US20200339856A1 - Refrigerating oil for refrigerant or refrigerant composition, method for using refrigerating oil, and use of refrigerating oil - Google Patents

Refrigerating oil for refrigerant or refrigerant composition, method for using refrigerating oil, and use of refrigerating oil Download PDF

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Publication number
US20200339856A1
US20200339856A1 US16/954,651 US201816954651A US2020339856A1 US 20200339856 A1 US20200339856 A1 US 20200339856A1 US 201816954651 A US201816954651 A US 201816954651A US 2020339856 A1 US2020339856 A1 US 2020339856A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
point
hfo
coordinates
refrigerant
mass
Prior art date
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Abandoned
Application number
US16/954,651
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English (en)
Inventor
Mitsushi Itano
Daisuke Karube
Yuuki YOTSUMOTO
Kazuhiro Takahashi
Yuzo Komatsu
Shun OHKUBO
Tatsuya TAKAKUWA
Tetsushi TSUDA
Takeo Abe
Yumi Toda
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Daikin Industries Ltd
Original Assignee
Daikin Industries Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/037483 external-priority patent/WO2019123782A1/ja
Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/038747 external-priority patent/WO2019123805A1/ja
Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/038748 external-priority patent/WO2019123806A1/ja
Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/038746 external-priority patent/WO2019123804A1/ja
Application filed by Daikin Industries Ltd filed Critical Daikin Industries Ltd
Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/042032 external-priority patent/WO2019123898A1/ja
Assigned to DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. reassignment DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TODA, YUMI, ABE, TAKEO, TSUDA, Tetsushi, TAKAKUWA, Tatsuya, OHKUBO, Shun, KOMATSU, YUZO, TAKAHASHI, KAZUHIRO, YOTSUMOTO, Yuuki, ITANO, MITSUSHI, KARUBE, DAISUKE
Publication of US20200339856A1 publication Critical patent/US20200339856A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
    • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M131/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing halogen
    • C10M131/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing halogen containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only
    • C10M131/04—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing halogen containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only aliphatic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
    • C10M171/02—Specified values of viscosity or viscosity index
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
    • F24F1/0007—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units
    • F24F1/0059—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
    • F24F1/0007—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units
    • F24F1/0059—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by heat exchangers
    • F24F1/0063—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by heat exchangers by the mounting or arrangement of the heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
    • F24F1/0007—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units
    • F24F1/0059—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by heat exchangers
    • F24F1/0067—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by heat exchangers by the shape of the heat exchangers or of parts thereof, e.g. of their fins
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
    • F24F1/06—Separate outdoor units, e.g. outdoor unit to be linked to a separate room comprising a compressor and a heat exchanger
    • F24F1/14—Heat exchangers specially adapted for separate outdoor units
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
    • F24F1/06—Separate outdoor units, e.g. outdoor unit to be linked to a separate room comprising a compressor and a heat exchanger
    • F24F1/20—Electric components for separate outdoor units
    • F24F1/24—Cooling of electric components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
    • F24F1/06—Separate outdoor units, e.g. outdoor unit to be linked to a separate room comprising a compressor and a heat exchanger
    • F24F1/26—Refrigerant piping
    • F24F1/32—Refrigerant piping for connecting the separate outdoor units to indoor units
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
    • F24F1/06—Separate outdoor units, e.g. outdoor unit to be linked to a separate room comprising a compressor and a heat exchanger
    • F24F1/26—Refrigerant piping
    • F24F1/34—Protection means thereof, e.g. covers for refrigerant pipes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
    • F24F1/06—Separate outdoor units, e.g. outdoor unit to be linked to a separate room comprising a compressor and a heat exchanger
    • F24F1/38—Fan details of outdoor units, e.g. bell-mouth shaped inlets or fan mountings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/62—Control or safety arrangements characterised by the type of control or by internal processing, e.g. using fuzzy logic, adaptive control or estimation of values
    • F24F11/63—Electronic processing
    • F24F11/65—Electronic processing for selecting an operating mode
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/88—Electrical aspects, e.g. circuits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
    • F24F13/30—Arrangement or mounting of heat-exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/044—Systems in which all treatment is given in the central station, i.e. all-air systems
    • F24F3/048—Systems in which all treatment is given in the central station, i.e. all-air systems with temperature control at constant rate of air-flow
    • F24F3/052—Multiple duct systems, e.g. systems in which hot and cold air are supplied by separate circuits from the central station to mixing chambers in the spaces to be conditioned
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0007—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning
    • F24F5/001—Compression cycle type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/0018—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters using electric energy supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H4/00—Fluid heaters characterised by the use of heat pumps
    • F24H4/02—Water heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • F25B1/04—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with compressor of rotary type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B13/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with reversible cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B29/00—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B29/00—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously
    • F25B29/003—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously of the compression type system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
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    • F25B31/002—Lubrication
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F25B31/00—Compressor arrangements
    • F25B31/006—Cooling of compressor or motor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25B7/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with cascade operation, i.e. with two or more circuits, the heat from the condenser of one circuit being absorbed by the evaporator of the next circuit
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/006—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant containing more than one component
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/22—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/22—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/27—Rotor cores with permanent magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K17/00—Asynchronous induction motors; Asynchronous induction generators
    • H02K17/02—Asynchronous induction motors
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K9/00—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating
    • H02K9/08—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating by gaseous cooling medium circulating wholly within the machine casing
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2211/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2211/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only
    • C10M2211/022—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only aliphatic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/30—Refrigerators lubricants or compressors lubricants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/023—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for using multiple indoor units
    • F25B2313/0233—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for using multiple indoor units in parallel arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/07—Details of compressors or related parts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/12—Inflammable refrigerants
    • F25B2400/121—Inflammable refrigerants using R1234
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/05—Cost reduction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/07—Exceeding a certain pressure value in a refrigeration component or cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/05—Refrigerant levels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/25—Control of valves
    • F25B2600/2513—Expansion valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/04—Refrigerant level
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/19—Pressures
    • F25B2700/193—Pressures of the compressor
    • F25B2700/1931—Discharge pressures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/14—Structural association with mechanical loads, e.g. with hand-held machine tools or fans
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/70—Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a refrigerating oil for refrigerants or refrigerant compositions, a method for using the refrigerating oil, and use of the refrigerating oil.
  • R410A has been frequently used as a refrigerant in refrigeration cycle apparatuses such as air conditioners.
  • R410A is a two-component mixed refrigerant of difluoromethane (CH 2 F 2 ; HFC-32 or R32) and pentafluoroethane (C 2 HF 5 ; HFC-125 or R125), which is a pseudo-azeotropic composition.
  • R410A has a global warming potential (GWP) of 2088. From the viewpoint of increasing concern for global warming, R32 having a lower GWP of 675 has been more frequently used in recent years.
  • GWP global warming potential
  • PTL 1 International Publication No. 2015/1416778 proposes various low-GWP mixture refrigerants as alternatives to R410A.
  • a refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to a first aspect is a refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition containing a refrigerant, wherein the refrigerant includes any one of refrigerants A to E6 below:
  • HFO-1132(E) trans-1,2-difluoroethylene
  • HFO-1123 trifluoroethylene
  • R1234yf 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
  • a refrigerant C1 containing trans-1,2-difluoroethylene HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethyl ene (HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein when x, y, z, and a respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, the R1234yf, and the R32 relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, the R1234yf, and the R32, coordinates (x, y, z) are defined as follows in a ternary diagram in which a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf is (100 ⁇ a) mass %:
  • the coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BD′, D′C, and CG that each connect two of six points below or on the straight lines GI, AB, and D′C (except for on point G, point I, point A, point B, point D′, and point C):
  • the coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that each connect two of five points below or on the straight lines GI and AB (except for on point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W):
  • the line segment IJ is represented by coordinates (0.0236y 2 ⁇ 1.7616y+72.0, y, ⁇ 0.0236y 2 +0.7616y+28.0),
  • the line segment NE is represented by coordinates (0.012y 2 ⁇ 1.9003y+58.3, y, ⁇ 0.012y 2 +0.9003y+41.7), and
  • a refrigerant D2 containing HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf wherein when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments MM′, M′N, NV, VG, and GM that each connect two of five points below or on the line segments (except for a point on the line segment GM) in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment MM′ is represented by coordinates (0.132y 2 ⁇ 3.34y+52.6, y, ⁇ 0.132y 2 +2.34y+47.4)
  • the line segment M′N is represented by coordinates (0.0596y 2 ⁇ 2.2541y+48.98, y, ⁇ 0.0596y 2 +1.2541y+51.02),
  • the line segment VG is represented by coordinates (0.0123y 2 ⁇ 1.8033y+39.6, y, ⁇ 0.0123y 2 +0.8033y+60.4), and
  • the line segments NV and GM are straight lines
  • a refrigerant D3 containing HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf wherein when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments ON, NU, and UO that each connect two of three points below or on the line segments in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment ON is represented by coordinates (0.0072y 2 ⁇ 0.6701y+37.512, y, ⁇ 0.0072y 2 ⁇ 0.3299y+62.488),
  • the line segment NU is represented by coordinates (0.0083y 2 ⁇ 1.7403y+56.635, y, ⁇ 0.0083y 2 +0.7403y+43.365), and
  • the line segment UO is a straight line
  • a refrigerant D4 containing HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf wherein when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that each connect two of five points below or on the line segments in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment QR is represented by coordinates (0.0099y 2 ⁇ 1.975y+84.765, y, ⁇ 0.0099y 2 +0.975y+15.235),
  • the line segment RT is represented by coordinates (0.0082y 2 ⁇ 1.8683y+83.126, y, ⁇ 0.0082y 2 +0.8683y+16.874),
  • the line segment LK is represented by coordinates (0.0049y 2 ⁇ 0.8842y+61.488, y, ⁇ 0.0049y 2 ⁇ 0.1158y+38.512),
  • the line segment KQ is represented by coordinates (0.0095y 2 ⁇ 1.2222y+67.676, y, ⁇ 0.0095y 2 +0.2222y+32.324), and
  • the line segment TL is a straight line
  • a refrigerant D5 containing HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf wherein when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that each connect two of three points below or on the line segments in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the R32, and the R1234yf is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment PS is represented by coordinates (0.0064y 2 ⁇ 0.7103y+40.1, y, ⁇ 0.0064y 2 ⁇ 0.2897y+59.9),
  • the line segment ST is represented by coordinates (0.0082y 2 ⁇ 1.8683y+83.126, y, ⁇ 0.0082y 2 +0.8683y+16.874), and
  • the line segment TP is a straight line
  • the line segment IK is represented by coordinates (0.025z 2 ⁇ 1.7429z+72.00, ⁇ 0.025z 2 +0.7429z+28.0, z),
  • the line segment HR is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.3123z 2 +4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z 2 ⁇ 5.234z+88.94, z),
  • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0491z 2 ⁇ 1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z 2 +0.1544z+61.5, z), and
  • the line segment IJ is represented by coordinates (0.025z 2 ⁇ 1.7429z+72.0, ⁇ 0.025z 2 +0.7429z+28.0, z),
  • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0491z 2 ⁇ 1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z 2 +0.1544z+61.5, z), and
  • a refrigerant E3 containing HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 wherein when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R32 relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R32, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments MP, PB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GM that each connect two of six points below or on the line segments (except for points on the line segments B′H and GM) in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R32 is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment MP is represented by coordinates (0.0083z 2 ⁇ 0.984z+47.1, ⁇ 0.0083z 2 ⁇ 0.016z+52.9, z),
  • the line segment HR is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.3123z 2 +4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z 2 ⁇ 5.234z+88.94, z),
  • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0491z 2 ⁇ 1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z 2 +0.1544z+61.5, z), and
  • the line segments PB′ and GM are straight lines
  • the line segment MN is represented by coordinates (0.0083z 2 ⁇ 0.984z+47.1, ⁇ 0.0083z 2 ⁇ 0.016z+52.9, z),
  • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0491z 2 ⁇ 1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z 2 +0.1544z+61.5, z), and
  • a refrigerant E5 containing HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 wherein when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R32 relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R32, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that each connect two of three points below or on the line segments in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R32 is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment ST is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0982z 2 +0.9622z+40.931, 0.0982z 2 ⁇ 1.9622z+59.069, z),
  • the line segment TP is represented by coordinates (0.0083z 2 ⁇ 0.984z+47.1, ⁇ 0.0083z 2 ⁇ 0.016z+52.9, z), and
  • the line segment PS is a straight line
  • a refrigerant E6 containing HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 wherein when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R32 relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R32, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments QB′, B′D, DU, and UQ that each connect two of four points below or on the line segments (except for a point on the line segment B′D) in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R32 is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment DU is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 3.4962z 2 +210.71z ⁇ 3146.1, 3.4962z 2 ⁇ 211.71z+3246.1, z),
  • the line segment UQ is represented by coordinates (0.0135z 2 ⁇ 0.9181z+44.133, ⁇ 0.0135z 2 ⁇ 0.0819z+55.867, z), and
  • the line segments QB′ and B′D are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant is the refrigerant A
  • the refrigerant is preferably any one of refrigerants A1 to A7 below:
  • the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.6671x+80.4, ⁇ 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.3329x+19.6),
  • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.6034x+79.729, ⁇ 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.3966x+20.271), and
  • the line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines
  • a refrigerant A2 in which when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments GI, IA, AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CG that each connect two of eight points below or on the line segments (except for points on the line segments IA, BD, and CG) in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.6671x+80.4, ⁇ 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.3329x+19.6),
  • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.6034x+79.729, ⁇ 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.3966x+20.271), and
  • the line segments GI, IA, BD, and CG are straight lines;
  • a refrigerant A3 in which when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments JP, PN, NK, KA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that each connect two of nine points below or on the line segments (except for points on the line segments BD and CJ) in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.1135x 2 +12.112x ⁇ 280.43, 0.1135x 2 ⁇ 13.112x+380.43),
  • the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x, 0.2421x 2 ⁇ 29.955x+931.91, ⁇ 0.2421x 2 +28.955x ⁇ 831.91),
  • the line segment KA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.6671x+80.4, ⁇ 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.3329x+19.6),
  • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.6034x+79.729, ⁇ 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.3966x+20.271), and
  • a refrigerant A4 in which when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments JP, PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that each connect two of nine points below or on the line segments (except for points on the line segments BD and CJ) in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.1135x 2 +12.112x ⁇ 280.43, 0.1135x 2 ⁇ 13.112x+380.43),
  • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.6671x+80.4, ⁇ 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.3329x+19.6),
  • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.6034x+79.729, ⁇ 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.3966x+20.271), and
  • the line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines;
  • a refrigerant A5 in which when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TP that each connect two of seven points below or on the line segments (except for a point on the line segment BF) in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.1135x 2 +12.112x ⁇ 280.43, 0.1135x 2 ⁇ 13.112x+380.43),
  • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x 2 ⁇ 0.7501x+61.8, ⁇ 0.0078x 2 ⁇ 0.2499x+38.2),
  • the line segment TP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x 2 ⁇ 0.7607x+63.525, ⁇ 0.00672x 2 ⁇ 0.2393x+36.475), and
  • the line segments LM and BF are straight lines
  • a refrigerant A6 in which when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments PL, LQ, QR, and RP that each connect two of four points below or on the line segments in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.1135x 2 +12.112x ⁇ 280.43, 0.1135x 2 ⁇ 13.112x+380.43),
  • the line segment RP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x 2 ⁇ 0.7607x+63.525, ⁇ 0.00672x 2 ⁇ 0.2393x+36.475), and
  • a refrigerant A7 in which when x, y, and z respectively represent contents (mass %) of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf relative to a total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf, coordinates (x, y, z) are located within a region surrounded by line segments SM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TS that each connect two of six points below or on the line segments in a ternary diagram in which the total content of the HFO-1132(E), the HFO-1123, and the R1234yf is 100 mass %:
  • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x 2 ⁇ 0.7501x+61.8, ⁇ 0.0078x 2 ⁇ 0.2499x+38.2),
  • the line segment TS is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.0017x 2 ⁇ 0.7869x+70.888, ⁇ 0.0017x 2 ⁇ 0.2131x+29.112), and
  • the line segments SM and BF are straight lines.
  • good lubricity can be achieved when a refrigeration cycle is performed using a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP or a refrigerant composition containing the refrigerant.
  • good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A is used.
  • a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • COP coefficient of performance
  • good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a coefficient of performance (COP) and a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
  • COP coefficient of performance
  • COC refrigeration capacity
  • Class 2L lower flammability
  • good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A is used.
  • a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • COP coefficient of performance
  • refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition in which the refrigerant is any one of the refrigerants D1 to D5 good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to that of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
  • a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • Class 2L the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
  • a refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to a second aspect is the refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to the first aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 1 mm 2 /s or more and 750 mm 2 /s or less.
  • a refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to a third aspect is the refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to the first aspect or the second aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 1 mm 2 /s or more and 100 mm 2 /s or less.
  • a refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to a fourth aspect is the refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to any one of the first aspect to the third aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has a volume resistivity at 25° C. of 1.0 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm or more.
  • a refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to a fifth aspect is the refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to any one of the first aspect to the fourth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has an acid number of 0.1 mgKOH/g or less.
  • a refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to a sixth aspect is the refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to any one of the first aspect to the fifth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has an ash content of 100 ppm or less.
  • a refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to a seventh aspect is the refrigerating oil for a refrigerant composition according to any one of the first aspect to the sixth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has an aniline point of ⁇ 100° C. or higher and 0° C. or lower.
  • a method for using a refrigerating oil according to an eighth aspect is a method for using a refrigerating oil together with a refrigerant composition containing a refrigerant, wherein the refrigerant includes any one of the refrigerants A to E6.
  • good lubricity can be achieved when a refrigeration cycle is performed using a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP or a refrigerant composition containing the refrigerant.
  • good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A is used.
  • a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • COP coefficient of performance
  • good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a coefficient of performance (COP) and a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
  • COP coefficient of performance
  • COC coefficient of performance
  • COC refrigeration capacity
  • Class 2L lower flammability
  • good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A is used.
  • a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • COP coefficient of performance
  • good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to that of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
  • a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • Class 2L the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
  • a method for using a refrigerating oil according to a ninth aspect is the method for using a refrigerating oil according to the eighth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 1 mm 2 /s or more and 750 mm 2 /s or less.
  • a method for using a refrigerating oil according to a tenth aspect is the method for using a refrigerating oil according to the eighth aspect or the ninth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 1 mm 2 /s or more and 100 mm 2 /s or less.
  • a method for using a refrigerating oil according to an eleventh aspect is the method for using a refrigerating oil according to any one of the eighth aspect to the tenth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has a volume resistivity at 25° C. of 1.0 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm or more.
  • a method for using a refrigerating oil according to a twelfth aspect is the method for using a refrigerating oil according to any one of the eighth aspect to the eleventh aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has an acid number of 0.1 mgKOH/g or less.
  • a method for using a refrigerating oil according to a thirteenth aspect is the method for using a refrigerating oil according to any one of the eighth aspect to the twelfth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has an ash content of 100 ppm or less.
  • the method for using a refrigerating oil according to a fourteenth aspect is the method for using a refrigerating oil according to any one of the eighth aspect to the thirteenth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has an aniline point of ⁇ 100° C. or higher and 0° C. or lower.
  • refrigerating oil used together with a refrigerant composition containing a refrigerant, wherein the refrigerant includes any one of the refrigerants A to E6.
  • good lubricity can be achieved when a refrigeration cycle is performed using a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP or a refrigerant composition containing the refrigerant.
  • good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A is used.
  • a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • COP coefficient of performance
  • a refrigerating oil in which the refrigerant is the refrigerant B1 or the refrigerant B2 good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a coefficient of performance (COP) and a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
  • COP coefficient of performance
  • a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • a refrigerating oil in which the refrigerant is the refrigerant C1 or the refrigerant C2 good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A is used.
  • a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • COP coefficient of performance
  • a refrigerating oil in which the refrigerant is any one of the refrigerants D1 to D5 good lubricity can also be achieved when a refrigerant having a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to that of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
  • a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • Class 2L the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
  • refrigerating oil according to a sixteenth aspect is the use of a refrigerating oil according to the fifteenth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 1 mm 2 /s or more and 750 mm 2 /s or less.
  • refrigerating oil according to a seventeenth aspect is the use of a refrigerating oil according to the fifteenth aspect or the sixteenth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 1 mm 2 /s or more and 100 mm 2 /s or less.
  • refrigerating oil according to an eighteenth aspect is the use of a refrigerating oil according to any one of the fifteenth aspect to the seventeenth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has a volume resistivity at 25° C. of 1.0 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm or more.
  • refrigerating oil according to a nineteenth aspect is the use of a refrigerating oil according to any one of the fifteenth aspect to the eighteenth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has an acid number of 0.1 mgKOH/g or less.
  • Use of a refrigerating oil according to a twentieth aspect is the use of a refrigerating oil according to any one of the fifteenth aspect to the nineteenth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has an ash content of 100 ppm or less.
  • refrigerating oil according to a twenty-first aspect is the use of a refrigerating oil according to any one of the fifteenth aspect to the twentieth aspect, wherein the refrigerating oil has an aniline point of ⁇ 100° C. or higher and 0° C. or lower.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a refrigerant circuit included in a refrigeration cycle apparatus.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an instrument used for a flammability test.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing points A to T and line segments that connect these points in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, and K′, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100 ⁇ a) mass %.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, and K′, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 92.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 7.1 mass %).
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 88.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 11.1 mass %).
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 85.5 mass % (the content of R32 is 14.5 mass %).
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 81.8 mass % (the content of R32 is 18.2 mass %).
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 78.1 mass % (the content of R32 is 21.9 mass %).
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 73.3 mass % (the content of R32 is 26.7 mass %).
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 70.7 mass % (the content of R32 is 29.3 mass %).
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 63.3 mass % (the content of R32 is 36.7 mass %).
  • FIG. 13 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 55.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 44.1 mass %).
  • FIG. 14 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 52.2 mass % (the content of R32 is 47.8 mass %).
  • FIG. 15 is a view showing points A to C, E, G, and I to W; and line segments that connect points A to C, E, G, and I to W in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass %.
  • FIG. 16 is a view showing points A to U; and line segments that connect the points in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass %.
  • a refrigeration cycle apparatus contains a refrigerant composition described in Section (4) below and a refrigerating oil.
  • a refrigerating oil can improve the lubricity in the refrigeration cycle apparatus and can also achieve efficient cycle performance by performing a refrigeration cycle such as a refrigeration cycle together with a refrigerant composition.
  • refrigerating oil examples include oxygen-containing synthetic oils (e.g., ester-type refrigerating oils and ether-type refrigerating oils) and hydrocarbon refrigerating oils.
  • oxygen-containing synthetic oils e.g., ester-type refrigerating oils and ether-type refrigerating oils
  • hydrocarbon refrigerating oils e.g
  • the kinematic viscosity of the refrigerating oil at 40° C. is preferably 1 mm 2 /s or more and 750 mm 2 /s or less and more preferably 1 mm 2 /s or more and 400 mm 2 /s or less from at least one of the viewpoints of suppressing the deterioration of the lubricity and the hermeticity of compressors, achieving sufficient miscibility with refrigerants under low-temperature conditions, suppressing the lubrication failure of compressors, and improving the heat exchange efficiency of evaporators.
  • the kinematic viscosity of the refrigerating oil at 100° C. may be, for example, 1 mm 2 /s or more and 100 mm 2 /s or less and is more preferably 1 mm 2 /s or more and 50 mm 2 /s or less.
  • the refrigerating oil preferably has an aniline point of ⁇ 100° C. or higher and 0° C. or lower.
  • aniline point herein refers to a numerical value indicating the solubility of, for example, a hydrocarbon solvent, that is, refers to a temperature at which when equal volumes of a sample (herein, refrigerating oil) and aniline are mixed with each other and cooled, turbidity appears because of their immiscibility (provided in JIS K 2256). Note that this value is a value of the refrigerating oil itself in a state in which the refrigerant is not dissolved.
  • the suitability of the refrigerating oil for the resin functional components can be improved. Specifically, if the aniline point is excessively low, the refrigerating oil readily infiltrates the bearings and the insulating materials, and thus the bearings and the like tend to swell. On the other hand, if the aniline point is excessively high, the refrigerating oil does not readily infiltrate the bearings and the insulating materials, and thus the bearings and the like tend to shrink.
  • the deformation of the bearings and the insulating materials due to swelling or shrinking can be prevented by using the refrigerating oil having an aniline point within the above-described predetermined range ( ⁇ 100° C. or higher and 0° C. or lower). If the bearings deform through swelling, the desired length of a gap at a sliding portion cannot be maintained. This may result in an increase in sliding resistance. If the bearings deform through shrinking, the hardness of the bearings increases, and consequently the bearings may be broken because of vibration of a compressor. In other words, the deformation of the bearings through shrinking may decrease the rigidity of the sliding portion.
  • the insulating materials e.g., insulating coating materials and insulating films
  • the insulating properties of the insulating materials deteriorate.
  • the insulating materials may also be broken as in the case of the bearings, which also deteriorates the insulating properties.
  • the refrigerating oil having an aniline point within the predetermined range is used as described above, the deformation of bearings and insulating materials due to swelling or shrinking can be suppressed, and thus such a problem can be avoided.
  • the refrigerating oil is used as a working fluid for a refrigerating machine by being mixed with a refrigerant composition.
  • the content of the refrigerating oil relative to the whole amount of working fluid for a refrigerating machine is preferably 5 mass % or more and 60 mass % or less and more preferably 10 mass % or more and 50 mass % or less.
  • An ester-type refrigerating oil or an ether-type refrigerating oil serving as an oxygen-containing synthetic oil is mainly constituted by carbon atoms and oxygen atoms.
  • an excessively low ratio (carbon/oxygen molar ratio) of carbon atoms to oxygen atoms increases the hygroscopicity, and an excessively high ratio of carbon atoms to oxygen atoms deteriorates the miscibility with a refrigerant. Therefore, the molar ratio is preferably 2 or more and 7.5 or less.
  • Examples of base oil components of the ester-type refrigerating oil include dibasic acid ester oils of a dibasic acid and a monohydric alcohol, polyol ester oils of a polyol and a fatty acid, complex ester oils of a polyol, a polybasic acid, and a monohydric alcohol (or a fatty acid), and polyol carbonate oils from the viewpoint of chemical stability.
  • the dibasic acid ester oil is preferably an ester of a dibasic acid such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, or terephthalic acid, in particular, a dibasic acid having 5 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, or sebacic acid) and a monohydric alcohol having a linear or branched alkyl group and having 1 to 15 carbon atoms (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol,
  • dibasic acid ester oil examples include ditridecyl glutarate, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, diisodecyl adipate, ditridecyl adipate, and di(3-ethylhexyl) sebacate.
  • the polyol ester oil is an ester synthesized from a polyhydric alcohol and a fatty acid (carboxylic acid), and has a carbon/oxygen molar ratio of 2 or more and 7.5 or less, preferably 3.2 or more and 5.8 or less.
  • the polyhydric alcohol constituting the polyol ester oil is a diol (e.g., ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol, 1, 8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,11-undecanediol, or 1,12-dodecanediol) or a polyol having
  • the number of carbon atoms is not limited, but is normally 1 to 24.
  • a linear fatty acid or a branched fatty acid is preferred.
  • the linear fatty acid include acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid.
  • the hydrocarbon group that bonds to a carboxy group may have only a saturated hydrocarbon or may have an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
  • Examples of the branched fatty acid include 2-methylpropionic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, 2,2-dimethylpropionic acid, 2-methylpentanoic acid, 3-methylpentanoic acid, 4-methylpentanoic acid, 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, 2,3-dimethylbutanoic acid, 3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 3-methylhexanoic acid, 4-methylhexanoic acid, 5-methylhexanoic acid, 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid, 2,3-dimethylpentanoic acid, 2,4-dimethylpentanoic acid, 3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid, 3,4-dimethylpentanoic acid, 4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethy
  • One polyhydric alcohol may be used to constitute an ester or a mixture of two or more polyhydric alcohols may be used to constitute an ester.
  • the fatty acid constituting an ester may be a single component, or two or more fatty acids may constitute an ester.
  • the fatty acids may be individual fatty acids of the same type or may be two or more types of fatty acids as a mixture.
  • the polyol ester oil may have a free hydroxyl group.
  • the polyol ester oil is more preferably an ester of a hindered alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, di-(trimethylolpropane), tri-(trimethylolpropane), pentaerythritol, di-(pentaerythritol), or tri-(pentaerythritol); further preferably an ester of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, or di-(pentaerythritol); and preferably an ester of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, di-(pentaerythritol), or the like and a fatty acid having 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • a hindered alcohol such
  • the fatty acid constituting such a polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester may be only a fatty acid having a linear alkyl group or may be selected from fatty acids having a branched structure.
  • a mixed ester of linear and branched fatty acids may be employed.
  • two or more fatty acids selected from the above fatty acids may be used to constitute an ester.
  • the molar ratio of a linear fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and a branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms is 15:85 to 90:10, preferably 15:85 to 85:15, more preferably 20:80 to 80:20, further preferably 25:75 to 75:25, and most preferably 30:70 to 70:30.
  • the total content of the linear fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and the branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms relative to the whole amount of fatty acid constituting the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester is preferably 20 mol % or more.
  • the fatty acid preferably has such a composition that both of sufficient miscibility with a refrigerant and viscosity required as a refrigerating oil are achieved.
  • the content of a fatty acid herein refers to a value relative to the whole amount of fatty acid constituting the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester contained in the refrigerating oil.
  • the refrigerating oil preferably contains an ester (hereafter referred to as a “polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A)”) in which the molar ratio of the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and the branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms is 15:85 to 90:10, the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms contains 2-methylpropionic acid, and the total content of the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and the branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms relative to the whole amount of fatty acid constituting the above ester is 20 mol % or more.
  • A polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester
  • the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) includes a complete ester in which all hydroxyl groups of a polyhydric alcohol are esterified, a partial ester in which some hydroxyl groups of a polyhydric alcohol are left without being esterified, and a mixture of a complete ester and a partial ester.
  • the hydroxyl value of the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is preferably 10 mgKOH/g or less, more preferably 5 mgKOH/g or less, and most preferably 3 mgKOH/g or less.
  • the molar ratio of the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and the branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms is 15:85 to 90:10, preferably 15:85 to 85:15, more preferably 20:80 to 80:20, further preferably 25:75 to 75:25, and most preferably 30:70 to 70:30.
  • the total content of the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and the branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms relative to the whole amount of fatty acid constituting the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is 20 mol % or more.
  • the content of a fatty acid refers to a value relative to the whole amount of fatty acid constituting the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester contained in the refrigerating oil.
  • fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms include butanoic acid, 2-methylpropionic acid, pentanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, 2,2-dimethylpropionic acid, 2-methylpentanoic acid, 3-methylpentanoic acid, 4-methylpentanoic acid, 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, 2,3-dimethylbutanoic acid, 3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid, and hexanoic acid.
  • a fatty acid having a branched structure at an alkyl skeleton such as 2-methylpropionic acid, is preferred.
  • branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms include 2-methylhexanoic acid, 3-methylhexanoic acid, 4-methylhexanoic acid, 5-methylhexanoic acid, 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid, 2,3-dimethylpentanoic acid, 2,4-dimethylpentanoic acid, 3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid, 3,4-dimethylpentanoic acid, 4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 3-ethylpentanoic acid, 1,1,2-trimethylbutanoic acid, 1,2,2-trimethylbutanoic acid, 1-ethyl-1-methylbutanoic acid, 1-ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid, octanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 3-ethylhexanoic acid, 3,5-dimethylhexanoic acid, 2,4-d
  • the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) may contain, as an acid constituent component, a fatty acid other than the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and the branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms as long as the molar ratio of the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and the branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms is 15:85 to 90:10 and the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms contains 2-methylpropionic acid.
  • fatty acids other than the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and the branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms include fatty acids having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, such as acetic acid and propionic acid; linear fatty acids having 7 to 9 carbon atoms, such as heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, and nonanoic acid; and fatty acids having 10 to 20 carbon atoms, such as decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, and oleic acid.
  • fatty acids having 2 or 3 carbon atoms such as acetic acid and propionic acid
  • linear fatty acids having 7 to 9 carbon atoms such as hept
  • the total content of the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and the branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms relative to the whole amount of fatty acid constituting the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is preferably 20 mol % or more, more preferably 25 mol % or more, and further preferably 30 mol % or more.
  • the content is 20 mol % or more, sufficient miscibility with difluoromethane is achieved in the case where the difluoromethane is contained in the refrigerant composition.
  • a polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) containing, as acid constituent components, only 2-methylpropionic acid and 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid is particularly preferred from the viewpoint of achieving both necessary viscosity and miscibility with difluoromethane in the case where the difluoromethane is contained in the refrigerant composition.
  • the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester may be a mixture of two or more esters having different molecular structures. In this case, individual molecules do not necessarily satisfy the above conditions as long as the whole fatty acid constituting a pentaerythritol fatty acid ester contained in the refrigerating oil satisfies the above conditions.
  • the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) contains the fatty acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and the branched fatty acid having 7 to 9 carbon atoms as essential acid components constituting the ester and may optionally contain other fatty acids as constituent components.
  • the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) may contain only two fatty acids as acid constituent components or three or more fatty acids having different structures as acid constituent components, but the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester preferably contains, as an acid constituent component, only a fatty acid whose carbon atom ( ⁇ -position carbon atom) adjacent to carbonyl carbon is not quaternary carbon.
  • the lubricity in the presence of difluoromethane in the case where the difluoromethane is contained in the refrigerant composition tends to be insufficient.
  • the polyhydric alcohol constituting the polyol ester according to this embodiment is preferably a polyhydric alcohol having 2 to 6 hydroxyl groups.
  • dihydric alcohol examples include ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol, 1, 8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,11-undecanediol, and 1,12-dodecanediol.
  • trihydric or higher alcohol examples include polyhydric alcohols such as trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, di-(trimethylolpropane), tri-(trimethylolpropane), pentaerythritol, di-(pentaerythritol), tri-(pentaerythritol), glycerol, polyglycerol (glycerol dimer or trimer), 1,3,5-pentanetriol, sorbitol, sorbitan, sorbitol glycerol condensates, adonitol, arabitol, xylitol, and mannitol; saccharides such as xylose, arabinose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, sorbose, and cellobiose; and partially etherified products of the foregoing.
  • polyhydric alcohols such
  • an ester of a hindered alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, di-(trimethylolpropane), tri-(trimethylolpropane), pentaerythritol, di-(pentaerythritol), or tri-(pentaerythritol) is preferably used; an ester of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, or di-(pentaerythritol) is more preferably used; and neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, or di-(pentaerythritol) is further preferably used.
  • a hindered alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethyl
  • a mixed ester of pentaerythritol, di-(pentaerythritol), or pentaerythritol and di-(pentaerythritol) is most preferably used.
  • Preferred examples of the acid constituent component constituting the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) are as follows:
  • the content of the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is 50 mass % or more, preferably 60 mass % or more, more preferably 70 mass % or more, and further preferably 75 mass % or more relative to the whole amount of the refrigerating oil.
  • the refrigerating oil according to this embodiment may contain a lubricating base oil other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) and additives as described later. However, if the content of the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is less than 50 mass %, necessary viscosity and miscibility cannot be achieved at high levels.
  • the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is mainly used as a base oil.
  • the base oil of the refrigerating oil according to this embodiment may be a polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) alone (i.e., the content of the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is 100 mass %).
  • a base oil other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) may be further contained to the degree that the excellent performance of the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is not impaired.
  • Examples of the base oil other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) include hydrocarbon oils such as mineral oils, olefin polymers, alkyldiphenylalkanes, alkylnaphthalenes, and alkylbenzenes; and esters other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A), such as polyol esters, complex esters, and alicyclic dicarboxylic acid esters, and oxygen-containing synthetic oils (hereafter, may be referred to as “other oxygen-containing synthetic oils”) such as polyglycols, polyvinyl ethers, ketones, polyphenyl ethers, silicones, polysiloxanes, and perfluoroethers.
  • hydrocarbon oils such as mineral oils, olefin polymers, alkyldiphenylalkanes, alkylnaphthalenes, and alkylbenzenes
  • esters other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) such as polyol
  • the oxygen-containing synthetic oil is preferably an ester other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A), a polyglycol, or a polyvinyl ether and particularly preferably a polyol ester other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A).
  • the polyol ester other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is an ester of a fatty acid and a polyhydric alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, or dipentaerythritol and is particularly preferably an ester of neopentyl glycol and a fatty acid, an ester of pentaerythritol and a fatty acid, or an ester of dipentaerythritol and a fatty acid.
  • a polyhydric alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, or dipentaerythritol and is particularly preferably an ester of neopentyl glycol and a fatty acid, an ester of penta
  • the neopentyl glycol ester is preferably an ester of neopentyl glycol and a fatty acid having 5 to 9 carbon atoms.
  • Specific examples of the neopentyl glycol ester include neopentyl glycol di(3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate), neopentyl glycol di(2-ethylhexanoate), neopentyl glycol di(2-methylhexanoate), neopentyl glycol di(2-ethylpentanoate), an ester of neopentyl glycol and 2-methylhexanoic acid.2-ethylpentanoic acid, an ester of neopentyl glycol and 3-methylhexanoic acid.5-methylhexanoic acid, an ester of neopentyl glycol and 2-methylhexanoic acid.2-ethylhexanoic acid, an ester of
  • the pentaerythritol ester is preferably an ester of pentaerythritol and a fatty acid having 5 to 9 carbon atoms.
  • the pentaerythritol ester is, specifically, an ester of pentaerythritol and at least one fatty acid selected from pentanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, hexanoic acid, 2-methylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylbutanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
  • the dipentaerythritol ester is preferably an ester of dipentaerythritol and a fatty acid having 5 to 9 carbon atoms.
  • the dipentaerythritol ester is, specifically, an ester of dipentaerythritol and at least one fatty acid selected from pentanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, hexanoic acid, 2-methylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylbutanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
  • the content of the oxygen-containing synthetic oil other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is not limited as long as excellent lubricity and miscibility of the refrigerating oil according to this embodiment are not impaired.
  • the content of the polyol ester is preferably less than 50 mass %, more preferably 45 mass % or less, still more preferably 40 mass % or less, even more preferably 35 mass % or less, further preferably 30 mass % or less, and most preferably 25 mass % or less relative to the whole amount of the refrigerating oil.
  • the content of the oxygen-containing synthetic oil is preferably less than 50 mass %, more preferably 40 mass % or less, and further preferably 30 mass % or less relative to the whole amount of the refrigerating oil. If the content of the polyol ester other than the pentaerythritol fatty acid ester or the oxygen-containing synthetic oil is excessively high, the above-described effects are not sufficiently produced.
  • the polyol ester other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) may be a partial ester in which some hydroxyl groups of a polyhydric alcohol are left without being esterified, a complete ester in which all hydroxyl groups are esterified, or a mixture of a partial ester and a complete ester.
  • the hydroxyl value is preferably 10 mgKOH/g or less, more preferably 5 mgKOH/g or less, and most preferably 3 mgKOH/g or less.
  • the refrigerating oil and the working fluid for a refrigerating machine contain a polyol ester other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A)
  • the polyol ester may contain one polyol ester having a single structure or a mixture of two or more polyol esters having different structures.
  • the polyol ester other than the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) may be any of an ester of one fatty acid and one polyhydric alcohol, an ester of two or more fatty acids and one polyhydric alcohol, an ester of one fatty acid and two or more polyhydric alcohols, and an ester of two or more fatty acids and two or more polyhydric alcohols.
  • the refrigerating oil according to this embodiment may be constituted by only the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) or by the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) and other base oils.
  • the refrigerating oil may further contain various additives described later.
  • the working fluid for a refrigerating machine according to this embodiment may also further contain various additives.
  • the content of additives is expressed relative to the whole amount of the refrigerating oil, but the content of these components in the working fluid for a refrigerating machine is desirably determined so that the content is within the preferred range described later when expressed relative to the whole amount of the refrigerating oil.
  • At least one phosphorus compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid esters, acidic phosphoric acid esters, thiophosphoric acid esters, amine salts of acidic phosphoric acid esters, chlorinated phosphoric acid esters, and phosphorous acid esters can be added.
  • These phosphorus compounds are esters of phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid and alkanol or polyether-type alcohol, or derivatives thereof.
  • the phosphoric acid ester examples include tributyl phosphate, tripentyl phosphate, trihexyl phosphate, triheptyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, trinonyl phosphate, tridecyl phosphate, triundecyl phosphate, tridodecyl phosphate, tritridecyl phosphate, tritetradecyl phosphate, tripentadecyl phosphate, trihexadecyl phosphate, triheptadecyl phosphate, trioctadecyl phosphate, trioleyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, trixylenyl phosphate, cresyldiphenyl phosphate, and xylenyldiphenyl phosphate.
  • Examples of the acidic phosphoric acid ester include monobutyl acid phosphate, monopentyl acid phosphate, monohexyl acid phosphate, monoheptyl acid phosphate, monooctyl acid phosphate, monononyl acid phosphate, monodecyl acid phosphate, monoundecyl acid phosphate, monododecyl acid phosphate, monotridecyl acid phosphate, monotetradecyl acid phosphate, monopentadecyl acid phosphate, monohexadecyl acid phosphate, monoheptadecyl acid phosphate, monooctadecyl acid phosphate, monooleyl acid phosphate, dibutyl acid phosphate, dipentyl acid phosphate, dihexyl acid phosphate, diheptyl acid phosphate, dioctyl acid phosphate, dinonyl acid phosphate, didecyl acid
  • thiophosphoric acid ester examples include tributyl phosphorothionate, tripentyl phosphorothionate, trihexyl phosphorothionate, triheptyl phosphorothionate, trioctyl phosphorothionate, trinonyl phosphorothionate, tridecyl phosphorothionate, triundecyl phosphorothionate, tridodecyl phosphorothionate, tritridecyl phosphorothionate, tritetradecyl phosphorothionate, tripentadecyl phosphorothionate, trihexadecyl phosphorothionate, triheptadecyl phosphorothionate, trioctadecyl phosphorothionate, trioleyl phosphorothionate, triphenyl phosphorothionate, tricresyl phosphorothionate, trixylenyl phosphorothionate
  • the amine salt of an acidic phosphoric acid ester is an amine salt of an acidic phosphoric acid ester and a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine that has a linear or branched alkyl group and that has 1 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably 5 to 18 carbon atoms.
  • the amine salt is a salt of an amine such as a linear or branched methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, tridecylamine, tetradecylamine, pentadecyl amine, hexadecylamine, heptadecylamine, octadecylamine, oleylamine, tetracosylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine, dioctyl amine, dinonylamine, didecylamine, diundecy
  • an amine such as a linear or branched methylamine, e
  • chlorinated phosphoric acid ester examples include tris(dichloropropyl) phosphate, tris(chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(chlorophenyl) phosphate, and polyoxyalkylene.bis[di(chloroaklyl)] phosphate.
  • Examples of the phosphorous acid ester include dibutyl phosphite, dipentyl phosphite, dihexyl phosphite, diheptyl phosphite, dioctyl phosphite, dinonyl phosphite, didecyl phosphite, diundecyl phosphite, didodecyl phosphite, dioleyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, dicresyl phosphite, tributyl phosphite, tripentyl phosphite, trihexyl phosphite, triheptyl phosphite, trioctyl phosphite, trinonyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, triundecyl phosphite, tridodec
  • the content of the phosphorus compound is not limited, but is preferably 0.01 to 5.0 mass % and more preferably 0.02 to 3.0 mass % relative to the whole amount of the refrigerating oil (relative to the total amount of the base oil and all the additives).
  • the above-described phosphorus compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the refrigerating oil and the working fluid for a refrigerating machine according to this embodiment may contain a terpene compound to further improve the thermal and chemical stability.
  • the “terpene compound” in the present invention refers to a compound obtained by polymerizing isoprene and a derivative thereof, and a dimer to an octamer of isoprene are preferably used.
  • terpene compound examples include monoterpenes such as geraniol, nerol, linalool, citral (including geranial), citronellol, menthol, limonene, terpinerol, carvone, ionone, thujone, camphor, and borneol; sesquiterpenes such as farnesene, farnesol, nerolidol, juvenile hormone, humulene, caryophyllene, elemene, cadinol, cadinene, and tutin; diterpenes such as geranylgeraniol, phytol, abietic acid, pimaragen, daphnetoxin, taxol, and pimaric acid; sesterterpenes such as geranylfarnesene; triterpenes such as squalene, limonin, camelliagenin, hopane, and lanosterol; and tetraterpene
  • the terpene compound is preferably monoterpene, sesquiterpene, or diterpene, more preferably sesquiterpene, and particularly preferably ⁇ -farnesene (3,7, 11-trimethyldodeca-1,3,6,10-tetraene) and/or ⁇ -farnesene (7,11-dimethyl-3-methylidenedodeca-1,6,10-triene).
  • the terpene compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the content of the terpene compound in the refrigerating oil according to this embodiment is not limited, but is preferably 0.001 to 10 mass %, more preferably 0.01 to 5 mass %, and further preferably 0.05 to 3 mass % relative to the whole amount of the refrigerating oil. If the content of the terpene compound is less than 0.001 mass %, an effect of improving the thermal and chemical stability tends to be insufficient. If the content is more than 10 mass %, the lubricity tends to be insufficient.
  • the content of the terpene compound in the working fluid for a refrigerating machine according to this embodiment is desirably determined so that the content is within the above preferred range when expressed relative to the whole amount of the refrigerating oil.
  • the refrigerating oil and the working fluid for a refrigerating machine may contain at least one epoxy compound selected from phenyl glycidyl ether-type epoxy compounds, alkyl glycidyl ether-type epoxy compounds, glycidyl ester-type epoxy compounds, allyloxirane compounds, alkyloxirane compounds, alicyclic epoxy compounds, epoxidized fatty acid monoesters, and epoxidized vegetable oils to further improve the thermal and chemical stability.
  • at least one epoxy compound selected from phenyl glycidyl ether-type epoxy compounds, alkyl glycidyl ether-type epoxy compounds, glycidyl ester-type epoxy compounds, allyloxirane compounds, alkyloxirane compounds, alicyclic epoxy compounds, epoxidized fatty acid monoesters, and epoxidized vegetable oils to further improve the thermal and chemical stability.
  • phenyl glycidyl ether-type epoxy compound examples include phenyl glycidyl ether and alkylphenyl glycidyl ethers.
  • the alkylphenyl glycidyl ether herein is an alkylphenyl glycidyl ether having 1 to 3 alkyl groups with 1 to 13 carbon atoms.
  • the alkylphenyl glycidyl ether is preferably an alkylphenyl glycidyl ether having one alkyl group with 4 to 10 carbon atoms, such as n-butylphenyl glycidyl ether, i-butylphenyl glycidyl ether, sec-butylphenyl glycidyl ether, tert-butylphenyl glycidyl ether, pentylphenyl glycidyl ether, hexylphenyl glycidyl ether, heptylphenyl glycidyl ether, octylphenyl glycidyl ether, nonylphenyl glycidyl ether, or decylphenyl glycidyl ether.
  • alkylphenyl glycidyl ether having one alkyl group with 4 to 10 carbon atoms, such
  • alkyl glycidyl ether-type epoxy compound examples include decyl glycidyl ether, undecyl glycidyl ether, dodecyl glycidyl ether, tridecyl glycidyl ether, tetradecyl glycidyl ether, 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, pentaerythritol tetraglycidyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol diglycidyl ether, sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, polyalkylene glycol monoglycidyl ether, and polyalkylene glycol diglycidyl ether.
  • glycidyl ester-type epoxy compound examples include phenyl glycidyl ester, alkyl glycidyl esters, and alkenyl glycidyl esters.
  • Preferred examples of the glycidyl ester-type epoxy compound include glycidyl-2,2-dimethyloctanoate, glycidyl benzoate, glycidyl acrylate, and glycidyl methacrylate.
  • allyloxirane compound examples include 1,2-epoxystyrene and alkyl-1,2-epoxy styrenes.
  • alkyloxirane compound examples include 1,2-epoxybutane, 1,2-epoxypentane, 1,2-epoxyhexane, 1,2-epoxyheptane, 1,2-epoxyoctane, 1,2-epoxynonane, 1,2-epoxydecane, 1,2-epoxyundecane, 1,2-epoxydodecane, 1,2-epoxytridecane, 1,2-epoxytetradecane, 1,2-epoxypentadecane, 1,2-epoxyhexadecane, 1,2-epoxyheptadecane, 1,1,2-epoxyoctadecane, 2-epoxynonadecane, and 1,2-epoxyeicosane.
  • alicyclic epoxy compound examples include 1,2-epoxycyclohexane, 1,2-epoxycyclopentane, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl) adipate, exo-2,3-epoxynorbornane, bis(3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl) adipate, 2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-yl)-spiro(1,3-dioxane-5,3′-[7]oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 4-(1′-methylepoxyethyl)-1,2-epoxy-2-methylcyclohexane, and 4-epoxyethyl-1,2-epoxycyclohexane.
  • epoxidized fatty acid monoester examples include esters of an epoxidized fatty acid having 12 to 20 carbon atoms and an alcohol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, phenol, or an alkylphenol.
  • esters of an epoxidized fatty acid having 12 to 20 carbon atoms and an alcohol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, phenol, or an alkylphenol are preferably used.
  • butyl, hexyl, benzyl, cyclohexyl, methoxyethyl, octyl, phenyl, and butyl phenyl esters of epoxystearic acid are preferably used.
  • epoxidized vegetable oil examples include epoxy compounds of vegetable oils such as soybean oil, linseed oil, and cottonseed oil.
  • epoxy compounds phenyl glycidyl ether-type epoxy compounds, alkyl glycidyl ether-type epoxy compounds, glycidyl ester-type epoxy compounds, and alicyclic epoxy compounds are preferred.
  • the content of the epoxy compound is not limited, but is preferably 0.01 to 5.0 mass % and more preferably 0.1 to 3.0 mass % relative to the whole amount of the refrigerating oil.
  • the above-described epoxy compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the kinematic viscosity of the refrigerating oil containing the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) at 40° C. is preferably 20 to 80 mm 2 /s, more preferably 25 to 75 mm 2 /s, and most preferably 30 to 70 mm 2 /s.
  • the kinematic viscosity at 100° C. is preferably 2 to 20 mm 2 /s and more preferably 3 to 10 mm 2 /s.
  • the kinematic viscosity is more than or equal to the lower limit, the viscosity required as a refrigerating oil is easily achieved.
  • the kinematic viscosity is less than or equal to the upper limit, sufficient miscibility with difluoromethane in the case where the difluoromethane is contained as a refrigerant composition can be achieved.
  • the volume resistivity of the refrigerating oil containing the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is not limited, but is preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm or more, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ cm or more, and most preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm or more.
  • the volume resistivity refers to a value measured at 25° C. in conformity with JIS C 2101 “Testing methods of electrical insulating oils”.
  • the water content of the refrigerating oil containing the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is not limited, but is preferably 200 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less, and most preferably 50 ppm or less relative to the whole amount of the refrigerating oil.
  • the water content needs to be low from the viewpoints of the thermal and chemical stability of the refrigerating oil and the influence on electric insulation.
  • the acid number of the refrigerating oil containing the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is not limited, but is preferably 0.1 mgKOH/g or less and more preferably 0.05 mgKOH/g or less to prevent corrosion of metals used for refrigerating machines or pipes.
  • the acid number refers to an acid number measured in conformity with JIS K 2501 “Petroleum products and lubricants—Determination of neutralization number”.
  • the ash content of the refrigerating oil containing the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester (A) is not limited, but is preferably 100 ppm or less and more preferably 50 ppm or less to improve the thermal and chemical stability of the refrigerating oil and suppress the generation of sludge and the like.
  • the ash content refers to an ash content measured in conformity with JIS K 2272 “Crude oil and petroleum products—Determination of ash and sulfated ash”.
  • the complex ester oil is an ester of a fatty acid and a dibasic acid, and a monohydric alcohol and a polyol.
  • the above-described fatty acid, dibasic acid, monohydric alcohol, and polyol can be used.
  • fatty acid examples include the fatty acids mentioned in the polyol ester.
  • dibasic acid examples include oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and terephthalic acid.
  • polyol examples include the polyhydric alcohols in the polyol ester.
  • the complex ester is an ester of such a fatty acid, dibasic acid, and polyol, each of which may be constituted by a single component or a plurality of components.
  • the polyol carbonate oil is an ester of a carbonic acid and a polyol.
  • polyol examples include the above-described diols and polyols.
  • the polyol carbonate oil may be a ring-opened polymer of a cyclic alkylene carbonate.
  • the ether-type refrigerating oil is, for example, a polyvinyl ether oil or a polyoxyalkylene oil.
  • polyvinyl ether oil examples include polymers of a vinyl ether monomer, copolymers of a vinyl ether monomer and a hydrocarbon monomer having an olefinic double bond, and copolymers of a monomer having an olefinic double bond and a polyoxyalkylene chain and a vinyl ether monomer.
  • the carbon/oxygen molar ratio of the polyvinyl ether oil is preferably 2 or more and 7.5 or less and more preferably 2.5 or more and 5.8 or less. If the carbon/oxygen molar ratio is smaller than the above range, the hygroscopicity increases. If the carbon/oxygen molar ratio is larger than the above range, the miscibility deteriorates.
  • the weight-average molecular weight of the polyvinyl ether is preferably 200 or more and 3000 or less and more preferably 500 or more and 1500 or less.
  • the pour point of the polyvinyl ether oil is preferably ⁇ 30° C. or lower.
  • the surface tension of the polyvinyl ether oil at 20° C. is preferably 0.02 N/m or more and 0.04 N/m or less.
  • the density of the polyvinyl ether oil at 15° C. is preferably 0.8 g/cm 3 or more and 1.8 g/cm 3 or less.
  • the saturated water content of the polyvinyl ether oil at a temperature of 30° C. and a relative humidity of 90% is preferably 2000 ppm or more.
  • the refrigerating oil may contain polyvinyl ether as a main component.
  • the polyvinyl ether serving as a main component of the refrigerating oil has miscibility with HFO-1234yf.
  • HFO-1234yf is dissolved in the refrigerating oil to some extent.
  • the refrigerating oil has a pour point of ⁇ 30° C.
  • the flowability of the refrigerating oil is easily ensured even at positions at which the temperature of the refrigerant composition and the refrigerating oil is low in the refrigerant circuit.
  • the refrigerating oil has a surface tension at 20° C. of 0.04 N/m or less, the refrigerating oil discharged from a compressor does not readily form large droplets of oil that are not easily carried away by a refrigerant composition. Therefore, the refrigerating oil discharged from the compressor is dissolved in HFO-1234yf and is easily returned to the compressor together with HFO-1234yf.
  • the refrigerating oil has a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 30 mm 2 /s or more, an insufficient oil film strength due to excessively low kinematic viscosity is suppressed, and thus good lubricity is easily achieved.
  • the refrigerating oil has a surface tension at 20° C. of 0.02 N/m or more, the refrigerating oil does not readily form small droplets of oil in a gas refrigerant inside the compressor, which can suppress discharge of a large amount of refrigerating oil from the compressor. Therefore, a sufficient amount of refrigerating oil is easily stored in the compressor.
  • the refrigerating oil has a saturated water content at 30° C./90% RH of 2000 ppm or more, a relatively high hygroscopicity of the refrigerating oil can be achieved.
  • HFO-1234yf is contained as a refrigerant, water in HFO-1234yf can be captured by the refrigerating oil to some extent.
  • HFO-1234yf has a molecular structure that is easily altered or deteriorated because of the influence of water contained. Therefore, the hydroscopic effects of the refrigerating oil can suppress such deterioration.
  • the aniline point of the refrigerating oil is preferably set within a particular range in consideration of the adaptability with the resin functional component.
  • the aniline point of the refrigerating oil readily infiltrates bearings or the like, and the bearings or the like readily swell.
  • the aniline point is excessively high, the refrigerating oil does not readily infiltrate bearings or the like, and the bearings or the like readily shrink. Therefore, by setting the aniline point of the refrigerating oil within a particular range, the swelling or shrinking of the bearings or the like can be prevented.
  • the aniline point of the refrigerating oil is set within a particular range as described above, the deformation of the bearings or the like through swelling or shrinking is suppressed, and thus such a problem can be avoided.
  • the vinyl ether monomers may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the hydrocarbon monomer having an olefinic double bond include ethylene, propylene, various butenes, various pentenes, various hexenes, various heptenes, various octenes, diisobutylene, triisobutylene, styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, and various alkyl-substituted styrenes.
  • the hydrocarbon monomers having an olefinic double bond may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the polyvinyl ether copolymer may be a block copolymer or a random copolymer.
  • the polyvinyl ether oils may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • a polyvinyl ether oil preferably used has a structural unit represented by general formula (1) below.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may be the same or different and each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms
  • R 4 represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an ether bond oxygen-containing divalent hydrocarbon group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms
  • R 5 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms
  • m represents a number at which the average of m in the polyvinyl ether is 0 to 10
  • R 1 to R 5 may be the same or different in each of structural units, and when m represents 2 or more in one structural unit, a plurality of R 4 O may be the same or different.
  • At least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 in the general formula (1) preferably represents a hydrogen atom. In particular, all of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 preferably represent a hydrogen atom.
  • m preferably represents 0 or more and 10 or less, particularly preferably 0 or more and 5 or less, further preferably 0.
  • R 5 in the general formula (1) represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • hydrocarbon group examples include alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, a n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, various pentyl groups, various hexyl groups, various heptyl groups, and various octyl groups; cycloalkyl groups such as a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, various methylcyclohexyl groups, various ethylcyclohexyl groups, and various dimethylcyclohexyl groups; aryl groups such as a phenyl group, various methylphenyl groups, various ethylphenyl groups, and various dimethylphenyl groups; and arylalkyl groups such as a benzyl group, various phenylethyl groups, and
  • alkyl groups the cycloalkyl groups, the phenyl group, the aryl groups, and the arylalkyl groups
  • alkyl groups in particular, alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms are preferred.
  • the ratio of a polyvinyl ether oil with R 5 representing an alkyl group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms and a polyvinyl ether oil with R 5 representing an alkyl group having 3 or 4 carbon atoms is preferably 40%:60% to 100%:0%.
  • the polyvinyl ether oil according to this embodiment may be a homopolymer constituted by the same structural unit represented by the general formula (1) or a copolymer constituted by two or more structural units.
  • the copolymer may be a block copolymer or a random copolymer.
  • the polyvinyl ether oil according to this embodiment may be constituted by only the structural unit represented by the general formula (1) or may be a copolymer further including a structural unit represented by general formula (2) below.
  • the copolymer may be a block copolymer or a random copolymer.
  • R 6 to R 9 may be the same or different and each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • the vinyl ether monomer is, for example, a compound represented by general formula (3) below.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and m have the same meaning as R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and m in the general formula (1), respectively.
  • Examples of various polyvinyl ether compounds corresponding to the above polyvinyl ether compound include vinyl methyl ether; vinyl ethyl ether; vinyl-n-propyl ether; vinyl-isopropyl ether; vinyl-n-butyl ether; vinyl-isobutyl ether; vinyl-sec-butyl ether; vinyl-tert-butyl ether; vinyl-n-pentyl ether; vinyl-n-hexyl ether; vinyl-2-methoxyethyl ether; vinyl-2-ethoxyethyl ether; vinyl-2-methoxy-1-methylethyl ether; vinyl-2-methoxy-propyl ether; vinyl-3,6-dioxaheptyl ether; vinyl-3,6,9-trioxadecyl ether; vinyl-1,4-dimethyl-3,6-dioxaheptyl ether; vinyl-1,4,7-trimethyl-3,6,9-trioxadecy
  • the end of the polyvinyl ether compound having the structural unit represented by the general formula (1) can be converted into a desired structure by a method described in the present disclosure and a publicly known method.
  • Examples of the group introduced by conversion include saturated hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, ketones, amides, and nitriles.
  • the polyvinyl ether compound preferably has the following end structures.
  • R 11 , R 21 , and R 31 may be the same or different and each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms
  • R 41 represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an ether bond oxygen-containing divalent hydrocarbon group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms
  • R 51 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms
  • m represents a number at which the average of m in the polyvinyl ether is 0 to 10
  • a plurality of R 41 O may be the same or different.
  • R 61 , R 71 , R 81 , and R 91 may be the same or different and each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • R 12 , R 22 , and R 32 may be the same or different and each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms
  • R 42 represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an ether bond oxygen-containing divalent hydrocarbon group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms
  • R 52 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms
  • m represents a number at which the average of m in the polyvinyl ether is 0 to 10
  • a plurality of R 42 O may be the same or different.
  • R 62 , R 72 , R 82 , and R 92 may be the same or different and each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • R 13 , R 23 , and R 33 may be the same or different and each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • the polyvinyl ether oil according to this embodiment can be produced by polymerizing the above-described monomer through, for example, radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, or radiation-induced polymerization. After completion of the polymerization reaction, a typical separation/purification method is performed when necessary to obtain a desired polyvinyl ether compound having a structural unit represented by the general formula (1).
  • the polyoxyalkylene oil is a polyoxyalkylene compound obtained by, for example, polymerizing an alkylene oxide having 2 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g., ethylene oxide or propylene oxide) using water or a hydroxyl group-containing compound as an initiator.
  • the hydroxyl group of the polyoxyalkylene compound may be etherified or esterified.
  • the polyoxyalkylene oil may contain an oxyalkylene unit of the same type or two or more oxyalkylene units in one molecule.
  • the polyoxyalkylene oil preferably contains at least an oxypropylene unit in one molecule.
  • the polyoxyalkylene oil is, for example, a compound represented by general formula (9) below.
  • R 101 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an acyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 2 to 6 bonding sites and 1 to 10 carbon atoms
  • R 102 represents an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms
  • R 103 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an acyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms
  • 1 represents an integer of 1 to 6
  • k represents a number at which the average of k ⁇ 1 is 6 to 80.
  • the alkyl group represented by R 101 and R 103 may be a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group.
  • Specific examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, various butyl groups, various pentyl groups, various hexyl groups, various heptyl groups, various octyl groups, various nonyl groups, various decyl groups, a cyclopentyl group, and a cyclohexyl group. If the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group exceeds 10, the miscibility with a refrigerant deteriorates, which may cause phase separation.
  • the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 6.
  • the acyl group represented by R 101 and R 103 may have a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group moiety.
  • Specific examples of the alkyl group moiety of the acyl group include various groups having 1 to 9 carbon atoms that are mentioned as specific examples of the alkyl group. If the number of carbon atoms of the acyl group exceeds 10, the miscibility with a refrigerant deteriorates, which may cause phase separation.
  • the number of carbon atoms of the acyl group is preferably 2 to 6.
  • R 101 and R 103 each represent an alkyl group or an acyl group
  • R 101 and R 103 may be the same or different.
  • a plurality of R 103 in one molecule may be the same or different.
  • R 101 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 2 to 6 bonding sites and 1 to 10 carbon atoms
  • the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be a linear group or a cyclic group.
  • the aliphatic hydrocarbon group having two bonding sites include an ethylene group, a propylene group, a butylene group, a pentylene group, a hexylene group, a heptylene group, an octylene group, a nonylene group, a decylene group, a cyclopentylene group, and a cyclohexylene group.
  • Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 3 to 6 bonding sites include residual groups obtained by removing hydroxyl groups from polyhydric alcohols such as trimethylolpropane, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, 1,2,3-trihydroxycyclohexane, and 1,3,5-trihydroxycyclohexane.
  • the number of carbon atoms of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group exceeds 10, the miscibility with a refrigerant deteriorates, which may cause phase separation.
  • the number of carbon atoms is preferably 2 to 6.
  • R 102 in the general formula (9) represents an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • the oxyalkylene group serving as a repeating unit include an oxyethylene group, an oxypropylene group, and an oxybutylene group.
  • the polyoxyalkylene oil may contain an oxyalkylene group of the same type or two or more oxyalkylene groups in one molecule, but preferably contains at least an oxypropylene unit in one molecule.
  • the content of the oxypropylene unit in the oxyalkylene unit is suitably 50 mol % or more.
  • 1 represents an integer of 1 to 6, which can be determined in accordance with the number of bonding sites of R 101 .
  • R 101 represents an alkyl group or an acyl group
  • 1 represents 1.
  • R 101 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 bonding sites
  • 1 represents 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
  • 1 represents 1 or 2.
  • k preferably represents a number at which the average of k ⁇ 1 is 6 to 80.
  • a polyoxypropylene diol dimethyl ether represented by general formula (10) below and a poly(oxyethylene/oxypropylene) diol dimethyl ether represented by general formula (11) below are suitable from the viewpoints of economy and the above-described effects.
  • a polyoxypropylene diol monobutyl ether represented by general formula (12) below, a polyoxypropylene diol monomethyl ether represented by general formula (13) below, a poly(oxyethylene/oxypropylene) diol monomethyl ether represented by general formula (14) below, a poly(oxyethylene/oxypropylene) diol monobutyl ether represented by general formula (15) below, and a polyoxypropylene diol diacetate represented by general formula (16) below are suitable from the viewpoint of economy and the like.
  • i and j each represent 1 or more and the sum of i and j is 6 to 80.
  • i and j each represent 1 or more and the sum of i and j is 6 to 80.
  • i and j each represent 1 or more and the sum of i and j is 6 to 80.
  • the polyoxyalkylene oils may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the hydrocarbon refrigerating oil that can be used is, for example, an alkylbenzene.
  • the alkylbenzene that can be used is a branched alkylbenzene synthesized from propylene polymer and benzene serving as raw materials using a catalyst such as hydrogen fluoride or a linear alkylbenzene synthesized from normal paraffin and benzene serving as raw materials using the same catalyst.
  • the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 30 and more preferably 4 to 20 from the viewpoint of achieving a viscosity appropriate as a lubricating base oil.
  • the number of alkyl groups in one molecule of the alkylbenzene is dependent on the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group, but is preferably 1 to 4 and more preferably 1 to 3 to control the viscosity within the predetermined range.
  • the hydrocarbon refrigerating oil preferably circulates through a refrigeration cycle system together with a refrigerant.
  • the refrigerating oil is soluble with a refrigerant, for example, a refrigerating oil (e.g., a refrigerating oil disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2803451) having low solubility can also be used as long as the refrigerating oil is capable of circulating through a refrigeration cycle system together with a refrigerant.
  • the refrigerating oil is required to have a low kinematic viscosity.
  • the kinematic viscosity of the hydrocarbon refrigerating oil at 40° C. is preferably 1 mm 2 /s or more and 50 mm 2 /s or less and more preferably 1 mm 2 /s or more and 25 mm 2 /s or less.
  • These refrigerating oils may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the content of the hydrocarbon refrigerating oil in the working fluid for a refrigerating machine may be, for example, 10 parts by mass or more and 100 parts by mass or less and is more preferably 20 parts by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the refrigerant composition.
  • the refrigerating oil may contain one or two or more additives.
  • additives examples include an acid scavenger, an extreme pressure agent, an antioxidant, an antifoaming agent, an oiliness improver, a metal deactivator such as a copper deactivator, an anti-wear agent, and a compatibilizer.
  • Examples of the acid scavenger that can be used include epoxy compounds such as phenyl glycidyl ether, alkyl glycidyl ether, alkylene glycol glycidyl ether, cyclohexene oxide, ⁇ -olefin oxide, and epoxidized soybean oil; and carbodiimides.
  • epoxy compounds such as phenyl glycidyl ether, alkyl glycidyl ether, alkylene glycol glycidyl ether, cyclohexene oxide, ⁇ -olefin oxide, and epoxidized soybean oil
  • carbodiimides Among them, phenyl glycidyl ether, alkyl glycidyl ether, alkylene glycol glycidyl ether, cyclohexene oxide, and ⁇ -olefin oxide are preferred from the viewpoint of miscibility.
  • the alkyl group of the alkyl glycidyl ether and the alkylene group of the alkylene glycol glycidyl ether may have a branched structure.
  • the number of carbon atoms may be 3 or more and 30 or less, and is more preferably 4 or more and 24 or less and further preferably 6 or more and 16 or less.
  • the total number of carbon atoms of the ⁇ -olefin oxide may be 4 or more and 50 or less, and is more preferably 4 or more and 24 or less and further preferably 6 or more and 16 or less.
  • the acid scavengers may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the extreme pressure agent may contain, for example, a phosphoric acid ester.
  • a phosphoric acid ester examples include phosphoric acid esters, phosphorous acid esters, acidic phosphoric acid esters, and acidic phosphorous acid esters.
  • the extreme pressure agent may contain an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester, a phosphorous acid ester, an acidic phosphoric acid ester, or an acidic phosphorous acid ester.
  • Examples of the phosphoric acid ester include triaryl phosphates, trialkyl phosphates, trialkylaryl phosphates, triarylalkyl phosphates, and trialkenyl phosphates.
  • Specific examples of the phosphoric acid ester include triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, benzyl diphenyl phosphate, ethyl diphenyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, ethyl dibutyl phosphate, cresyl diphenyl phosphate, dicresyl phenyl phosphate, ethylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, diethylphenyl phenyl phosphate, propylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, dipropylphenyl phenyl phosphate, triethylphenyl phosphate, tripropylphenyl phosphate, butylphenyl diphenyl
  • the phosphorous acid ester examples include triethyl phosphite, tributyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, tricresyl phosphite, tri(nonylphenyl) phosphite, tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, triisooctyl phosphite, diphenylisodecyl phosphite, tristearyl phosphite, and trioleyl phosphite.
  • the acidic phosphoric acid ester examples include 2-ethylhexyl acid phosphate, ethyl acid phosphate, butyl acid phosphate, oleyl acid phosphate, tetracosyl acid phosphate, isodecyl acid phosphate, lauryl acid phosphate, tridecyl acid phosphate, stearyl acid phosphate, and isostearyl acid phosphate.
  • the acidic phosphorous acid ester examples include dibutyl hydrogen phosphite, dilauryl hydrogen phosphite, dioleyl hydrogen phosphite, distearyl hydrogen phosphite, and diphenyl hydrogen phosphite.
  • the phosphoric acid esters oleyl acid phosphate and stearyl acid phosphate are suitably used.
  • amines used for amine salts of phosphoric acid esters, phosphorous acid esters, acidic phosphoric acid esters, or acidic phosphorous acid esters specific examples include butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, cyclohexylamine, octylamine, laurylamine, stearylamine, oleylamine, and benzylamine.
  • di-substituted amines include dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, dioctylamine, dilaurylamine, distearylamine, dioleylamine, dibenzylamine, stearyl.monoethanolamine, decyl.monoethanolamine, hexyl.monopropanolamine, benzyl.monoethanolamine, phenyl.monoethanolamine, and tolyl.monopropanolamine.
  • tri-substituted amines include tributylamine, tripentylamine, trihexylamine, tricyclohexylamine, trioctylamine, trilaurylamine, tristearylamine, trioleylamine, tribenzylamine, dioleyl.monoethanolamine, dilauryl.monopropanolamine, dioctyl.monoethanolamine, dihexyl.monopropanolamine, dibutyl.monopropanolamine, oleyl.diethanolamine, stearyl.dipropanolamine, lauryl.diethanolamine, octyl.dipropanolamine, butyl.diethanolamine, benzyl.diethanolamine, phenyl.diethanolamine, tolyl.dipropanolamine, xylyl.diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and tripropanolamine.
  • extreme pressure agents other than the above-described extreme pressure agents include extreme pressure agents based on organosulfur compounds such as monosulfides, polysulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones, thiosulfinates, sulfurized fats and oils, thiocarbonates, thiophenes, thiazoles, and methanesulfonates; extreme pressure agents based on thiophosphoric acid esters such as thiophosphoric acid triesters; extreme pressure agents based on esters such as higher fatty acids, hydroxyaryl fatty acids, polyhydric alcohol esters, and acrylic acid esters; extreme pressure agents based on organochlorine compounds such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, e.g., chlorinated paraffin and chlorinated carboxylic acid derivatives; extreme pressure agents based on fluoroorganic compounds such as fluorinated aliphatic carboxylic acids, fluorinated ethylene resins, fluorinated alkylpolysiloxanes, and
  • the antioxidant that can be used is, for example, a phenol-based antioxidant or an amine-based antioxidant.
  • phenol-based antioxidant examples include 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (DBPC), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and bisphenol A.
  • amine-based antioxidant examples include N,N′-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, phenyl- ⁇ -naphthylamine, N,N′-di-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, and N,N-di(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenedi amine.
  • An oxygen scavenger that captures oxygen can also be used as the antioxidant.
  • the antifoaming agent that can be used is, for example, a silicon compound.
  • the oiliness improver that can be used is, for example, a higher alcohol or a fatty acid.
  • the metal deactivator such as a copper deactivator that can be used is, for example, benzotriazole or a derivative thereof.
  • the anti-wear agent that can be used is, for example, zinc dithiophosphate.
  • the compatibilizer is not limited, and can be appropriately selected from commonly used compatibilizers.
  • the compatibilizers may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • Examples of the compatibilizer include polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers, amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons, esters, lactones, aryl ethers, fluoroethers, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes.
  • the compatibilizer is particularly preferably a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether.
  • the refrigerating oil may optionally contain, for example, a load-bearing additive, a chlorine scavenger, a detergent dispersant, a viscosity index improver, a heat resistance improver, a stabilizer, a corrosion inhibitor, a pour-point depressant, and an anticorrosive.
  • a load-bearing additive for example, a chlorine scavenger, a detergent dispersant, a viscosity index improver, a heat resistance improver, a stabilizer, a corrosion inhibitor, a pour-point depressant, and an anticorrosive.
  • the content of each additive in the refrigerating oil may be 0.01 mass % or more and 5 mass % or less and is preferably 0.05 mass % or more and 3 mass % or less.
  • the content of the additive in the working fluid for a refrigerating machine constituted by the refrigerant composition and the refrigerating oil is preferably 5 mass % or less and more preferably 3 mass % or less.
  • the refrigerating oil preferably has a chlorine concentration of 50 ppm or less and preferably has a sulfur concentration of 50 ppm or less.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a refrigerant circuit 10 included in an air conditioner 1 that is a refrigeration cycle apparatus.
  • the air conditioner 1 is an apparatus used for indoor cooling and/or heating through a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle operation.
  • the air conditioner 1 mainly includes an outdoor unit 2 , an indoor unit 3 , and a liquid-side connection pipe 9 and a gas-side connection pipe 8 that each connect the outdoor unit 2 and the indoor unit 3 .
  • the refrigerant circuit 10 included in the air conditioner 1 includes a compressor 4 , an outdoor heat exchanger 5 , an expansion valve 6 , and an indoor heat exchanger 7 , which are connected to one another through the liquid-side connection pipe 9 , the gas-side connection pipe 8 , and other refrigerant pipes to constitute a compression refrigerant circuit.
  • the air conditioner 1 includes a microcomputer, a memory, and the like and also includes a control unit configured to drive and control various actuators.
  • a working fluid for a refrigerating machine containing the refrigerant composition serving as a refrigerant and the refrigerating oil is enclosed in the refrigerant circuit 10 .
  • the indoor unit 3 is disposed on an indoor ceiling surface or wall surface.
  • the indoor unit 3 is connected to the outdoor unit 2 through the liquid-side connection pipe 9 and the gas-side connection pipe 8 and constitutes a part of the refrigerant circuit 10 .
  • the refrigerant circuit 10 may include a plurality of indoor units 3 connected in parallel.
  • the indoor unit 3 includes the indoor heat exchanger 7 and an indoor fan 13 .
  • the indoor heat exchanger 7 is not limited, and is constituted by, for example, a heat transfer tube and many fins.
  • the indoor heat exchanger 7 functions as a refrigerant evaporator during cooling operation to cool indoor air and functions as a refrigerant condenser during heating operation to heat indoor air.
  • the indoor fan 13 sucks indoor air into the indoor unit 3 to cause heat exchange with the refrigerant in the indoor heat exchanger 7 and then generates air flow supplied to the interior as supply air.
  • the indoor fan 13 includes an indoor fan motor.
  • the outdoor unit 2 is disposed outdoors and connected to the indoor unit 3 through the liquid-side connection pipe 9 and the gas-side connection pipe 8 .
  • the outdoor unit 2 includes, for example, the compressor 4 , the outdoor heat exchanger 5 , an outdoor fan 12 , the expansion valve 6 , an accumulator 11 , a four-way switching valve 10 , a liquid-side shutoff valve 14 , and a gas-side shutoff valve 15 .
  • the compressor 4 is, for example, a positive-displacement compressor driven by a compressor motor.
  • the compressor motor may be driven by, for example, receiving power supply through an inverter device (not illustrated).
  • the outdoor heat exchanger 5 is not limited, and is constituted by, for example, a heat transfer tube and many fins.
  • the outdoor heat exchanger 5 functions as a refrigerant condenser during cooling operation and functions as a refrigerant evaporator during heating operation.
  • the outdoor fan 12 sucks outdoor air into the outdoor unit 2 to cause heat exchange with the refrigerant in the outdoor heat exchanger 5 and then generates air flow discharged outdoors.
  • the outdoor fan 12 includes an outdoor fan motor.
  • the expansion valve 6 can control the pressure of a refrigerant passing therethrough by adjusting the valve opening degree.
  • the accumulator 11 is disposed on the suction side of the compressor 4 between the four-way switching valve 10 and the compressor 4 and separates a liquid refrigerant and a gaseous refrigerant from each other.
  • the four-way switching valve 10 can switch the connection state between a cooling operation connection state in which the discharge side of the compressor 4 and the outdoor heat exchanger 5 are connected while the downstream side of the accumulator 11 and the gas-side shutoff valve 15 are connected and a heating operation connection state in which the discharge side of the compressor 4 and the gas-side shutoff valve 15 are connected while the downstream side of the accumulator 11 and the outdoor heat exchanger 5 are connected.
  • the liquid-side shutoff valve 14 and the gas-side shutoff valve 15 are valves disposed at connecting ports with outside apparatuses and pipes (specifically, the liquid-side connection pipe 9 and the gas-side connection pipe 8 ).
  • the four-way switching valve 10 is in a cooling operation connection state during cooling operation.
  • a high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant discharged from the compressor 4 is condensed at the outdoor heat exchanger 5 that functions as a refrigerant condenser, decompressed when passing through the expansion valve 6 , and supplied to the gas side of the indoor unit 3 through the liquid-side connection pipe 9 .
  • the refrigerant that has been supplied to the indoor unit 3 is evaporated at the indoor heat exchanger 7 that functions as a refrigerant evaporator and sucked into the compressor 4 through the gas-side connection pipe 8 and the accumulator 11 of the outdoor unit 2 .
  • the four-way switching valve 10 is in a heating operation connection state during heating operation.
  • a high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant discharged from the compressor 4 is sent to the gas side of the indoor unit 3 through the gas-side connection pipe 8 .
  • the refrigerant that has been sent to the indoor unit 3 is condensed at the indoor heat exchanger 7 that functions as a refrigerant condenser and sent to the expansion valve 6 of the outdoor unit 2 through the liquid-side connection pipe 9 .
  • the refrigerant decompressed when passing through the expansion valve 6 is evaporated at the outdoor heat exchanger 5 that functions as a refrigerant evaporator and sucked into the compressor 4 through the accumulator 11 .
  • the refrigeration cycle apparatus is not limited.
  • Examples of the refrigeration cycle apparatus include cooling apparatuses of room air conditioners, package air conditioners, refrigerators, car air conditioners, water heaters, dehumidifiers, freezers, cold stores, vending machines, showcases, chemical plants, and the like.
  • the refrigeration cycle apparatus is preferably used in a refrigerating machine including a hermetic compressor.
  • Each of the refrigerating oils according to this embodiment can be used for any of, for example, reciprocating compressors, rotary compressors, and centrifugal compressors.
  • the refrigerating oil according to this embodiment is used as a working fluid for a refrigerating machine obtained by being mixed with the refrigerant composition.
  • refrigerant includes at least compounds that are specified in ISO 817 (International Organization for Standardization), and that are given a refrigerant number (ASHRAE number) representing the type of refrigerant with “R” at the beginning; and further includes refrigerants that have properties equivalent to those of such refrigerants, even though a refrigerant number is not yet given.
  • refrigerants are broadly divided into fluorocarbon compounds and non-fluorocarbon compounds in terms of the structure of the compounds. Fluorocarbon compounds include chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFC).
  • Non-fluorocarbon compounds include propane (R290), propylene (R1270), butane (R600), isobutane (R600a), carbon dioxide (R744), ammonia (R717), and the like.
  • propane R290
  • propylene R1270
  • butane R600
  • isobutane R600a
  • carbon dioxide R744
  • ammonia R717
  • refrigerant includes a mixture of a plurality of refrigerants.
  • the phase “refrigerant composition” includes a refrigerant itself (including a mixture of refrigerants) and other components, and is distinguished from a refrigerant itself (including a mixture of refrigerants).
  • the “refrigerant composition” includes a composition that can be used to obtain the working fluid for a refrigerating machine by mixing at least with a refrigerating oil.
  • the phase “working fluid for a refrigerating machine” includes a composition including a refrigerant and a refrigerating oil, and is distinguished from the “refrigerant composition”.
  • the phase “working fluid for a refrigerating machine” may be referred to as a “refrigeration oil-containing working fluid”.
  • phase “composition comprising a refrigerant” can be used as a phase including at least those three embodiments of “refrigerant”, “refrigerant composition”, and “working fluid for a refrigerating machine (refrigeration oil-containing working fluid)”.
  • the first type of “alternative” means that equipment designed for operation using the first refrigerant can be operated using the second refrigerant under optimum conditions, optionally with changes of only a few parts (at least one of the following: refrigeration oil, gasket, packing, expansion valve, dryer, and other parts) and equipment adjustment.
  • this type of alternative means that the same equipment is operated with an alternative refrigerant.
  • Embodiments of this type of “alternative” include “drop-in alternative,” “nearly drop-in alternative,” and “retrofit,” in the order in which the extent of changes and adjustment necessary for replacing the first refrigerant with the second refrigerant is smaller.
  • alterative also includes a second type of “alternative,” which means that equipment designed for operation using the second refrigerant is operated for the same use as the existing use with the first refrigerant by using the second refrigerant. This type of alternative means that the same use is achieved with an alternative refrigerant.
  • refrigerating machine refers to machines in general that draw heat from an object or space to make its temperature lower than the temperature of ambient air, and maintain a low temperature.
  • refrigerating machines refer to conversion machines that gain energy from the outside to do work, and that perform energy conversion, in order to transfer heat from where the temperature is lower to where the temperature is higher.
  • a refrigerant having a “WCF lower flammability” means that the most flammable composition (worst case of formulation for flammability: WCF) has a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less according to the US ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013.
  • a refrigerant having “ASHRAE lower flammability” means that the burning velocity of WCF is 10 cm/s or less, that the most flammable fraction composition (worst case of fractionation for flammability: WCFF), which is specified by performing a leakage test during storage, shipping, or use based on ANSI/ASHRAE 34-2013 using WCF, has a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less, and that flammability classification according to the US ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013 is determined to classified as be “Class 2L.”
  • a refrigerant having an “RCL of x % or more” means that the refrigerant has a refrigerant concentration limit (RCL), calculated in accordance with the US ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013, of x % or more.
  • RCL refers to a concentration limit in the air in consideration of safety factors.
  • RCL is an index for reducing the risk of acute toxicity, suffocation, and flammability in a closed space where humans are present.
  • RCL is determined in accordance with the ASHRAE Standard.
  • RCL is the lowest concentration among the acute toxicity exposure limit (ATEL), the oxygen deprivation limit (ODL), and the flammable concentration limit (FCL), which are respectively calculated in accordance with sections 7.1.1, 7.1.2, and 7.1.3 of the ASHRAE Standard.
  • ATEL acute toxicity exposure limit
  • ODL oxygen deprivation limit
  • FCL flammable concentration limit
  • temperature glide refers to an absolute value of the difference between the initial temperature and the end temperature in the phase change process of a refrigerant composition of the present disclosure in the heat exchanger of a refrigerant system.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure can be preferably used as a working fluid in a refrigerating machine.
  • composition according to the present disclosure is suitable for use as an alternative refrigerant for HFC refrigerant such as R410A, R407C and R404 etc, or HCFC refrigerant such as R22 etc.
  • the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure comprises at least the refrigerant according to the present disclosure, and can be used for the same use as the refrigerant according to the present disclosure. Moreover, the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure can be further mixed with at least a refrigeration oil to thereby obtain a working fluid for a refrigerating machine.
  • the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure further comprises at least one other component in addition to the refrigerant according to the present disclosure.
  • the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may comprise at least one of the following other components, if necessary.
  • the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure when used as a working fluid in a refrigerating machine, it is generally used as a mixture with at least a refrigeration oil. Therefore, it is preferable that the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure does not substantially comprise a refrigeration oil.
  • the content of the refrigeration oil based on the entire refrigerant composition is preferably 0 to 1 mass %, and more preferably 0 to 0.1 mass %.
  • the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may contain a small amount of water.
  • the water content of the refrigerant composition is preferably 0.1 mass % or less based on the entire refrigerant.
  • a small amount of water contained in the refrigerant composition stabilizes double bonds in the molecules of unsaturated fluorocarbon compounds that can be present in the refrigerant, and makes it less likely that the unsaturated fluorocarbon compounds will be oxidized, thus increasing the stability of the refrigerant composition.
  • a tracer is added to the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure at a detectable concentration such that when the refrigerant composition has been diluted, contaminated, or undergone other changes, the tracer can trace the changes.
  • the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may comprise a single tracer, or two or more tracers.
  • the tracer is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonly used tracers.
  • a compound that cannot be an impurity inevitably mixed in the refrigerant of the present disclosure is selected as the tracer.
  • tracers examples include hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorocarbons, fluorocarbons, deuterated hydrocarbons, deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodinated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and nitrous oxide (N 2 O).
  • the tracer is particularly preferably a hydrofluorocarbon, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a chlorofluorocarbon, a fluorocarbon, a hydrochlorocarbon, a fluorocarbon, or a fluoroether.
  • FC-14 (tetrafluoromethane, CF 4 ) HCC-40 (chloromethane, CH 3 Cl) HFC-23 (trifluoromethane, CHF 3 ) HFC-41 (fluoromethane, CH 3 Cl) HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane, CF 3 CHF 2 ) HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF 3 CH 2 F) HFC-134 (1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, CHF 2 CHF 2 ) HFC-143a (1,1,1-trifluoroethane, CF 3 CH 3 ) HFC-143 (1,1,2-trifluoroethane, CHF 2 CH 2 F) HFC-152a (1,1-difluoroethane, CHF 2 CH 3 ) HFC-152 (1,2-difluoroethane, CH 2 FCH 2 F) HFC-161 (fluoroethane, CH 3 CH 2 F)
  • HFE-236fa (trifluoromethyl-trifluoroethyl ether, CF 3 OCH 2 CF 3 )
  • the tracer compound may be present in the refrigerant composition at a total concentration of about 10 parts per million (ppm) to about 1000 ppm.
  • the tracer compound is present in the refrigerant composition at a total concentration of about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm, and most preferably, the tracer compound is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm.
  • the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may comprise a single ultraviolet fluorescent dye, or two or more ultraviolet fluorescent dyes.
  • the ultraviolet fluorescent dye is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonly used ultraviolet fluorescent dyes.
  • ultraviolet fluorescent dyes examples include naphthalimide, coumarin, anthracene, phenanthrene, xanthene, thioxanthene, naphthoxanthene, fluorescein, and derivatives thereof.
  • the ultraviolet fluorescent dye is particularly preferably either naphthalimide or coumarin, or both.
  • the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may comprise a single stabilizer, or two or more stabilizers.
  • the stabilizer is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonly used stabilizers.
  • stabilizers examples include nitro compounds, ethers, and amines.
  • nitro compounds include aliphatic nitro compounds, such as nitromethane and nitroethane; and aromatic nitro compounds, such as nitro benzene and nitro styrene.
  • ethers examples include 1,4-dioxane.
  • amines examples include 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylamine and diphenylamine.
  • stabilizers also include butylhydroxyxylene and benzotriazole.
  • the content of the stabilizer is not limited. Generally, the content of the stabilizer is preferably 0.01 to 5 mass %, and more preferably 0.05 to 2 mass %, based on the entire refrigerant.
  • the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may comprise a single polymerization inhibitor, or two or more polymerization inhibitors.
  • the polymerization inhibitor is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonly used polymerization inhibitors.
  • polymerization inhibitors examples include 4-methoxy-1-naphthol, hydroquinone, hydroquinone methyl ether, dimethyl-t-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and benzotriazole.
  • the content of the polymerization inhibitor is not limited. Generally, the content of the polymerization inhibitor is preferably 0.01 to 5 mass %, and more preferably 0.05 to 2 mass %, based on the entire refrigerant.
  • the refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to the present disclosure comprises at least the refrigerant or refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure and a refrigeration oil, for use as a working fluid in a refrigerating machine.
  • the refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to the present disclosure is obtained by mixing a refrigeration oil used in a compressor of a refrigerating machine with the refrigerant or the refrigerant composition.
  • the refrigeration oil-containing working fluid generally comprises 10 to 50 mass % of refrigeration oil.
  • Refrigerating oil As the refrigeration oil contained in the refrigeration oil-containing working fluid, one kind of the refrigeration oil described in the column of (2) Refrigerating oil may be contained alone, or two or more kinds thereof may be contained.
  • the refrigerating oil may contain the additives described in the column of (2-3) Additive.
  • the refrigerants A to E which are the refrigerants used in the present embodiment, will be described in detail.
  • each description of the following refrigerant A, refrigerant B, refrigerant C, refrigerant D, and refrigerant E is each independent.
  • the alphabet which shows a point or a line segment, the number of an Examples, and the number of a comparative examples are all independent of each other among the refrigerant A, the refrigerant B, the refrigerant C, the refrigerant D, and the refrigerant E.
  • the first embodiment of the refrigerant A and the first embodiment of the refrigerant B are different embodiment from each other.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is a mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure has various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant, i.e., a refrigerating capacity and a coefficient of performance that are equivalent to those of R410A, and a sufficiently low GWP.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is a composition comprising HFO-1132(E) and R1234yf, and optionally further comprising HFO-1123, and may further satisfy the following requirements.
  • This refrigerant also has various properties desirable as an alternative refrigerant for R410A; i.e., it has a refrigerating capacity and a coefficient of performance that are equivalent to those of R410A, and a sufficiently low GWP.
  • Preferable refrigerant A is as follows:
  • point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), and point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line CO);
  • the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3,
  • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.6671x+80.4, ⁇ 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.3329x+19.6),
  • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.6034x+79.729, ⁇ 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.3966x+20.271), and
  • the line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
  • the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within a figure surrounded by line segments GI, IA, AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CG that connect the following 8 points:
  • point G (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0), point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment CG);
  • the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.6671x+80.4, ⁇ 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.3329x+19.6),
  • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.6034x+79.729, ⁇ 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.3966x+20.271), and
  • the line segments GI, IA, BD, and CG are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant A has a WCF lower flammability according to the ASHRAE Standard (the WCF composition has a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less).
  • the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PN, NK, KA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points:
  • point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1), point K (61.3, 5.4, 33.3), point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment CJ);
  • the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.1135x 2 +12.112x ⁇ 280.43, 0.1135x 2 ⁇ 13.112x+380.43),
  • the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x, 0.2421x 2 ⁇ 29.955x+931.91, ⁇ 0.2421x 2 +28.955x ⁇ 831.91),
  • the line segment KA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.6671x+80.4, ⁇ 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.3329x+19.6),
  • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x 2 -0.6034x+79.729, ⁇ 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.3966x+20.271), and
  • the line segments JP, BD, and CG are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant exhibits a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard (the WCF composition and the WCFF composition have a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less).
  • the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′ C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points:
  • point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and point (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment CJ);
  • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.1135x 2 +12.112x ⁇ 280.43, 0.1135x 2 ⁇ 13.112x+380.43),
  • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.6671x+80.4, ⁇ 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.3329x+19.6),
  • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.6034x+79.729, ⁇ 0.0067x 2 ⁇ 0.3966x+20.271), and
  • the line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has an RCL of 40 g/m 3 or more.
  • the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TP that connect the following 7 points:
  • point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3), or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment BF);
  • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.1135x 2 +12.112x ⁇ 280.43, 0.1135x 2 ⁇ 13.112x+380.43),
  • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x 2 ⁇ 0.7501x+61.8, ⁇ 0.0078x 2 ⁇ 0.2499x+38.2),
  • the line segment TP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x 2 ⁇ 0.7607x+63.525, ⁇ 0.00672x 2 ⁇ 0.2393x+36.475), and
  • the line segments LM and BF are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 95% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has an RCL of 40 g/m 3 or more.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL, LQ, QR, and RP that connect the following 4 points:
  • point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6), and point R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9), or on the above line segments;
  • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.1135x 2 +12.112x ⁇ 280.43, 0.1135x 2 ⁇ 13.112x+380.43),
  • the line segment RP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x 2 ⁇ 0.7607x+63.525, ⁇ 0.00672x 2 ⁇ 0.2393x+36.475), and
  • the line segments LQ and QR are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a COP of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and an RCL of 40 g/m 3 or more, furthermore, the refrigerant has a condensation temperature glide of 1° C. or less.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments SM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TS that connect the following 6 points:
  • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503),
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3),
  • the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x 2 ⁇ 0.7501x+61.8, ⁇ 0.0078x 2 ⁇ 0.2499x+38.2),
  • the line segment TS is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.0017x 2 ⁇ 0.7869x+70.888, ⁇ 0.0017x 2 ⁇ 0.2131x+29.112), and
  • the line segments SM and BF are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, a COP of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and an RCL of 40 g/m 3 or more furthermore, the refrigerant has a discharge pressure of 105% or more relative to that of R410A.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments Od, dg, gh, and hO that connect the following 4 points:
  • point d (87.6, 0.0, 12.4), point g (18.2, 55.1, 26.7), point h (56.7, 43.3, 0.0), and point o (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or on the line segments Od, dg, gh, and hO (excluding the points 0 and h);
  • the line segment dg is represented by coordinates (0.0047y 2 ⁇ 1.5177y+87.598, y, ⁇ 0.0047y 2 +0.5177y+12.402),
  • the line segment gh is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0134z 2 ⁇ 1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z 2 +0.0825z+43.308, z), and
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • point l (72.5, 10.2, 17.3), point g (18.2, 55.1, 26.7), point h (56.7, 43.3, 0.0), and point i (72.5, 27.5, 0.0) or on the line segments lg, gh, and il (excluding the points h and i);
  • the line segment lg is represented by coordinates (0.0047y 2 ⁇ 1.5177y+87.598, y, ⁇ 0.0047y 2 +0.5177y+12.402),
  • the line gh is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0134z 2 ⁇ 1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z 2 +0.0825z+43.308, z), and
  • the line segments hi and il are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • point d (87.6, 0.0, 12.4), point e (31.1, 42.9, 26.0), point f (65.5, 34.5, 0.0), and point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or on the line segments Od, de, and ef (excluding the points 0 and f);
  • the line segment de is represented by coordinates (0.0047y 2 ⁇ 1.5177y+87.598, y, ⁇ 0.0047y 2 +0.5177y+12.402),
  • the line segment ef is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0064z 2 ⁇ 1.1565z+65.501, 0.0064z 2 +0.1565z+34.499, z), and
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • point l (72.5, 10.2, 17.3), point e (31.1, 42.9, 26.0), point f (65.5, 34.5, 0.0), and point i (72.5, 27.5, 0.0), or on the line segments le, ef, and il (excluding the points f and i);
  • the line segment le is represented by coordinates (0.0047y 2 ⁇ 1.5177y+87.598, y, ⁇ 0.0047y 2 +0.5177y+12.402),
  • the line segment ef is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0134z 2 ⁇ 1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z 2 +0.0825z+43.308, z), and
  • the line segments fi and il are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
  • point a (93.4, 0.0, 6.6), point b (55.6, 26.6, 17.8), point c (77.6, 22.4, 0.0), and point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or on the line segments Oa, ab, and bc (excluding the points O and c);
  • the line segment ab is represented by coordinates (0.0052y 2 ⁇ 1.5588y+93.385, y, ⁇ 0.0052y 2 +0.5588y+6.615),
  • the line segment bc is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0032z 2 ⁇ 1.1791z+77.593, 0.0032z 2 +0.1791z+22.407, z), and
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A.
  • the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • point k (72.5, 14.1, 13.4), point b (55.6, 26.6, 17.8), and point j (72.5, 23.2, 4.3), or on the line segments kb, bj, and jk;
  • the line segment kb is represented by coordinates (0.0052y 2 ⁇ 1.5588y+93.385, y, and ⁇ 0.0052y 2 +0.5588y+6.615),
  • the line segment bj is represented by coordinates ( ⁇ 0.0032z 2 ⁇ 1.1791z+77.593, 0.0032z 2 +0.1791z+22.407, z), and
  • the line segment jk is a straight line.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure may further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, as long as the above properties and effects are not impaired.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, and still more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure may comprise HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, 99.75 mass % or more, or 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
  • Additional refrigerants are not particularly limited and can be widely selected.
  • the mixed refrigerant may contain one additional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.
  • refrigerant A is not limited to the Examples.
  • the GWP of R1234yf and a composition consisting of a mixed refrigerant R410A was evaluated based on the values stated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report.
  • the refrigerating capacity of R410A and compositions each comprising a mixture of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf was determined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculations for the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.
  • the RCL of the mixture was calculated with the LFL of HFO-1132(E) being 4.7 vol. %, the LFL of HFO-1123 being 10 vol. %, and the LFL of R1234yf being 6.2 vol. %, in accordance with the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013.
  • Tables 1 to 34 show these values together with the GWP of each mixed refrigerant.
  • Example 21 Item Unit G H I HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 72.0 72.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 14.0 0.0 R1234yf mass % 0.0 14.0 28.0 GWP — 1 1 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.6 98.2 99.9 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 103.1 95.1 86.6 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation glide ° C. 0.46 1.27 1.71 Discharge pressure % (relative 108.4 98.7 88.6 to 410A) RCL g/m 3 37.4 37.0 36.6
  • Example Example Example Example Example Item Unit 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass % 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R1234yf mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 93.0 93.7 94.5 95.5 96.5 97.6 98.7 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 97.7 97.4 96.8 95.9 94.7 93.4 91.9 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C.
  • Example Example Example Example Example Item Unit 53 54 55 56 57 58 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 HFO-1123 mass % 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R1234yf mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 94.3 95.0 95.9 96.8 97.8 98.9 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 91.9 91.5 90.8 89.9 88.7 87.3 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C.
  • Example 226 Example 227 HFO-1132(E) mass % 34.0 36.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0 R1234yf mass % 38.0 38.0 GWP — 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.4 97.6 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.6 85.3 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation glide ° C. 4.18 4.11 Discharge pressure % (relative 91.0 90.6 to 410A) RCL g/m 3 50.9 49.8
  • the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503)
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3
  • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.6671x+80.4, ⁇ 0.0082x 2 ⁇ 0.3329x+19.6)
  • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00
  • the point on the line segment AA′ was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting point A, Example 1, and point A′ by the least square method.
  • the point on the line segment A′B was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting point A′, Example 3, and point B by the least square method.
  • the point on the line segment DC′ was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting point D, Example 6, and point C′ by the least square method.
  • the point on the line segment C′C was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting point C′, Example 4, and point C by the least square method.
  • the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.9473x+57.497, ⁇ 0.0016x 2 ⁇ 0.0527x+42.503)
  • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x 2 ⁇ 1.0268x+58.7, ⁇ 0.0029x 2 +0.0268x+41.3)
  • the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x 2 ⁇ 0.7501x+61.8, ⁇ 0.0078x 2 ⁇ 0.2499x+38.2)
  • the line segment TE is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067
  • the point on the line segment FT was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points T, E′, and F, by the least square method.
  • the point on the line segment TE was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points E, R, and T, by the least square method.
  • the composition preferably contains R1234yf.
  • a burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 in the following manner.
  • reference numeral 901 refers to a sample cell
  • 902 refers to a high-speed camera
  • 903 refers to a xenon lamp
  • 904 refers to a collimating lens
  • 905 refers to a collimating lens
  • 906 refers to a ring filter.
  • the mixed refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge.
  • the burning velocity was measured by the closed method.
  • the initial temperature was ambient temperature.
  • Ignition was performed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample cell.
  • the duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J.
  • the spread of the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs.
  • a cylindrical container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and a xenon lamp was used as the light source.
  • Schlieren images of the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
  • Each WCFF concentration was obtained by using the WCF concentration as the initial concentration and performing a leak simulation using NIST Standard Reference Database REFLEAK Version 4.0.
  • Tables 36 clearly indicate that in a ternary composition diagram of a mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in which their sum is 100 mass %, and a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base,
  • the refrigerant can be determined to have a WCF lower flammability, and a WCFF lower flammability.
  • the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x, ⁇ 0.1135x 2 +12.112x ⁇ 280.43, 0.1135x 2 ⁇ 13.112x+380.43), and the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x, 0.2421x 2 ⁇ 29.955x+931.91, ⁇ 0.2421x 2 +28.955x ⁇ 831.91).
  • the point on the line segment PN was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points P, L, and N, by the least square method.
  • the point on the line segment NK was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points N, N′, and K, by the least square method.
  • the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure is
  • a mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)) and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and the refrigerant comprising 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % or 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant, or
  • a mixed refrigerant comprising HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and the refrigerant comprising 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant.
  • the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure has various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant, i.e., (1) a coefficient of performance equivalent to that of R410A, (2) a refrigerating capacity equivalent to that of R410A, (3) a sufficiently low GWP, and (4) a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE standard.
  • the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure is a mixed refrigerant comprising 72.0 mass % or less of HFO-1132(E), it has WCF lower flammability.
  • the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure is a composition comprising 47.1% or less of HFO-1132(E), it has WCF lower flammability and WCFF lower flammability, and is determined to be “Class 2L,” which is a lower flammable refrigerant according to the ASHRAE standard, and which is further easier to handle.
  • the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure comprises 62.0 mass % or more of HFO-1132(E), it becomes superior with a coefficient of performance of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, the polymerization reaction of HFO-1132(E) and/or HFO-1123 is further suppressed, and the stability is further improved.
  • the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure comprises 45.1 mass % or more of HFO-1132(E), it becomes superior with a coefficient of performance of 93% or more relative to that of R410A, the polymerization reaction of HFO-1132(E) and/or HFO-1123 is further suppressed, and the stability is further improved.
  • the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure may further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123, as long as the above properties and effects are not impaired.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 in a total amount of 99.75 mass % or more, and more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
  • additional refrigerants are not limited, and can be selected from a wide range of refrigerants.
  • the mixed refrigerant may comprise a single additional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.
  • refrigerant B is not limited to the Examples.
  • compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A were evaluated based on the values stated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report.
  • the refrigerating capacity of compositions each comprising R410A and a mixture of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 was determined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculations for the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.
  • composition of each mixture was defined as WCF.
  • a leak simulation was performed using NIST Standard Reference Data Base Refleak Version 4.0 under the conditions of Equipment, Storage, Shipping, Leak, and Recharge according to the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013.
  • the most flammable fraction was defined as WCFF.
  • Tables 1 and 2 show GWP, COP, and refrigerating capacity, which were calculated based on these results.
  • the COP and refrigerating capacity are ratios relative to R410A.
  • the coefficient of performance (COP) was determined by the following formula.
  • the burning velocity was measured according to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Both WCF and WCFF having a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less were determined to be “Class 2L (lower flammability).”
  • a burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner.
  • the mixed refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge.
  • the burning velocity was measured by the closed method.
  • the initial temperature was ambient temperature.
  • Ignition was performed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample cell.
  • the duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J.
  • the spread of the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs.
  • a cylindrical container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and a xenon lamp was used as the light source.
  • Schlieren images of the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
  • the refrigerant C according to the present disclosure is a composition comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32), and satisfies the following requirements.
  • the refrigerant C according to the present disclosure has various properties that are desirable as an alternative refrigerant for R410A; i.e. it has a coefficient of performance and a refrigerating capacity that are equivalent to those of R410A, and a sufficiently low GWP.
  • Preferable refrigerant C is as follows:
  • HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a,
  • point G (0.026a 2 ⁇ 1.7478a+72.0, ⁇ 0.026a 2 +0.7478a+28.0, 0.0), point I (0.026a 2 ⁇ 1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, ⁇ 0.026a 2 +0.7478a+28.0), point A (0.0134a 2 ⁇ 1.9681a+68.6, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0134a 2 +0.9681a+31.4), point B (0.0, 0.0144a 2 ⁇ 1.6377a+58.7, ⁇ 0.0144a 2 +0.6377a+41.3), point D′ (0.0, 0.0224a 2 +0.968a+75.4, ⁇ 0.0224a 2 ⁇ 1.968a+24.6), and point C ( ⁇ 0.2304a 2 ⁇ 0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a 2 ⁇ 0.5938a+67.1, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI, AB, and D′C (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, point D′, and point C);
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
  • point G (0.02a 2 ⁇ 1.6013a+71.105, ⁇ 0.02a 2 +0.6013a+28.895, 0.0)
  • point I (0.02a 2 ⁇ 1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, ⁇ 0.02a 2 +0.6013a+28.895)
  • point A (0.0112a 2 ⁇ 1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0112a 2 +0.9337a+31.516)
  • point B (0.0, 0.0075a 2 ⁇ 1.5156a+58.199, ⁇ 0.0075a 2 +0.5156a+41.801)
  • point W (0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W);
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
  • point G (0.0135a 2 ⁇ 1.4068a+69.727, ⁇ 0.0135a 2 +0.4068a+30.273, 0.0)
  • point I (0.0135a 2 ⁇ 1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0135a 2 +0.4068a+30.273)
  • point A (0.0107a 2 ⁇ 1.9142a+68.305, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0107a 2 +0.9142a+31.695)
  • point B (0.0, 0.009a 2 ⁇ 1.6045a+59.318, ⁇ 0.009a 2 +0.6045a+40.682)
  • point W (0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W);
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
  • point G (0.0111a 2 ⁇ 1.3152a+68.986, ⁇ 0.0111a 2 +0.3152a+31.014, 0.0)
  • point I (0.0111a 2 ⁇ 1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0111a 2 +0.3152a+31.014)
  • point A (0.0103a 2 ⁇ 1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0103a 2 +0.9225a+31.207)
  • point B 0.0, 0.0046a 2 ⁇ 1.41a+57.286, ⁇ 0.0046a 2 +0.41a+42.714) and point W (0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W); and
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
  • point G (0.0061a 2 ⁇ 0.9918a+63.902, ⁇ 0.0061a 2 ⁇ 0.0082a+36.098, 0.0)
  • point I (0.0061a 2 ⁇ 0.9918a+63.902, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0061a 2 ⁇ 0.0082a+36.098)
  • point A (0.0085a 2 ⁇ 1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0085a 2 +0.8102a+32.9)
  • point B 0.0, 0.0012a 2 ⁇ 1.1659a+52.95, ⁇ 0.0012a 2 +0.1659a+47.05
  • point W (0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W).
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure satisfies the above requirements, it has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and further ensures a WCF lower flammability.
  • the refrigerant C according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • point J (0.0049a 2 ⁇ 0.9645a+47.1, ⁇ 0.0049a 2 ⁇ 0.0355a+52.9, 0.0)
  • point K′ (0.0514a 2 ⁇ 2.4353a+61.7, ⁇ 0.0323a 2 +0.4122a+5.9, ⁇ 0.0191a 2 +1.0231a+32.4)
  • point B (0.0, 0.0144a 2 ⁇ 1.6377a+58.7, ⁇ 0.0144a 2 +0.6377a+41.3)
  • point D′ (0.0, 0.0224a 2 +0.968a+75.4, ⁇ 0.0224a 2 ⁇ 1.968a+24.6)
  • point C ( ⁇ 0.2304a 2 ⁇ 0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a 2 ⁇ 0.5938a+67.1, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK′, K′B, and D′C (excluding point J, point B, point D′, and point C);
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:
  • point J (0.0243a 2 ⁇ 1.4161a+49.725, ⁇ 0.0243a 2 +0.4161a+50.275, 0.0)
  • point K′ (0.0341a 2 ⁇ 2.1977a+61.187, ⁇ 0.0236a 2 +0.34a+5.636, ⁇ 0.0105a 2 +0.8577a+33.177)
  • point B (0.0, 0.0075a 2 ⁇ 1.5156a+58.199, ⁇ 0.0075a 2 +0.5156a+41.801) and point W (0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, and point W);
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:
  • point J (0.0246a 2 ⁇ 1.4476a+50.184, ⁇ 0.0246a 2 +0.4476a+49.816, 0.0)
  • point K′ (0.0196a 2 ⁇ 1.7863a+58.515, ⁇ 0.0079a 2 ⁇ 0.1136a+8.702, ⁇ 0.0117a 2 +0.8999a+32.783)
  • point B (0.0, 0.009a 2 ⁇ 1.6045a+59.318, ⁇ 0.009a 2 +0.6045a+40.682) and point W (0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, and point W);
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:
  • point J (0.0183a 2 ⁇ 1.1399a+46.493, ⁇ 0.0183a 2 +0.1399a+53.507, 0.0)
  • point K′ ( ⁇ 0.0051a 2 +0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a 2 ⁇ 1.0929a+74.05)
  • point A (0.0103a 2 ⁇ 1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0103a 2 +0.9225a+31.207)
  • point B (0.0, 0.0046a 2 ⁇ 1.41a+57.286, ⁇ 0.0046a 2 +0.41a+42.714)
  • point W (0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W); and
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:
  • point J ( ⁇ 0.0134a 2 +1.0956a+7.13, 0.0134a 2 ⁇ 2.0956a+92.87, 0.0)
  • point K′ ( ⁇ 1.892a+29.443, 0.0, 0.892a+70.557)
  • point A (0.0085a 2 ⁇ 1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0085a 2 +0.8102a+32.9)
  • point B (0.0, 0.0012a 2 ⁇ 1.1659a+52.95, ⁇ 0.0012a 2 +0.1659a+47.05)
  • point W (0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W).
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure When the refrigerant according to the present disclosure satisfies the above requirements, it has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A. Additionally, the refrigerant has a WCF lower flammability and a WCFF lower flammability, and is classified as “Class 2L,” which is a lower flammable refrigerant according to the ASHRAE standard.
  • the refrigerant C when the refrigerant C according to the present disclosure further contains R32 in addition to HFO-1132 (E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, the refrigerant may be a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a,
  • point a (0.02a 2 ⁇ 2.46a+93.4, 0, ⁇ 0.02a 2 +2.46a+6.6)
  • point b′ ( ⁇ 0.008a 2 ⁇ 1.38a+56, 0.018a 2 ⁇ 0.53a+26.3, ⁇ 0.01a 2 +1.91a+17.7)
  • point c ( ⁇ 0.016a 2 +1.02a+77.6, 0.016a 2 ⁇ 1.02a+22.4, 0)
  • point o (100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0, 0.0) or on the straight lines oa, ab′, and b′c (excluding point o and point c);
  • point a (0.0244a 2 ⁇ 2.5695a+94.056, 0, ⁇ 0.0244a 2 +2.5695a+5.944), point b′ (0.1161a 2 ⁇ 1.9959a+59.749, 0.014a 2 ⁇ 0.3399a+24.8, ⁇ 0.1301a 2 +2.3358a+15.451), point c ( ⁇ 0.0161a 2 +1.02a+77.6, 0.0161a 2 ⁇ 1.02a+22.4, 0), and point o (100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0, 0.0), or on the straight lines oa, ab′, and b′c (excluding point o and point c); or
  • point a (0.0161a 2 ⁇ 2.3535a+92.742, 0, ⁇ 0.0161a 2 +2.3535a+7.258), point b′ ( ⁇ 0.0435a 2 ⁇ 0.0435a+50.406, 0.0304a 2 +1.8991a ⁇ 0.0661, 0.0739a 2 ⁇ 1.8556a+49.6601), point c ( ⁇ 0.0161a 2 +0.9959a+77.851, 0.0161a 2 ⁇ 0.9959a+22.149, 0), and point o (100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0, 0.0), or on the straight lines oa, ab′, and b′c (excluding point o and point c).
  • point b in the ternary composition diagram is defined as a point where a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% relative to that of R410A and a COP ratio of 95% relative to that of R410A are both achieved
  • point b′ is the intersection of straight line ab and an approximate line formed by connecting the points where the COP ratio relative to that of R410A is 95%.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure meets the above requirements, the refrigerant has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A.
  • the refrigerant C according to the present disclosure may further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 as long as the above properties and effects are not impaired.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, and still more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
  • the refrigerant C according to the present disclosure may comprise HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, 99.75 mass % or more, or 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
  • Additional refrigerants are not particularly limited and can be widely selected.
  • the mixed refrigerant may contain one additional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.
  • refrigerant C is not limited to the Examples.
  • compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A were evaluated based on the values stated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report.
  • the refrigerating capacity of compositions each comprising R410A and a mixture of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 was determined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculations for the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.
  • Tables 39 to 96 show the resulting values together with the GWP of each mixed refrigerant.
  • the COP and refrigerating capacity are ratios relative to R410A.
  • the coefficient of performance (COP) was determined by the following formula.
  • HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a, in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100 ⁇ a) mass %, a straight line connecting a point (0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a) is the base, and the point (0.0, 100.0 ⁇ a, 0.0) is on the left side, if 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0134a 2 ⁇ 1.9681a+68.6, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0134a 2 +0.9681a+31.4) and point B (0.0, 0.0144a 2 ⁇ 1.6377a+58.7, ⁇ 0.0144a 2
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0112a 2 ⁇ 1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0112a 2 +0.9337a+31.516) and point B (0.0, 0.0075a 2 ⁇ 1.5156a+58.199, ⁇ 0.0075a 2 +0.5156a+41.801);
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0107a 2 ⁇ 1.9142a+68.305, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0107a 2 +0.9142a+31.695) and point B (0.0, 0.009a 2 ⁇ 1.6045a+59.318, ⁇ 0.009a 2 +0.6045a+40.682);
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0103a 2 ⁇ 1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0103a 2 +0.9225a+31.207) and point B (0.0, 0.0046a 2 ⁇ 1.41a+57.286, ⁇ 0.0046a 2 +0.41a+42.714); and
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0085a 2 ⁇ 1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0085a 2 +0.8102a+32.9) and point B (0.0, 0.0012a 2 ⁇ 1.1659a+52.95, ⁇ 0.0012a 2 +0.1659a+47.05).
  • the COP ratio of 92.5% or more forms a curved line CD.
  • D′C a straight line that connects point C and point D′ (0, 75.4, 24.6)
  • point D′(0, 83.4, 9.5) was similarly obtained from an approximate curve formed by connecting point C (18.4, 74.5, 0) and points (13.9, 76.5, 2.5) (8.7, 79.2, 5) where the COP ratio is 92.5%, and a straight line that connects point C and point D′ was defined as the straight line D′C.
  • composition of each mixture was defined as WCF.
  • a leak simulation was performed using NIST Standard Reference Database REFLEAK Version 4.0 under the conditions of Equipment, Storage, Shipping, Leak, and Recharge according to the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013.
  • the most flammable fraction was defined as WCFF.
  • the burning velocity was measured according to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Both WCF and WCFF having a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less were determined to be classified as “Class 2L (lower flammability).”
  • a burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 in the following manner.
  • the mixed refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge.
  • the burning velocity was measured by the closed method.
  • the initial temperature was ambient temperature.
  • Ignition was performed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample cell.
  • the duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J.
  • the spread of the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs.
  • a cylindrical container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and a xenon lamp was used as the light source.
  • Schlieren images of the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
  • coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that connects point G (0.02a 2 ⁇ 1.6013a+71.105, ⁇ 0.02a 2 +0.6013a+28.895, 0.0) and point I (0.02a 2 ⁇ 1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, ⁇ 0.02a 2 +0.6013a+28.895); if 18.2 ⁇ a ⁇ 26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that connects point G (0.0135a 2 ⁇ 1.4068a+69.727, ⁇ 0.0135a 2 +0.4068a+30.273, 0.0) and point I (0.0135a 2 ⁇ 1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, ⁇ 0.0135a 2 +0.4068a+30.273); if 26.7 ⁇ a ⁇ 36.7, coordinates (x,y,z)
  • FIGS. 4 to 14 show compositions whose R32 content a (mass %) is 0 mass %, 7.1 mass %, 11.1 mass %, 14.5 mass %, 18.2 mass %, 21.9 mass %, 26.7 mass %, 29.3 mass %, 36.7 mass %, 44.1 mass %, and 47.8 mass %, respectively.
  • Points A, B, C, and D′ were obtained in the following manner according to approximate calculation.
  • Point A is a point where the content of HFO-1123 is 0 mass %, and a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% relative to that of R410A is achieved. Three points corresponding to point A were obtained in each of the following five ranges by calculation, and their approximate expressions were obtained (Table 109).
  • Point B is a point where the content of HFO-1132(E) is 0 mass %, and a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% relative to that of R410A is achieved.
  • Point D′ is a point where the content of HFO-1132(E) is 0 mass %, and a COP ratio of 95.5% relative to that of R410A is achieved.
  • Point C is a point where the content of R1234yf is 0 mass %, and a COP ratio of 95.5% relative to that of R410A is achieved.
  • the refrigerant D is a mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).
  • the refrigerant D according to the present disclosure has various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant; i.e., a refrigerating capacity equivalent to that of R410A, a sufficiently low GWP, and a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE standard.
  • the refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • the line segment IJ is represented by coordinates (0.0236y 2 ⁇ 1.7616y+72.0, y, ⁇ 0.0236y 2 +0.7616y+28.0);
  • the line segment NE is represented by coordinates (0.012y 2 ⁇ 1.9003y+58.3, y, ⁇ 0.012y 2 +0.9003y+41.7);
  • the line segments JN and EI are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or less, and a WCF lower flammability.
  • the refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4), point M′ (39.2, 5.0, 55.8), point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), and point G (39.6, 0.0, 60.4), or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);
  • the line segment MM′ is represented by coordinates (0.132y 2 ⁇ 3.34y+52.6, y, ⁇ 0.132y 2 +2.34y+47.4);
  • the line segment M′N is represented by coordinates (0.0596y 2 ⁇ 2.2541y+48.98, y, ⁇ 0.0596y 2 +1.2541y+51.02);
  • the line segment VG is represented by coordinates (0.0123y 2 ⁇ 1.8033y+39.6, y, ⁇ 0.0123y 2 +0.8033y+60.4);
  • the line segments NV and GM are straight lines.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 70% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.
  • the refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • the line segment ON is represented by coordinates (0.0072y 2 ⁇ 0.6701y+37.512, y, ⁇ 0.0072y 2 ⁇ 0.3299y+62.488);
  • the line segment NU is represented by coordinates (0.0083y 2 ⁇ 1.7403y+56.635, y, ⁇ 0.0083y 2 +0.7403y+43.365);
  • the line segment UO is a straight line.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 250 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.
  • the refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4), point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7), point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8), point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), and point K (35.6, 36.8, 27.6), or on these line segments;
  • the line segment QR is represented by coordinates (0.0099y 2 ⁇ 1.975y+84.765, y, ⁇ 0.0099y 2 +0.975y+15.235);
  • the line segment RT is represented by coordinates (0.0082y 2 ⁇ 1.8683y+83.126, y, ⁇ 0.0082y 2 +0.8683y+16.874);
  • the line segment LK is represented by coordinates (0.0049y 2 ⁇ 0.8842y+61.488, y, ⁇ 0.0049y 2 ⁇ 0.1158y+38.512);
  • the line segment KQ is represented by coordinates (0.0095y 2 ⁇ 1.2222y+67.676, y, ⁇ 0.0095y 2 +0.2222y+32.324);
  • the line segment TL is a straight line.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and a WCF lower flammability.
  • the refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8), point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), and point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8), or on these line segments;
  • the line segment PS is represented by coordinates (0.0064y 2 ⁇ 0.7103y+40.1, y, ⁇ 0.0064y 2 ⁇ 0.2897y+59.9);
  • the line segment ST is represented by coordinates (0.0082y 2 ⁇ 1.8683y+83.126, y, ⁇ 0.0082y 2 +0.8683y+16.874);

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