CN107196602B - 光伏板电路 - Google Patents

光伏板电路 Download PDF

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CN107196602B
CN107196602B CN201710414594.4A CN201710414594A CN107196602B CN 107196602 B CN107196602 B CN 107196602B CN 201710414594 A CN201710414594 A CN 201710414594A CN 107196602 B CN107196602 B CN 107196602B
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利龙·哈尔-沙伊
阿龙·祖海尔
伊兰·约斯科维奇
Y·戈林
L·汉德尔斯曼
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S50/00—Monitoring or testing of PV systems, e.g. load balancing or fault identification
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/20—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for electronic equipment
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/02—Mechanical actuation
    • G08B13/14—Mechanical actuation by lifting or attempted removal of hand-portable articles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01L31/02019—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/02021—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
    • H02H1/0007—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements concerning the detecting means
    • H02H1/0015—Using arc detectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/16—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to fault current to earth, frame or mass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/30—Electrical components
    • H02S40/36—Electrical components characterised by special electrical interconnection means between two or more PV modules, e.g. electrical module-to-module connection
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    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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Abstract

本发明涉及光伏板电路。所述电路集成或可集成有光伏板以向光伏板提供内置功能，其包括安全特征，例如电弧探测和消除、接地故障探测和消除、反向电流保护、光伏板的性能的监测、监测参数的传输、以及光伏板的防盗。电路可避免功率转换，例如DC/DC功率转换，可避免执行最大功率跟踪以包括最少数量的部件，并因而增大整体可靠性。

Description

光伏板电路
本申请是申请日为2013年1月30日，申请号为201310035221.8，发明名称为“光伏板电路”的申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本公开的方面涉及分布式电力系统，特别是用于集成有光伏板或附接到光伏板的电路。
背景技术
常规光伏分布式能量收集系统的多个光伏板互连，并连接到逆变器。各种环境和操作条件影响光伏板的功率输出。例如，入射太阳能、环境温度和其它因素影响从每个光伏板提取的功率。根据所使用的板的数量和类型，所提取的功率可从一个板到另一个板在电压和电流方面变化很大。温度、太阳辐照度和来自近处物体例如树或远处物体例如云的遮蔽的变化可引起功率损耗。所有者和甚至专业安装者可能发现很难验证系统的正确操作。随着时间的变化，更多的因素例如老化、灰尘和污垢聚集以及光伏板劣化影响太阳能光伏分布式电力系统的性能。
在逆变器处收集的数据可能不足以提供系统的操作的正确监测。此外，当系统经历功率损耗时，期望确定它是由于环境条件还是由于太阳能分布式电力系统的部件的故障和/或维护不佳。此外，期望容易地定位可能是功率损耗的原因的任何特定的太阳电池板。然而，从每个电池板收集信息需要与中央数据收集系统的通信的装置。期望控制数据传输以避免传输冲突并确定数据的每个发送者。这样的要求可能最容易使用双工传输方法来实现。然而，双工传输方法需要额外的传输线，并使系统复杂。另一方面，单向传输可能有冲突的倾向，并更难以比较从各种源传输的数据。由于这样的系统的功率输出的广泛的变化性以及影响功率输出的各种各样的环境条件，来自总系统的输出参数可能不足以验证太阳能电池阵列是否工作在峰值功率产生状态。局部干扰例如有错误的安装、不正确的维护、可靠性问题和障碍可能引起局部功率损耗，其可能难以从总监测参数探测到。
电弧形成可能对电力分布系统和电子设备有不利影响。电弧形成可出现在开关、断路器、继电器触点、保险丝和不良电缆封端中。当电路被切断或坏的连接出现在连接器中时，电弧放电可横跨连接的触头两端而形成。电弧放电是产生正在进行的等离子体放电的气体的电击穿，等离子体放电从流经通常不导电的介质例如空气的电流产生。在断开开始时，在两个触头之间的分隔距离非常小。作为结果，在触头之间的气隙两端的电压以每毫米电压为单位产生非常大的电场。这个大的电场引起在断路的两侧之间的电弧的点火。如果电路具有足够的电流和电压来维持电弧，则电弧可能引起对设备的损坏，例如导体的熔化、绝缘的破坏、以及火灾。交流(AC)电力系统的零交叉可能使电弧不重新点火。由于DC电力系统中的零交叉的缺乏，直流系统可能比AC系统更容易形成电弧。
在光伏电力系统和国家电气规范中，所提议的实践是：条款690-18要求提供禁用PV阵列的部分或整个PV阵列的机制。接地故障探测、中断和阵列禁用设备可根据特定的设计实现下面的行动：感测超过规定值的接地故障电流，中断或显著减少故障电流，断开阵列和负载之间的电路，使阵列或子阵列短路。
根据IEE布线规范(BS 7671:2008)，用于由于接地故障电流而引起的断开的直流(DC)光伏侧上的剩余电流设备(RCD)类型II设备参照规范712.412。
基于光伏板的电力生成系统的使用从环境观点看是有吸引力的。然而，光伏板的成本及其盗窃的相对容易可能限制其在电力生成系统中的采用。
因此，需要具有可集成或集成有提供包括下列项的特征的光伏板的电路，或有这样的电路将是有利的：光伏板的监测，接地故障探测和消除，电弧探测和消除，防盗和安全操作模式，同时在电路中维持最少数量的部件以降低成本并增加可靠性。
发明内容
公开了各种电路，其集成或可集成有光伏板，以向光伏板提供内置功能，其包括安全特征例如电弧探测和消除、接地故障探测和消除、反向电流保护、光伏板的性能的监测、所监测的参数的传输和光伏板的防盗。电路可避免功率转换，例如DC/DC功率转换，可避免执行最大功率跟踪以包括最少数量的部件并从而增大整体可靠性。
根据本发明的特征，提供了光伏板的电路。该电路可包括可附接到光伏板的输入端子、输出端子和控制器。开关可操作地连接在输入端子和输出端子之间，以及控制端子操作地连接到控制器。开关在闭合时可提供到输出端子的、用于可由光伏板产生的直流的低阻抗直流路径。该电路可包括多个输入端子和多个输出端子、高电压输入和输出端子以及可以或可以不是地电位的低电压输入和输出端子。该电路还可包括可连接在输出端子两端的输出旁路电路。该旁路电路可操作来绕过开关和光伏板来旁路电流。该电路可避免在输入端子和输出端子之间的功率、电压和电流转换。该电路还可包括操作地附接到控制器的至少一个传感器。传感器可配置成测量至少一个参数，例如通过输入端子的电流、输入端子处的电压、通过输出端子的电流或在输入端子处的电压。发送器可操作地附接到控制器。发送器可操作来发送至少一个参数。该电路还可包括到光伏板的永久附接件。
该电路可包括操作地连接到或集成有控制器的至少两个模块或至少三个模块，所述模块选自盗窃探测模块、电弧消除模块、接地故障探测模块和/或安全模块。盗窃探测模块可操作来探测光伏板的潜在盗窃，并将控制器配置成响应于探测到潜在盗窃而启动开关并使光伏板从输出端子断开。
电弧消除模块可操作来探测在光伏板或电路内或附近的电弧。控制器可配置成响应于探测到电弧而启动开关并使光伏板从输出端子断开。接地故障探测模块可操作来探测在该电路或光伏板内的接地故障。控制器可配置成响应于探测到接地故障而启动开关并使光伏板从输出端子断开。对于安全模块，控制器可配置成启动开关以选择安全操作模式来在输出端子上产生安全的限制输出功率，或选择正常操作模式以从光伏板产生实质上最大输出功率。
该电路还可包括可操作来监测光伏板的性能的监测模块。监测模块可操作来探测过电流、过电压或过温度中的至少一个条件。控制器可配置成响应于所述至少一个条件而启动开关。
根据本发明的特征，提供了光伏板的电路。该电路可包括可附接到光伏板的输入端子、输出端子和控制器。开关可操作地连接在输入端子和输出端子之间。开关可包括操作地连接到控制器的控制端子。开关可包括单极开关，其第一极连接到输入端子中的至少一个，第二极连接到输出端子中的至少一个，以及控制端子操作地连接到控制器。该电路还可包括可连接在输入端子两端的输入旁路电路。该旁路电路可操作来使电流绕过光伏板。该电路还可包括可连接在输出端子两端的输出旁路电路。该旁路电路可操作来绕过开关和光伏板来旁路电流。开关在闭合时可提供在光伏板到输出端子之间的直流的低阻抗路径。
该电路可避免在输入端子和输出端子之间的功率转换。该电路还可包括直流(DC)到DC功率转换器以执行输入端子和输出端子之间的功率转换。功率转换器可以是降压电压、升压电路、降压加上升压电路、Cuk转换器或降压-升压电路。
该电路可包括可操作地连接到控制器或集成有控制器的至少两个模块或至少三个模块，包括监测模块、盗窃探测模块、电弧消除模块和/或接地故障探测模块。监测模块可操作来监测光伏板的性能。监测模块可操作来探测至少一个条件，例如过额定电流、欠额定电流、过额定电压、欠额定电压、过额定温度和欠额定温度。控制器可配置成响应于所述至少一个条件来启动开关。监测模块可操作来监测电路的性能。盗窃探测模块可操作来探测光伏板的潜在盗窃。控制器可配置成响应于探测到潜在盗窃而启动开关并使光伏板从输出端子断开。电弧消除模块可操作来探测在光伏板内或附近的电弧形成。控制器可配置成响应于电弧探测而启动开关并使光伏板从输出端子断开。接地故障探测模块可操作来探测在接线盒内或光伏板附近的接地故障。控制器可配置成响应于接地故障探测而启动开关并使光伏板从输出端子断开。
该电路还可包括操作地连接到控制器的安全模块。控制器可配置成启动开关以选择安全操作模式来在输出端子上产生安全工作输出功率，或选择正常操作模式以产生实质上最大输出功率。
根据本发明的特征，提供了在光伏太阳能收集系统中可执行的方法。该方法由集成或可集成有光伏板以形成光伏模块的电路执行。该电路具有输入端子和输出端子。该电路可包括适合于并行地监测多种类型故障的控制器。控制器适合于控制连接在输入端子和输出端子之间的至少一个开关，以在探测到多个故障中的至少一个时启动开关，并从而使光伏板从输出端子中的至少一个断开，以及绕过输出端子。控制器所监测的故障可包括：电弧、潜在的盗窃、接地故障或监测参数故障。电弧的探测可以在光伏模块中或光伏模块附近。光伏板从至少一个输出端子断开可以响应于消除电弧。光伏模块的潜在盗窃和光伏模块从至少一个输出端子断开可能使光伏模块在光伏太阳能收集系统之外不可操作。接地故障的探测和作为响应，光伏板从输出端子的断开可消除接地故障。所探测的监测参数故障可以是电压、电流和/或温度。监测参数中的一个或多个可以在以前规定的值范围之外，没有根据规范运转的光伏板被断开，且输出端子被绕过。
本申请还涉及以下内容：
1)一种光伏板的电路，所述电路包括：
多个输入端子，其可附接到所述光伏板；
Figure BDA0001313348420000051
多个输出端子；
控制器；
开关，其操作地连接在所述输入端子之一和所述输出端子之一之间，其中所述开关包括操作地连接到所述控制器的控制端子；
输出旁路电路，其可横跨所述输出端子连接，其中所述输出旁路电路可操作来绕过所述开关和所述光伏板来旁路电流；以及
至少两个模块，其操作地连接到所述控制器，其中所述至少两个模块选自下列项所组成的组：
监测模块，其可操作来监测所述光伏板的性能；
盗窃探测模块，其可操作来探测对所述光伏板的盗窃，其中所述控制器配置成响应于所述盗窃探测而启动所述开关并使所述光伏板从所述输出端子断开；
电弧消除模块，其可操作来探测在所述光伏板或所述电路内或附近的电弧，其中所述控制器配置成响应于探测到所述电弧而启动所述开关并使所述光伏板从所述输出端子断开；
接地故障探测模块，其可操作来探测所述电路或所述光伏板内的接地故障，其中所述控制器配置成响应于探测到所述接地故障而启动所述开关并使所述光伏板从所述输出端子断开；以及
安全模块，其中所述控制器配置成启动所述开关以选择安全操作模式来在所述输出端子上产生安全的限制输出功率，或选择正常操作模式以从所述光伏板产生实质上最大的输出功率。
2)如项1)所述的电路，其中所述电路包括从操作地连接到所述控制器的所述组选择的所述模块中的至少三个模块。
3)如项1)所述的电路，其中所述监测模块可操作来探测从由过电流、欠电流、过电压、欠电压和过温度所组成的组选择的至少一个条件，其中所述控制器配置成响应于所述至少一个条件而启动所述开关。
4)如项1)所述的电路，其中所述电路避免在所述输入端子和所述输出端子之间的功率、电压和电流转换。
5)如项1)所述的电路，其中所述开关在闭合时提供到所述输出端子的、用于可由所述光伏板产生的直流电流的低阻抗直流路径。
6)如项1)所述的电路，还包括：
至少一个传感器，其操作地附接到所述控制器，其中所述至少一个传感器配置成测量从由通过所述输入端子的电流、在所述输入端子处的电压、通过所述输出端子的电流、在所述输出端子处的电压所组成的组选择的至少一个参数；以及
发送器，其操作地附接到所述控制器，其中所述发送器可操作来发送所述至少一个参数。
7)如项1)所述的电路，还包括到所述光伏板的永久附接件。
8)如项1)所述的电路，其中所述开关包括单极开关，该单极开关具有：
第一极，其连接到所述输入端子中的至少一个；以及
第二极，其连接到所述输出端子中的至少一个。
9)如项1)所述的电路，所述电路还包括：
输入旁路电路，其可横跨所述输入端子连接，其中所述输入旁路电路可操作来绕过所述光伏板来旁路电流。
10)如项1)所述的电路，其中所述电路包括直流(DC)到DC功率转换器，以在所述输入端子和所述输出端子之间执行功率转换。
11)如项1)所述的电路，其中所述输出旁路电路包括：
电荷存储设备，其可操作来从绕过所述开关和所述光伏板的被旁路的电流向所述控制器提供逻辑电压。
12)一种在光伏太阳能收集系统中可执行的方法，所述方法由与光伏板集成以形成光伏模块的电路执行，所述电路具有输入端子和输出端子，其中所述电路包括控制器，该控制器适合于监测多种类型的故障并控制连接在所述输入端子和所述输出端子之间的至少一个开关，所述方法包括：
使用绕过所述开关和所述光伏板被旁路的、横跨所述输出端子的电流给电荷存储设备充电；
从存储在所述电荷存储设备上的电荷向所述控制器提供逻辑电压；以及
在探测到所述故障中的至少一个故障时启动所述开关，从而使所述光伏板从所述输出端子中的至少一个断开，其中所述控制器可监测的所述故障选自下列项所组成的组：
在所述光伏模块中或所述光伏模块附近探测到电弧，其中所述光伏板从所述输出端子断开消除所述电弧；
所述光伏模块的盗窃，其中所述光伏板从所述输出端子断开使所述光伏模块在所述光伏太阳能收集系统外部不可操作；
在所述光伏模块内或所述光伏模块附近的接地故障，其中所述光伏板从至少一个所述输出端子断开消除所述接地故障；以及
监测参数故障，其中监测参数选自欠电压、过电压、欠电流、过电流和过温度所组成的组，其中所述监测参数在以前规定的值范围之外。
13)如项12)所述的方法，还包括：
当探测到所述故障中的至少一个时，绕过所述开关和所述光伏板来旁路电流。
14)如项12)所述的方法，还包括：
使用横跨所述输入端子连接的输入旁路电路来绕开所述光伏板而旁路电流。
15)如项12)所述的方法，还包括：
当所述开关闭合时，使用直流(DC)到DC功率转换器在所述输入端子和所述输出端子之间转换功率。
附图说明
在本文中，仅作为例子，参考附图，描述了本发明，其中：
图1a示出光伏太阳能收集系统，其示出本发明的特征。
图1b示出根据本发明的示例性特征的图1a所示的电路和光伏板的更多细节。
图1c和1d示出可由控制器操作的图1b中所示的开关的两个示例性开关电路。
图1e示出根据本发明的示例性特征的有源旁路电路的更多细节。
图1f示出图1e所示的有源旁路电路的操作的时序图。
图1g示出可在图1b的电路中实现的控制器和模块的系统级图表的例子。
图2a示出可在图1b的电路中实现的方法。
图2b示出考虑电弧探测模块与盗窃探测模块的使用的电路的示例性方法。
图3示出用于图1a所示的能量收集系统中的电弧探测的方法。
具体实施方式
现在详细参考本发明的特征，本发明的例子在附图中示出，其中相似的参考数字始终表示相似的元件。下面描述特征以通过参考附图来解释本发明。
在详细解释本发明的特征之前，应理解，本发明在其应用中不限于在下面的描述中阐述的或在附图中示出的部件的设计和布置的细节。本发明能够有其它特征或能够以各种方式被实践或实现。此外，应理解，本文所使用的措辞和术语是为了描述的目的，且不应被视为限制性的。
应注意，虽然本文的讨论主要涉及光伏系统，本发明可作为非限制性的例子可选地使用其它分布式电力系统(包括(但不限于)风力涡轮机、水力涡轮机、燃料电池、存储系统例如电池、超导飞轮和电容器)和机械设备(包括常规和可变速度柴油发动机、斯特林发动机、气体涡轮机和微型涡轮机)来配置。
作为引言，本发明的各个方面目的在于集成或可集成有光伏板以形成光伏模块的电路。该电路可包括多个特征，用于监测光伏板的性能、探测和消除电弧、和/或探测和消除在光伏模块中或光伏模块附近或在光伏能量收集系统中的其它地方的接地故障。该电路还可包括用于盗窃探测和防止的功能。该电路还可包括用于提供以电流限制输出为特征的安全操作模式和用于产生太阳能的正常操作模式的功能。
根据本发明的示例性特征，电路在输入端子处连接或可连接到光伏板。输出端子可被连接以形成一串光伏模块。多个光伏模块可并联连接以形成光伏太阳能收集系统。
如这里在上下文或电弧和/或接地故障探测中使用的术语“附近”可以指串联连接以形成串联串、串联串的另一部分、或另一串(例如并联连接的相邻光伏串)的另一相似的光伏模块。
如本文使用的术语“电流旁路”或“旁路”指在电路的两个输入端子之间或两个输出端子之间的低电阻电流连接，以形成在外部施加到端子的直流和/或功率的可选路径。旁路在光伏板通过开关的启动而断开的情况下提供串电流的电流路径。
如本文使用的术语“无源”设备指不需要来自功率源的外部功率来执行电路功能的“无源”设备。
如本文使用的术语“有源”设备指需要来自功率源的外部功率来执行电路功能的“有源”设备。
如本文使用的术语“开关”指有源半导体开关，例如场效应晶体管(FET)，其中可控制和/或可变电压或电流被施加到开关的控制端子例如栅极，其确定在开关的极例如FET的源极和漏极之间流动的电流的量。
如本文使用的术语“启动”开关可以指打开、闭合和/或切换，即，可选地打开和闭合开关。
现在参考示出本发明的方面的光伏太阳能收集系统10的图1a。能量收集系统10包括分别连接到多个电路103的多个光伏板101。电路103可容纳在接线盒中以提供电气终端——可用作从板101到电路103的输入的汇流条a、b和c(未示出)的机械支持。可选地，电路103可集成有光伏板101，而不使用接线盒。电路103可附接和/或可重新附接到板101，或可使用例如热固性粘合剂例如环氧树脂粘合剂永久地附接到板101。电路103的电输出可串联连接以形成串电流(Istring)可流经的串联光伏串联串107。多个串107可并联地、并横跨负载105的输入而连接。负载105可以是直流(DC)负载，例如DC电动机、电池、DC到DC转换器的输入或DC到AC转换器的DC输入。
中央单元109可以操作地由控制线114连接到负载105并位于负载105附近。中央单元109包括用于将电力线通信(PLC)或无线通信117发送到电路103和从电路103接收电力线通信(PLC)或无线通信117的发送器和/或接收器。操作地连接到中央单元109的电流和/或电压传感器119a、119b可感测负载105的输入，以便测量到负载105的输入电压(VT)和输入电流(IL)。中央单元109也可为了远程监测或控制系统10的目的而操作地附接到网络115，例如互联网。中央单元109也可用于基于能量收集系统10的以前确定的操作标准将适当的控制信号发送到电路103。可选地或此外，串107中的主电路103a可提供在串107内的独立控制，和/或可结合中央单元109来工作。
现在参考图1b，其示出根据示例性特征的图1a所示的电路103和光伏板101的更多细节。根据本例，光伏板101包括被输出到汇流条a、b和c的串联连接的光伏电池的两个子串11，汇流条a、b和c是电路103的输入端子。电路103可容纳在接线盒中以提供电气终端——汇流条a、b和c的机械支持，并提供电路103的输入端子。电路103的输入包括两个旁路二极管120a和120b，其阳极分别连接到汇流条c和b，而阴极分别连接到汇流条a和b。收发器126还可操作地附接到控制器122。收发器126可在节点Y和/或节点X处提供电力线通信(PLC)。收发器126可以可选地提供无线通信。单极开关SW1串联连接在二极管120a的阴极和节点X之间。开关SW1的控制端子操作地附接到控制器122。开关SW1可由控制器122打开和闭合。旁路电路121横跨节点X和Y而连接。节点X和Y提供电路103到串联串107中的连接。图1b所示的旁路电路121的可选实现可由旁路电路121代替旁路二极管120a和120b。
在太阳能收集系统10的正常操作期间，板101由太阳辐射，板101的电流(IPV)实质上等于串电流(Istring)，开关SW1闭合，且流经输出旁路电路121的电流(IB-out)实质上为零。最大串电流(Istring)通常借助于基尔霍夫电流定律由光伏串107中的性能最差的板101限制。
在板101中，如果子串11中的某些光伏电池被遮蔽，则通过被遮蔽的电池的电流可被提供通过不活动电池的可选并行路径，且被遮蔽的电池的整体性可被维持。二极管120a和120b的目的是汲取来自与相应的子串11中的二极管120a和120b相关的被遮蔽的或损坏的电池的电流。旁路二极管120a和120b在一个或多个子串11中的其相关的被遮蔽电池变得反向偏压时变得正向偏压。因为子串11中的光伏电池以及相关的旁路二极管120a和120b并联，而不是迫使电流通过被遮蔽的光伏电池，旁路二极管120a和120b使电流旁路，远离被遮蔽的电池，并维持到下一子串11的连接。
可在某些情况下基于以前确定的标准，例如基于在传感器124a-124d上感测的电流和电压，来给控制器122编程，以打开开关SW1，并从而使板101从串联光伏串107断开。旁路电路121可配置成提供低阻抗路径，使得旁路电路121的输出旁路电流(IB-out)实质上等于串107的电流(Istring)。旁路电路121允许光伏板101从光伏串107断开，同时维持来自光伏串107的其余光伏板101的电流流动和功率产生。
现在参考图1c和1d，其示出图1b所示的开关SW1的可由控制器122控制的两个不同的开关电路。第一开关电路开关SWa是单极开关或半导体开关，例如FET，其中二极管并联连接在单极开关两端。开关SWa可以串联连接在节点X和二极管120b的阴极之间，其中开关SWa的二极管的阳极连接到二极管120b的阴极，以及开关二极管的阴极连接到节点X。当开关SWa是开路的时，从板101到节点X的电流可流经开关SWa的二极管，且来自节点X的任何反向电流可被阻挡。在图1d中示出开关SW1的类似串联布置，其中开关SWa与另一开关SWb串联连接。
开关SW1可以可选地或另外地在低电压端子处连接在节点Y和二极管120a的阳极之间。开关SW1的可选布置可以使开关SWa串联连接在节点X和二极管120b的阴极之间，并使另一开关SWb串联连接在节点Y和二极管120a的阳极之间。在这个备选方案中，开关SWb的二极管具有连接到节点Y的阳极和连接到二极管120a的阳极的阴极。在这个备选方案中，当开关SWa和SWb都是开路时，从板101到节点X的电流可流经开关SWa的二极管，且来自节点X的任何反向电流可被阻挡。类似地，从节点Y到板101的电流可流经开关SWb的二极管，且来自节点Y的任何反向电流可被阻挡。
现在参考图1e，其示出根据示例性特征的有源旁路电路121的更多特征。旁路电路121包括开关SW2和SW3(操作地附接到控制器130)和充电电路141。在本例中的开关SW2和SW3使用金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)来实现。可选的固态开关例如双极晶体管可用于开关SW2和SW3。开关SW2的漏极(D)连接到节点X。开关SW2的源极(S)连接到开关SW3的源极(S)。开关SW2的整体二极管具有连接到开关SW2的源极(S)的阳极和连接到开关SW2的漏极(D)的阴极。开关SW3的漏极(D)连接到节点Y。开关SW3可具有整体二极管，其阳极连接到开关SW3的源极(S)而阴极连接到开关SW3的漏极(D)。控制器130连接节点Z到并感测节点Z，在节点Z，开关SW2的源极连接到开关SW3的源极(S)。控制器130连接到并感测节点X，以及也连接到并感测节点Y、开关SW3的漏极(D)。控制器130还提供缓冲器驱动器B1和B2所需的直流(DC)电压(Vlogic)。缓冲器驱动器B1和B2确保足够的功率可用来接通和关断开关SW2和SW3。缓冲器驱动器B1和B2的输出分别连接到开关SW2和SW3的栅极(G)。缓冲器控制器B1和B2从控制器130接收其相应的逻辑输入。充电电路141具有连接到节点Y和节点Z的输入。连接到节点Z的是齐纳二极管Z1的阳极。齐纳二极管Z1的阴极连接到节点Y。齐纳二极管Z1可以可选地被实现为瞬态电压抑制(TVS)二极管。电荷存储设备例如电容器C1的一端连接到二极管整流器DR1的阴极，而电荷存储设备C1的另一端连接到节点Z。二极管整流器DR1的阳极连接到节点Y。电荷存储设备C1可以是电容器、电池或在本领域中已知的用于存储电荷的任何设备。连接到二极管整流器DR1的阴极的电容器C1的端部向控制器130以及缓冲器驱动器B1和B2提供DC电压(Vlogic)。
在能量收集系统10的正常操作期间(在此期间，板101被辐射)，电路103的输出不需要被旁路电路121旁路。借助于都关断(打开)的开关SW2和SW3，旁路电路121不进行旁路。开关SW2和SW3都关断意味着在开关SW2和SW3的各自漏极和源极之间实质上没有电流，因为开关SW2和SW3的各自栅极(G)不被缓冲器驱动器B1和B2驱动。
借助于控制器130分别到开关SW2和SW3的源极(S)和漏极(D)以及开关SW3的源极(S)的模拟输入，控制器130能够感测开路或反向电压极性是否横跨节点X和Y而存在。在节点X和Y上感测的开路可指示开关SW1是打开的和/或子串11是开路。横跨节点X和Y的反极性可指示板101是被遮蔽的或是有故障的，或板101作为电流的吸收器而不是作为电流的源而操作。
横跨节点X和Y的开路和/或反极性可使旁路电路121在旁路操作模式中操作。旁路电路121的旁路操作模式可以是当板101被部分地遮蔽时。当仍然太暗而无法获得来自板101的相当大的功率输出时，电路121的旁路操作模式也可以恰好在正常操作之前，电路121可能没有功率来工作。
现在参考图1f，其示出电路121的操作的时序图。一旦足够的光辐射板101且电流在光伏串107中流动，齐纳二极管Z1就具有电压降VZ1，其给电容器C1充电，以便向控制器130提供Vlogic。当电容器C1在时间T1期间被充电时，横跨节点X和Y的输出的电压降是齐纳二极管Z1的电压(VZ1)加上开关SW2的整体二极管两端的电压。当Vlogic足够时，控制器130中的所有有源电路开始工作，这使开关SW2和SW3在时间段T2内闭合。时间段T2可以比时间段T1大得多。开关SW2和SW3(在时间T2期间)闭合给出横跨节点X和Y的电压降。因此，由于较长的时间段T2和横跨节点X和Y的电压降，总的来说，较少的功率可能被旁路电路121丢失。控制器130继续工作直到电荷存储设备C1的电压(Vlogic)下降到最低电压之下为止，且电荷存储设备C1再一次具有来自齐纳二极管Z1的电压降VZ1，其给电容器C1充电，以便提供Vlogic。一旦足够的功率从板101产生，控制器130就可在节点X和Y处从板101得到电压供应。控制器130还可接收外部启动信号，以便与光伏串107中的所有其它旁路电路121同步地工作。
在旁路模式期间，控制器130能够在节点X和Y上感测板101是否再次运行，且如果是这样，则控制器130移除旁路。通过关断开关SW2和SW3来移除横跨节点X和Y的旁路。
现在参考图1g，其示出可在电路103中实现的控制器122的系统级图表的例子。控制器122包括可以操作地附接到收发器126、开关SW1、传感器124a-124d和存储器18的处理器16。存储器18可包括软件模块，和/或额外的电路可提供例如用于监测光伏板的性能160、接地故障探测166、安全/正常操作模式169、电弧探测和消除162、盗窃探测和防止164的功能。电路103可配置成在正常功率产生期间避免功率转换，例如DC到DC转换。电路103可配置成避免光伏板101的最大功率点跟踪。在一些配置中，开关SW1可以是单个开关例如FET，且因此额外的部件例如FET开关可被避开。
160监测光伏板101和电路103的性能和控制
监测光伏板的性能由本发明人在美国专利公布2008/0147335中公开。监测可包括通过使用电路103的传感器124a-124d感测电流和电压，来监测在电路103的输入端子(汇流条a、b、c)处的输入功率和/或电路103的输出端子节点X和Y处的输出功率。温度传感器(未示出)也可包括在电路103中，用于测量环境温度、电路103的电路板上的温度和/或光伏板101的温度。监测结果可周期性地或随机地由通过DC线到逆变器105的通信或由无线通信传输到中央单元109。基于监测结果，如果一个或多个所感测的参数被发现在额定规范之外，则控制器122可被编程为启动例如打开开关SW1，并使光伏板101从光伏串107断开。旁路电路121自动使串电流绕开SW1和光伏板101而旁路。
将负载105连接到光伏板101和/或电路103的DC电力电缆可提供在中央单元109和光伏板101之间的通信通道。如本发明人以前在共同未决的专利申请GB1100463.7中公开的，将负载105连接到板101或电路103的电缆的长度可以很长，并可包含一个或几个导线线芯。分布式电力生成系统的拓扑图在很大程度上指示电缆走线的安装和放置。没有电气相关性的导线的物理接近度可增加电缆中的导线受到噪声的影响的机会，如果那些导线被认为用于通过DC电力线通信发信号通知。串扰是一种类型的噪声，其指一种现象，在传输系统的电缆、电路或通道上传输的信号通过该现象在另一电缆、电路或通道中产生不希望有的影响。串扰可通常由从一个电缆、电路或通道到另一电缆、电路或通道的不希望有的电容、电感或导电耦合引起。串扰也可能破坏正被传输的数据。防止串扰的不希望有的影响的已知方法可以是利用电缆、接线盒、板、逆变器、负载的屏蔽或使用双绞线电缆。此外，滤波技术例如匹配的滤波器、去耦电容器或扼流器可用于防止串扰的不希望有的影响。然而，防止串扰的不希望有的影响的这些方法可能在电力生成系统中是不可用的或不实际的，和/或可能从额外的材料和/或所需部件方面来说是过分昂贵的。
在光伏装置10中，处于正电势的导线和与此电气相关的处于负电势的导线可能只在到一件设备的连接点处物理地与之紧邻。然而，在光伏场10中的其它地方，导线可以是分离的，且不在同一电缆走线内。在光伏电力生成系统中，使用通过PC电缆的电力线通信，可能期望在中央单元109和电路103之间发送控制信号或接收监测信号。串扰可以使电力生成系统10中的其它电路103无意中接收控制信号，这当然是不期望的。
公开了一种方法，由此，在光伏模块101/103和负载105之间的信令提供光伏模块101/103和负载105之间的相关性。在初始操作模式中，初始代码可被调制以产生初始信号。初始信号可沿着从负载105到电路103的DC线由中央单元109传输。初始信号可由电路103接收。操作模式可接着被改变为正常操作模式，且在正常操作模式期间，控制信号可沿着从负载105到电路103的DC线由中央单元109传输。控制代码可解调自和接收自控制信号。控制代码可与初始代码比较，产生比较。控制信号的控制命令可作为与负载105相关的有效控制命令而生效，控制命令只在比较是肯定的比较时起作用。
166接地故障探测
如以前由当前发明人在共同未决的公布GB1020826.7中所公开的，设备可适合于断开多个互连串中的携带直流功率的至少一个串。类似地，电路103可包括适合于通过比较正的线路(终止于节点X)和负的线路(终止于节点Y)中的相应电流来测量差动电流的差动电流传感器。差动电流可指示电路103和/或光伏板101中的接地故障。如果潜在的接地故障被探测到，则负的线路中的SW1和/或类似开关可被启动，例如打开。旁路电路121可自动使串电流绕开SW1和光伏板101而旁路。
169安全/正常操作模式
在电路103的正常操作模式期间，由光伏板101产生的电力被提供到串107。可在负载105的输入处为互连串提供最大功率点跟踪，使得在没有遮蔽或部件故障的情况下，大部分或所有光伏板有助于在最大功率点处或附近的所俘获的功率。在常规太阳能收集系统中，潜在的电击危险可能存在于光伏模块101/103的输出端子上。因此，在常规系统的安装期间，光伏板可被覆盖以避免通过光伏板的光吸收并在安装期间防止触电死亡。
可通过启动或切换开关SW1来提供安全操作模式，开关SW1可以是在附接到光伏板101的电路103中的降压和/或升压转换器的一部分。以已知的工作周期切换SW1可用于迫使光伏板101远离其最大功率点，且输出到串107的功率可被强制为非常低，避免了其它安全手段，例如在安装期间覆盖光伏板。
在安全操作模式期间，光伏模块101/103可被连接或断开，并同时被太阳辐射。因此，在能量收集系统10的常规维护或安装期间，电路103的控制器122可配置成打开和闭合开关SW1，以在电路103的输出端子上产生安全工作输出功率。安全工作输出功率可以根据开关SW1打开和闭合的预定工作周期。
在能量收集系统10的正常操作期间，当能量收集系统10被辐射时，可能由于故障或盗窃，光伏模块101/103从串107断开。在盗窃的情况下，可能很期望产生在电路103的输出端子上的安全工作输出功率，使得例如贼不触电致死。
164盗窃探测
用于光伏板的探测和/或防盗的很多方法和/或设备由本申请人在美国专利申请20100301991中公开。
上面讨论了代码的使用，作为避免在通过DC线传送到中央单元109的监测和控制信号中的串扰的机制。代码可另外地用作用于盗窃探测和防止的机制。第一代码被写在与负载105相关的存储器中，而第二代码存储在被定位和操作地附接到电路103的存储器18中。第二代码可基于第一代码，或第二代码可以是第一代码的拷贝或散列。可在能量收集系统的安装期间执行第一代码的写入和/或第二代码的存储。在第一代码被读取并存储于第一存储器且第二代码被读取并存储于存储器18之后，在电力生成期间，第一代码与第二代码或其散列比较。如果比较是正确的(例如代码相应)，则允许从电路105到串107的功率传输，且开关SW1闭合。否则，如果代码不匹配，则开关SW1由控制器122打开。如果电路105被永久地附接或高度集成有光伏板101，则贼将难以从盗窃中得到好处。可类似地结合本公开来使用如在国际申请PCT/IB2010/052413中公开的用于盗窃探测和/或保护的其它方法。
162ARC探测
电弧形成可对电力分布系统和电子设备有不利影响。电弧放电可出现在开关、断路器、继电器触点、保险丝和不良电缆封端中。当电路被切断或坏的连接出现在连接器中时，电弧放电可横跨连接的触点而形成。电弧放电是产生正在进行的等离子体放电的气体的电击穿，等离子体放电是由流经通常不导电的介质例如空气的电流造成的。在断开开始时，在两个触点之间的分隔距离非常小。因此，在触点之间的气隙两端的电压以每毫米电压为单位产生非常大的电场。这个大的电场引起在断路的两侧之间的电弧的点火。如果电路具有足够的电流和电压来维持电弧，则电弧可引起对设备的损坏，例如导体的熔化、绝缘的破坏、以及火灾。
图3示出用于图1a所示的系统10中的电弧探测的方法301。在步骤303中，发起系统10的初始操作模式。初始模式可以是当系统10第一次被安装时，当在日常基础上安装之后，板101在黎明时或在系统10的常规维护之后被照亮，其中板101可被替换或电缆被重新连接，等等。也可在一天的不同时间和一个月的不同时间发起初始模式。在一天的不同时间和一个月的不同时间发起的初始模式可关于太阳的方位在全年中改变的事实来执行。初始模式可考虑其它因素，例如温度、云覆盖或例如在板101的表面上的累积的灰尘沉积。
在初始模式中，可对如系统10中所示的串107或一组互连串107测量基线噪声电压或电流，或在负载105处经由传感器119a和119b测量系统的总噪声电压或电流(步骤305)。在一天的不同时间和一个月的不同时间发起的初始模式可存储在中央单元109和/或主电路103a中或每个电路103中的查找表中。作为在步骤305中测量的基线噪声电压或电流的结果，可在步骤307中设置噪声电压或电流阈值309。阈值309可以是自适应的或不变的值，其可在10千赫兹(kHz)到400kHz之间的频率范围中被测量。一旦对系统10设置了阈值309，就在步骤311中发起系统10的正常操作。如果阈值309被超过一段预定的时间，指示潜在的电弧放电，则板101可使用与板101相关的电路103中的开关SW1从串107断开(步骤205)。否则，系统10的正常操作在步骤311中继续。
现在参考图2a，其示出可适用于图1g所示的系统122的方法251。在决策块253中，可探测很多故障，其包括电弧探测162、盗窃探测164、接地故障探测166或监测参数故障探测。在决策块253中可能有探测合起来的各种组合：例如电弧探测162连同盗窃探测164，或电弧探测162与盗窃探测164和接地故障探测166。故障的探测可使开关SW1打开，以使板101从串107断开，且电路103输出的输出端子可被旁路电路121自动绕过(步骤255)。
参考图2b，其示出电路103的示例性方法201。在决策块203中，如果在板101附近探测到电弧放电，板101可通过使电路103中的开关SW1打开来从串107断开。板101可接着使用旁路电路121被绕开。在决策块209中，用于电弧探测的方法可被应用来验证电弧放电是否由旁路电路103消除。如果在决策块209中，电弧放电未被消除，则板101可在步骤211中被重新连接，且另一板101可在串107中被选择并从串107断开。用于电弧消除的测试在决策块209中继续。在决策块209中，可能有利地，如果未消除电弧，则可通过打开串107中的开关SW1来断开整个串107，且可检查另一串107以查看是否电弧放电可替代地在那里发生。
与方法201中所示的类似的方法也可应用于接地故障探测166。
在本文使用不定冠词“a”、“an”，例如“a switch(开关)”、“a module(模块)”具有“一个或多个”的含义，即，“一个或多个开关”或“一个或多个模块”。
虽然示出和描述了本发明的选定特征，但应理解，本发明不限于所述特征。相反，应认识到，可对这些特征做出改变，而不偏离本发明的原理和精神，本发明的范围由权利要求及其等效形式限定。

Claims (12)

1.一种在光伏太阳能收集系统中使用的方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)探测电力分布系统的故障；
(2)响应于所述故障，使光伏板从到所述电力分布系统的端子断开；
(3)通过旁路电路来短路所述端子以绕过被断开的所述光伏板；
(4)验证所述故障是否被消除；
(5)如果所述故障被消除，则确定所述故障是由被断开的所述光伏板引起；
(6)如果所述故障未被消除，将所述光伏板重新连接到所述电力分布系统；
(7)选择另一光伏板以将其从到所述电力分布系统的端子断开以继续用于所述故障的测试。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
对所述电力分布系统的其他光伏板重复所述断开和短路直到所述故障被消除为止。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括
断开光伏板的整个串；
响应于在所述光伏板的整个串被断开时所述故障未被消除的确定，将所述整个串重新连接到所述电力分布系统；以及
对所述电力分布系统的光伏板的另一整个串重复所述断开直到所述故障被消除为止。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述故障是电弧。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述故障是接地故障。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其中，所述探测包括：
探测在所述电力分布系统的所述光伏板之一中的所述接地故障或附接到所述电力分布系统的所述光伏板之一的电路中的所述接地故障。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述通过旁路电路来短路所述端子以绕过被断开的所述光伏板包括：
当所述端子中的一个通过所述旁路电路与所述端子中的另一个绝缘时，在第一持续时间期间用横跨所述端子接收到的功率给存储电路充电；
在第二持续时间期间将来自所述存储电路的所述功率提供给所述旁路电路；以及
响应于所述旁路电路接收到从所述存储电路提供的所述功率，在所述第二持续时间期间通过所述旁路电路将所述端子短路。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法，其中，将来自所述存储电路的所述功率提供给所述旁路电路响应于所述端子中的一个的电压与所述端子中的另一个的电压的负压差。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法，还包括：
响应于所述端子中的一个的电压与所述端子中的另一个的电压的正压差，重新使所述端子绝缘，并停止将来自所述存储电路的所述功率提供给所述旁路电路。
10.如权利要求7所述的方法，其中，所述探测包括：
测量在终止于所述端子中的一个的线路中的电流和终止于所述端子中的另一个的线路中的电流之间的差异。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述断开包括：
打开将所述端子中的一个连接到所述光伏板的开关。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
如果所述故障被消除，则返回到步骤(1)。
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