CN103208916B - 光伏组件 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种光伏组件，包括光伏板和连接到光伏板的电气线路。光伏板可包括连接到电气线路的输入端的多个汇流条。电气线路可包括在电气线路的输入端处跨接在汇流条之间的至少一个输入旁路电路。电路系统可包括连接在电气线路的输入端和输出端之间的开关。电路系统可运行来使光伏板与电气线路的输出端断开。输出旁路电路连接到电气线路的输出端。电气线路的输出端可连接到第二光伏组件的第二电气线路。输出旁路电路可以是有源旁路电路，其从电气线路的输出端汲取功率。
Description
技术领域
本公开的一个方面涉及分布式电力系统，具体涉及包括连接到或可连接到光伏板的电气线路的光伏组件。
背景技术
光伏板包括互连的光伏电池，当太阳辐射被吸收时，光伏电池产生电流。当光伏板的一部分被遮挡时，该光伏板内的一些被遮挡的光伏电池可能不能够与未遮挡的光伏电池产生一样多的电流。由于光伏电池可被串联连接，根据基尔霍夫电流定律，实质上相同的电流流过每一串联连接的光伏电池。未遮挡的光伏电池可促使被遮挡的光伏电池使更多的电流通过。被遮挡的光伏电池可以在高于其短路电流的电流处和可导致来自光伏板的总的净电压损耗的负电压处操作。在串联连接的光伏电池中流动的电流乘以该负电压导致由被遮挡的光伏电池产生的负功率。换句话说，被遮挡的光伏电池将功率作为热消散，并导致光伏板内的“热点”。被遮挡的光伏电池可然后向下拉这组光伏电池的总的电流/电压(I/V)曲线。
遮挡的效果也可能取决于光伏板如何被遮挡。遮挡一块光伏电池的75％可能比遮挡三块光伏电池的每块的25％糟得多。最小化遮挡效果的一种方式是创建连接成串联串的光伏电池的多个光伏子串并使用横跨每个光伏子串的旁路二极管。旁路二极管可允许电流绕开光伏电池的被遮挡的光伏子串，由此减小穿过该串的电压损耗。当光伏子串被遮挡时，其旁路二极管变为“正向偏压的”，并开始传导电流。大于被遮挡的光伏子串的短路电流的电流通过旁路二极管“绕过”，因此减小了在被遮挡区域处的局部加热的量。
汇流带或汇流条可提供光伏板内的光伏电池之间的连接。光伏板的子串可通过在光伏板的背侧处的汇流带在外部连接到例如旁路二极管。汇流带可以是被涂有焊锡的铜带或扁钢丝。焊锡保护铜的表面免受氧化并提供焊锡层以形成焊接接缝。汇流带通常为5-6mm宽，虽然一些应用要求汇流带的宽度大于上述宽度的两倍。
汇流带或汇流条可用作接线盒的输入或输出，接线盒可被安装到光伏板的背侧上。汇流条是可在接线盒内传导电的铜或铝的长条，并允许形成到其他汇流条、汇流带、电线、端子或连接端的连接。接线盒也允许形成到其他汇流条、汇流带、电线、端子或连接端的连接及电隔离/绝缘的机械支持。
发明内容
根据本发明的一方面，提供了一种用于光伏板的电气线路，该光伏板可包括串联连接的光伏电池构成的光伏子串，其中光伏子串可输出到在光伏板的输出端处的多个汇流条，所述电气线路可包括：电路系统，其可具有可与光伏板输出端串联连接的输入端并可具有可操作地与光伏串串联连接的输出端，其中该电路系统可包括用于选择性地分别将光伏板连接到光伏串和使光伏板从光伏串断开的开关；及，输出旁路电路，其可跨接于电路系统的输出端，其中当开关可使光伏板与光伏串断开时，输出旁路电路可操作来使光伏串的电流通过，其中输出旁路电路可包括：电荷存储器件，其可横跨电路系统的输出端和串联连接的光伏板输出端而连接，其中电荷存储器件可操作来从穿过光伏串的电流为输出旁路电路提供操作功率。
在一些实施例中，电气线路可包括输入旁路电路，其中输入旁路电路可包括跨接在汇流条之间的至少一个无源旁路二极管，其中当光伏子串的光伏电池实质上在反向偏压中且光伏子串可实质上吸收电流时，无源旁路二极管可操作来对光伏子串提供低阻抗电流路径。
在一些实施例中，输入旁路电路可包括可被配置为从光伏板汲取操作功率的有源固态开关。
在一些实施例中，光伏串可包括可具有相应的串联连接的输出端的多个电气线路，且其中多个电气线路可被配置为在多个电气线路的相应的输入端处可连接多个光伏板。
在一些实施例中，输出旁路电路可包括有源固态开关，当光伏板从光伏串断开时，有源固态开关可通过汲取来自光伏串的电流来操作。
在一些实施例中，输出旁路电路可包括晶体管，晶体管可包括可连接到光伏串的源极和漏极及可使用来自光伏串的功率来控制的栅极。
在一些实施例中，当电流可在光伏串中流动时，当输出旁路电路分别提供电流旁路和不提供电流旁路时，电荷存储器件可被充电和放电。
在一些实施例中，电荷存储器件可在短时间段期间被充电及可在较长的时间段期间被放电，其中较长的时间段可长于短时间段。
在一些实施例中，其中短时间段可在5毫秒和15毫秒之间，且其中较长的时间段可在5秒和15秒之间。
在一些实施例中，输出旁路电路可包括控制器；且其中电荷存储器件可操作来向控制器提供直流(DC)功率源。
根据本发明的另一方面，提供了一种操作光伏组件的方法，该方法可包括：可通过一开关的操作来选择性地分别将光伏板连接到光伏串和使所述光伏板与所述光伏串断开，其中光伏板可包括可串联连接的光伏电池构成的光伏子串，其中光伏子串可输出到在光伏板的输出端处的多个汇流条，且其中开关可包括在电路系统中，该电路系统可具有可与光伏板的输出端串联连接的输入端且可具有可操作地与光伏串串联连接的输出端，及，当开关可使光伏板与光伏串断开时，可通过可跨接于电路系统的输出端的输出旁路电路的操作，使光伏串的电流通过，其中输出旁路电路可包括电荷存储器件，该电荷存储器件可横跨电路系统的输出端和串联连接的光伏板输出端而连接；及，可通过电荷存储器件的操作，从可穿过光伏串的电流为输出旁路电路提供操作功率。
在一些实施例中，该方法还可包括：当光伏子串的光伏电池实质上在反向偏压中且光伏子串可实质上吸收电流时，通过跨接在汇流条之间且包括在输入旁路电路中的无源旁路二极管的操作，可对光伏子串提供低阻抗电流路径。
在一些实施例中，输出旁路电路还可包括有源固态开关，所述方法还可包括通过有源固态开关的操作，从光伏板汲取操作功率。
在一些实施例中，当电流可在光伏串中流动时，当输出旁路电路分别提供电流旁路和不提供电流旁路时，可使电荷存储器件充电和放电。
在一些实施例中，输出旁路电路可包括控制器；所述方法还可包括通过电荷存储器件的操作，向控制器提供直流(DC)功率源。
提供了用于光伏板的可选地安装到接线盒内的各种电气线路。光伏板可包括串联连接的光伏电池的光伏子串。光伏子串可输出到光伏板输出端处的多个汇流条。电气线路包括跨接在汇流条之间的输入旁路电路。输入旁路电路可被配置为当光伏子串的光伏电池可能实质上在反向偏压中时提供到光伏子串的低阻抗电流路径。电气线路可具有带有一个或多个输入端及一个输出端的电路系统，一个或多个输入端可连接到汇流条，输出端可操作地串联连接到光伏串。电路系统也可包括用于将光伏板连接到光伏串或使光伏板与光伏串断开的开关。输出旁路电路可跨接在电路系统的输出端之间。当开关使光伏板与光伏串断开时，输出旁路电路可操作来使光伏串的电流通过。输入旁路电路可包括跨接在汇流条之间的至少一个无源旁路二极管，当光伏子串实质上吸收电流时，该无源旁路二极管可操作来提供低阻抗路径。输入旁路电路可包括有源固态开关，该有源固态开关被配置为从自光伏板汲取操作功率。
光伏串可包括在电气线路的相应输出端处的串联连接的电气线路。电气线路可被配置为连接电气线路的相应输入端处的多个光伏板。输出旁路电路可包括有源固态开关，当光伏板可能与光伏串断开时，该有源固态开关通过汲取来自光伏串的电流而可操作。输出旁路电路还可包括晶体管，其源极和漏极可连接到光伏串而栅极可使用来自该串的功率来控制。输出旁路电路还可包括可跨接在电路系统的输出端之间的电荷存储器件。电荷存储器件可操作来从穿过光伏串的电流为输出旁路电路提供操作功率。电荷存储器件可在短时间段内被充电及在较长的时间段内被放电，该较长的时间段可长于该短时间段。电流在光伏串中流动时，电荷存储器件可被充电和放电，而不考虑输出旁路电路可能提供旁路还是不提供旁路。短时间段可在5毫秒和15毫秒之间。长时间段可在5秒和15秒之间。
本发明的其他方面可包括光伏组件，该光伏组件包括光伏板和可连接到光伏板的电气线路。光伏板可包括连接到电气线路的输入端的多个汇流条。电气线路可包括在电气线路的输入端处跨接在汇流条之间的至少一个输入旁路电路。电气线路可包括连接在电气线路的输入端和输出端之间的开关。电气线路可运行以使光伏板与电气线路的输出端断开。输出旁路电路连接到电气线路的输出端。电气线路的输出端可连接到第二光伏组件的第二电气线路。输出旁路电路可以是有源旁路电路，其汲取来自电气线路的输出端的功率并运行以在光伏板被断开时将第二电气线路的电流通过所述输出端旁路。第一和第二电气线路可在相应的输出端处连接以形成光伏串。输出旁路电路可以是有源电路，当光伏板与光伏串断开时，该有源电路汲取来自光伏串的功率。
光伏板和电气线路或安装电气线路的接线盒可被永久地附接到彼此。
又一些其他实施方式包括用于输出旁路电路的电路。输出旁路电路可包括正端子和负端子。电路具有第一集成二极管和带有第一栅极、第一漏极和第一源极的第一晶体管，例如金属氧化物场效应晶体管(MOSFET)。第一集成二极管的第一阳极和第一阴极可分别连接到第一漏极和第一源极。第一漏极是电路的阴极。电路也可具有带有第二栅极端子、第二漏极和第二源极的第二晶体管，例如金属氧化物场效应晶体管MOSFET。第二源极连接到第一源极。第二漏极是电路的正端子。控制器可适于连接到第一栅极端子和第二栅极端子。控制器可被配置为引起第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET的切换。电荷存储器件的输入端可横跨第二漏极和第二源极而连接。在电路的正端子和负端子之间流动的电流可基于切换来对电荷存储器件进行充电。电荷存储器件的输出端可基于切换来通过电荷存储器件的放电为控制器提供直流(DC)功率源。电荷存储器件还可包括齐纳二极管，其阴极连接到第二漏极而阳极连接到第二源极。一个二极管具有连接到第二漏极的阳极和连接到电容器的一端的阴极，且电容器的另一端连接到第二源极。
附图说明
在附图中作为例子而不是限制示出了某些实施方式，在附图中，相似的参考数字始终表示相似的元件：
图1a示出了根据本发明的特征的光伏板。
图1b示出了根据本发明的特征的功率采集系统。
图1c示出了根据本发明的特征的包括电路的接线盒的更多细节。
图1d示出了根据本发明的示例性特征的旁路电路的更多细节。
图1e示出了图1c示出的旁路电路的时序图。
图1f示出了图1c示出的电路的另一可选的电路特征。
具体实施方式
现在将详细参考本发明的特征，本发明的实例在附图中示出，在附图中，相似的参考数字始终表示相似的元件。下文通过参考附图来描述特征以解释本发明。
在详细解释本发明的特征之前，应当理解，本发明在其应用中不限于在以下描述中阐述或在附图中示出的部件的设计和布置的细节。本发明能够具有其他特征或能够以各种方式实施或实现。而且，应当理解，本文采用的术语和用语用于描述的目的且不应被视为限制性的。例如，本文使用了不定冠词“一(a)”、“一(an)”，例如“一个开关”、“一条旁路”具有“一个或多个”的含义，即，“一个或多个开关”或“一条或多条旁路”。术语“汇流条”、“汇流带”、“电线”、“端子”或“连接端”在本文可互换使用。
如本文使用的术语“场效应晶体管(FET)”指诸如金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管的任何FET器件。根据本发明的特征，双极晶体管可被等效地使用来代替FET器件。
如本文使用的术语“开关”指下列项中的任何一个且不限于下列项：硅控整流器(SCR)、绝缘栅双极结型晶体管(IGBT)、双极结型晶体管(BJT)、场效应晶体管(FET)、结型场效应晶体管(JFET)、机械式操作的单极双极开关(SPDT)、SPDT电气继电器、SPDT簧片继电器、SPDT固态继电器、绝缘栅场效应晶体管(IGFET)、交流用的二极管(DIAC)、交流用的三极管(TRIAC)和机械开关。
如本文使用的术语“光伏组件”指电连接和/或机械地附接到电路的光伏板。
如本文使用的术语“光伏串”指相应的输出端串联地电连接以形成光伏串的多个光伏组件。
如本文使用的术语“光伏子串”指光伏串内的许多串联连接的光伏电池。
如本文使用的术语“汇流条”指从光伏板提供的电气终端。汇流条一般作为在(附接到光伏板的)电路内的可导电的铜或铝的长条而延伸，并允许形成到其他汇流条、汇流带、电线、端子、连接端和接线盒内的其他电路的连接。术语“汇流条”、“汇流带”、“电线”、“端子”或“连接端”在本文可互换使用。
如本文使用的术语“旁路”指电路中的两点之间的低电阻连接，其形成电流的一部分的可选路径。
如本文使用的术语“无源”器件指不需要来自功率源的外部功率来执行电路功能的“无源”器件。
如本文使用的术语“有源”器件指需要来自外部功率源的功率来执行电路功能的“有源”器件。
如本文关于有源固态开关例如场效应晶体管(FET)使用的术语“可操作”指施加到开关的控制端子例如栅极的可控且可变的电压或电流，其决定了允许多少电流在FET的源极和漏极之间流动。
应该注意，尽管本文的讨论主要涉及光伏系统，作为非限制的例子，可以可选地使用其他分布式电力系统来配置本发明，所述分布式电力系统包括(但不限于)风力涡轮机、水力涡轮机、燃料电池，存储系统例如电池、超导飞轮和电容器、以及机械器件，包括传统和变速柴油发动机、斯特林发动机、燃气涡轮机和微型涡轮机。
作为介绍，本公开的方面目的在于减小由使用传统的输入旁路二极管引起的功率损耗，并在光伏板与该串断开时提供低损耗旁路电路。通过使用旁路电路，提供了具有电路的输入端和/或输出端的有源旁路的电路。电路的输入端可连接到直流(DC)功率源例如光伏板的输出端。电路的输出端可与其他DC输出端和/或DC源连接成串联串。光伏串可跨接在负载例如逆变器的两端。
附接到光伏板的接线盒的一个目的是经由电缆填料盖提供进入接线盒的带状电缆、汇流条或线缆的电气终端。
根据示例性实施方式，光伏组件包括在其输入端处连接到光伏板的电路。所述电路包括输入旁路电路和输出旁路电路。当与照惯例用于相同目的的正向偏压的半导体二极管相比时，输入和/或输出旁路电路在被启动时可提供较低阻抗。当与正向偏压的半导体二极管相比时，较低阻抗可允许旁路电路产生较少的功率消耗。电路的输出端可与光伏组件串联连接。如果例如光伏板从串断开及功率因此不能从光伏板获得，输出旁路电路可从类似的DC输出端的串联串接收功率。通过旁路电路的较低的功率消耗可提供较低的热耗散，从而减少与电路内的热生成相关的潜在问题。与半导体旁路二极管相比，通过旁路电路的较低的功率消耗可减小接线盒的复杂度、尺寸和材料。
现在参考图1a，其示出了根据本发明的特征的光伏板101。板101示出了多个串联连接的子串11。每个光伏子串11可包括串联连接的多个光伏电池13。汇流条a-z提供了到子串11之间的串联连接的连接。可选地，每个光伏子串11可包括光伏电池13之间的串联-并联或并联-串联连接。子串11也可经由连接件b1和b2以各种串联-并联或并联-串联的组合来连接，连接件b1和b2作为单独的汇流条在板101的内部变得可用，而不是在板101内被内部连接以给出汇流条b，如图1a所示。
现在参考图1b，其示出了根据本发明的特征的功率采集系统10。功率采集系统10包括多个光伏板101、负载105、多个电路103，每个电路具有汇流条a、b和c。根据特征的实例，光伏板101包括串联连接的光伏电池13的两个子串11和三个汇流条a、b和c。电路103提供电气终端--汇流条a、b和c的机械支持作为电路103的输入。电路103可附接和/或可再附接到板101，或者可使用例如热固性粘结剂例如环氧树脂粘接剂永久地附接到板101。电路103的电输出端可串联连接以形成串联光伏串107，串电流(I串)可流经光伏串107。多个光伏串107可并联连接并跨接在负载105的输入端之间。负载105可以是直流(DC)负载，例如DC电机、电池、DC到DC转换器的输入端或DC到AC逆变器的输入端。
现参考图1c，其示出了根据本发明的特征的图1b中示出的电路103的更多细节。汇流条a、b和c从板101被输入到电路103。输入端具有两个旁路二极管120a和120b，其阳极分别连接到汇流条c和b，而阴极分别连接到汇流条a和b。单极开关SW1可串联连接在二极管120a的阴极和节点X之间。开关SW1可以可选地连接在二极管120b的阳极和节点Y之间。SW1的控制端操作地附接到处理器122。可由处理器122基于例如经由传感器124获得的流过开关SW1的电流或在节点X处的电压来断开和连通开关SW1。开关SW1可以为功率转换器例如DC到DC转换器如降压电路、升压电路或降压加升压电路的一部分。旁路电路121跨接到节点X和Y，节点X和Y连接串联的光伏串107。
在功率采集系统10的正常操作期间，板101被太阳照射，板101的电流(IPV)实质上等于串电流(I串)，开关SW1闭合，且穿过输出旁路电路121的电流(IB-out)实质上为0。根据基尔霍夫电流定律，最大串电流(I串)通常由光伏串107中的运行最差的板101来限制。
在板101中，如果某些光伏电池13被遮挡，则穿过被遮挡的电池13的电流可被提供给穿过不起作用的电池13的可选的并联路径，且被遮挡电池13的完整性可被保持。二极管120a和120b的目的是使电流不经过与相应的子串11中的二极管120a和120b相关的被遮挡或损坏的电池13。在旁路二极管120a和120b的相关的被遮挡电池13变为反向偏压时，旁路二极管120a和120b变为正向偏压的。由于光伏电池13与相关的旁路二极管120a和120b并联，因此，不是促使电流穿过被遮挡的电池13，而是旁路二极管120a和120b使电流不经过被遮挡的电池13，并使电流通路完整，以保持到光伏子串11中的下一电池13的连接。
处理器122可在某些情况下被编程来基于先前确定的标准，例如基于在传感器124上感测的电流和电压，以断开开关SW1，从而使板101与串联的光伏子串107断开。旁路电路121被配置为提供低阻抗路径，使得旁路电路121的输出旁路电流(IB-out)实质上等于光伏串107的电流(I串)。
现在参考图1d，其示出了根据本发明的示例性特征的有源旁路电路121的更多细节。旁路电路121包括开关SW2和SW3(操作地附接到控制器130)和充电电路141。实例中的开关SW2和SW3使用金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)来实现。对于开关SW2和SW3可使用可选的固态开关。开关SW2的漏极(D)连接到节点X。开关SW2的源极(S)连接到开关SW3的源极(S)。开关SW2的集成二极管具有连接到开关SW2的源极(S)的阳极和连接到开关SW2的漏极(D)的阴极。开关SW3的漏极(D)连接到节点Y。开关SW3可具有集成二极管，该集成二极管的阳极连接到开关SW3的源极(S)而阴极连接到SW3的漏极(D)。控制器130连接到节点Z并感测节点Z，连接到节点X并感测节点X，且也连接到节点Y并感测节点Y，即，开关SW3的漏极(D)，在节点Z，开关SW2的源极连接到开关SW3的源极(S)。控制器130提供缓冲驱动器B1和B2所需要的直流(DC)电压(V逻辑)。缓冲驱动器B1和B2确保可用来连通和断开开关SW2和SW3的足够的电压。缓冲驱动器B1和B2的输出端分别连接到开关SW2和SW3的栅极(G)。缓冲驱动器B1和B2从控制器130接收它们各自的输入。充电电路141具有连接到节点Y和节点Z的输入端。连接到节点Z的是齐纳二极管Z1的阳极。齐纳二极管Z1的阴极连接到节点Y。齐纳二极管Z1可以可选地实现为瞬态电压抑制(TVS)二极管。电荷存储器件C1的一端连接到二极管整流器DR1的阴极，而电荷存储器件C1的另一端连接到节点Z。二极管整流器DR1的阳极连接到节点Y。电荷存储器件C1可以是电容器、电池或本领域已知的用于存储电荷的任何器件。电容器C1的连接到二极管整流器DR1的阴极的端部将DC电压(V逻辑)提供到控制器130以及缓冲驱动器B1和B2。
在功率采集系统10的正常操作期间(其中板101被照射)，电路103的输出端可能不需要通过旁路电路121绕过。借助于开关SW2和SW3都断开，旁路电路121并不进行旁路。开关SW2和SW3都断开意味着在开关SW2和SW3的各自的漏极和源极之间实质上没有电流，因为开关SW2和SW3的各自的栅极(G)没有被缓冲驱动器B1和B2驱动。
当板101被部分地遮挡时，旁路电路121可以为旁路操作模式。电路121的旁路操作模式也可恰好在正常操作之前，这时它太暗而不能从板101获得较大的功率输出，电路121可能没有功率来工作。现在参考图1e示出的电路121的操作的时序图。较多的光一照射板101且电流一在光伏板107中流动，齐纳二极管Z1就具有电压降VZ1，其对电容器C1充电以向控制器130提供V逻辑。当电容器C1在时间T1期间被充电时，横跨节点X和Y的输出端的电压降是齐纳二极管Z1的电压(VZ1)加上开关SW2的集成二极管两端的电压。
当V逻辑足够时，控制器130内的所有有源电路开始工作，这将开关SW2和SW3闭合一时间段T2。时间段T2比时间段T1要大得多。(在时间T2期间)开关SW2和SW3闭合提供横跨节点X和Y的电压降，其可能低于在时间T1期间横跨节点X和Y的电压降。因此，由于较长的时间段T2和横跨节点X和Y的电压降，总的来说，在时间T1+T2期间，较少的功率可通过旁路电路121而失去。控制器130继续工作，直到电荷存储器件C1的电压(V逻辑)下降到最小电压以下，且再次电荷存储器件C1具有来自齐纳二极管Z1的电压降VZ1，其对电容器C1充电以便提供V逻辑，V逻辑为控制器130和缓冲驱动器B1和B2提供电力。一旦足够的功率从板101产生，控制器就可在节点X和Y处从板101获取电压供应。控制器130也可进一步接收外部启动信号，以便和光伏串107中的所有其他旁路电路121同步地工作。
通过控制器130的分别到开关SW2和SW3的源极(S)和漏极(D)及开关SW3的源极(S)的模拟输入，控制器130能够感测横跨节点X和Y是否存在开路或反向电压极性。在节点X和Y上感测的开路可指示开关SW1断开和/或光伏子串11是开路。横跨节点X和Y的反向极性可指示板101被遮挡或出故障，或板101作为电流宿而不是作为电流源进行操作。
在旁路模式期间，控制器130能够在节点X和Y上感测是否板101再次运行且因此控制器130消除旁路。通过关断开关SW2和SW3，横跨节点X和Y的旁路被消除。
现在参考图1f，其示出了电路103的另一可选的电路特征。除了旁路二极管120a和120b被两个旁路电路121替代之外，在图1e中示出的电路与图1c中示出的电路相同。
汇流条a、b和c从板101输入到电路103。输入端具有两个旁路电路121，其具有连接到汇流条a、b和c的阳极，如先前在图1c中所示的。输入旁路电路121可包括被配置为汲取来自光伏板101的操作功率的有源固态开关。单极开关SW1串联连接在光伏板101和在节点X处的输出端之间。输出旁路电路121横跨接输出节点X和Y而连接，节点X和Y连接串联的光伏串107。
尽管已示出和描述了本发明的选定特征，应当理解，本发明不局限于所描述的特征。相反，应该认识到，可以对这些特征做出改变而不偏离本发明的原理和精神，本发明的范围由权利要求及其等价物限定。
Claims (21)
1.一种用于光伏系统的装置，所述装置包括：
第一节点、第二节点和第三节点，其中，所述第二节点和所述第三节点被配置成连接到串联连接的光伏电池串；
开关，所述开关配置成通过闭合所述开关将在所述第二节点接收的源电流传导到所述第一节点并配置成通过断开所述开关阻止所述源电流从所述第二节点到所述第一节点；及
输出旁路电路，其配置成当所述开关断开时将来自所述第三节点的旁路电流传导到所述第一节点，其中所述输出旁路电路包括电荷存储器件，其可操作为存储来自横跨所述第一节点和所述第三节点施加的功率的电荷并可操作为提供所存储的电荷作为用于所述输出旁路电路的操作功率，其中，所述输出旁路电路的控制器继续工作，直到所述电荷存储器件的电压下降到最小电压以下，其中，所述开关被配置成当所述开关断开时将所述电荷存储器件从所述第二节点断开连接，并且其中，所述控制器被配置成感测所述第一节点和所述第三节点以通过关断所述输出旁路电路的旁路开关消除旁路。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，还包括输入旁路电路，其中所述输入旁路电路包括无源旁路二极管，当所述串联连接的光伏电池中的至少一个实质上吸收电流时，所述无源旁路二极管可操作来横跨所述串联连接的光伏电池的至少一个提供低阻抗电流路径。
3.根据权利要求2所述的装置，其中所述输入旁路电路包括被配置为从所述串联连接的光伏电池串汲取操作功率的有源固态开关。
4.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述输出旁路电路的所述旁路开关还包括使用来自所述电荷存储器件的所述操作功率操作的有源固态开关。
5.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述输出旁路电路的所述旁路开关还包括晶体管，其中所述晶体管包括分别耦合到所述第一节点和所述第三节点的源极和漏极，并且其中所述晶体管还包括使用来自所述电荷存储器件的所述操作功率来控制的栅极。
6.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中横跨所述第一节点和所述第三节点施加所述功率，所述电荷存储器件被充电和放电与所述输出旁路电路何时将所述旁路电流从所述第三节点传递到所述第一节点相独立。
7.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述电荷存储器件在第一时间段期间被充电及在第二时间段期间被放电，所述第二时间段长于所述第一时间段。
8.根据权利要求7所述的装置，其中所述第一时间段在5毫秒和15毫秒之间，且其中所述第二时间段在5秒和15秒之间。
9.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述输出旁路电路包括所述控制器；且其中所述电荷存储器件可操作来向所述控制器提供直流(DC)功率源。
10.一种操作光伏系统的方法，所述方法包括：
通过第一开关的操作来将光伏电池的串联串中的多个串联子串中的一个串联子串从所述光伏电池的串联串断开连接，每个串联子串具有输出端；
当所述一个串联子串从所述光伏电池的串联串断开连接时，通过输出旁路电路的操作，使来自所述多个串联子串的剩余串联子串的电流横跨所述一个串联子串的输出端通过；
从来自所述剩余串联子串的电流给所述输出旁路电路中的电荷存储器件充电，其中，所述电荷存储器件从断开连接的所述一个串联子串断开连接；及
通过对所述电荷存储器件放电来为所述输出旁路电路提供第一操作功率，其中，所述输出旁路电路的控制器继续工作，直到所述电荷存储器件的电压下降到最小电压以下，并且其中，所述控制器被配置成感测指示所述第一开关断开的开路，和闭合所述输出旁路电路的旁路开关。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，还包括：
当所述光伏电池的串联串的至少一个光伏电池实质上吸收电流时，使用输入旁路电路向所述至少一个光伏电池提供低阻抗电流路径。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法，还包括：
从所述光伏电池的串联串向所述输入旁路电路内的有源固态开关提供第二操作功率。
13.根据权利要求10所述的方法，还包括：
当所述一个串联子串通过所述第一开关从所述光伏电池的串联串断开连接时，从所述电荷存储器件向所述旁路开关提供所述第一操作功率，所述旁路开关包括所述输出旁路电路内的有源固态开关。
14.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述输出旁路电路包括所述控制器，所述控制器配置为控制所述输出旁路电路内的切换，并且其中所述方法还包括：
基于所述切换，通过到所述电荷存储器件的输入端向所述电荷存储器件充电；以及
从所述电荷存储器件的输出端向所述控制器提供所述第一操作功率作为直流(DC)功率。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中所述输出旁路电路的所述旁路开关还包括晶体管，其中所述晶体管包括横跨断开连接的所述一个串联子串的输出端耦合的源极和漏极，并且其中所述晶体管包括使用来自所述电荷存储器件的所述第一操作功率控制的栅极。
16.根据权利要求10所述的方法，还包括：
对所述电荷存储器件进行充电和放电与所述一个串联子串何时从所述光伏电池的串联串断开连接相独立。
17.一种光伏系统，包括：
光伏板，其包括多个汇流条；以及
电气线路，其具有输入端和输出端，其中，所述多个汇流条被连接至所述电气线路的所述输入端，并且其中，所述电气线路包括：
第一开关，其被配置成分别在所述第一开关断开和闭合时在所述输入端和所述输出端之间阻止和传导电流；和
输出旁路电路，其被横跨所述电气线路的输出端连接并被配置成当所述第一开关断开时传导横跨所述输出端的电流，其中，所述输出旁路电路包括：
控制器，其被配置成当所述第一开关断开时闭合至少一个输出旁路开关；和
电荷存储器件，其被配置成存储来自横跨所述输出端施加的功率的电荷，并被配置成提供所存储的电荷作为到所述控制器的操作功率；
其中，所述第一开关被配置成当所述第一开关断开时使所述电荷存储器件从所述电气线路的所述输入端断开连接。
18.根据权利要求17所述的光伏系统，其中，所述输出旁路电路包括分别连接至所述电气线路的所述输出端的正端子和负端子的正端子和负端子，其中，所述输出旁路电路的所述至少一个输出旁路开关包括：
具有第一栅极、第一漏极和第一源极的第一场效应晶体管(FET)，其中，所述第一漏极连接至所述输出旁路电路的所述负端子；以及
具有第二栅极、第二漏极和第二源极的第二场效应晶体管，其中，所述第二源极连接至所述第一源极，并且其中，所述第二漏极连接至所述输出旁路电路的所述正端子。
19.根据权利要求18所述的光伏系统，其中：
所述控制器连接至所述第一栅极和所述第二栅极；
所述控制器被配置成引起所述第一场效应晶体管和所述第二场效应晶体管的切换；
所述电荷存储器件的输入端横跨所述第二漏极和所述第二源极连接；
在所述输出旁路电路的所述正端子和所述负端子之间流动的电流基于所述切换给所述电荷存储器件充电；以及
所述电荷存储器件的输出端基于所述切换通过所述电荷存储器件的放电向所述控制器提供直流(DC)功率源。
20.根据权利要求19所述的光伏系统，其中，所述电荷存储器件还包括：
具有阴极和阳极的齐纳二极管，所述阴极连接至所述第二漏极，所述阳极连接至所述第二源极；
具有第一端子的电容器，所述第一端子连接至所述第二源极；以及
具有阳极和阴极的二极管，所述阳极连接至所述第二漏极，所述阴极连接至所述电容器的第二端子。
21.根据权利要求17所述的光伏系统，还包括：
第二光伏板，其包括第二多个汇流条；以及
第二电气线路，其具有第二输入端和第二输出端，其中，所述第二多个汇流条被连接至所述第二输入端，并且其中，所述第二电气线路包括：
第二开关，其被配置成分别在所述第二开关断开和闭合时在所述第二输入端和所述第二输出端之间阻止和传导电流；和
第二输出旁路电路，其被横跨所述第二输出端连接并被配置成当所述第二开关断开时传导横跨所述第二输出端的电流，其中，所述第二输出旁路电路包括：
第二控制器；和
第二电荷存储器件，其配置成存储来自横跨所述第二输出端施加的功率的第二电荷，并被配置成提供所存储的第二电荷作为到所述第二控制器的第二操作功率，其中所述电气线路的所述输出端和所述第二电气线路的所述第二输出端是串联连接的。
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| CN101107712A (zh) * | 2005-01-26 | 2008-01-16 | 冈瑟斯佩尔斯堡有限责任两合公司 | 太阳能电池模块的具有电流旁路的保护电路 |
| CN101180781A (zh) * | 2005-05-24 | 2008-05-14 | 弗兰霍菲尔运输应用研究公司 | 太阳能模块的保护电路装置 |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2615644A3 (en) | 2017-05-10 |
| EP4080586A1 (en) | 2022-10-26 |
| EP2615644A2 (en) | 2013-07-17 |
| GB201200423D0 (en) | 2012-02-22 |
| US20130175971A1 (en) | 2013-07-11 |
| US11979037B2 (en) | 2024-05-07 |
| US20240243586A1 (en) | 2024-07-18 |
| CN103208916A (zh) | 2013-07-17 |
| US10931119B2 (en) | 2021-02-23 |
| US20210249867A1 (en) | 2021-08-12 |
| EP2615644B1 (en) | 2022-06-01 |
| GB2498365A (en) | 2013-07-17 |
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