CN107873086A - 环境隔离的波导显示器 - Google Patents

环境隔离的波导显示器 Download PDF

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CN107873086A
CN107873086A CN201680014713.0A CN201680014713A CN107873086A CN 107873086 A CN107873086 A CN 107873086A CN 201680014713 A CN201680014713 A CN 201680014713A CN 107873086 A CN107873086 A CN 107873086A
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waveguide
grating
grin
light
layer
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CN107873086B (zh
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米兰·莫姆奇洛·波波维奇
乔纳森·戴维·瓦尔德恩
阿拉斯泰尔·约翰·格兰特
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Di Gillen J Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0058—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide varying in density, size, shape or depth along the light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G02B27/0172—Head mounted characterised by optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0013—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
    • G02B6/0015—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0016—Grooves, prisms, gratings, scattering particles or rough surfaces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0013—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
    • G02B6/0023—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed between the light guide and the light source, or around the light source
    • G02B6/003—Lens or lenticular sheet or layer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0045—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0075—Arrangements of multiple light guides
    • G02B6/0076—Stacked arrangements of multiple light guides of the same or different cross-sectional area
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0118—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices for improving the contrast of the display / brillance control visibility
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0123—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices increasing the field of view
    • G02B2027/0125—Field-of-view increase by wavefront division
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/013—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising a combiner of particular shape, e.g. curvature
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/34—Optical coupling means utilising prism or grating

Abstract

提供一种波导显示器，其包括：输入图像生成器，其提供投影在视场范围内的图像光；波导，其具有第一和第二外表面；以及与波导光学耦合的至少一个光栅，其用于朝向显示器的观看者提取光。波导在外表面之间具有防止在波导内传播的任何光线与外表面中的至少一个光学相互作用的横向折射率变化。

Description

环境隔离的波导显示器
优先权声明
本申请要求于2015年1月12日提交的、题为“用于集成在窗口中的光学波导显示器”的序列号为62/125,066的美国临时申请的优先权，该临时申请通过引用以其整体在此并入。
相关申请的交叉引用
下述专利申请通过引用以其整体并入本文：题为“全息照明系统”的第6,115,152号美国专利；题为“用于提供透明显示器的方法和装置”的第US2006/043938号PCT申请；题为“对全息聚合物弥散液晶材料和装置的改进”的第PCT/GB2012/000680号PCT申请；题为“穿戴式数据显示器”的第GB2012/000677号PCT申请；题为“光学显示器”的第8,233,204号美国专利；题为“紧凑型边缘照明眼镜显示器”的第13/317,468号美国专利申请；题为“全息广角显示器”的第13/869,866号美国专利申请；题为“透明波导显示器”的第13/844,456号美国专利申请；题为“使用可切换的布拉格光栅的接触式图像传感器”的第PCT/GB2013/000005号PCT申请；题为“均匀照明用的波导”的第PCT/GB2013/000500号PCT申请；以及题为“激光照明装置”的第8,224,133号美国专利。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种显示器件，更具体地涉及一种全息光波导显示器。
背景技术
光波导器件正被开发用于各种显示应用，例如头戴式显示器(HMD)和平视显示器(HUD)。波导的另一个应用领域是在传感器中，例如：眼动追踪仪，例如Popovich等人的题为“全息波导眼动追踪仪”的第PCT/GB2014/000197号PCT申请中公开的眼动追踪仪；以及指纹传感器，例如Popovich等人的题为“使用可切换的布拉格光栅的接触式图像传感器”的PCT/GB2013/000005中公开的指纹传感器。然而，使用全内反射(TIR)传输图像信息的波导器件存在下述问题：光束传播可能会因外来物质对波导外表面的破坏或污染而受到干扰。对于波导显示器，要求将波导内传播的图像光与外部环境隔离。
发明内容
本发明的第一目的是提供将波导内传播的图像光与外部环境隔离的波导显示器。
在本发明的一个实施方式中实现了本发明的目的，在该实施方式中，提供了一种波导显示器，其包括：输入图像生成器，其提供投影在视场范围内的图像光；波导，其具有第一和第二外表面；以及与波导光学耦合的至少一个光栅，其用于从波导朝向显示器的观看者提取光。
波导在外表面之间具有防止在波导内传播的光线与其中至少一个外表面在光学上相互作用的横向折射率变化。
在一个实施方式中，波导包含GRIN介质，并且光栅靠近其中一个外表面设置。
在一个实施方式中，波导包含GRIN介质，并且光栅设置在GRIN介质内。
在一个实施方式中，波导包含GRIN介质，并且光栅是形成在其中一个外表面上的表面凹凸结构。
在一个实施方式中，波导包括与第二波导部邻接的第一波导部，第一波导部含有GRIN介质，第二波导部以TIR工作并且含有用于从第二波导部朝向显示器的观看者提取光的至少一个光栅。
在一个实施方式中，波导还包括输入光栅。
在一个实施方式中，波导浸在空气中。
在一些实施方式中，显示器提供HUD、HMD或光场显示器。
在一些实施方式中，波导是弯曲的。
在一些实施方式中，波导包括与至少一个TIR波导部光学耦合的至少一个GRIN波导部，每个波导部含有至少一个光栅。
在一个实施方式中，波导包括与许多TIR波导光学耦合的许多GRIN波导，每个TIR波导含有至少一个光栅。
在一个实施方式中，波导浸在低折射率外部介质中，并且包括夹在低折射率包覆层和至少一个光栅层之间的高折射率芯。TIR发生在芯层和光栅层的界面与光栅层和外部介质的界面之间。
在一个实施方式中，芯和光栅层具有大致相同的平均折射率。
在一个实施方式中，芯的折射率比光栅层的平均折射率大。
在一个实施方式中，该装置还包括覆盖光栅层和低折射率包覆层中的至少一个的低折射率层。
在一个实施方式中，光栅层包括夹在透明基板之间的光栅、光栅层和具有类似的折射率的基板。
在一个实施方式中，光栅层包括输入光栅和提取光栅。
在一个实施方式中，显示器还包括分光器层。
在一些实施方式中，图像光被校准。
在一些实施方式中，光栅是以HPDLC材料、均匀调制的HPDLC材料或反向模式的HPDLC材料记录的布拉格光栅、表面凹凸光栅或可切换的布拉格光栅。
通过结合附图考虑下述具体描述，可以获得对本发明更完整的理解，在附图中类似的附图标记表示类似的部件。为了清楚起见，没有详细描述与本发明有关的技术领域中已知的技术材料有关的细节。
附图说明
图1是图示GRIN器件中的折射率的空间变化的曲线图。
图2是在一个实施方式中以无限共轭(infinite conjugates)工作并提供中间焦平面的GRIN光导的示意性截面图。
图3是在一个实施方式中以无限共轭工作并提供两个共轭中间焦平面的GRIN光导的示意性截面图。
图4A是图示一部分平面波导中的光路的截面图。
图4B是图示一部分弯曲波导中的光路的截面图。
图5是在一个实施方式中包括邻接的GRIN元件的弯曲GRIN光导的示意性平面图。
图6是在一个实施方式中包括弯曲GRIN光导和平面全息波导的近眼显示器的示意性平面图。
图7是本发明的另一个实施方式的示意图。
图8是本发明的另一个实施方式的示意图。
图9是本发明的另一个实施方式的示意图。
图10是本发明的另一个实施方式的示意图。
图11是本发明的另一个实施方式的示意图。
图12是本发明的另一个实施方式的示意图。
图13是本发明的另一个实施方式的示意图。
图14A是本发明的另一个实施方式的示意图。
图14B是本发明的另一个实施方式的示意图。
图15是本发明的实施方式中的GRIN波导的示意性侧视图。
图16是本发明的实施方式中的GRIN波导的示意性侧视图。
图17是本发明的实施方式中的GRIN波导的示意性侧视图。
图18是本发明的实施方式中的GRIN波导的示意性侧视图。
图19是本发明的实施方式中的GRIN波导的示意性侧视图。
图20是本发明的实施方式中的GRIN波导的示意性侧视图。
图21是本发明的实施方式中的偏差修正GRIN波导的示意性侧视图。
图22是在一个实施方式中的用于将GRIN波导与图像提取光栅波导耦合的结构的简图。
图23是在一个实施方式中的用于将GRIN波导与图像提取光栅波导耦合的结构的简图。
图24是在一个实施方式中的包括夹在GRIN层之间的光栅层的波导。
图25是在一个实施方式中的使用以HPDLC记录的GRIN的波导结构。
图26是在一个实施方式中的包括同心环形GRIN层的GRIN器件。
图27是在一个实施方式中的包括以HPDLC记录的同心环形GRIN层的GRIN器件。
图28是在一个实施方式中的具有外部保护层的TIR波导器件的截面。
图29是在一个实施方式中的具有外部保护层的TIR波导器件的截面。
图30是在一个实施方式中的具有外部保护层的TIR波导器件的截面。
图31是在一个实施方式中的具有外部保护层的TIR波导器件的截面。
图32是在一个实施方式中根据本发明的原理使用外部保护层的波导显示器。
具体实施方式
现在将参照附图仅通过举例的方式进一步描述本发明。对于本领域技术人员显而易见的是，可以用下面描述中公开的本发明的一部分或全部来实施本发明。出于说明本发明的目的，为了不模糊本发明的基本原理，省略或简化了光学设计和视觉显示器领域中的技术人员已知的光学技术的公知特征。除非另有说明，与光线或光束方向有关的术语“同轴的”是指平行于与针对本发明描述的光学部件的表面垂直的轴线的传播。在下面的描述中，术语光、光线、光束方向可互换使用并且彼此相关联，以表明沿直线轨迹的光能的传播方向。下面的部分描述将使用本光学设计领域中的技术人员常用的术语来给出。还应注意，在本发明的下面的描述中，重复使用短语“在一个实施方式中”并不一定是指同一个实施方式。
用于在不受表面污染干扰的情况下沿着波导传送图像的一种已知方案依赖于梯度折射率(Gradient Index，GRIN)光学器件。GRIN光学器件通过逐渐改变材料的折射率来再现球面透镜的光学性质。在最常见的应用GRIN纤维中，透镜性质起因于径向变化的折射率。由于光学特性依赖于折射率分布，GRIN透镜的输入和输出面可以是平面的。GRIN透镜通过使用包括中子照射、化学气相沉积、离子交换和部分聚合在内的各种方法制造，在部分聚合中使用不同强度的UV光使有机单体部分聚合。通过精确地改变它们的折射率，梯度折射率透镜能够使透镜内的光连续地弯折。这与传统的球面透镜形成对比，传统的球面透镜仅使光弯折两次：当光接触到透镜的前表面时以及光离开透镜背面时。梯度折射率光学器件可以是正的(会聚的)或负的(发散的)。如GRIN透镜在内窥镜中的成功应用所证明的，其能够高质量成像。
图1示出了GRIN透镜的典型的折射率分布图。该元件沿插入笛卡尔坐标系(insetCartesian coordinate frame)的y方向具有2mm的厚度(其也适用于将在下面讨论的所有实施方式)。光束传播的方向沿z方向。GRIN的折射率从1.46变化到1.5。
图2示出了划分成两个区域11和12的GRIN光导10。两个区域可以对应于独立的GRIN元件。光导具有输入表面13和中间焦平面14(其可以对应于两个独立的GRIN元件的界面)以及输出表面15。具有视场(FOV)的输入准直光1010入射在输入表面上。GRIN将光聚焦到中间焦平面上，使得所示的三个光束1011-1013形成焦点1017-1019。然后，光束在光导的第二部分中再扩大，并随后通过出射光瞳1020作为近准直光束1014-1016离开光导。根据考虑图2，应该明显看出的是，通过应用相同的光学原理，应该可以设计包含多于一个中间焦平面的更长的光导。例如，图3示出了图2的实施方式可以如何扩大到包含两个中间焦平面的光导。光束准直器20在FOV范围内提供准直光1024。四个GRIN区域21-24提供由26、28表示的焦平面，其中最大光束扩大出现在平面25、27、29处。通过导光板的三个独立的光路由1021-1023表示，其中入射光瞳和出射光瞳由1024、1025表示。
为了在护目镜中具有实际用途，GRIN光导应在至少一个投射平面上是弯曲的。在一个实施方式中，曲率应该与眼镜镜片的轮廓相匹配。发明人提出，GRIN光导可用于克服使用全内反射(TIR)波导尝试弯曲光导设计时遇到的问题。在图4中示出了问题的本质，图4比较了平面波导(图4A)和弯曲波导(图4B)的一小部分中的光束传播。如光路1030、1031所示，平面波导中的光束被充分分开。在弯曲波导元件的情况下，光路是混合的，导致波导光瞳被搅乱。不幸的是，该紊乱无法通过修改波导表面的曲率来修正。在使输入和输出表面弯曲方面可能有一些补偿的余地。然而，由表面曲率提供的优化自由度的数量对于大多数显示应用将是不足够的。
图5示出了本发明的一个实施方式，其中弯曲波导40包括邻接或菊花式链接(daisy-chaining)GRIN元件。为了实现平滑的曲线，元件的输入和输出表面应该具有小楔角(或者可以具有平行的输入和输出表面，但是夹有折射率匹配材料的楔形层)。如图3的实施方式中那样形成多个焦面。有利地，输入被准直并且应该充满输入光瞳以充满波导内及输出端处的中间光瞳。在一些实施方式中，它可以使用非准直光。
在图6所示的一个实施方式中，本发明提供一种近眼显示器50，其包括与图5中相同的GRIN光导40，该GRIN光导40与用于将图像光射向观看者的眼睛53的图像提取波导51光学耦合。与GRIN光导相反，图像提取波导通过如光线路径1051-1053所示的全内反射(TIR)传输图像光。波导本质上包括夹在透明光学基板之间的全息光栅52。光栅是有损耗的，即，衍射效率(DE)从最接近GRIN光导的光栅末端的低值变化到其另一端的高值。改变DE的效果是沿着光栅的长度提供均匀的光提取，从而扩大显示器的出射光瞳或视域(eyebox)，如光线1054-1056所示。可以以若干不同的方式实现GRIN光导与波导的耦合。在一个实施方式中，这两个器件如图6所示的那样端对端耦合。在这种情况下，将需要设计一个尖锐的弯部，以确保从GRIN光导出射的整个有角度的图像内容1050在波导中进入TIR状态。光线滞后角可能需要刚好高于TIR角(在玻璃中，大于41.5度)。在另一个实施方式中，所需的光束转向可通过耦合棱镜提供。这种方法的缺点是它将需要从光导变到全息波导。在另一个实施方式中，棱镜可以被光栅代替。耦合界面的精确细节将取决于应用。例如，对最大弯曲、波导厚度、视场等参数的人类工程学限制将对实现各种方案的相对容易程度产生影响。在一个实施方式中，图6的装置嵌在一对处方(prescription)眼镜的一个或两个弯曲目镜中。在一个实施方式中，图6的装置嵌在弯曲的正视(即，零处方)护目镜(例如太阳镜)内。
图6中的图像提取波导可基于无源全息技术(passive holographictechnology)。或者，其可使用切换光栅技术，例如可切换的布拉格光栅(SBG)。切换光栅的优点是它们允许使用平铺(tiling)来扩大视场。鉴于当前的波导制造限制，可能需要波导为平面元件。然而，本发明同样适用于弯曲波导。波导可以基于下述文献中公开的全息波导实施方式中的任何一个：题为“光学显示器”的第8,233,204号美国专利；题为“透明波导显示器”的第13/844,456号美国专利申请；题为“穿戴式数据显示器”的第GB2012/000677号PCT申请；题为“紧凑型边缘照明眼镜显示器”的第13/317,468号美国专利申请；题为“全息广角显示器”的第13/869,866号美国专利申请；题为“透明波导显示器”的第13/844,456号美国专利申请，所有这些文献通过引用以其整体并入本文。
基于可切换的布拉格光栅(SBG)的全息波导。通过首先将可光聚合的单体与液晶材料的混合物的薄膜放置在平行玻璃板之间来制造SBG。一个或两个玻璃板支撑用于在膜上施加电场的电极，通常为透明氧化铟锡膜。然后，通过使用干涉形成倾斜条纹光栅结构的两个相互相干的激光束照射液体材料(通常称为糖浆)来记录体积相位光栅。在记录过程中，单体聚合并且混合物经历相分离，产生液晶微滴稠密的区域，点缀有透明聚合物的区域。交替的富含液晶和液晶贫乏的区域形成光栅的条纹平面(fringe plane)。所得到的体积相位光栅可以表现出非常高的衍射效率，其可以通过施加在膜上的电场的大小来控制。当通过透明电极对光栅施加电场时，液晶(LC)滴的自然取向被改变，导致条纹的折射率调制和全息图衍射效率下降到非常低的水平。注意，可以通过施加的电压在连续范围内调整器件的衍射效率。该器件在不施加电压的情况下表现出接近100％的效率，并且在施加足够高的电压的情况下表现出基本为零的效率。在某些类型的HPDLC器件中，可使用磁场来控制LC取向。在某些类型的HPDLC中，LC材料与聚合物的相分离可以达到这样的程度，即不产生可辨别的滴结构。可使用SBG来为自由空间应用提供透射或反射光栅。在波导应用中，用于形成HPDLC单元的平行玻璃板提供全内反射(TIR)导光结构。当可切换的光栅以超出TIR条件的角度衍射光时，光“耦合”到SBG外。通常，用于SBG的HPDLC包括液晶(LC)、单体、光敏引发剂染料和共引发剂。混合物经常包括表面活性剂。专利科学文献包含可用于制造SBG的材料系统和工艺的许多示例。两个基础专利是：Sutherland的第5,942,157号美国专利和Tanaka等人的第5,751,452号美国专利。两个文件都描述了适用于制造SBG器件的单体和液晶材料的组合。透射SBG的已知属性之一是LC分子倾向于垂直于光栅条纹平面对齐。LC分子对齐的作用是：透射SBG有效地衍射P偏振光(即，在入射平面中具有偏振矢量的光)，但对S偏振光具有较低的衍射效率(即，具有垂直于入射平面的偏振矢量的光)。
用于设计GRIN光导的技术应该是本领域技术人员所熟知的，并已在诸如(ZEMAX开发公司，贝尔维尤，华盛顿)的设计软件中实现。适于与本发明一起使用的GRIN可能需要多项式曲线，该多项式曲线也可能需要附加的奇数次多项式的项来修正光导曲率的影响。在实践本发明时要解决的潜在问题包括可用于优化设计的有限数量的自由度、曲率对像差的影响、折射率分布图的公差(和对中继器(relay)功能的影响)以及确定用于将GRIN光导与图像提取波导耦合的最有效的光学装置。
在许多实际实施方式中，GRIN光导具有一致放大率(unity magnification)。然而，本发明不具有任何特定的放大率。在一个实施方式中，沿着光导提供了放大率的至少一个变化。
在图7所示的一个实施方式中，提供了一种适用于弯曲波导的无焦柱状GRIN波导元件60。该元件包括共享焦面63的对头拼接元件61和62。波导元件的输入和输出表面由63、64表示。实际上，输入和输出表面是楔形的以给出输入和输出表面65、67，其中65是折射元件66的输出表面。在所示的具体实施方式中，倾斜角度将等于在空气中的±15度的场角或者在玻璃中的±9.48度的场角。适用于波导的每个端部的倾斜角与传输图像的半场角匹配，即可以由波导传输的最大设计角。根据附图应明显看出的是，中继器因此具有完全一致的放大率。进入中继器的正场角与重新成像的光瞳处的负场角完全匹配。还应明显看出的是，所示类型的元件可以是菊花链式的，以产生渐进的曲线形状，其中倾斜表面65、67提供相邻波导元件之间的界面。通常，直的GRIN元件将使用诸如n(x)＝A0+A2x2+A4x4+A6x6的形式。当引入倾斜时，将奇数项添加到此表达式中。以上述角度，发现波前误差可以忽略。通常，中心到边缘的GRIN折射率变化约为0.12。
在图8的实施方式中，提供了一种基于图7所示的元件的波导。三个这样的元件70-72被第二处方的中间基本上无焦的GRIN波导74、75隔开。示出了准直输入光1070和输出光1071。整个波导的大致尺寸为水平68毫米×垂直36.5毫米。波导约厚3毫米。从波导端部出射的准直输出光可以在用于图像提取的光栅波导中耦合。波导在图9中以侧面投影示出。
在图10所示的实施方式中，GRIN度数包括高达六次系数的偶数多项式、径向偏移项和GRIN输入倾斜项。后者实际上是对1098标记的径向旋转中心的补偿。应该注意，该中继透镜包含两个内部焦点。这些焦点中的第一个形成为光在波导内的TIR。中继透镜关于延伸的输入和输出表面91、92在附图的平面中的二等分线对称。一般来说，GRIN波导的详细设计必须考虑到不交轴光线、色散、GRIN跃变数。此外，GRIN必须以严格的公差制造。波导长度的误差将导致输出光束不精确地准直。这种性质的公差可以通过对输入光束的聚焦调整或通过将波导调整到所需的特定长度来降低。
在图11的实施方式中，GRIN波导100在倾斜表面104、105之间提供有限共轭1:1图像成像。波导可以被分成在表面103处邻接的两个对称部分101、102，其中光束基本上是准直的。一对共轭点的光线路径用1100、1101表示。波导在图12上以平面视图110示出。这里示出了小的±2mm光瞳中继器(pupil relay)。注意，中继表面114、115是非平面的。在1:1中继器的情况下，这种光瞳像差不需要被修正，因为它被设置为关于表面103处的中止器(stop)对称。图示了三个光束1110-1112。
在一个实施方式中，提供了一种合适的波导。这在图13中示出，图13示出了用于光束从符号A-C标记的多个点传播到符号A’-C’标记的多个点的波导120。注意，GRIN分布图是径向的；没有折射率变化，因此图像中继处理沿着传播轴线是不变的。GRIN处方包含数字121-129标记的一系列倾斜面。在一个实施方式中，倾斜面关于面125对称。示出了从点A-C到A’-C’的光路1120-1122。只使用了GRIN的上半部分。因此，参照参考平面1123，点A-C可以对应于第一图像平面，并且点A’-C’是靠近用于从波导提取光的光栅层的光。通过图14的实施方式提供了与GRIN波导耦合以及来自GRIN波导的光栅的示例，图14示出了浸在空气131中的GRIN波导130，其包括输入光栅133、输出光栅134和在概念上与图13中的类似的GRIN波导132。输入和输出光栅设计成从空气中的0度耦合成玻璃中的75度。参照图14A，输入光束由1130表示，GRIN引导的光由光线1131表示，并且输出光由1132表示。图14B是表示GRIN引导的光路1134、1135的光线轨迹的平面视图。
接下来考虑使用光栅从波导提取特定视场内的准直图像光的一系列GRIN波导实施方式。在图15的实施方式中，GRIN波导140包括平面GRIN基板141，该平面GRIN基板141具有输出表面142及也是中间焦面的输入表面143。通过GRIN介质的第一和第二光线路径通常由1140和1141表示。如大体由1142、1143表示的那样，准直光束从输出表面折射出来。
在图16的实施方式中，GRIN波导150包括弯曲GRIN基板151，该弯曲GRIN基板151具有弯曲输出表面152及也是中间焦面的弯曲输入表面153。通过GRIN介质的第一和第二光线路径通常由1150和1151表示。如大体由1152、1153表示的那样，准直光束从输出表面折射出来。
在图17的实施方式中，GRIN波导160包括弯曲GRIN基板161，该弯曲GRIN基板161具有弯曲输出表面162和弯曲输入表面163，弯曲输出表面162具有表面凹凸光栅的形式，弯曲输入表面163也是中间焦面。通过GRIN介质的第一和第二光线路径通常由1160和1161表示。如大体由1162、1163表示的那样，准直光束从输出表面折射出来。
在图18的实施方式中，GRIN波导170包括弯曲GRIN基板171，该弯曲GRIN基板171具有弯曲输出表面172和弯曲输入表面173，弯曲输出表面172具有表面凹凸光栅的形式，弯曲输入表面173具有表面凹凸光栅的形式并且也是中间焦面。通过GRIN介质的第一和第二光线路径通常由1170和1171表示。如大体由1172、1173表示的那样，准直光束从输出表面折射出来。
在图19的实施方式中，GRIN波导180包括弯曲GRIN基板181，该弯曲GRIN基板181具有弯曲输出表面182和弯曲输入表面183，弯曲输入表面183具有表面凹凸光栅的形式并且也是中间焦平面。弯曲光栅184靠近输出表面设置在波导内部。在一个实施方式中，光栅是体积光栅或布拉格光栅。在一个实施方式中，光栅是SBG。通过GRIN介质的第一和第二光线路径通常由1180和1181表示。如大体由1182、1183表示的那样，准直光束从输出表面折射出来。
在图20的实施方式中，GRIN波导190包括弯曲GRIN基板191，该弯曲GRIN基板191具有弯曲输出表面192和也是中间焦面的弯曲输入表面133。弯曲光栅194靠近输入表面设置在波导内部。在一个实施方式中，光栅是体积光栅或布拉格光栅。在一个实施方式中，光栅是SBG。通过GRIN介质的第一和第二光线路径通常由1190和1191表示。如大体由1192、1193表示的那样，准直光束从输出表面折射出来。
根据对图15-20的前述实施方式的考虑应明显看出，为了从管道提取指定视场内的图像光，可以通过使用曲面与光栅的不同组合设计出其它实施方式。在一些情况下，为了增大视场和传播红绿蓝图像内容，根据上述相关专利申请的教导，可以使用多个光栅层。
在图21所示的一个实施方式中，波导包括串联设置的两个GRIN波导元件，其中第二个元件修正输入图像光的像差。由弯曲波前1200表示的输入图像光沿着靠近边界面244形成波前1201的第一波导元件241传播。在通过边界面折射之后，折射后的波前1202通过第二波导元件传播，并且作为平面波1203从波导中折射出来。
在一个实施方式中，提供了通过图22的简图示意性示出的一般波导结构。GRIN波导251-253通过由1210-1212符号表示的耦合装置耦合到包含图像提取光栅的波导254中。来自图像提取波导的输出包括在1213-1215标记的视场区域或铺设体(tile)中的准直光。耦合装置基于上述实施方式的教导。
在一个实施方式中，提供了通过图23的简图示意性示出的一般波导结构。GRIN波导261-262通过由1220-1222符号表示的耦合装置耦合到各自包含图像提取光栅的波导264-266中。来自图像提取波导的输出包括在1223-1225标记的视场区域或铺设体中的准直光。
在图24所示的一个实施方式中，提供了波导230，其包括夹在第一和第二GRIN层231、232之间的至少一个光栅层231。在一个实施方式中，光栅是体积光栅或布拉格光栅。在一个实施方式中，光栅是SBG。
在图25所示的一个实施方式中，提供了波导200，其包括夹在透明电极之间的HPDLC材料中形成的GRIN层。在所示的示例中，电极层201、202夹着堆叠的GRIN层201-203。
在图26所示的一个实施方式中，GRIN结构210包括柱状同心GRIN层211-214。可以调整该结构以形成弯曲的基板或透镜元件。
在图27所示的一个实施方式中，GRIN结构220包括夹在透明电极221、225之间的柱状同心GRIN层222-224。可以调整该结构以形成弯曲的基板或透镜元件。
在本发明的一个实施方式中，GRIN的折射率沿波导的长度径向变化。
GRIN波导与上述引用的相关专利申请中使用的TIR波导相比有几个关键优点。第一个是GRIN消除了聚集成带(banding)的问题。波导光学器件的主要设计挑战是有效地将图像内容耦合到波导中并且使得波导图像没有色散和亮度不均匀的现象。为了克服色散并实现可能最佳的准直，期望使用激光。然而，激光器及其他窄带光源(例如LED)存在光瞳条带伪像(pupil banding artifact)的问题，它们本身表现为输出照明不均匀。当在TIR波导中重现(扩展)准直光瞳时，形成条带伪像。简而言之，每当光束与光栅相互作用时，从波导中衍射出来的光束都有间隙或重叠。这导致照明波纹。波纹的程度是场角、波导厚度和孔隙厚度的函数。因此，该效果在窄带(例如激光)照明源中最显著。聚集成带(banding)可以通过宽带源(例如LED)的分散作用而消除。然而，当前的LED不能为波导显示器提供足够的光输出。GRIN波导的第二个主要益处是引导的光束不与波导的面相互作用，使波导免受外部污染物的影响。可以在不干扰波导的情况下施加附加的光学层。GRIN的第三个主要益处是弯曲波导可能比TIR波导更容易设计。
尽管具有GRIN的上述优点，但是在许多应用中，可以通过使用施加到波导的外表面的保护性包层来提供类似程度的保护。本发明的这些实施方式的示例在图28-图31中示出。在每种情况下，波导的下表面最靠近显示器的观察者并与空气接触。在每种情况下，最上层使TIR不受挡风板损坏或污染的影响，并在需要时允许将额外的涂层施加到外表面。一般来说，波导必须具有夹在较低折射率(包层)层之间的高折射率芯，其中一个低折射率层可以是空气。然而，如果芯中的TIR角度足够大，则可以使用低折射率材料。
在图28所示的实施方式中，显示器包括提供保护层的外部的包覆层230、芯层231和被划分为输入光栅232和有损耗的输出光栅233的光栅层，该有损耗的输出光栅233沿波导均匀地提取光，以提供扩大的出射光瞳。光栅层的平均折射率与芯的平均折射率基本相同。示出了典型的光线路径1240-1242。输入光线通过输入光栅耦合到波导内部的TIR路径中，并且最终通过输出光栅耦合到波导外。
图29的实施方式与图28的实施方式相同，但是具有附加的外包覆层。注意，在内部的芯符合波导折射率要求时，这可以在毫无损失的情况下进行。显示器包括提供保护层的外包覆层240、包覆层241、芯层242和被划分为输入光栅243和有损耗的输出光栅244的光栅层。光栅层的平均折射率与芯的平均折射率基本相同。示出了典型的光线路径1250-1252。
在图30的实施方式中，输入和输出光栅层介质的折射率高于芯的折射率。由于包覆层的折射率低于芯的折射率，因此其允许TIR。显示器包括提供保护层的外部的包覆层250、芯层251和被划分为输入光栅252和有损耗的输出光栅253的光栅层。示出了典型的光线路径1260-1262。
注意，上述实施方式中的光栅层将相应包括夹在两个基板中间的全息材料层，或者替代地夹在芯层和另一基板之间的全息材料层。图28-图31的实施方式可用于提供弯曲或平面显示器。
在图31的实施方式中，显示器包括上玻璃层260、低折射率层261、层262、被划分为输入光栅264和有损耗的输出光栅265的光栅层263以及下玻璃层266，有损耗的输出光栅265沿着波导均匀地提取光，以提供扩大的出射光瞳。光栅层的平均折射率与芯的平均折射率基本相同。在一个实施方式中，低折射率层是可见光带中折射率为1.315的粘合剂材料。示出了典型的光线路径1240-1242。在一个实施方式中，上、下玻璃层260、266以及层262各自具有约为1.5的折射率。输入光线通过输入光栅耦合到波导内部的TIR路径中，并且最终通过输出光栅耦合到波导外。所示的结构包括挡风板的一部分。通常，总厚度约4.4mm。其中上玻璃层在厚度上与包括层261-266的波导叠层相等。典型的光线路径由1270-1275示出。注意，输出光栅提取光只对向下传播的光线进行；向上传播的光线不满足布拉格条件。
图32示出了本发明的使用图28-图31的波导的实施方式。可以形成HUD或HMD的一部分的透明显示器件270包括波导271，向其中记录三个光栅：输入光栅273、折叠或转动光栅274以及输出光栅275。图28-图31表示图32的实施方式的截面。波导还包含用于垂直和水平均匀化的薄分光器均化器层。输入光栅对于最大的光内耦合(in-coupling)效率具有高效率。输出光栅是用于沿着波导中的光路从光波导中均匀地提取光的有损耗的光栅。与在与波导正交的平面中偏转光的输入和输出光栅相比，折叠光栅基本上在波导的平面中偏转光。从眼框看到的图像的形成发生在四个阶段中。在第一阶段，输入耦合器将来自输入图像生成器272的图像光1280耦合到波导内通常由1281表示的垂直TIR路径中。通常，图像生成器还包括照明源(例如激光或LED)、微显示器面板和准直透镜。有利地，输入耦合器光栅使用垂直滚动的K向量。K向量是垂直于光栅平面(或条纹)取向的向量，其决定给定范围的输入和衍射角的光学效率。滚动K向量允许光栅的角度带宽扩大，而不需要增加波导厚度。输入光栅具有足够大的水平孔径宽度，可以减轻水平照明不均匀性，通常称为聚集成带(由在波导内的多次反射之后在TIR光路之间出现的间隙造成)。激光照明的波导显示器特别容易受到聚集成带的影响。在第二阶段，折叠光栅和均匀化分光器一起提供将光引入输出光栅中的TIR路径1283中的光瞳扩大的第一轴线。注意，使用单个折叠光栅来支持视场。在第三阶段中，作为有损耗的光栅的输出光栅沿着波导提供均匀的输出耦合，从而提供光瞳扩大的第二轴线。最后，在第四阶段，通常由1284-1287表示的准直光朝向眼框1288输出，从该眼框1288可以看到整个视场的准直图像。
在一个实施方式中，图32的装置嵌在车辆挡风玻璃中。在这种应用中，用于波导叠层的基板的折射率应该接近当前在挡风玻璃中使用的折射率，即约为1.5。发明人提出使用比当前用在挡风玻璃中的PVB材料(通常为1.48-1.50)具有略高的折射率的改进PVB。为了在全息记录期间将衍射角保持在可接受的低水平，较高折射率是期望的。
在上述实施方式中，GRIN波导与不是嵌入GRIN结构内的光栅波导组合起来，图28-图31的实施方式可用于环境隔离光栅波导。
图28-图31的实施方式可以应用下述文献中公开的任何波导显示器件，并且可得益于其中提供的教导：题为“穿戴式数据显示器”的第GB2012/000677号PCT申请；题为“光学显示器”的第8,233,204号美国专利；题为“紧凑型边缘照明眼镜显示器”的第13/317,468号美国专利申请；题为“全息广角显示器”的第13/869,866号美国专利申请；题为“透明波导显示器”的第13/844,456号美国专利申请。
虽然针对近眼显示器讨论了本发明，但是根据对附图的考虑应该明显看出，本发明也可以用于诸如平视显示器的其他显示器。该装置还可用于提供照明系统。通过反转光路，装置还可以用于图像感测系统。本发明的另一个应用是用于提供用于微透镜阵列的光场显示器的二次图像源的图像传送系统。本发明还可应用于诸如眼动追踪仪和指纹传感器的波导传感器。
根据本发明的原理的显示器可以包括基于下述文献中公开的原理的波导去斑器：题为“均匀照明用的波导”的第PCT/GB2013/000500号PCT申请；以及题为“激光照明装置”的第8,224,133号美国专利，二者均通过引用以其整体并入本文。
应强调的是，附图是示例性的并且尺寸已被放大。
任何上述实施方案都可以使用题为“对全息聚合物弥散液晶材料和装置的改进”的第PCT/GB2012/000680号PCT申请中公开的材料和方法得到的塑料基板来实现。有利地，SBG以反向模式HPDLC材料记录，当在电极上施加电场时其中出现SBG的衍射状态。可以使用上述PCT申请中公开的反向模式材料和方法来实现基于任何上述实施方式的眼动追踪仪。
用于本发明的上述任一实施方式的制造SBG像素元件和ITO电极的方法可以基于题为“用于提供透明显示器的方法和装置”的第US2006/043938号PCT申请中公开的方法。
本领域技术人员应当理解，虽然已经参照示例性实施方式描述了本发明，但是应当理解本发明并不限于所公开的示例性实施方式。可以根据设计要求及其他因素进行各种修改、组合、子组合和改变，只要它们在所附权利要求或其等同方式的范围内。

Claims (20)

1.一种波导显示器，其包括：
输入图像生成器，其提供投影在视场范围内的图像光；
波导，其具有第一和第二外表面；以及
与所述波导光学耦合的至少一个光栅，其用于从所述波导朝向所述显示器的观看者提取光，
其中，所述波导在外表面之间具有防止在所述波导内传播的光线与其中至少一个外表面在光学上相互作用的横向折射率变化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述波导包含GRIN介质，其中所述光栅靠近其中一个外表面设置。
3.根据权利要求所述的装置，其中，所述波导包含GRIN介质，其中所述光栅设置在所述GRIN介质内。
4.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述波导包含GRIN介质，其中所述光栅是形成在其中一个外表面上的表面凹凸结构。
5.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，波导包括与第二波导部邻接的第一波导部，第一波导部含有GRIN介质，第二波导部以TIR工作并且含有用于从所述第二波导部朝向所述显示器的观看者提取光的至少一个光栅。
6.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述波导还包括输入光栅。
7.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其浸在空气中。
8.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其提供HUD、HMD或光场显示器中之一。
9.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述波导是弯曲的。
10.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，波导包括与至少一个TIR波导部光学耦合的至少一个GRIN波导部，每个TIR波导部含有至少一个光栅。
11.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述波导包括与许多TIR波导光学耦合的许多GRIN波导，每个TIR波导含有至少一个光栅。
12.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述波导浸在低折射率外部介质中，并且包括夹在低折射率包覆层和至少一个光栅层之间的高折射率芯，其中TIR发生在所述芯层和所述光栅层的界面与所述光栅层和所述外部介质的界面之间。
13.根据权利要求12所述的装置，其中，所述芯和所述光栅层具有大致相同的平均折射率。
14.根据权利要求12所述的装置，其中，所述芯的折射率比所述光栅层的平均折射率大。
15.根据权利要求12所述的装置，其还包括覆盖所述光栅层和所述低折射率包覆层中的至少一个的低折射率层。
16.根据权利要求12所述的装置，其中，所述光栅层包括夹在透明基板之间的光栅，所述光栅层和所述基板具有类似的折射率。
17.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述光栅层包括输入光栅和提取光栅。
18.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其还包括分光器层。
19.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述图像光被准直。
20.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述光栅是以HPDLC材料、均匀调制的HPDLC材料或反向模式的HPDLC材料记录的布拉格光栅、表面凹凸光栅或可切换的布拉格光栅。
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US11740472B2 (en) 2023-08-29

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