-31 Reliable Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. St Louis Missouri Polymeric compounds useful as prodrugs
DK1280521T3 (en) * 2000-05-12 2005-08-08 Pharmacia & Upjohn Co Llc Vaccine composition, method of preparation thereof and method of vaccination of vertebrates
US6339630B1 (en) * 2000-05-18 2002-01-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Sealed drive screw operator
GB0011903D0 (en) * 2000-05-18 2000-07-05 Astrazeneca Ab Combination chemotherapy
EP1292331A2 (en) 2000-06-07 2003-03-19 Biosynexus Incorporated Immunostimulatory rna/dna hybrid molecules
US20020165178A1 (en) * 2000-06-28 2002-11-07 Christian Schetter Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia
MXPA03000822A (en) 2000-07-27 2004-11-01 Childrens Hosp & Res Ct Oak Vaccines for broad spectrum protection against diseases caused by neisseria meningitidis.
WO2002009748A1 (en) 2000-07-31 2002-02-07 Yale University Innate immune system-directed vaccines
US20020198165A1 (en) * 2000-08-01 2002-12-26 Bratzler Robert L. Nucleic acids for the prevention and treatment of gastric ulcers
WO2002018631A2 (en) * 2000-09-01 2002-03-07 Epigenomics Ag Diagnosis of illnesses or predisposition to certain illnesses
CA2420840A1 (en) 2000-09-01 2003-02-27 Epigenomics Ag Method for determining the degree of methylation of defined cytosines in genomic dna in the sequence context 5'-cpg-3'
EP1366077B1 (en) * 2000-09-15 2011-05-25 Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH PROCESS FOR HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING OF CpG-BASED IMMUNO-AGONIST/ANTAGONIST
GB0023008D0 (en) 2000-09-20 2000-11-01 Glaxo Group Ltd Improvements in vaccination
US6787524B2 (en) * 2000-09-22 2004-09-07 Tanox, Inc. CpG oligonucleotides and related compounds for enhancing ADCC induced by anti-IgE antibodies
ES2298269T3 (en) 2000-09-26 2008-05-16 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. MODULATION OF THE IMMUNO-STIMULATING ACTIVITY OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDIC ANALOGS IMMUNO-STIMULANTS THROUGH POSITIONAL CHEMICAL CHANGES.
SE0003538D0 (en) * 2000-09-29 2000-09-29 Isconova Ab New immunogenic complex
US7537772B1 (en) * 2000-10-02 2009-05-26 Emergent Product Development Gaithersburg Inc. Chlamydia protein, gene sequence and the uses thereof
FR2814958B1 (en) * 2000-10-06 2003-03-07 Aventis Pasteur VACCINE COMPOSITION
PT2266603E (en) * 2000-10-18 2012-11-02 Glaxosmithkline Biolog Sa Tumour vaccines
GB0025577D0 (en) * 2000-10-18 2000-12-06 Smithkline Beecham Biolog Vaccine
EP1330520A2 (en) 2000-11-02 2003-07-30 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. Therapeutic oligonucleotides of reduced toxicity
AU3249802A (en) * 2000-12-08 2002-06-18 3M Innovative Properties Co Screening method for identifying compounds that selectively induce interferon alpha
DE60134421D1 (en) * 2000-12-08 2008-07-24 Coley Pharmaceuticals Gmbh CPG-ART NUCLEIC ACIDS AND METHOD FOR THEIR USE
CA2430691A1 (en) * 2000-12-27 2002-07-04 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunomodulatory polynucleotides and methods of using the same
US7337306B2 (en) * 2000-12-29 2008-02-26 Stmicroelectronics, Inc. Executing conditional branch instructions in a data processor having a clustered architecture
US7713942B2 (en) 2001-04-04 2010-05-11 Nordic Vaccine Technology A/S Cage-like microparticle complexes comprising sterols and saponins for delivery of polynucleotides
US7176296B2 (en) 2001-04-30 2007-02-13 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of oligonucleotide CpG-mediated immune stimulation by positional modification of nucleosides
US7105495B2 (en) 2001-04-30 2006-09-12 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of oligonucleotide CpG-mediated immune stimulation by positional modification of nucleosides
US20030129605A1 (en) 2001-05-04 2003-07-10 Dong Yu Immunostimulatory activity of CpG oligonucleotides containing non-ionic methylphosophonate linkages
EP1528937B1 (en) * 2001-06-05 2016-08-10 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Nanoemulsion vaccines
US20040191214A1 (en) 2001-06-15 2004-09-30 Johnson Lau Nucleoside vaccine adjuvants
US20040132677A1 (en) 2001-06-21 2004-07-08 Fearon Karen L. Chimeric immunomodulatory compounds and methods of using the same-IV
CN100334228C (en) 2001-06-21 2007-08-29 戴纳瓦克斯技术公司 Cimeric immunomodulatory compounds and methods of using the same
US7785610B2 (en) 2001-06-21 2010-08-31 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Chimeric immunomodulatory compounds and methods of using the same—III
WO2003000232A2 (en) 2001-06-25 2003-01-03 Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem Method for preparation of vesicles loaded with immunostimulator y oligodeoxynucleotides
US20030003970A1 (en) 2001-06-28 2003-01-02 Alan Johnson Portable communications device
NZ530632A (en) 2001-06-29 2007-04-27 Chiron Corp HCV E1E2 vaccine compositions comprising E1E2 antigens, submicron oil-in-water emulsions and/or CpG oligonucleotides
US6982033B2 (en) * 2001-07-13 2006-01-03 Donald Hubbard H Aerobic treatment plant with filter pipe
US7666674B2 (en) 2001-07-27 2010-02-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Use of sterically stabilized cationic liposomes to efficiently deliver CPG oligonucleotides in vivo
WO2003040308A2 (en) 2001-07-27 2003-05-15 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Use of sterically stabilized cationic liposomes to efficiently deliver cpg oligonucleotides in vivo
WO2003012061A2 (en) * 2001-08-01 2003-02-13 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods and compositions relating to plasmacytoid dendritic cells
US20030133988A1 (en) * 2001-08-07 2003-07-17 Fearon Karen L. Immunomodulatory compositions, formulations, and methods for use thereof
AU2001281267B2 (en) 2001-08-10 2008-05-15 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunomodulatory oligonnucleotide formulations and methods for use thereof
US7354909B2 (en) * 2001-08-14 2008-04-08 The United States Of America As Represented By Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Method for rapid generation of mature dendritic cells
IL160157A0 (en) * 2001-08-17 2004-07-25 Coley Pharm Group Inc Combination motif immune stimulation oligonucleotides with improved activity
WO2003020889A2 (en) 2001-08-30 2003-03-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Methods of maturing plasmacytoid dendritic cells using immune response modifier molecules
WO2003027313A2 (en) * 2001-09-24 2003-04-03 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services SUPPRESSORS OF CpG OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND METHODS OF USE
US20030119774A1 (en) 2001-09-25 2003-06-26 Marianna Foldvari Compositions and methods for stimulating an immune response
JP2005523878A (en) 2001-09-28 2005-08-11 パーデュー・リサーチ・ファウンデーション Treatment method using ligand / immunogen complex
IL160837A0 (en) * 2001-10-05 2004-08-31 Coley Pharm Gmbh Toll-like receptor 3 signaling agonists and antagonists
EP1455593B1 (en) 2001-10-06 2013-07-24 Merial Limited Methods and compositions for promoting growth and innate immunity in young animals
KR20050048539A (en) 2001-10-06 2005-05-24 메리얼엘엘씨 CpG formulations and related methods
WO2003035836A2 (en) 2001-10-24 2003-05-01 Hybridon Inc. Modulation of immunostimulatory properties of oligonucleotide-based compounds by optimal presentation of 5' ends
US7276489B2 (en) 2002-10-24 2007-10-02 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of immunostimulatory properties of oligonucleotide-based compounds by optimal presentation of 5′ ends
EP1441763A2 (en) 2001-11-07 2004-08-04 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. Mucosal adjuvants comprising an oligonucleotide and a cationic lipid
US20040014779A1 (en) 2001-11-16 2004-01-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Methods and compositions related to IRM compounds and toll-like recptor pathways
TW200303759A (en) 2001-11-27 2003-09-16 Schering Corp Methods for treating cancer
US7541040B2 (en) * 2001-12-04 2009-06-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Serivces Chimeric molecule for the treatment of th2-like cytokine mediated disorders
DE10161755B4 (en) * 2001-12-15 2005-12-15 Infineon Technologies Ag Contact pin for testing microelectronic components with spherical contacts
WO2003054161A2 (en) * 2001-12-20 2003-07-03 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services USE OF CpG OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES TO INDUCE ANGIOGENESIS
US8466116B2 (en) * 2001-12-20 2013-06-18 The Unites States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Use of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to induce epithelial cell growth
CA2471092A1 (en) 2001-12-21 2003-07-10 Antigenics Inc. Compositions comprising immunoreactive reagents and saponins, and methods of use thereof
JP2005526497A (en) 2002-02-04 2005-09-08 ビオミラ，インコーポレーテッド Immunostimulatory, covalently lipidated oligonucleotide
US8088388B2 (en) 2002-02-14 2012-01-03 United Biomedical, Inc. Stabilized synthetic immunogen delivery system
US20030232443A1 (en) 2002-06-18 2003-12-18 Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Antisense modulation of centromere protein B expression
ES2734652T3 (en) 2002-04-04 2019-12-11 Zoetis Belgium S A Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides containing G and U
IL164214A0 (en) * 2002-04-11 2005-12-18 Zymogenetics Inc Use of interleukin-24 to treat ovarian cancer
AU2003219383B2 (en) * 2002-04-22 2010-08-26 Bioniche Life Sciences Inc. Oligonucleotide compositions and their use for the modulation of immune responses
US6948271B2 (en) * 2002-05-06 2005-09-27 Innovative Supply, Inc. Identification and tracking system for deceased bodies
US7227097B2 (en) * 2002-05-08 2007-06-05 Btu International, Inc. Plasma generation and processing with multiple radiation sources
US20040009944A1 (en) 2002-05-10 2004-01-15 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Methylated immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and methods of using the same
JP2005530761A (en) 2002-05-10 2005-10-13 イネックス ファーマシューティカルズ コーポレイション Cancer vaccine and method of use thereof
EP1505942B1 (en) 2002-05-10 2008-08-13 Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation Pathogen vaccines and methods for using the same
CA2487452A1 (en) 2002-05-28 2003-12-04 Robinson Ramirez-Pineda A method for generating antigen-presenting cells
CA2388049A1 (en) 2002-05-30 2003-11-30 Immunotech S.A. Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and uses thereof
US7807803B2 (en) * 2002-07-03 2010-10-05 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
AU2003267986A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-01-23 Depuy Mitek, Inc. Vaccines to induce mucosal immunity
US7605138B2 (en) 2002-07-03 2009-10-20 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
WO2004007743A2 (en) 2002-07-17 2004-01-22 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Use of cpg nucleic acids in prion-disease
CN1468957A (en) 2002-07-19 2004-01-21 中国人民解放军第二军医大学 Plasmid used as human therapeutic vaccine adjuvant
US20050209183A1 (en) 2002-07-25 2005-09-22 Phenion Gmbh & Co. Kg Cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparations comprising nucleic acids based on non-methylated CPG motifs
EP1393745A1 (en) 2002-07-29 2004-03-03 Hybridon, Inc. Modulation of immunostimulatory properties of oligonucleotide-based compounds by optimal presentation of 5'ends
EP1575504A4 (en) 2002-08-01 2009-11-04 Us Gov Health & Human Serv Method of treating inflammatory arthropathies with suppressors of cpg oligonucleotides
CN100471486C (en) 2002-08-12 2009-03-25 戴纳伐克斯技术股份有限公司 Immunomodulatory compositions, methods of making, and methods of use thereof
US6928476B2 (en) * 2002-08-23 2005-08-09 Mirra, Inc. Peer to peer remote data storage and collaboration
US6744084B2 (en) * 2002-08-29 2004-06-01 Micro Technology, Inc. Two-transistor pixel with buried reset channel and method of formation
WO2004024095A2 (en) * 2002-09-13 2004-03-25 Idenix (Cayman) Limited ß-L-2'-DEOXYNUCLEOSIDES FOR THE TREATMENT OF RESISTANT HBV STRAINS AND COMBINATION THERAPIES
US8263091B2 (en) * 2002-09-18 2012-09-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Method of treating and preventing infections in immunocompromised subjects with immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides
US6994870B2 (en) * 2002-09-18 2006-02-07 Jaw-Ji Tsai Local nasal immunotherapy with allergen strip for allergic rhinitis
AU2003278845A1 (en) 2002-09-19 2004-04-08 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9) from various mammalian species
US6988995B2 (en) * 2002-09-30 2006-01-24 Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc. Method and system for detecting the effects of Alzheimer's disease in the human retina
US8043622B2 (en) * 2002-10-08 2011-10-25 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Method of treating inflammatory lung disease with suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides
WO2004098491A2 (en) * 2002-11-01 2004-11-18 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services METHOD OF PREVENTING INFECTIONS FROM BIOTERRORISM AGENTS WITH IMMUNOSTIMULATORY CpG OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
US20040248837A1 (en) 2002-11-01 2004-12-09 Eyal Raz Methods of treating pulmonary fibrotic disorders
WO2004053104A2 (en) * 2002-12-11 2004-06-24 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. 5’ cpg nucleic acids and methods of use
KR100525321B1 (en) 2002-12-13 2005-11-02 안웅식 Pharmaceutical composition for prophylaxis and treatment of papillomavirus-derived diseases comprising papillomavirus antigen protein and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide
EP1625140A4 (en) 2002-12-23 2008-06-18 Dynavax Tech Corp Branched immunomodulatory compounds and methods of using the same
DK1575977T3 (en) 2002-12-23 2009-11-09 Dynavax Tech Corp Immunostimulatory sequence oligonucleotides and methods for using them
WO2004064782A2 (en) 2003-01-16 2004-08-05 Hybridon, Inc. Modulation of immunostimulatory properties of oligonucleotide-based compounds by utilizing modified immunostimulatory dinucleotides
US7189781B2 (en) * 2003-03-13 2007-03-13 H.B. Fuller Licensing & Finance Inc. Moisture curable, radiation curable sealant composition
CN1764473A (en) 2003-03-24 2006-04-26 英特塞尔股份公司 Use of alum and a Th1 immune response inducing adjuvant for enhancing immune responses
EP1605972A2 (en) 2003-03-26 2005-12-21 Cytos Biotechnology AG Hiv-peptide-carrier-conjugates
WO2004087203A2 (en) 2003-04-02 2004-10-14 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Ltd. Immunostimulatory nucleic acid oil-in-water formulations for topical application
WO2005016235A2 (en) * 2003-04-14 2005-02-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Combined use of impdh inhibitors with toll-like receptor agonists
WO2004094671A2 (en) 2003-04-22 2004-11-04 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods and products for identification and assessment of tlr ligands
JP3887346B2 (en) * 2003-04-28 2007-02-28 株式会社東芝 Video signal processing apparatus, video signal processing method, and video display apparatus
MXPA05012421A (en) 2003-05-16 2006-02-22 Hybridon Inc Synergistic treatment of cancer using immunomers in conjunction with chemotherapeutic agents.
EP1484336A1 (en) * 2003-06-02 2004-12-08 Pevion Biotech Ltd. Methods for synthesizing conformationally constrained peptides, peptidometics and the use thereof as synthetic vaccines
WO2005001055A2 (en) 2003-06-11 2005-01-06 Hybridon, Inc. Stabilized immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
JPWO2004110489A1 (en) * 2003-06-13 2006-07-20 第一アスビオファーマ株式会社 Pharmaceutical composition for prevention or treatment of Th1-type immune disease
PL1635863T3 (en) * 2003-06-17 2011-01-31 Mannkind Corp Compositions to elicit, enhance and sustain immune responses against mhc class i-restricted epitopes, for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes
US20040265833A1 (en) 2003-06-23 2004-12-30 Cathy Lofton-Day Methods and nucleic acids for the analysis of colorectal cell proliferative disorders
KR20060031607A (en) 2003-07-10 2006-04-12 사이토스 바이오테크놀로지 아게 Packaged virus-like particles
CN1822856B (en) 2003-07-11 2010-04-28 英特塞尔股份公司 HCV vaccines
US20050013812A1 (en) * 2003-07-14 2005-01-20 Dow Steven W. Vaccines using pattern recognition receptor-ligand:lipid complexes
WO2005009355A2 (en) 2003-07-15 2005-02-03 Hybridon, Inc. Synergistic stimulation of the immune system using immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and/or immunomer compounds in conjunction with cytokines and/or chemotherapeutic agents or radiation therapy
EP1646427A1 (en) * 2003-07-22 2006-04-19 Cytos Biotechnology AG Cpg-packaged liposomes
CA2535527A1 (en) 2003-08-28 2005-03-10 The Immune Response Corporation Immunogenic hiv compositions and related methods
OA13310A (en) * 2003-09-05 2007-04-13 Anadys Pharmaceuticals Inc TLR7 ligands for the treatment of hepatitis C.
WO2005023289A1 (en) 2003-09-08 2005-03-17 Intellectual Property Consulting Incorporated Medicinal composition for treating chronic hepatitis c
GB0321615D0 (en) * 2003-09-15 2003-10-15 Glaxo Group Ltd Improvements in vaccination
WO2005027920A1 (en) * 2003-09-19 2005-03-31 Pfizer Products Inc. 2-alkylidene-19-nor-vitamin d derivatives for the treatment of rickets or vitamin d deficiency
CA2542099A1 (en) 2003-10-11 2005-04-21 Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation Methods and compositions for enhancing innate immunity and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
US20050087538A1 (en) * 2003-10-23 2005-04-28 Wolfe Darrell R. Iceless multiple can cooler
US20050215501A1 (en) 2003-10-24 2005-09-29 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Methods and products for enhancing epitope spreading
KR101107818B1 (en) 2003-10-30 2012-01-31 콜레이 파마시티컬 그룹, 인코포레이티드 C-class oligonucleotide analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory potency
US20050239733A1 (en) 2003-10-31 2005-10-27 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Sequence requirements for inhibitory oligonucleotides
JP4088246B2 (en) * 2003-12-05 2008-05-21 富士通株式会社 Ring network master setting method and apparatus
CA2549173A1 (en) 2003-12-08 2005-07-07 Hybridon, Inc. Modulation of immunostimulatory properties by small oligonucleotide-based compounds
US9090673B2 (en) 2003-12-12 2015-07-28 City Of Hope Synthetic conjugate of CpG DNA and T-help/CTL peptide
US20070172315A1 (en) * 2003-12-18 2007-07-26 Barrett Robert K Method and Apparatus for Creating Soil or Rock Subsurface Support
EP1550458A1 (en) 2003-12-23 2005-07-06 Vectron Therapeutics AG Synergistic liposomal adjuvants
KR100558851B1 (en) 2004-01-08 2006-03-10 학교법인연세대학교 Modified CpG oligodeoxynucleotide with improved immunoregulatory function
US20080146488A1 (en) * 2004-02-06 2008-06-19 Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research Complexed Polypeptide and Adjuvant for Improved Vaccines
US20050181035A1 (en) 2004-02-17 2005-08-18 Dow Steven W. Systemic immune activation method using non CpG nucleic acids
WO2005097993A2 (en) 2004-02-19 2005-10-20 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory viral rna oligonucleotides
WO2005080567A1 (en) 2004-02-20 2005-09-01 Mologen Ag Substituted, non-coding nucleic acid molecule used for the therapeutic and prophylactic immune stimulation in humans and higher animals
US20050266015A1 (en) 2004-03-12 2005-12-01 Hybridon, Inc. Enhanced activity of HIV vaccine using a second generation immunomodulatory oligonucleotide
US7303881B2 (en) * 2004-04-30 2007-12-04 Pds Biotechnology Corporation Antigen delivery compositions and methods of use
WO2005115449A1 (en) * 2004-05-28 2005-12-08 Alk-Abelló A/S Method of treating allergy and infection by eliciting an iga antibody response
US8399025B2 (en) * 2004-06-04 2013-03-19 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Polyamine modified particles
EP1753453A2 (en) 2004-06-08 2007-02-21 Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH Abasic oligonucleotide as carrier platform for antigen and immunostimulatory agonist and antagonist
US7756043B1 (en) * 2004-06-09 2010-07-13 Sprint Communications Company L.P. Method for identifying high traffic origin-destination node pairs in a packet based network
HUE036894T2 (en) * 2004-06-15 2018-08-28 Idera Pharmaceuticals Inc Immunostimulatory oligonucleotide multimers
US7427405B2 (en) 2004-06-15 2008-09-23 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Immunostimulatory oligonucleotide multimers
EP1766610A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2007-03-28 TC Electronic A/S Method of evaluating perception intensity of an audio signal and a method of controlling an input audio signal on the basis of the evaluation
WO2006080951A2 (en) * 2004-07-01 2006-08-03 Yale University Targeted and high density drug loaded polymeric materials
NZ553244A (en) 2004-07-18 2009-10-30 Csl Ltd Immuno stimulating complex and oligonucleotide formulations for inducing enhanced interferon-gamma responses
WO2006015560A1 (en) 2004-08-09 2006-02-16 Mologen Ag Immunomodulating agent used in conjunction with chemotherapy
US20060058261A1 (en) * 2004-09-15 2006-03-16 Andre Aube Chitin derivatives for hyperlipidemia
KR100721928B1 (en) * 2004-11-05 2007-05-28 주식회사 바이오씨에스 Pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing dermatitis comprising CpG oligodeoxynucleotide
US20060105979A1 (en) 2004-11-08 2006-05-18 Hybridon, Inc. Synergistic inhibition of VEGF and modulation of the immune response
CA2594382A1 (en) 2005-01-07 2006-07-13 Alk-Abello A/S Method of preventive treatment of allergy by oromucosal administration of an allergy vaccine
BRPI0617254A2 (en) * 2005-01-12 2011-07-19 Cancer Rec Tech Ltd Single-stranded oligonucleotide, pharmaceutical composition, methods for stimulating tlr7 activity in a tlr7-expressing cell, for stimulating tlr8 activity in a tlr8-expressing cell, and for stimulating an immune response in a patient
WO2006091915A2 (en) * 2005-02-24 2006-08-31 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
KR20080008350A (en) 2005-04-08 2008-01-23 콜레이 파마시티컬 그룹, 인코포레이티드 Methods for treating infectious disease exacerbated asthma
AU2006241149A1 (en) 2005-04-26 2006-11-02 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Modified oligoribonucleotide analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity
US7325152B2 (en) * 2005-06-30 2008-01-29 Infineon Technologies Ag Synchronous signal generator
AU2006269555A1 (en) * 2005-07-07 2007-01-18 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody and CpG-motif-containing synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide combination therapy for cancer treatment
CA2620582C (en) * 2005-08-31 2015-11-10 Dennis M. Klinman Methods of altering an immune response induced by cpg oligodeoxynucleotides
KR20080047463A (en) 2005-09-16 2008-05-28 콜리 파마슈티칼 게엠베하 Modulation of immunostimulatory properties of short interfering ribonucleic acid (sirna) by nucleotide modification
KR20080048067A (en) 2005-09-16 2008-05-30 콜리 파마슈티칼 게엠베하 Immunostimulatory single-stranded ribonucleic acid with phosphodiester backbone
EA200800943A1 (en) 2005-09-27 2008-12-30 Коли Фармасьютикал Гмбх MODULATION OF TLR-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES WITH THE USE OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ADAPTERS
US20070093439A1 (en) 2005-10-25 2007-04-26 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Short immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US8895522B2 (en) * 2005-10-28 2014-11-25 Index Pharmaceuticals Ab Composition and method for the prevention, treatment and/or alleviation of an inflammatory disease
US20070243209A1 (en) * 2005-10-28 2007-10-18 Health Research, Inc. Compositions and methods for prevention and treatment of fungal diseases
EP1951299B1 (en) 2005-11-04 2012-01-04 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Influenza vaccines including combinations of particulate adjuvants and immunopotentiators
AU2006310337B9 (en) 2005-11-04 2013-11-28 Novartis Ag Adjuvanted influenza vaccines including cytokine-inducing agents
US7776834B2 (en) 2005-11-07 2010-08-17 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Immunostimulatory properties of oligonucleotide-based compounds comprising modified immunostimulatory dinucleotides
US7470674B2 (en) 2005-11-07 2008-12-30 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Immunostimulatory properties of oligonucleotide-based compounds comprising modified immunostimulatory dinucleotides
WO2007055682A2 (en) 2005-11-07 2007-05-18 Idera Pharmaceuticals Immunostimulatory properties of oligonucleotide-based compounds comprising modified immunostimulatory dinucleotides
EP1942945B1 (en) 2005-11-07 2011-10-19 Idera Pharmaceuticals Immunostimulatory properties of oligonucleotide-based compounds comprising modified immunostimulatory dinucleotides
AU2006331879A1 (en) 2005-12-20 2007-07-05 Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Immunostimulatory activity of palindromic immune modulatory oligonucleotides (IMO TM) contiaining different lengths of palindromic segments
ES2553284T5 (en) * 2006-02-15 2021-08-31 Rechtsanwalt Thomas Beck Compositions and Procedures for Oligonucleotide Formulations
DE102006007433A1 (en) 2006-02-17 2007-08-23 Curevac Gmbh Immunostimulant adjuvant useful in vaccines against cancer or infectious diseases comprises a lipid-modified nucleic acid
US20090081156A1 (en) * 2006-08-03 2009-03-26 William Soo Hoo Bioactive molecular matrix and methods of use in the treatment of disease
US20080124366A1 (en) * 2006-08-06 2008-05-29 Ohlfest John R Methods and Compositions for Treating Tumors
EP2056880A4 (en) * 2006-08-16 2010-10-13 Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc Nucleic acid modulation of toll-like receptor-mediated immune stimulation
US8027888B2 (en) 2006-08-31 2011-09-27 Experian Interactive Innovation Center, Llc Online credit card prescreen systems and methods
WO2008033432A2 (en) 2006-09-12 2008-03-20 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immune modulation by chemically modified ribonucleosides and oligoribonucleotides
US20090181078A1 (en) * 2006-09-26 2009-07-16 Infectious Disease Research Institute Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant
TR201807756T4 (en) * 2006-09-26 2018-06-21 Infectious Disease Res Inst Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant.
AU2007300378A1 (en) 2006-09-27 2008-04-03 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Compositions of TLR ligands and antivirals
NZ575437A (en) 2006-09-27 2012-02-24 Coley Pharm Gmbh Cpg oligonucleotide analogs containing hydrophobic t analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity
CN101558157A (en) 2006-10-26 2009-10-14 科勒制药有限责任公司 Oligoribonucleotides and uses thereof
US20090142362A1 (en) * 2006-11-06 2009-06-04 Avant Immunotherapeutics, Inc. Peptide-based vaccine compositions to endogenous cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)
RU2009125599A (en) * 2006-12-04 2011-01-20 Дзе Борд Оф Трастиз Оф Дзе Юниверсити Оф Иллинойс (Us) COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR TREATING CANCER WITH CPG-RICH DNA AND CUPREDOXINS
JP6144448B2 (en) * 2006-12-28 2017-06-07 ザ トラスティーズ オブ ザ ユニバーシティ オブ ペンシルバニア Herpes simplex virus complex subunit vaccine and method of use thereof
US8057804B2 (en) * 2006-12-28 2011-11-15 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Herpes simplex virus combined subunit vaccines and methods of use thereof
TW200908994A (en) * 2007-04-20 2009-03-01 Glaxosmithkline Biolog Sa Vaccine
KR20100010509A (en) 2007-05-17 2010-02-01 콜레이 파마시티컬 그룹, 인코포레이티드 Class a oligonucleotides with immunostimulatory potency
EP2591787A1 (en) * 2007-08-13 2013-05-15 Pfizer Inc Combination motif immune stimulatory oligonucleotides with improved activity
WO2009026465A2 (en) * 2007-08-21 2009-02-26 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Composition and methods of making and using influenza proteins
EP2185160B1 (en) * 2007-08-31 2019-02-13 Neurimmune Holding AG Method of providing patient specific immune response in amyloidoses and protein aggregation disorders
US7892567B2 (en) * 2007-10-01 2011-02-22 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Methods and compositions for immunization against chlamydial infection and disease
KR20100068422A (en) 2007-10-09 2010-06-23 콜리 파마슈티칼 게엠베하 Immune stimulatory oligonucleotide analogs containing modified sugar moieties
AR069704A1 (en) * 2007-12-18 2010-02-10 Alcon Res Ltd SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATION OF RNAI OF INTERFERENCE AND USES OF THE SAME
US7720322B2 (en) * 2008-06-30 2010-05-18 Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Fiber optic shape sensor
TWI351288B (en) * 2008-07-04 2011-11-01 Univ Nat Pingtung Sci & Tech Cpg dna adjuvant in avian vaccines
US20100166782A1 (en) * 2008-07-25 2010-07-01 Martha Karen Newell Clip inhibitors and methods of modulating immune function
US8053422B2 (en) * 2008-12-04 2011-11-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Anti-cancer oligodeoxynucleotides

Patent Citations (98)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5112605A (en) * 1989-03-17 1992-05-12 Genentech, Inc. Temporal gamma-interferon administration for allergies
US5498410A (en) * 1991-04-22 1996-03-12 Gleich; Gerald J. Method for the treatment of eosinophil-associated conditions with anionic polymers
US20030027782A1 (en) * 1993-08-26 2003-02-06 Carson Dennis A. Method for treating allergic lung disease
US20030109469A1 (en) * 1993-08-26 2003-06-12 Carson Dennis A. Recombinant gene expression vectors and methods for use of same to enhance the immune response of a host to an antigen
US5723335A (en) * 1994-03-25 1998-03-03 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs
US20050075302A1 (en) * 1994-03-25 2005-04-07 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs
US6727230B1 (en) * 1994-03-25 2004-04-27 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs
US20050101554A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-05-12 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for treating and preventing infectious disease
US20050049216A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-03-03 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US6194388B1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2001-02-27 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US6207646B1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2001-03-27 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050148537A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-07-07 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050123523A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-06-09 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20060058251A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2006-03-16 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for treating and preventing infectious disease
US20060089326A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2006-04-27 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US6239116B1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2001-05-29 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040087534A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-05-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20040132685A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-07-08 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid
US20050070491A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-03-31 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20060094683A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2006-05-04 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US7223741B2 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-05-29 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050059625A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-03-17 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050049215A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-03-03 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20070009482A9 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-01-11 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20060003955A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2006-01-05 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20070078104A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-04-05 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040087538A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-05-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods of treating cancer using immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20050037403A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-02-17 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20030050261A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2003-03-13 Krieg Arthur M. Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050037985A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-02-17 Krieg Arthur M. Methods and products for treating HIV infection
US20070065467A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-03-22 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules for activating dendritic cells
US20050032736A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-02-10 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050009774A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-01-13 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20050004061A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-01-06 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050004062A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-01-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20030100527A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2003-05-29 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules for activating dendritic cells
US20040147468A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-07-29 Krieg Arthur M Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040142469A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-07-22 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20070066553A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-03-22 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20030050263A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2003-03-13 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods and products for treating HIV infection
US20040143112A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-07-22 Krieg Arthur M. Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20050101557A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-05-12 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040106568A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-06-03 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for treating and preventing infectious disease
US20070010470A9 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-01-11 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US5908620A (en) * 1995-01-31 1999-06-01 National Jewish Medical And Research Center Treatment for diseases involving inflammation
US20030026782A1 (en) * 1995-02-07 2003-02-06 Arthur M. Krieg Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US5726160A (en) * 1995-04-13 1998-03-10 Milkhaus Laboratories, Inc. Methods for treating respiratory disease
US6040296A (en) * 1995-06-07 2000-03-21 East Carolina University Specific antisense oligonucleotide composition & method for treatment of disorders associated with bronchoconstriction and lung inflammation
US6025339A (en) * 1995-06-07 2000-02-15 East Carolina University Composition, kit and method for treatment of disorders associated with bronchoconstriction and lung inflammation
US5780448A (en) * 1995-11-07 1998-07-14 Ottawa Civic Hospital Loeb Research DNA-based vaccination of fish
US20030078223A1 (en) * 1996-01-30 2003-04-24 Eyal Raz Compositions and methods for modulating an immune response
US6426336B1 (en) * 1996-10-04 2002-07-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Method for treating allergic lung disease
US6174872B1 (en) * 1996-10-04 2001-01-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Method for treating allergic lung disease
US20040006010A1 (en) * 1996-10-11 2004-01-08 Carson Dennis A. Immunostimulatory polynucleotide/immunomodulatory molecule conjugates
US7001890B1 (en) * 1997-01-23 2006-02-21 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polynucleotide and optionally an antigen especially for vaccination
US20050054601A1 (en) * 1997-01-23 2005-03-10 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Pharmaceutical composition comprising a polynucleotide and optionally an antigen especially for vaccination
US6214806B1 (en) * 1997-02-28 2001-04-10 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CPC dinucleotide in the treatment of LPS-associated disorders
US6406705B1 (en) * 1997-03-10 2002-06-18 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US20050043529A1 (en) * 1997-03-10 2005-02-24 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US20030091599A1 (en) * 1997-03-10 2003-05-15 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US6339068B1 (en) * 1997-05-20 2002-01-15 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Vectors and methods for immunization or therapeutic protocols
US20050032734A1 (en) * 1997-05-20 2005-02-10 Krieg Arthur M. Vectors and methods for immunization or therapeutic protocols
US20020086839A1 (en) * 1997-06-06 2002-07-04 Eyal Raz Inhibitors of DNA immunostimulatory sequence activity
US6225292B1 (en) * 1997-06-06 2001-05-01 The Regents Of The University Of California Inhibitors of DNA immunostimulatory sequence activity
US6589940B1 (en) * 1997-06-06 2003-07-08 Dynavax Technologies Corporation Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof
US6521637B2 (en) * 1997-07-03 2003-02-18 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for inhibiting immunostimulatory DNA associated responses
US6221882B1 (en) * 1997-07-03 2001-04-24 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for inhibiting immunostimulatory DNA associated responses
US6399630B1 (en) * 1997-07-03 2002-06-04 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for inhibiting immunostimulatory DNA associated responses
US20030092663A1 (en) * 1997-09-05 2003-05-15 Eyal Raz Immunization-free methods for treating antigen-stimulated inflammation in a mammalian host and shifting the host's antigen immune responsiveness to a Th1 phenotype
US6218371B1 (en) * 1998-04-03 2001-04-17 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods and products for stimulating the immune system using immunotherapeutic oligonucleotides and cytokines
US20040030118A1 (en) * 1998-05-14 2004-02-12 Hermann Wagner Methods for regulating hematopoiesis using CpG-oligonucleotides
US20040006034A1 (en) * 1998-06-05 2004-01-08 Eyal Raz Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof
US20030064064A1 (en) * 1998-09-18 2003-04-03 Dino Dina Methods of treating IgE-associated disorders and compositions for use therein
US6514948B1 (en) * 1999-07-02 2003-02-04 The Regents Of The University Of California Method for enhancing an immune response
US20070066554A1 (en) * 1999-09-25 2007-03-22 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US20070037767A1 (en) * 2000-02-03 2007-02-15 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of asthma and allergy
US20040067902A9 (en) * 2000-02-03 2004-04-08 Bratzler Robert L. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of asthma and allergy
US20060154890A1 (en) * 2000-02-03 2006-07-13 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of asthma and allergy
US20040131628A1 (en) * 2000-03-08 2004-07-08 Bratzler Robert L. Nucleic acids for the treatment of disorders associated with microorganisms
US20030026801A1 (en) * 2000-06-22 2003-02-06 George Weiner Methods for enhancing antibody-induced cell lysis and treating cancer
US20020091097A1 (en) * 2000-09-07 2002-07-11 Bratzler Robert L. Nucleic acids for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases
US20030055014A1 (en) * 2000-12-14 2003-03-20 Bratzler Robert L. Inhibition of angiogenesis by nucleic acids
US20030050268A1 (en) * 2001-03-29 2003-03-13 Krieg Arthur M. Immunostimulatory nucleic acid for treatment of non-allergic inflammatory diseases
US20030139364A1 (en) * 2001-10-12 2003-07-24 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods and products for enhancing immune responses using imidazoquinoline compounds
US20040009949A1 (en) * 2002-06-05 2004-01-15 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Method for treating autoimmune or inflammatory diseases with combinations of inhibitory oligonucleotides and small molecule antagonists of immunostimulatory CpG nucleic acids
US20040092472A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-05-13 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040067905A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-04-08 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040053880A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-03-18 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20050059619A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2005-03-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US20060003962A1 (en) * 2002-10-29 2006-01-05 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Ltd. Methods and products related to treatment and prevention of hepatitis C virus infection
US20050119273A1 (en) * 2003-06-20 2005-06-02 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Small molecule toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonists
US20050130911A1 (en) * 2003-09-25 2005-06-16 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid-lipophilic conjugates
US20050100983A1 (en) * 2003-11-06 2005-05-12 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Cell-free methods for identifying compounds that affect toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling
US20060019916A1 (en) * 2004-04-02 2006-01-26 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for inducing IL-10 responses
US20060019923A1 (en) * 2004-07-18 2006-01-26 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Ltd. Methods and compositions for inducing innate immune responses
US20070129320A9 (en) * 2004-07-18 2007-06-07 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Ltd. Methods and compositions for inducing innate immune responses
US20060140875A1 (en) * 2004-10-20 2006-06-29 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Semi-soft C-class immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20070142315A1 (en) * 2005-11-25 2007-06-21 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory oligoribonucleotides

Cited By (150)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030109469A1 (en) * 1993-08-26 2003-06-12 Carson Dennis A. Recombinant gene expression vectors and methods for use of same to enhance the immune response of a host to an antigen
US20050075302A1 (en) * 1994-03-25 2005-04-07 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs
US20050049216A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-03-03 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US7713529B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2010-05-11 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for treating and preventing infectious disease
US20070065467A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-03-22 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules for activating dendritic cells
US8309527B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2012-11-13 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US8258106B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2012-09-04 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20030191079A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2003-10-09 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for treating and preventing infectious disease
US20070202128A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-08-30 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20080026011A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2008-01-31 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20080031936A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2008-02-07 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040087538A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-05-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods of treating cancer using immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20040087534A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-05-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US7674777B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2010-03-09 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040106568A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-06-03 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for treating and preventing infectious disease
US20040132685A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-07-08 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid
US8158592B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2012-04-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040142469A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-07-22 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20040147468A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-07-29 Krieg Arthur M Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040152657A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-08-05 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US8148340B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2012-04-03 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US7935675B1 (en) 1994-07-15 2011-05-03 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040167089A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-08-26 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040171150A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-09-02 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US8129351B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2012-03-06 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040181045A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-09-16 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US8114848B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2012-02-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20050070491A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-03-31 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US8058249B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2011-11-15 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20060094683A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2006-05-04 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20100125101A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2010-05-20 Krieg Arthur M Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20060003955A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2006-01-05 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050004062A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-01-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20050004061A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-01-06 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050009774A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-01-13 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US8008266B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2011-08-30 University Of Iowa Foundation Methods of treating cancer using immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20050032736A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-02-10 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050277604A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-12-15 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050049215A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-03-03 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20070078104A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-04-05 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20070010470A9 (en) * 1994-07-15 2007-01-11 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20050277609A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-12-15 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20040229835A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2004-11-18 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050267057A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-12-01 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US7723500B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2010-05-25 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050101557A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-05-12 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050101554A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-05-12 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for treating and preventing infectious disease
US7888327B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2011-02-15 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods of using immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to treat allergic conditions
US20050123523A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-06-09 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US7879810B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2011-02-01 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050148537A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-07-07 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050171047A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-08-04 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050245477A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-11-03 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20050244379A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-11-03 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides
US20050233999A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-10-20 Krieg Arthur M Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050239732A1 (en) * 1994-07-15 2005-10-27 Krieg Arthur M Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US7723022B2 (en) 1994-07-15 2010-05-25 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20090060927A1 (en) * 1997-01-23 2009-03-05 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polynucleotide and optionally an antigen especially for vaccination
US20050054601A1 (en) * 1997-01-23 2005-03-10 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Pharmaceutical composition comprising a polynucleotide and optionally an antigen especially for vaccination
US8202688B2 (en) 1997-03-10 2012-06-19 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US20020164341A1 (en) * 1997-03-10 2002-11-07 Loeb Health Research Institute At The Ottawa Hospital Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US20030091599A1 (en) * 1997-03-10 2003-05-15 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US20050043529A1 (en) * 1997-03-10 2005-02-24 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US20030224010A1 (en) * 1997-03-10 2003-12-04 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant
US20090131347A1 (en) * 1997-09-05 2009-05-21 Eyal Raz Immunization-free methods for treating antigen-stimulated inflammation in a mammalian host and shifting the host's antigen immune responsiveness to a th1 phenotype
US20030092663A1 (en) * 1997-09-05 2003-05-15 Eyal Raz Immunization-free methods for treating antigen-stimulated inflammation in a mammalian host and shifting the host's antigen immune responsiveness to a Th1 phenotype
US20110081366A1 (en) * 1997-10-30 2011-04-07 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US20050197314A1 (en) * 1998-04-03 2005-09-08 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods and products for stimulating the immune system using immunotherapeutic oligonucleotides and cytokines
US20040234512A1 (en) * 1998-05-14 2004-11-25 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods for regualting hematopoiesis using CpG-oligonucleotides
US20040235778A1 (en) * 1998-05-14 2004-11-25 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods for regulating hematopoiesis using CpG-oligonucleotides
US20040235777A1 (en) * 1998-05-14 2004-11-25 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods for regulating hematopoiesis using CpG-oligonucleotides
US8574599B1 (en) 1998-05-22 2013-11-05 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Methods and products for inducing mucosal immunity
US7741300B2 (en) 1998-06-25 2010-06-22 National Jewish Medical And Research Center Methods of using nucleic acid vector-lipid complexes
US20040157791A1 (en) * 1998-06-25 2004-08-12 Dow Steven W. Systemic immune activation method using nucleic acid-lipid complexes
US20100010193A1 (en) * 1999-02-17 2010-01-14 Csl Limited Immunogenic complexes and methods relating thereto
US8173141B2 (en) 1999-02-17 2012-05-08 Csl Limited Immunogenic complexes and methods relating thereto
US7776343B1 (en) 1999-02-17 2010-08-17 Csl Limited Immunogenic complexes and methods relating thereto
US7271156B2 (en) 1999-09-25 2007-09-18 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US20030212026A1 (en) * 1999-09-25 2003-11-13 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US20060286070A1 (en) * 1999-09-27 2006-12-21 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods related to immunostimulatory nucleic acid-induced interferon
US7776344B2 (en) 1999-09-27 2010-08-17 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods related to immunostimulatory nucleic acid-induced interferon
US20110033421A1 (en) * 1999-09-27 2011-02-10 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods related to immunostimulatory nucleic acid-induced interferon
US20060154890A1 (en) * 2000-02-03 2006-07-13 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of asthma and allergy
US20040235774A1 (en) * 2000-02-03 2004-11-25 Bratzler Robert L. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of asthma and allergy
US20070037767A1 (en) * 2000-02-03 2007-02-15 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of asthma and allergy
US20040131628A1 (en) * 2000-03-08 2004-07-08 Bratzler Robert L. Nucleic acids for the treatment of disorders associated with microorganisms
US20030026801A1 (en) * 2000-06-22 2003-02-06 George Weiner Methods for enhancing antibody-induced cell lysis and treating cancer
US7534772B2 (en) 2000-06-22 2009-05-19 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for enhancing antibody-induced cell lysis and treating cancer
US20070009710A1 (en) * 2000-08-04 2007-01-11 Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha Flexible metal-clad laminate and method for producing the same
US20050181422A1 (en) * 2000-09-15 2005-08-18 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Process for high throughput screening of CpG-based immuno-agonist/antagonist
US7820379B2 (en) 2000-09-15 2010-10-26 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Process for high throughput screening of CpG-based immuno-agonist/antagonist
US20080226649A1 (en) * 2000-12-08 2008-09-18 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh CPG-like nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
US8834900B2 (en) 2001-08-17 2014-09-16 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Combination motif immune stimulatory oligonucleotides with improved activity
US20030148976A1 (en) * 2001-08-17 2003-08-07 Krieg Arthur M. Combination motif immune stimulatory oligonucleotides with improved activity
US20030139364A1 (en) * 2001-10-12 2003-07-24 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods and products for enhancing immune responses using imidazoquinoline compounds
US8658607B2 (en) 2002-04-04 2014-02-25 Zoetis Belgium Immunostimulatory G, U-containing oligoribonucleotides
US8153141B2 (en) 2002-04-04 2012-04-10 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory G, U-containing oligoribonucleotides
US9428536B2 (en) 2002-04-04 2016-08-30 Zoetis Belgium Sa Immunostimulatory G, U-containing oligoribonucleotides
US20060172966A1 (en) * 2002-04-04 2006-08-03 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory G, U-containing oligoribonucleotides
US20040067905A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-04-08 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US8114419B2 (en) 2002-07-03 2012-02-14 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040092472A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-05-13 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040198680A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-10-07 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20090311277A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2009-12-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US20040152649A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-08-05 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US7807803B2 (en) 2002-07-03 2010-10-05 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses
US8283328B2 (en) 2002-08-19 2012-10-09 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US8304396B2 (en) 2002-08-19 2012-11-06 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US20050059619A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2005-03-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids
US20060003962A1 (en) * 2002-10-29 2006-01-05 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Ltd. Methods and products related to treatment and prevention of hepatitis C virus infection
US7998492B2 (en) 2002-10-29 2011-08-16 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Methods and products related to treatment and prevention of hepatitis C virus infection
US20060246035A1 (en) * 2002-10-29 2006-11-02 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Methods and products related to treatment and prevention of hepatitis c virus infection
US7956043B2 (en) 2002-12-11 2011-06-07 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. 5′ CpG nucleic acids and methods of use
US20040171571A1 (en) * 2002-12-11 2004-09-02 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. 5' CpG nucleic acids and methods of use
US20050119273A1 (en) * 2003-06-20 2005-06-02 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Small molecule toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonists
US7410975B2 (en) 2003-06-20 2008-08-12 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Small molecule toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonists
US20050013812A1 (en) * 2003-07-14 2005-01-20 Dow Steven W. Vaccines using pattern recognition receptor-ligand:lipid complexes
US20050130911A1 (en) * 2003-09-25 2005-06-16 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid-lipophilic conjugates
US20100183639A1 (en) * 2003-09-25 2010-07-22 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Nucleic acid-lipophilic conjugates
US20050239734A1 (en) * 2003-10-30 2005-10-27 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh C-class oligonucleotide analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory potency
US8188254B2 (en) 2003-10-30 2012-05-29 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh C-class oligonucleotide analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory potency
US20050239733A1 (en) * 2003-10-31 2005-10-27 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Sequence requirements for inhibitory oligonucleotides
US20050100983A1 (en) * 2003-11-06 2005-05-12 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Cell-free methods for identifying compounds that affect toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling
US20050256073A1 (en) * 2004-02-19 2005-11-17 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory viral RNA oligonucleotides
US20090137519A1 (en) * 2004-10-20 2009-05-28 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Semi-soft c-class immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20110201672A1 (en) * 2004-10-20 2011-08-18 Krieg Arthur M Semi-soft c-class immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US7795235B2 (en) 2004-10-20 2010-09-14 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Semi-soft c-class immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20060140875A1 (en) * 2004-10-20 2006-06-29 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Semi-soft C-class immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20080009455A9 (en) * 2005-02-24 2008-01-10 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20060211644A1 (en) * 2005-02-24 2006-09-21 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
US20060229271A1 (en) * 2005-04-08 2006-10-12 Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Methods for treating infectious disease exacerbated asthma
US20060241076A1 (en) * 2005-04-26 2006-10-26 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Modified oligoribonucleotide analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity
US20090117132A1 (en) * 2005-07-07 2009-05-07 Pfizer, Inc. Anti-Ctla-4 Antibody and Cpg-Motif-Containing Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotide Combination Therapy for Cancer Treatment
US20090214578A1 (en) * 2005-09-16 2009-08-27 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory Single-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid with Phosphodiester Backbone
US20090306177A1 (en) * 2005-09-16 2009-12-10 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Modulation of Immunostimulatory Properties of Short Interfering Ribonucleic Acid (Sirna) by Nucleotide Modification
US8354522B2 (en) 2005-11-25 2013-01-15 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory oligoribonucleotides
US20100316659A1 (en) * 2005-11-25 2010-12-16 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory oligoribonucleotides
US7662949B2 (en) 2005-11-25 2010-02-16 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory oligoribonucleotides
US20110206719A1 (en) * 2005-11-25 2011-08-25 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Immunostimulatory oligoribonucleotides
US20080045473A1 (en) * 2006-02-15 2008-02-21 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh Compositions and methods for oligonucleotide formulations
US20080026986A1 (en) * 2006-06-05 2008-01-31 Rong-Fu Wang Reversal of the suppressive function of specific t cells via toll-like receptor 8 signaling
US8580268B2 (en) 2006-09-27 2013-11-12 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh CpG oligonucleotide analogs containing hydrophobic T analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity
US10260071B2 (en) 2006-09-27 2019-04-16 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh CpG oligonucleotide analogs containing hydrophobic T analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity
US9382545B2 (en) 2006-09-27 2016-07-05 Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh CpG oligonucleotide analogs containing hydrophobic T analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity
US20090142362A1 (en) * 2006-11-06 2009-06-04 Avant Immunotherapeutics, Inc. Peptide-based vaccine compositions to endogenous cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)
US8883174B2 (en) 2009-03-25 2014-11-11 The Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Compositions for stimulation of mammalian innate immune resistance to pathogens
US9504742B2 (en) 2009-03-25 2016-11-29 The Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Compositions for stimulation of mammalian innate immune resistance to pathogens
US9186400B2 (en) 2009-03-25 2015-11-17 The Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Compositions for stimulation of mammalian innate immune resistance to pathogens
US10722573B2 (en) 2009-03-25 2020-07-28 The Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Compositions for stimulation of mammalian innate immune resistance to pathogens
US10286065B2 (en) 2014-09-19 2019-05-14 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Compositions and methods for treating viral infections through stimulated innate immunity in combination with antiviral compounds

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US7517861B2 (en) 2009-04-14
US7879810B2 (en) 2011-02-01
US20050239732A1 (en) 2005-10-27
WO1998018810A1 (en) 1998-05-07
EP0948510A4 (en) 2000-08-02
US20090202575A1 (en) 2009-08-13
US20050049216A1 (en) 2005-03-03
US20050004061A1 (en) 2005-01-06
US20050171047A1 (en) 2005-08-04
DE69736331T2 (en) 2007-08-09
DE69736331D1 (en) 2006-08-24
US20050032736A1 (en) 2005-02-10
US20050049215A1 (en) 2005-03-03
US20080031936A1 (en) 2008-02-07
US20050148537A1 (en) 2005-07-07
US7723500B2 (en) 2010-05-25
US8129351B2 (en) 2012-03-06
US20050267064A1 (en) 2005-12-01
NZ335397A (en) 2000-11-24
US7888327B2 (en) 2011-02-15
AU775185B2 (en) 2004-07-22
KR100689942B1 (en) 2007-03-09
US20040132685A1 (en) 2004-07-08
AU2004218696A1 (en) 2004-11-04
EP2360252A1 (en) 2011-08-24
EP1714969A3 (en) 2010-03-03
US8058249B2 (en) 2011-11-15
EP0948510A1 (en) 1999-10-13
AU2004218696B2 (en) 2008-11-06
ATE332966T1 (en) 2006-08-15
US20100125101A1 (en) 2010-05-20
US6207646B1 (en) 2001-03-27
US7674777B2 (en) 2010-03-09
JP2010150280A (en) 2010-07-08
CA2270345A1 (en) 1998-05-07
AU9724901A (en) 2002-02-07
US20050215500A1 (en) 2005-09-29
JP5082063B2 (en) 2012-11-28
US20060003955A1 (en) 2006-01-05
EP1714969A2 (en) 2006-10-25
US20040167089A1 (en) 2004-08-26
US20050123523A1 (en) 2005-06-09
CN100338086C (en) 2007-09-19
US20040147468A1 (en) 2004-07-29
US7723022B2 (en) 2010-05-25
US20070078104A1 (en) 2007-04-05
ES2624859T3 (en) 2017-07-17
EP0948510B1 (en) 2006-07-12
US20050277604A1 (en) 2005-12-15
US20050277609A1 (en) 2005-12-15
US20050233999A1 (en) 2005-10-20
US20050070491A1 (en) 2005-03-31
EP2322615A1 (en) 2011-05-18
CN1235609A (en) 1999-11-17
ES2268736T3 (en) 2007-03-16
JP2001503267A (en) 2001-03-13
US20050059625A1 (en) 2005-03-17
EP1746159A3 (en) 2009-11-25
CA2270345C (en) 2014-05-13
US20030050261A1 (en) 2003-03-13
US20080026011A1 (en) 2008-01-31
US20060089326A1 (en) 2006-04-27
EP2360252B1 (en) 2017-02-08
DK0948510T3 (en) 2006-10-30
JP2008289495A (en) 2008-12-04
US20040198688A1 (en) 2004-10-07
US8158592B2 (en) 2012-04-17
US20050233995A1 (en) 2005-10-20
JP2003286174A (en) 2003-10-07
US8258106B2 (en) 2012-09-04
JP2004041224A (en) 2004-02-12
AU5242498A (en) 1998-05-22
CN101265285A (en) 2008-09-17
US20070066553A1 (en) 2007-03-22
PT948510E (en) 2006-12-29
EP2360252B8 (en) 2017-04-12
US7402572B2 (en) 2008-07-22
US20040229835A1 (en) 2004-11-18
KR20000052994A (en) 2000-08-25
EP1746159A2 (en) 2007-01-24

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US8058249B2 (en) Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US7524828B2 (en) Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
US6239116B1 (en) Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: CPG IMMUNOPHARMACEUTICALS, INC., MASSACHUSETTS

Free format text: AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:STEINBERG, ALFRED D.;REEL/FRAME:015194/0668

Effective date: 19981030

Owner name: COLEY PHARMACEUTICAL GROUP, INC., MASSACHUSETTS

Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:CPG IMMUNOPHARMACEUTICALS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:015194/0007

Effective date: 20000114

Owner name: UNIVERSITY OF IOWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, THE, IOWA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KLINE, JOEL;REEL/FRAME:015194/0880

Effective date: 19970623

Owner name: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SE

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KLINMAN, DENNIS;REEL/FRAME:015194/0106

Effective date: 20000301

Owner name: UNIVERSITY OF IOWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, THE, IOWA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KRIEG, ARTHUR M.;REEL/FRAME:015194/0781

Effective date: 19961211

AS Assignment

Owner name: NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF

Free format text: CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:UNIVERSITY OF IOWA;REEL/FRAME:021670/0794

Effective date: 20040903

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION