US20200326103A1 - Refrigeration cycle - Google Patents

Refrigeration cycle Download PDF

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Publication number
US20200326103A1
US20200326103A1 US16/913,556 US202016913556A US2020326103A1 US 20200326103 A1 US20200326103 A1 US 20200326103A1 US 202016913556 A US202016913556 A US 202016913556A US 2020326103 A1 US2020326103 A1 US 2020326103A1
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hfo
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mass
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US16/913,556
Inventor
Eiji Kumakura
Takuro Yamada
Atsushi Yoshimi
Ikuhiro Iwata
Mitsushi Itano
Daisuke Karube
Yuuki YOTSUMOTO
Kazuhiro Takahashi
Tatsuya TAKAKUWA
Yuzo Komatsu
Shun OHKUBO
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Daikin Industries Ltd
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Daikin Industries Ltd
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Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/037483 external-priority patent/WO2019123782A1/en
Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/038747 external-priority patent/WO2019123805A1/en
Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/038748 external-priority patent/WO2019123806A1/en
Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/038746 external-priority patent/WO2019123804A1/en
Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/045336 external-priority patent/WO2019124146A1/en
Application filed by Daikin Industries Ltd filed Critical Daikin Industries Ltd
Priority to US16/913,556 priority Critical patent/US20200326103A1/en
Publication of US20200326103A1 publication Critical patent/US20200326103A1/en
Assigned to DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. reassignment DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TAKAKUWA, Tatsuya, ITANO, MITSUSHI, KOMATSU, YUZO, OHKUBO, Shun, YOTSUMOTO, Yuuki, KARUBE, DAISUKE, TAKAHASHI, KAZUHIRO, YOSHIMI, ATSUSHI, YAMADA, TAKURO, IWATA, IKUHIRO, KUMAKURA, EIJI
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/006—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant containing more than one component
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B13/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with reversible cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/008—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/06—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/025—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for using multiple outdoor units
    • F25B2313/0254—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for using multiple outdoor units in series arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/13—Economisers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/16—Receivers

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a refrigeration cycle.
  • PTL 1 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 57-198968 discloses a refrigeration cycle using a nonazeotropic mixed refrigerant.
  • a refrigeration cycle according to a first aspect is a refrigeration cycle using a mixed refrigerant which is a flammable refrigerant and which contains at least 1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), and includes a compressor, a heat-source-side heat exchanger, an expansion mechanism, a use-side heat exchanger, and a decompression mechanism.
  • the decompression mechanism decompresses, between an inlet and an outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger, the mixed refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side heat exchanger that functions as an evaporator.
  • the decompression mechanism decreases the pressure of the refrigerant in the middle. Accordingly, the difference in evaporation temperature between the inlet and the outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger generated when the refrigerant is evaporated under the constant pressure can be decreased. Consequently, the capacity of heat exchange can be ensured, and the performance of the refrigeration cycle can be increased.
  • a refrigeration cycle according to a second aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the first aspect, in which the decompression mechanism decompresses the mixed refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side heat exchanger in accordance with a temperature gradient of the mixed refrigerant.
  • a refrigeration cycle according to a third aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the first aspect or the second aspect, in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger includes a first heat exchange section and a second heat exchange section.
  • the decompression mechanism is disposed between the first heat exchange section and the second heat exchange section.
  • a refrigeration cycle according to a fourth aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any one of the first aspect to the fourth aspect, in which the use-side heat exchanger is disposed in a use unit.
  • the use-side heat exchanger includes a third heat exchange section located on a front-surface side of the use unit, and a fourth heat exchange section located on a rear-surface side of the use unit. An upper portion of the fourth heat exchange section is located near an upper portion of the third heat exchange section.
  • the third heat exchange section extends obliquely downward from the upper portion thereof toward the front-surface side of the use unit.
  • the fourth heat exchange section extends obliquely downward from the upper portion thereof toward the rear-surface side of the use unit.
  • a capacity of a refrigerant flow path of the third heat exchange section is larger than a capacity of a refrigerant flow path of the fourth heat exchange section.
  • the capacity of the refrigerant flow path of the third heat exchange section located on the front-surface side of the use unit is larger than the capacity of the refrigerant flow path of the fourth heat exchange section. Accordingly, the third heat exchange section having a larger capacity of the refrigerant flow path exchanges more heat between the mixed refrigerant and the air on the front-surface side of the use unit of which the velocity of the air passing through the heat exchange section tends to be high.
  • the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A is used.
  • a refrigeration capacity may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity
  • COP coefficient of performance
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an instrument used for a flammability test.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing points A to T and line segments that connect these points in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, and K′, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100 ⁇ a) mass %.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, and K′, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 92.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 7.1 mass %).
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 88.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 11.1 mass %).
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 85.5 mass % (the content of R32 is 14.5 mass %).
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 81.8 mass % (the content of R32 is 18.2 mass %).
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 78.1 mass % (the content of R32 is 21.9 mass %).
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 73.3 mass % (the content of R32 is 26.7 mass %).
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 70.7 mass % (the content of R32 is 29.3 mass %).
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 63.3 mass % (the content of R32 is 36.7 mass %).
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 55.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 44.1 mass %).
  • FIG. 13 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 52.2 mass % (the content of R32 is 47.8 mass %).
  • FIG. 14 is a view showing points A to C, E, G, and I to W; and line segments that connect points A to C, E, G, and I to W in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass %.
  • FIG. 15 is a view showing points A to U; and line segments that connect the points in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass %.
  • FIG. 16 is a refrigerant circuit diagram illustrating a refrigeration cycle according to a first embodiment.
  • FIG. 17 is a vertical sectional view of a use unit.
  • FIG. 18 is a Mollier diagram indicating an operating state of the refrigeration cycle according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 19 is a refrigerant circuit diagram illustrating a refrigeration cycle according to a second embodiment.
  • refrigerant A any one of various refrigerants such as refrigerant A, refrigerant B, refrigerant C, refrigerant D, and refrigerant E, details of these refrigerant are to be mentioned later, can be used as the refrigerant.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure can be preferably used as a working fluid in a refrigerating machine.
  • composition according to the present disclosure is suitable for use as an alternative refrigerant for HFC refrigerant such as R410A, R407C and R404 etc, or HCFC refrigerant such as R22 etc.
  • the tracer compound may be present in the refrigerant composition at a total concentration of about 10 parts per million (ppm) to about 1000 ppm.
  • the tracer compound is present in the refrigerant composition at a total concentration of about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm, and most preferably, the tracer compound is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm.
  • each description of the following refrigerant A, refrigerant B, refrigerant C, refrigerant D, and refrigerant E is each independent.
  • the alphabet which shows a point or a line segment, the number of an Examples, and the number of a comparative examples are all independent of each other among the refrigerant A, the refrigerant B, the refrigerant C, the refrigerant D, and the refrigerant E.
  • the first embodiment of the refrigerant A and the first embodiment of the refrigerant B are different embodiment from each other.
  • the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has an RCL of 40 g/m 3 or more.
  • Example Example Example Ex. 10 20 21 Item Unit G H I HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 72.0 72.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 14.0 0.0 R1234yf mass % 0.0 14.0 28.0 GWP — 1 1 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.6 98.2 99.9 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 103.1 95.1 86.6 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C. 0.46 1.27 1.71 glide Discharge % (relative 108.4 98.7 88.6 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m 3 37.4 37.0 36.6
  • Example Example Example Example Example Item Unit 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass % 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R1234yf mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 93.0 93.7 94.5 95.5 96.5 97.6 98.7 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 97.7 97.4 96.8 95.9 94.7 93.4 91.9 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C.
  • Example Example Example Example Example Item Unit 53 54 55 56 57 58 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 HFO-1123 mass % 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R1234yf mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 94.3 95.0 95.9 96.8 97.8 98.9 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 91.9 91.5 90.8 89.9 88.7 87.3 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation ° C.
  • Example 226 Example 227 HFO-1132(E) mass % 34.0 36.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0 R1234yf mass % 38.0 38.0 GWP — 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.4 97.6 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.6 85.3 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation glide ° C. 4.18 4.11 Discharge pressure % (relative 91.0 90.6 to 410A) RCL g/m 3 50.9 49.8
  • the refrigerant C according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • Example 25 Item Unit O 24 P WCF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 22.6 21.2 20.5 HFO-1123 Mass % 36.8 44.2 51.7 R1234yf Mass % 40.6 34.6 27.8 Leak condition that results Storage, Storage, Storage, in WCFF Shipping, ⁇ 40° C., Shipping, ⁇ 40° C., Shipping, ⁇ 40° C., 0% release, 0% release, 0% release, on the gas on the gas on the gas phase side phase side phase side WCFF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 31.4 29.2 27.1 HFO-1123 Mass % 45.7 51.1 56.4 R1234yf Mass % 23.0 19.7 16.5 Burning Velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less (WCF) Burning Velocity cm/s 10 10 10 (WCFF)
  • Example 21 Item Unit M
  • Example 18 W Example 20
  • Example 22 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 52.6 39.2 32.4 29.3 27.7 24.5
  • 18.2 27.6 R1234yf Mass % 47.4 55.8 57.6 56.2 54.1 47.9
  • GWP — 2 36 70 100 125 188 COP Ratio % (relative to 100.5 100.9 100.9 100.8 100.7 100.4
  • Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 77.1 74.8 75.6 77.8 80.0 85.5 Ratio R410A)
  • Example Example 23 Example 25 26 Item Unit O 24 P S HFO-1132(E) Mass % 22.6 21.2 20.5 21.9 R32 Mass % 36.8 44.2 51.7 39.7 R1234yf Mass % 40.6 34.6 27.8 38.4 GWP — 250 300 350 270 COP Ratio % (relative 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.4 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 91.0 95.0 99.1 92.5 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
  • Example 79 Example 80
  • Example 81 Example 82 HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 39.0 42.0 30.0 33.0 R32 Mass % 3.0 3.0 6.0 6.0 R1234yf Mass % 58.0 55.0 64.0 61.0 GWP — 23 23 43 43 COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.1 100.9 101.5 101.3 Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 72.7 74.4 70.5 72.2 Ratio R410A)
  • Example 83 Example 84
  • Example 85 Example 86 HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 36.0 26.0 29.0 32.0 R32 Mass % 6.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 R1234yf Mass % 58.0 65.0 62.0 59.0 GWP — 43 64 64 63 COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.0 101.6 101.3 101.1 Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 73.9 71.0 72.8 74.5 Ratio R410A)
  • Example 95 Example 96
  • Example 97 Example 98 HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 28.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 R32 Mass % 15.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 R1234yf Mass % 57.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 GWP — 104 124 124 124 COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.9 102.2 101.9 101.6 Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 77.5 70.5 72.4 74.2 Ratio R410A)
  • Example 99 Example 100
  • Example 101 Example 102 HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 21.0 24.0 27.0 25.0 R32 Mass % 18.0 18.0 18.0 21.0 R1234yf Mass % 61.0 58.0 55.0 54.0 GWP — 124 124 124 144 COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.3 101.0 100.7 100.7 Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 76.0 77.7 79.4 80.7 Ratio R410A)
  • Example 104 Example 105
  • Example 106 HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 21.0 24.0 17.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 24.0 24.0 27.0 27.0 R1234yf Mass % 55.0 52.0 56.0 53.0 GWP — 164 164 185 185 COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.9 100.6 101.1 100.8 Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 80.8 82.5 80.8 82.5 Ratio R410A)
  • Example 107 Example 108
  • Example 109 Example 110 HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 23.0 13.0 16.0 19.0 R32 Mass % 27.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 R1234yf Mass % 50.0 57.0 54.0 51.0 GWP — 184 205 205 205 COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.6 101.3 101.0 100.8 Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 84.2 80.7 82.5 84.2 Ratio R410A)
  • Example 111 Example 112
  • Example 113 Example 114 HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 22.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 R32 Mass % 30.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 R1234yf Mass % 48.0 58.0 55.0 52.0 GWP — 205 225 225 225 COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.5 101.6 101.3 101.0 Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 85.9 80.5 82.3 84.1 Ratio R410A)
  • Example 115 Example 116
  • Example 117 Example 118 HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 18.0 21.0 8.0 12.0 R32 Mass % 33.0 33.0 36.0 36.0 R1234yf Mass % 49.0 46.0 56.0 52.0 GWP — 225 225 245 245 COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.8 100.5 101.6 101.2 Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 85.8 87.5 82.0 84.4 Rat
  • Example 119 Example 120
  • Example 121 Example 122 HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 15.0 18.0 21.0 42.0 R32 Mass % 36.0 36.0 25.0 R1234yf Mass % 49.0 46.0 43.0 33.0 GWP — 245 245 245 170 COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.0 100.7 100.5 99.5 Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 86.2 87.9 89.6 92.7 Ratio R410A)
  • Example 123 Example 124
  • Example 152 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 28.0 R32 Mass % 49.0 49.0 R1234yf Mass % 26.0 23.0 GWP — 332 332 COP Ratio % (relative 100.3 100.1 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 99.8 101.3 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
  • the refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
  • Example 11 Item Unit O C 10 U 2 D HFO-1132(E) mass % 100.0 50.0 41.1 28.7 15.2 0.0 HFO-1123 mass % 0.0 31.6 34.6 41.2 52.7 67.0 R32 mass % 0.0 18.4 24.3 30.1 32.1 33.0 GWP — 1 125 165 204 217 228 COP ratio % (relative 99.7 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 98.3 109.9 111.7 113.5 114.8 115.4 capacity ratio to R410A)
  • the refrigerant has a GWP of 125 or less.
  • a refrigeration cycle illustrated in FIG. 16 is a vapor compression refrigeration cycle using a nonazeotropic mixed refrigerant.
  • reference sign 1 denotes a compressor
  • 2 denotes a use-side heat exchanger
  • 3 denotes a heat-source-side heat exchanger
  • 4 denotes a first capillary tube that acts as an expansion mechanism.
  • the devices are connected via a four-way switching valve 5 to constitute a reversible cycle.
  • Reference sign 6 denotes an accumulator.
  • the refrigeration cycle is filled with a refrigerant for performing a vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
  • the refrigerant is a mixed refrigerant containing 1,2-difluoroethylene, and can use any one of the above-described refrigerants A to E.
  • the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 is divided into a first heat exchange section 31 and a second heat exchange section 32 .
  • the first and second heat exchange sections 31 and 32 are connected in series via a second capillary tube 7 serving as a decompression mechanism.
  • the second capillary tube 7 decreases the evaporation pressure of the mixed refrigerant while the mixed refrigerant flows through the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 .
  • Reference sign 8 denotes a check valve provided to cause the mixed refrigerant to bypass the second capillary tube 7 during cooling operation.
  • the compressor 1 , the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 , the first capillary tube 4 , the four-way switching valve 5 , the accumulator 6 , and the second capillary tube 7 are disposed in a heat source unit 50 situated outside a room.
  • the use-side heat exchanger 2 is disposed in a use unit 60 situated inside the room.
  • the use unit 60 has a rear surface that is fixed to a side wall WL in the room.
  • the indoor air flows into the use-side heat exchanger 2 from the front-surface side (the left side in FIG. 17 ) and the upper-surface side of the use unit 60 .
  • the use-side heat exchanger 2 includes a third heat exchange section 21 located on the front-surface side of the use unit 60 , and a fourth heat exchange section 22 located on the rear-surface side of the use unit 60 .
  • An upper portion of the fourth heat exchange section 22 is located near an upper portion of the third heat exchange section 21 .
  • the third heat exchange section 21 extends obliquely downward from the upper portion thereof toward the front-surface side of the use unit 60 .
  • T 1 is an isotherm indicating a frost limit temperature (for example, ⁇ 3° C.) and T 2 is an isotherm indicating a standard outside air temperature (for example, 7° C.) during heating operation.
  • the decompression amount of the first capillary tube 4 on the inlet side of the first heat exchange section 31 is set to a pressure P 1 with which the evaporation temperature of the refrigerant at the inlet of the first heat exchange section 31 becomes a temperature T 3 that is slightly higher than the frost limit temperature T 1 during heating operation.
  • the evaporation temperature at the inlet of the second heat exchange section 32 decreases to a temperature T 5 that is lower than the evaporation temperature at the outlet of the first heat exchange section 31 and that is higher than the frost limit temperature T 1 (C 5 ).
  • the evaporation temperature of the refrigerant increases, and the refrigerant becomes the gas refrigerant at a temperature T 6 that is lower than the standard outside air temperature T 2 near the outlet of the second heat exchange section 32 . Then, the refrigerant returns to the compressor 1 and is compressed again.
  • the second capillary tube 7 serving as a decompression mechanism is provided between the first heat exchange section 31 and the second heat exchange section 32 of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 , the difference in the evaporation temperature between the inlet and the outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 decreases.
  • the degree of increase in the evaporation temperature in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 decreases. Accordingly, the evaporation temperature can be shifted within a proper evaporation temperature.
  • frost (frosting) in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 is avoided.
  • a refrigeration cycle illustrated in FIG. 19 is a heat pump refrigeration apparatus using a nonazeotropic refrigerant similarly to the above-described refrigeration cycle according to the first embodiment.
  • the different point from the first embodiment is that the composition of the mixed refrigerant is changed to allow the capacity to be increased or decreased in accordance with the load.
  • a gas-liquid separator 9 is provided between third and fourth capillary tubes 41 and 42 that operate as an expansion mechanism.
  • a container 11 for storing a refrigerant is provided in a suction gas pipe 10 .
  • One end of the container 11 is connected to a gas region of the gas-liquid separator 9 via a first open-close valve 12 .
  • the other end of the container 11 is connected to the suction gas pipe 10 via the second open-close valve 13 .
  • the second open-close valve 13 into a closed state and the first open-close valve 12 into an open state allows the mixed refrigerant with a large proportion of a low-boiling-point refrigerant to flow into the container 11 from the gas-liquid separator 9 , and hence the refrigerant can be condensed and stored. Accordingly, the composition ratio of a high-boiling-point refrigerant in the circulating mixed refrigerant increases, and the capacity can be decreased.
  • the evaporation pressure in the heating operation has two steps; however, the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 may be divided into three or more sections, decompression mechanisms may be provided between the divided heat exchange sections, and the evaporation pressure may be changed by three or more steps.
  • the decompression amount of the decompression mechanism may not be set such that the evaporation temperature at the inlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 is equal to or higher than the frost limit temperature during heating operation.

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Abstract

A refrigeration cycle is a refrigeration cycle using a mixed refrigerant which is a flammable refrigerant and which contains at least 1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), and includes a compressor (1), a heat-source-side heat exchanger (3), an expansion mechanism (4), a use-side heat exchanger (2), and a decompression mechanism (7). The decompression mechanism (7) decompresses, between an inlet and an outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger (3), the mixed refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side heat exchanger (3) that functions as an evaporator.

Description

    TECHNICAL FIELD
  • The present disclosure relates to a refrigeration cycle.
    • BACKGROUND ART
  • PTL 1 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 57-198968) discloses a refrigeration cycle using a nonazeotropic mixed refrigerant.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Technical Problem
  • In a refrigeration cycle using a nonazeotropic mixed refrigerant, when a refrigerant is evaporated under a constant pressure in a heat-source-side heat exchanger, the capacity of heat exchange is not sufficiently provided.
    • Solution to Problem
  • A refrigeration cycle according to a first aspect is a refrigeration cycle using a mixed refrigerant which is a flammable refrigerant and which contains at least 1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), and includes a compressor, a heat-source-side heat exchanger, an expansion mechanism, a use-side heat exchanger, and a decompression mechanism. The decompression mechanism decompresses, between an inlet and an outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger, the mixed refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side heat exchanger that functions as an evaporator.
  • In this case, when the refrigerant evaporates in the heat-source-side heat exchanger, the decompression mechanism decreases the pressure of the refrigerant in the middle. Accordingly, the difference in evaporation temperature between the inlet and the outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger generated when the refrigerant is evaporated under the constant pressure can be decreased. Consequently, the capacity of heat exchange can be ensured, and the performance of the refrigeration cycle can be increased.
  • A refrigeration cycle according to a second aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the first aspect, in which the decompression mechanism decompresses the mixed refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side heat exchanger in accordance with a temperature gradient of the mixed refrigerant.
  • A refrigeration cycle according to a third aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the first aspect or the second aspect, in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger includes a first heat exchange section and a second heat exchange section. The decompression mechanism is disposed between the first heat exchange section and the second heat exchange section.
  • A refrigeration cycle according to a fourth aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any one of the first aspect to the fourth aspect, in which the use-side heat exchanger is disposed in a use unit. The use-side heat exchanger includes a third heat exchange section located on a front-surface side of the use unit, and a fourth heat exchange section located on a rear-surface side of the use unit. An upper portion of the fourth heat exchange section is located near an upper portion of the third heat exchange section. The third heat exchange section extends obliquely downward from the upper portion thereof toward the front-surface side of the use unit. The fourth heat exchange section extends obliquely downward from the upper portion thereof toward the rear-surface side of the use unit. A capacity of a refrigerant flow path of the third heat exchange section is larger than a capacity of a refrigerant flow path of the fourth heat exchange section.
  • In this case, the capacity of the refrigerant flow path of the third heat exchange section located on the front-surface side of the use unit is larger than the capacity of the refrigerant flow path of the fourth heat exchange section. Accordingly, the third heat exchange section having a larger capacity of the refrigerant flow path exchanges more heat between the mixed refrigerant and the air on the front-surface side of the use unit of which the velocity of the air passing through the heat exchange section tends to be high.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 5th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein, the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).
  • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 6th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the 5th aspect, wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, CO, and OA that connect the following 7 points:
        point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
        point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0),
        point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), and
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments BD, CO, and OA);
      • the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
      • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
      • the line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 7th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the 5th aspect, wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments GI, IA, AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CG that connect the following 8 points:
        point G (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
        point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),
        point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
        point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
        point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments IA, BD, and CG);
      • the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
      • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
      • the line segments GI, IA, BD, and CG are straight lines.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 8th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the 5th aspect, wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PN, NK, KA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points:
        point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
        point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
        point N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1),
        point K (61.3, 5.4, 33.3),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
        point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
        point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments BD and CJ);
      • the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
      • the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x, 0.2421x2−29.955x+931.91, −0.2421x2+28.955x−831.91),
      • the line segment KA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
      • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
      • the line segments JP, BD, and CG are straight lines.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 9th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the 5th aspect, wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points:
        point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
        point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
        point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),
        point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
        point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
        point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments BD and CJ);
      • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43)
      • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
      • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
      • the line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 10th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the 5th aspect, wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TP that connect the following 7 points:
        point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
        point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),
        point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and
        point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment BF);
      • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
      • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x2−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x2−0.2499x+38.2),
      • the line segment TP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x2−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x2−0.2393x+36.475), and
      • the line segments LM and BF are straight lines.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 11th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the 5th aspect, wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL, LQ, QR, and RP that connect the following 4 points:
        point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
        point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),
        point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6), and
        point R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9),
        or on the above line segments;
      • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
      • the line segment RP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x2−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x2−0.2393x+36.475), and
      • the line segments LQ and QR are straight lines.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 12th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to the 5th aspect, wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments SM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TS that connect the following 6 points:
        point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1),
        point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and
        point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),
        or on the above line segments,
      • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x2−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x2−0.2499x+38.2),
      • the line segment TS is represented by coordinates (x, −0.0017x2−0.7869x+70.888, −0.0017x2−0.2131x+29.112), and
      • the line segments SM and BF are straight lines.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 13th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein, the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)) and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and
      • the refrigerant comprises 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 14th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein, the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and
      • the refrigerant comprises 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 15th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein, the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32),
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a,
      • if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BD′, D′C, and CG that connect the following 6 points:
        point G (0.026a2−1.7478a+72.0, −0.026a2+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0),
        point I (0.026a2−1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, −0.026a2+0.7478a+28.0),
        point A (0.0134a2−1.9681a+68.6, 0.0, −0.0134a2+0.9681a+31.4),
        point B (0.0, 0.0144a2−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a2+0.6377a+41.3),
        point D′(0.0, 0.0224a2+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a2−1.968a+24.6), and
        point C (−0.2304a2−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a2−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines GI, AB, and D′C (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, point D′, and point C);
      • if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
        point G (0.02a2−1.6013a+71.105, −0.02a2+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0),
        point I (0.02a2−1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, −0.02a2+0.6013a+28.895),
        point A (0.0112a2−1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, −0.0112a2+0.9337a+31.516),
        point B (0.0, 0.0075a2−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a2+0.5156a+41.801), and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W);
      • if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
        point G (0.0135a2−1.4068a+69.727, −0.0135a2+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0),
        point I (0.0135a2−1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, −0.0135a2+0.4068a+30.273),
        point A (0.0107a2−1.9142a+68.305, 0.0, −0.0107a2+0.9142a+31.695),
        point B (0.0, 0.009a2−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a2+0.6045a+40.682), and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W);
      • if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
        point G (0.0111a2−1.3152a+68.986, −0.0111a2+0.3152a+31.014, 0.0),
        point I (0.0111a2−1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, −0.0111a2+0.3152a+31.014),
        point A (0.0103a2−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a2+0.9225a+31.207),
        point B (0.0, 0.0046a2−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a2+0.41a+42.714), and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W); and
      • if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
        point G (0.0061a2−0.9918a+63.902, −0.0061a2−0.0082a+36.098, 0.0),
        point I (0.0061a2−0.9918a+63.902, 0.0, −0.0061a2−0.0082a+36.098),
        point A (0.0085a2−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a2+0.8102a+32.9),
        point B (0.0, 0.0012a2−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a2+0.1659a+47.05), and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W).
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 16th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein, the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32),
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a,
      • if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BD′, D′C, and CJ that connect the following 5 points:
        point J (0.0049a2−0.9645a+47.1, −0.0049a2−0.0355a+52.9, 0.0),
        point K′ (0.0514a2−2.4353a+61.7, −0.0323a2+0.4122a+5.9, −0.0191a2+1.0231a+32.4),
        point B (0.0, 0.0144a2−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a2+0.6377a+41.3),
        point D′(0.0, 0.0224a2+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a2−1.968a+24.6), and
        point C (−0.2304a2−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a2−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines JK′, K′B, and D′C (excluding point J, point B, point D′, and point C);
      • if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:
        point J (0.0243a2−1.4161a+49.725, −0.0243a2+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0),
        point K′(0.0341a2−2.1977a+61.187, −0.0236a2+0.34a+5.636, −0.0105a2+0.8577a+33.177),
        point B (0.0, 0.0075a2−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a2+0.5156a+41.801), and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, and point W);
      • if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:
        point J (0.0246a2−1.4476a+50.184, −0.0246a2+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0),
        point K′ (0.0196a2−1.7863a+58.515, −0.0079a2−0.1136a+8.702, −0.0117a2+0.8999a+32.783),
        point B (0.0, 0.009a2−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a2+0.6045a+40.682), and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, and point W);
      • if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:
        point J (0.0183a2−1.1399a+46.493, −0.0183a2+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0),
        point K′ (−0.0051a2+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a2−1.0929a+74.05),
        point A (0.0103a2−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a2+0.9225a+31.207),
        point B (0.0, 0.0046a2−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a2+0.41a+42.714), and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W); and
      • if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:
        point J (−0.0134a2+1.0956a+7.13, 0.0134a2−2.0956a+92.87, 0.0),
        point K′(−1.892a+29.443, 0.0, 0.892a+70.557),
        point A (0.0085a2−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a2+0.8102a+32.9),
        point B (0.0, 0.0012a2−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a2+0.1659a+47.05), and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W).
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to those of R410A is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 17th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene(HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane(R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments IJ, JN, NE, and EI that connect the following 4 points:
        point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),
        point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2),
        point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and
        point E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment EI;
      • the line segment I is represented by coordinates (0.0236y2−1.7616y+72.0, y, −0.0236y2+0.7616y+28.0);
      • the line segment NE is represented by coordinates (0.012y2−1.9003y+58.3, y, −0.012y2+0.9003y+41.7); and
      • the line segments JN and EI are straight lines.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 18th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf,
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MM′, M′N, NV, VG, and GM that connect the following 5 points:
        point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4),
        point M′(39.2, 5.0, 55.8),
        point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1),
        point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), and
        point G (39.6, 0.0, 60.4),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);
      • the line segment MM′ is represented by coordinates (0.132y2−3.34y+52.6, y, −0.132y2+2.34y+47.4);
      • the line segment M′N is represented by coordinates (0.0596y2−2.2541y+48.98, y, −0.0596y2+1.2541y+51.02);
      • the line segment VG is represented by coordinates (0.0123y2−1.8033y+39.6, y, −0.0123y2+0.8033y+60.4); and
      • the line segments NV and GM are straight lines.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 19th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf,
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments ON, NU, and UO that connect the following 3 points:
        point O (22.6, 36.8, 40.6),
        point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and
        point U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment ON is represented by coordinates (0.0072y2−0.6701y+37.512, y, −0.0072y2−0.3299y+62.488);
      • the line segment NU is represented by coordinates (0.0083y2−1.7403y+56.635, y, −0.0083y2+0.7403y+43.365); and
      • the line segment UO is a straight line.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 20th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf,
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connect the following 5 points:
        point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4),
        point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7),
        point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),
        point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), and
        point K (35.6, 36.8, 27.6),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment QR is represented by coordinates (0.0099y2−1.975y+84.765, y, −0.0099y2+0.975y+15.235);
      • the line segment RT is represented by coordinates (0.0082y2−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y2+0.8683y+16.874);
      • the line segment LK is represented by coordinates (0.0049y2−0.8842y+61.488, y, −0.0049y2−0.1158y+38.512);
      • the line segment KQ is represented by coordinates (0.0095y2−1.2222y+67.676, y, −0.0095y2+0.2222y+32.324); and
      • the line segment TL is a straight line.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 21st aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf,
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:
        point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8),
        point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), and
        point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment PS is represented by coordinates (0.0064y2−0.7103y+40.1, y, −0.0064y2−0.2897y+59.9);
      • the line segment ST is represented by coordinates (0.0082y2−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y2+0.8683y+16.874); and
      • the line segment TP is a straight line.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 22nd aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments IK, KB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GI that connect the following 6 points:
        point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
        point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4),
        point B′ (0.0, 81.6, 18.4),
        point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8),
        point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
        point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B′H and GI);
      • the line segment IK is represented by coordinates
        (0.025z2−1.7429z+72.00, −0.025z2+0.7429z+28.0, z),
      • the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
        (−0.3123z2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z2−5.234z+88.94, z),
      • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
      • the line segments KB′ and GI are straight lines.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 23rd aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32,
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments IJ, JR, RG, and GI that connect the following 4 points:
        point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
        point J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5),
        point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
        point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GI);
      • the line segment I is represented by coordinates
        (0.025z2−1.7429z+72.0, −0.025z2+0.7429z+28.0, z),
      • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
      • the line segments JR and GI are straight lines.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 24th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32,
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MP, PB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GM that connect the following 6 points:
        point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
        point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4),
        point B′(0.0, 81.6, 18.4),
        point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8),
        point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
        point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B′H and GM);
      • the line segment MP is represented by coordinates
        (0.0083z2−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z2−0.016z+52.9, z),
      • the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
        (−0.3123z2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z2−5.234z+88.94, z),
      • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
      • the line segments PB′ and GM are straight lines.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 25th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32,
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MN, NR, RG, and GM that connect the following 4 points:
        point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
        point N (38.5, 52.1, 9.5),
        point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
        point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);
      • the line segment MN is represented by coordinates
        (0.0083z2−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z2−0.016z+52.9, z),
      • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
      • the line segments JR and GI are straight lines.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 26th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32,
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:
        point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4),
        point S (25.4, 56.2, 18.4), and
        point T (34.8, 51.0, 14.2),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment ST is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0982z2+0.9622z+40.931, 0.0982z2−1.9622z+59.069, z),
      • the line segment TP is represented by coordinates
        (0.0083z2−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z2−0.016z+52.9, z), and
      • the line segment PS is a straight line.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is used.
      • A refrigeration cycle according to a 27th aspect is the refrigeration cycle according to any of the 1st through 4th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32,
        wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments QB″, B″D, DU, and UQ that connect the following 4 points:
        point Q (28.6, 34.4, 37.0),
        point B″ (0.0, 63.0, 37.0),
        point D (0.0, 67.0, 33.0), and
        point U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment B″D);
      • the line segment DU is represented by coordinates
        (−3.4962z2+210.71z−3146.1, 3.4962z2−211.71z+3246.1, z),
      • the line segment UQ is represented by coordinates
        (0.0135z2−0.9181z+44.133, −0.0135z2−0.0819z+55.867, z), and
      • the line segments QB″ and B″D are straight lines.
      • In this refrigeration cycle, the capacity of heat exchange can be increased when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is used.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an instrument used for a flammability test.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing points A to T and line segments that connect these points in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, and K′, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass %.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, and K′, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 92.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 7.1 mass %).
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram showing points A to C, D′, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 88.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 11.1 mass %).
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 85.5 mass % (the content of R32 is 14.5 mass %).
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 81.8 mass % (the content of R32 is 18.2 mass %).
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 78.1 mass % (the content of R32 is 21.9 mass %).
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 73.3 mass % (the content of R32 is 26.7 mass %).
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 70.7 mass % (the content of R32 is 29.3 mass %).
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 63.3 mass % (the content of R32 is 36.7 mass %).
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 55.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 44.1 mass %).
  • FIG. 13 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K′, and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 52.2 mass % (the content of R32 is 47.8 mass %).
  • FIG. 14 is a view showing points A to C, E, G, and I to W; and line segments that connect points A to C, E, G, and I to W in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass %.
  • FIG. 15 is a view showing points A to U; and line segments that connect the points in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass %.
  • FIG. 16 is a refrigerant circuit diagram illustrating a refrigeration cycle according to a first embodiment.
  • FIG. 17 is a vertical sectional view of a use unit.
  • FIG. 18 is a Mollier diagram indicating an operating state of the refrigeration cycle according to the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 19 is a refrigerant circuit diagram illustrating a refrigeration cycle according to a second embodiment.
    •  DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS (1) Definition of Terms
      • In the present specification, the term “refrigerant” includes at least compounds that are specified in ISO 817 (International Organization for Standardization), and that are given a refrigerant number (ASHRAE number) representing the type of refrigerant with “R” at the beginning; and further includes refrigerants that have properties equivalent to those of such refrigerants, even though a refrigerant number is not yet given. Refrigerants are broadly divided into fluorocarbon compounds and non-fluorocarbon compounds in terms of the structure of the compounds. Fluorocarbon compounds include chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). Non-fluorocarbon compounds include propane (R290), propylene (R1270), butane (R600), isobutane (R600a), carbon dioxide (R744), ammonia (R717), and the like.
      • In the present specification, the phrase “composition comprising a refrigerant” at least includes (1) a refrigerant itself (including a mixture of refrigerants), (2) a composition that further comprises other components and that can be mixed with at least a refrigeration oil to obtain a working fluid for a refrigerating machine, and (3) a working fluid for a refrigerating machine containing a refrigeration oil. In the present specification, of these three embodiments, the composition (2) is referred to as a “refrigerant composition” so as to distinguish it from a refrigerant itself (including a mixture of refrigerants). Further, the working fluid for a refrigerating machine (3) is referred to as a “refrigeration oil-containing working fluid” so as to distinguish it from the “refrigerant composition.”
      • In the present specification, when the term “alternative” is used in a context in which the first refrigerant is replaced with the second refrigerant, the first type of “alternative” means that equipment designed for operation using the first refrigerant can be operated using the second refrigerant under optimum conditions, optionally with changes of only a few parts (at least one of the following: refrigeration oil, gasket, packing, expansion valve, dryer, and other parts) and equipment adjustment. In other words, this type of alternative means that the same equipment is operated with an alternative refrigerant. Embodiments of this type of “alternative” include “drop-in alternative,” “nearly drop-in alternative,” and “retrofit,” in the order in which the extent of changes and adjustment necessary for replacing the first refrigerant with the second refrigerant is smaller.
      • The term “alternative” also includes a second type of “alternative,” which means that equipment designed for operation using the second refrigerant is operated for the same use as the existing use with the first refrigerant by using the second refrigerant. This type of alternative means that the same use is achieved with an alternative refrigerant.
      • In the present specification, the term “refrigerating machine” refers to machines in general that draw heat from an object or space to make its temperature lower than the temperature of ambient air, and maintain a low temperature. In other words, refrigerating machines refer to conversion machines that gain energy from the outside to do work, and that perform energy conversion, in order to transfer heat from where the temperature is lower to where the temperature is higher.
      • In the present specification, a refrigerant having a “WCF lower flammability” means that the most flammable composition (worst case of formulation for flammability: WCF) has a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less according to the US ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Further, in the present specification, a refrigerant having “ASHRAE lower flammability” means that the burning velocity of WCF is 10 cm/s or less, that the most flammable fraction composition (worst case of fractionation for flammability: WCFF), which is specified by performing a leakage test during storage, shipping, or use based on ANSI/ASHRAE 34-2013 using WCF, has a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less, and that flammability classification according to the US ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013 is determined to classified as be “Class 2L.”
      • In the present specification, a refrigerant having an “RCL of x % or more” means that the refrigerant has a refrigerant concentration limit (RCL), calculated in accordance with the US ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013, of x % or more. RCL refers to a concentration limit in the air in consideration of safety factors. RCL is an index for reducing the risk of acute toxicity, suffocation, and flammability in a closed space where humans are present. RCL is determined in accordance with the ASHRAE Standard. More specifically, RCL is the lowest concentration among the acute toxicity exposure limit (ATEL), the oxygen deprivation limit (ODL), and the flammable concentration limit (FCL), which are respectively calculated in accordance with sections 7.1.1, 7.1.2, and 7.1.3 of the ASHRAE Standard.
      • In the present specification, temperature glide refers to an absolute value of the difference between the initial temperature and the end temperature in the phase change process of a composition containing the refrigerant of the present disclosure in the heat exchanger of a refrigerant system.
    (2) Refrigerant (2-1) Refrigerant Component
  • Any one of various refrigerants such as refrigerant A, refrigerant B, refrigerant C, refrigerant D, and refrigerant E, details of these refrigerant are to be mentioned later, can be used as the refrigerant.
  • (2-2) Use of refrigerant
  • The refrigerant according to the present disclosure can be preferably used as a working fluid in a refrigerating machine.
  • The composition according to the present disclosure is suitable for use as an alternative refrigerant for HFC refrigerant such as R410A, R407C and R404 etc, or HCFC refrigerant such as R22 etc.
    • (3) Refrigerant Composition
      • The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure comprises at least the refrigerant according to the present disclosure, and can be used for the same use as the refrigerant according to the present disclosure. Moreover, the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure can be further mixed with at least a refrigeration oil to thereby obtain a working fluid for a refrigerating machine.
      • The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure further comprises at least one other component in addition to the refrigerant according to the present disclosure. The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may comprise at least one of the following other components, if necessary. As described above, when the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure is used as a working fluid in a refrigerating machine, it is generally used as a mixture with at least a refrigeration oil. Therefore, it is preferable that the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure does not substantially comprise a refrigeration oil. Specifically, in the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure, the content of the refrigeration oil based on the entire refrigerant composition is preferably 0 to 1 mass %, and more preferably 0 to 0.1 mass %.
    (3-1) Water
      • The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may contain a small amount of water. The water content of the refrigerant composition is preferably 0.1 mass % or less based on the entire refrigerant. A small amount of water contained in the refrigerant composition stabilizes double bonds in the molecules of unsaturated fluorocarbon compounds that can be present in the refrigerant, and makes it less likely that the unsaturated fluorocarbon compounds will be oxidized, thus increasing the stability of the refrigerant composition.
    (3-2) Tracer
      • A tracer is added to the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure at a detectable concentration such that when the refrigerant composition has been diluted, contaminated, or undergone other changes, the tracer can trace the changes.
      • The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may comprise a single tracer, or two or more tracers.
      • The tracer is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonly used tracers. Preferably, a compound that cannot be an impurity inevitably mixed in the refrigerant of the present disclosure is selected as the tracer.
      • Examples of tracers include hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorocarbons, fluorocarbons, deuterated hydrocarbons, deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodinated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and nitrous oxide (N20). The tracer is particularly preferably a hydrofluorocarbon, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a chlorofluorocarbon, a fluorocarbon, a hydrochlorocarbon, a fluorocarbon, or a fluoroether.
      • The following compounds are preferable as the tracer.
        FC-14 (tetrafluoromethane, CF4)
        HCC-40 (chloromethane, CH3Cl)
        HFC-23 (trifluoromethane, CHF3)
        HFC-41 (fluoromethane, CH3Cl)
        HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane, CF3CHF2)
        HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF3CH2F)
        HFC-134 (1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, CHF2CHF2)
        HFC-143a (1,1,1-trifluoroethane, CF3CH3)
        HFC-143 (1,1,2-trifluoroethane, CHF2CH2F)
        HFC-152a (1,1-difluoroethane, CHF2CH3)
        HFC-152 (1,2-difluoroethane, CHFCH2F)
        HFC-161 (fluoroethane, CH3CH2F)
        HFC-245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, CF3CH2CHF2)
        HFC-236fa (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, CF3CH2CF3)
        HFC-236ea (1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, CF3CHFCHF2)
        HFC-227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, CF3CHFCF3)
        HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2)
        HCFC-31 (chlorofluoromethane, CH2ClF)
        CFC-1113 (chlorotrifluoroethylene, CF2═CClF)
        HFE-125 (trifluoromethyl-difluoromethyl ether, CF3OCHF2)
        HFE-134a (trifluoromethyl-fluoromethyl ether, CF3OCH2F)
        HFE-143a (trifluoromethyl-methyl ether, CF3OCH3)
        HFE-227ea (trifluoromethyl-tetrafluoroethyl ether, CF3OCHFCF3)
        HFE-236fa (trifluoromethyl-trifluoroethyl ether, CF3OCH2CF3)
  • The tracer compound may be present in the refrigerant composition at a total concentration of about 10 parts per million (ppm) to about 1000 ppm. Preferably, the tracer compound is present in the refrigerant composition at a total concentration of about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm, and most preferably, the tracer compound is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm.
    • (3-3) Ultraviolet Fluorescent Dye
      • The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may comprise a single ultraviolet fluorescent dye, or two or more ultraviolet fluorescent dyes.
      • The ultraviolet fluorescent dye is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonly used ultraviolet fluorescent dyes.
      • Examples of ultraviolet fluorescent dyes include naphthalimide, coumarin, anthracene, phenanthrene, xanthene, thioxanthene, naphthoxanthene, fluorescein, and derivatives thereof. The ultraviolet fluorescent dye is particularly preferably either naphthalimide or coumarin, or both.
    (3-4) Stabilizer
      • The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may comprise a single stabilizer, or two or more stabilizers.
      • The stabilizer is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonly used stabilizers.
      • Examples of stabilizers include nitro compounds, ethers, and amines.
      • Examples of nitro compounds include aliphatic nitro compounds, such as nitromethane and nitroethane; and aromatic nitro compounds, such as nitro benzene and nitro styrene.
      • Examples of ethers include 1,4-dioxane.
      • Examples of amines include 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylamine and diphenylamine.
      • Examples of stabilizers also include butylhydroxyxylene and benzotriazole.
      • The content of the stabilizer is not limited. Generally, the content of the stabilizer is preferably 0.01 to 5 mass %, and more preferably 0.05 to 2 mass %, based on the entire refrigerant.
    (3-5) Polymerization Inhibitor
      • The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may comprise a single polymerization inhibitor, or two or more polymerization inhibitors.
      • The polymerization inhibitor is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonly used polymerization inhibitors.
      • Examples of polymerization inhibitors include 4-methoxy-1-naphthol, hydroquinone, hydroquinone methyl ether, dimethyl-t-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and benzotriazole.
      • The content of the polymerization inhibitor is not limited. Generally, the content of the polymerization inhibitor is preferably 0.01 to 5 mass %, and more preferably 0.05 to 2 mass %, based on the entire refrigerant.
    (4) Refrigeration Oil-Containing Working Fluid
      • The refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to the present disclosure comprises at least the refrigerant or refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure and a refrigeration oil, for use as a working fluid in a refrigerating machine. Specifically, the refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to the present disclosure is obtained by mixing a refrigeration oil used in a compressor of a refrigerating machine with the refrigerant or the refrigerant composition. The refrigeration oil-containing working fluid generally comprises 10 to 50 mass % of refrigeration oil.
    (4-1) Refrigeration Oil
      • The refrigeration oil is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonly used refrigeration oils. In this case, refrigeration oils that are superior in the action of increasing the miscibility with the mixture and the stability of the mixture, for example, are suitably selected as necessary.
      • The base oil of the refrigeration oil is preferably, for example, at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene glycols (PAG), polyol esters (POE), and polyvinyl ethers (PVE).
      • The refrigeration oil may further contain additives in addition to the base oil. The additive may be at least one member selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, extreme-pressure agents, acid scavengers, oxygen scavengers, copper deactivators, rust inhibitors, oil agents, and antifoaming agents.
      • A refrigeration oil with a kinematic viscosity of 5 to 400 cSt at 40° C. is preferable from the standpoint of lubrication.
      • The refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to the present disclosure may further optionally contain at least one additive. Examples of additives include compatibilizing agents described below.
    (4-2) Compatibilizing Agent
      • The refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to the present disclosure may comprise a single compatibilizing agent, or two or more compatibilizing agents.
      • The compatibilizing agent is not limited, and can be suitably selected from commonly used compatibilizing agents.
      • Examples of compatibilizing agents include polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers, amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons, esters, lactones, aryl ethers, fluoroethers, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes. The compatibilizing agent is particularly preferably a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether.
    (5) Various Refrigerants
  • Hereinafter, the refrigerants A to E, which are the refrigerants used in the present embodiment, will be described in detail.
  • In addition, each description of the following refrigerant A, refrigerant B, refrigerant C, refrigerant D, and refrigerant E is each independent. The alphabet which shows a point or a line segment, the number of an Examples, and the number of a comparative examples are all independent of each other among the refrigerant A, the refrigerant B, the refrigerant C, the refrigerant D, and the refrigerant E. For example, the first embodiment of the refrigerant A and the first embodiment of the refrigerant B are different embodiment from each other.
    • (5-1) Refrigerant A
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is a mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-123), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure has various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant, i.e., a refrigerating capacity and a coefficient of performance that are equivalent to those of R410A, and a sufficiently low GWP.
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is a composition comprising HFO-1132(E) and R1234yf, and optionally further comprising HFO-1123, and may further satisfy the following requirements. This refrigerant also has various properties desirable as an alternative refrigerant for R410A; i.e., it has a refrigerating capacity and a coefficient of performance that are equivalent to those of R410A, and a sufficiently low GWP.
    Requirements
      • Preferable refrigerant A is as follows:
      • When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, CO, and OA that connect the following 7 points:
        point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
        point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0),
        point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), and
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line CO);
      • the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3,
      • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
      • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
      • the line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, based on their sum in the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is respectively represented by x, y, and z, the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within a figure surrounded by line segments GI, IA, AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CG that connect the following 8 points:
        point G (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
        point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),
        point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
        point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
        point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment CG);
      • the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
      • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
      • the line segments GI, IA, BD, and CG are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant A has a WCF lower flammability according to the ASHRAE Standard (the WCF composition has a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less).
      • When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant according to the present disclosure is respectively represented by x, y, and z, the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PN, NK, KA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points:
        point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
        point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
        point N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1),
        point K (61.3, 5.4, 33.3),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
        point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
        point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment CJ);
      • the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
      • the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x, 0.2421x2−29.955x+931.91, −0.2421x2+28.955x−831.91),
      • the line segment KA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
      • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
      • the line segments JP, BD, and CG are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant exhibits a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard (the WCF composition and the WCFF composition have a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less).
      • When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant according to the present disclosure is respectively represented by x, y, and z, the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points:
        point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
        point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
        point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),
        point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
        point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
        point (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment CJ);
      • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
      • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
      • the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
      • the line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines.
  • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has an RCL of 40 g/m3 or more.
      • When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is respectively represented by x, y, and z, the refrigerant is preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TP that connect the following 7 points:
        point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
        point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),
        point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and
        point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment BF);
      • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
      • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x2−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x2−0.2499x+38.2),
      • the line segment TP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x2−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x2−0.2393x+36.475), and
      • the line segments LM and BF are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 95% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has an RCL of 40 g/m3 or more.
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL, LQ, QR, and RP that connect the following 4 points:
        point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
        point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),
        point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6), and
        point R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9),
        or on the above line segments;
      • the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
      • the line segment RP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x2−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x2−0.2393x+36.475), and
      • the line segments LQ and QR are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a COP of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and an RCL of 40 g/m3 or more, furthermore, the refrigerant has a condensation temperature glide of 1C or less.
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments SM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TS that connect the following 6 points:
        point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1),
        point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),
        point A′(30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and
        point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),
        or on the above line segments,
      • the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
      • the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
      • the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x2−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x2−0.2499x+38.2),
      • the line segment TS is represented by coordinates (x, −0.0017x2−0.7869x+70.888, −0.0017x2−0.2131x+29.112), and
      • the line segments SM and BF are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, a COP of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and an RCL of 40 g/m3 or more furthermore, the refrigerant has a discharge pressure of 105% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments Od, dg, gh, and hO that connect the following 4 points:
        point d (87.6, 0.0, 12.4),
        point g (18.2, 55.1, 26.7),
        point h (56.7, 43.3, 0.0), and
        point o (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        or on the line segments Od, dg, gh, and hO (excluding the points O and h);
      • the line segment dg is represented by coordinates (0.0047y2−1.5177y+87.598, y, −0.0047y2+0.5177y+12.402),
      • the line segment gh is represented by coordinates (−0.0134z2−1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z2+0.0825z+43.308, z), and
      • the line segments hO and Od are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments lg, gh, hi, and il that connect the following 4 points:
        point l (72.5, 10.2, 17.3),
        point g (18.2, 55.1, 26.7),
        point h (56.7, 43.3, 0.0), and
        point i (72.5, 27.5, 0.0) or
        on the line segments lg, gh, and il (excluding the points h and i);
      • the line segment lg is represented by coordinates (0.0047y2−1.5177y+87.598, y, −0.0047y2+0.5177y+12.402),
      • the line gh is represented by coordinates (−0.0134z2−1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z2+0.0825z+43.308, z), and
      • the line segments hi and il are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard.
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments Od, de, ef, and fO that connect the following 4 points:
        point d (87.6, 0.0, 12.4),
        point e (31.1, 42.9, 26.0),
        point f (65.5, 34.5, 0.0), and
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        or on the line segments Od, de, and ef (excluding the points O and f);
      • the line segment de is represented by coordinates (0.0047y2−1.5177y+87.598, y, −0.0047y2+0.5177y+12.402),
      • the line segment ef is represented by coordinates (−0.0064z2−1.1565z+65.501, 0.0064z2+0.1565z+34.499, z), and
      • the line segments fO and Od are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
      • coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments le, ef, fi, and il that connect the following 4 points:
        point l (72.5, 10.2, 17.3),
        point e (31.1, 42.9, 26.0),
        point f (65.5, 34.5, 0.0), and
        point i (72.5, 27.5, 0.0),
        or on the line segments le, ef, and il (excluding the points f and i);
      • the line segment le is represented by coordinates (0.0047y2−1.5177y+87.598, y, −0.0047y2+0.5177y+12.402),
      • the line segment ef is represented by coordinates (−0.0134z2−1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z2+0.0825z+43.308, z), and
      • the line segments fi and il are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard.
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
      • coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments Oa, ab, bc, and cO that connect the following 4 points:
        point a (93.4, 0.0, 6.6),
        point b (55.6, 26.6, 17.8),
        point c (77.6, 22.4, 0.0), and
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        or on the line segments Oa, ab, and bc (excluding the points O and c);
      • the line segment ab is represented by coordinates (0.0052y2−1.5588y+93.385, y, −0.0052y2+0.5588y+6.615),
      • the line segment be is represented by coordinates (−0.0032z2−1.1791z+77.593, 0.0032z2+0.1791z+22.407, z), and
      • the line segments cO and Oa are straight lines.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
      • coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments kb, bj, and jk that connect the following 3 points:
        point k (72.5, 14.1, 13.4),
        point b (55.6, 26.6, 17.8), and
        point j (72.5, 23.2, 4.3),
        or on the line segments kb, bj, and jk;
      • the line segment kb is represented by coordinates (0.0052y2−1.5588y+93.385, y, and −0.0052y2+0.5588y+6.615),
      • the line segment bj is represented by coordinates (−0.0032z2−1.1791z+77.593, 0.0032z2+0.1791z+22.407, z), and
      • the line segment jk is a straight line.
      • When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE Standard.
      • The refrigerant according to the present disclosure may further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, as long as the above properties and effects are not impaired. In this respect, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, and still more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
      • The refrigerant according to the present disclosure may comprise HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, 99.75 mass % or more, or 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
      • Additional refrigerants are not particularly limited and can be widely selected. The mixed refrigerant may contain one additional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.
    (Examples of Refrigerant A)
      • The present disclosure is described in more detail below with reference to Examples of refrigerant A. However, refrigerant A is not limited to the Examples.
      • The GWP of R1234yf and a composition consisting of a mixed refrigerant R410A (R32=500/a/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report. The GWP of HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed to be 1 from HFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3, described in WO2015/141678). The refrigerating capacity of R410A and compositions each comprising a mixture of HFO-1132(E), HFO-123, and R1234yf was determined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculations for the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.
      • Further, the RCL of the mixture was calculated with the LFL of HFO-1132(E) being 4.7 vol. %, the LFL of HFO-1123 being 10 vol. %, and the LFL of R1234yf being 6.2 vol. %, in accordance with the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013.
        Evaporating temperature: C
        Condensation temperature: 45° C.
        Degree of superheating: 5 K
        Degree of subcooling: 5K
        Compressor efficiency: 700A
      • Tables to 34 show these values together with the GWP of each mixed refrigerant.
  • TABLE 1
    Comp. Comp. Example Comp.
    Comp. Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Example 2 Example Ex. 4
    Item Unit Ex. 1 O A 1 A′ 3 B
    HFO-1132(E) mass % R410A 100.0 68.6 49.0 30.6 14.1 0.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 0.0 0.0 14.9 30.0 44.8 58.7
    R1234yf mass % 0.0 31.4 36.1 39.4 41.1 41.3
    GWP — 2088 1 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative to 410A) 100 99.7 100.0 98.6 97.3 96.3 95.5
    Refrigerating capacity ratio % (relative to 410A) 100 98.3 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0
    Condensation glide ° C. 0.1 0.00 1.98 3.36 4.46 5.15 5.35
    Discharge pressure % (relative to 410A) 100.0 99.3 87.1 88.9 90.6 92.1 93.2
    RCL g/m3 — 30.7 37.5 44.0 52.7 64.0 78.6
  • TABLE 2
    Comp. Example Comp. Comp. Example Comp.
    Ex. 5 Example 5 Example Ex. 6 Ex. 7 7 Ex. 8
    Item Unit C 4 C′ 6 D E E′ F
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 32.9 26.6 19.5 10.9 0.0 58.0 23.4 0.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 67.1 68.4 70.5 74.1 80.4 42.0 48.5 61.8
    R1234yf mass % 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 19.6 0.0 28.1 38.2
    GWP — 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative to 410A) 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 95.0 95.0 95.0
    Refrigerating capacity ratio % (relative to 410A) 107.4 105.2 102.9 100.5 97.9 105.0 92.5 86.9
    Condensation glide ° C. 0.16 0.52 0.94 1.42 1.90 0.42 3.16 4.80
    Discharge pressure % (relative to 410A) 119.5 117.4 115.3 113.0 115.9 112.7 101.0 95.8
    RCL g/m3 53.5 57.1 62.0 69.1 81.3 41.9 46.3 79.0
  • TABLE 3
    Comp. Example Example Example Example Example
    Ex. 9 8 9 10 11 12
    Item Unit J P L N N′ K
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 47.1 55.8 63.1 68.6 65.0 61.3
    HFO-1123 mass % 52.9 42.0 31.9 16.3 7.7 5.4
    R1234yf mass % 0.0 2.2 5.0 15.1 27.3 33.3
    GWP — 1 1 1 1 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative to 410A) 93.8 95.0 96.1 97.9 99.1 99.5
    Refrigerating capacity ratio % (relative to 410A) 106.2 104.1 101.6 95.0 88.2 85.0
    Condensation glide ° C. 0.31 0.57 0.81 1.41 2.11 2.51
    Discharge pressure % (relative to 410A) 115.8 111.9 107.8 99.0 91.2 87.7
    RCL g/m3 46.2 42.6 40.0 38.0 38.7 39.7
  • TABLE 4
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    13 14 15 16 17 18 19
    Item Unit L M Q R S S′ T
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 63.1 60.3 62.8 49.8 62.6 50.0 35.8
    HFO-1123 mass % 31.9 6.2 29.6 42.3 28.3 35.8 44.9
    R1234yf mass % 5.0 33.5 7.6 7.9 9.1 14.2 19.3
    GWP — 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
    COP ratio % (relative 96.1 99.4 96.4 95.0 96.6 95.8 95.0
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 101.6 85.0 100.2 101.7 99.4 98.1 96.7
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 0.81 2.58 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.55 2.07
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 107.8 87.9 106.0 109.6 105.0 105.0 105.0
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 40.0 40.0 40.0 44.8 40.0 44.4 50.8
  • TABLE 5
    Comp. Example Example
    Ex. 10 20 21
    Item Unit G H I
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 72.0 72.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 14.0 0.0
    R1234yf mass % 0.0 14.0 28.0
    GWP — 1 1 2
    COP ratio % (relative 96.6 98.2 99.9
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 103.1 95.1 86.6
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 0.46 1.27 1.71
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 108.4 98.7 88.6
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 37.4 37.0 36.6
  • TABLE 6
    Comp. Comp. Example Example Example Example Example Comp.
    Item Unit Ex. 11 Ex. 12 22 23 24 25 26 Ex. 13
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 85.0 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0
    R1234yf mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
    GWP — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    COP ratio % (relative 91.4 92.0 92.8 93.7 94.7 95.8 96.9 98.0
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 105.7 105.5 105.0 104.3 103.3 102.0 100.6 99.1
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 0.40 0.46 0.55 0.66 0.75 0.80 0.79 0.67
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 120.1 118.7 116.7 114.3 111.6 108.7 105.6 102.5
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 71.0 61.9 54.9 49.3 44.8 41.0 37.8 35.1
  • TABLE 7
    Comp. Example Example Example Example Example Example Comp.
    Item Unit Ex. 14 27 28 29 30 31 32 Ex. 15
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
    R1234yf mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
    GWP — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    COP ratio % (relative 91.9 92.5 93.3 94.3 95.3 96.4 97.5 98.6
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 103.2 102.9 102.4 101.5 100.5 99.2 97.8 96.2
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 0.87 0.94 1.03 1.12 1.18 1.18 1.09 0.88
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 116.7 115.2 113.2 110.8 108.1 105.2 102.1 99.0
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 70.5 61.6 54.6 49.1 44.6 40.8 37.7 35.0
  • TABLE 8
    Comp. Example Example Example Example Example Example Comp.
    Item Unit Ex. 16 33 34 35 36 37 38 Ex. 17
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0
    R1234yf mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
    GWP — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    COP ratio % (relative 92.4 93.1 93.9 94.8 95.9 97.0 98.1 99.2
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 100.5 100.2 99.6 98.7 97.7 96.4 94.9 93.2
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 1.41 1.49 1.56 1.62 1.63 1.55 1.37 1.05
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 113.1 111.6 109.6 107.2 104.5 101.6 98.6 95.5
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 70.0 61.2 54.4 48.9 44.4 40.7 37.5 34.8
  • TABLE 9
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
    R1234yf mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 93.0 93.7 94.5 95.5 96.5 97.6 98.7
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 97.7 97.4 96.8 95.9 94.7 93.4 91.9
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.03 2.09 2.13 2.14 2.07 1.91 1.61
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 109.4 107.9 105.9 103.5 100.8 98.0 95.0
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 69.6 60.9 54.1 48.7 44.2 40.5 37.4
  • TABLE 10
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0
    R1234yf mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 93.6 94.3 95.2 96.1 97.2 98.2 99.3
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 94.8 94.5 93.8 92.9 91.8 90.4 88.8
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.71 2.74 2.73 2.66 2.50 2.22 1.78
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 105.5 104.0 102.1 99.7 97.1 94.3 91.4
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 69.1 60.5 53.8 48.4 44.0 40.4 37.3
  • TABLE 11
    Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 53 54 55 56 57 58
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
    R1234yf mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 94.3 95.0 95.9 96.8 97.8 98.9
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 91.9 91.5 90.8 89.9 88.7 87.3
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 3.46 3.43 3.35 3.18 2.90 2.47
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 101.6 100.1 98.2 95.9 93.3 90.6
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 68.7 60.2 53.5 48.2 43.9 40.2
  • TABLE 12
    Example Example Example Example Example Comp.
    Item Unit 59 60 61 62 63 Ex. 18
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0
    R1234yf mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 95.0 95.8 96.6 97.5 98.5 99.6
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 88.9 88.5 87.8 86.8 85.6 84.1
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 4.24 4.15 3.96 3.67 3.24 2.64
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 97.6 96.1 94.2 92.0 89.5 86.8
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 68.2 59.8 53.2 48.0 43.7 40.1
  • TABLE 13
    Example Example Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Unit 64 65 Ex. 19 Ex. 20 Ex. 21
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
    R1234yf mass % 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 95.9 96.6 97.4 98.3 99.2
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 85.8 85.4 84.7 83.6 82.4
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 5.05 4.85 4.55 4.10 3.50
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 93.5 92.1 90.3 88.1 85.6
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 67.8 59.5 53.0 47.8 43.5
  • TABLE 14
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 54.0 56.0 58.0 62.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 41.0 39.0 37.0 33.0 41.0 39.0 37.0 35.0
    R1234yf mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
    GWP — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    COP ratio % (relative 95.1 95.3 95.6 96.0 95.1 95.4 95.6 95.8
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 102.8 102.6 102.3 101.8 101.9 101.7 101.5 101.2
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 110.5 109.9 109.3 108.1 109.7 109.1 108.5 107.9
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 43.2 42.4 41.7 40.3 43.9 43.1 42.4 41.6
  • TABLE 15
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 60.0 62.0 61.0 58.0 60.0 62.0 52.0 54.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 33.0 31.0 29.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 34.0 32.0
    R1234yf mass % 7.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0
    GWP — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    COP ratio % (relative 96.0 96.2 96.5 96.4 96.6 96.8 96.0 96.2
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 100.9 100.7 99.1 98.4 98.1 97.8 98.0 97.7
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 0.95 0.95 1.18 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.53 1.53
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 107.3 106.7 104.9 104.4 103.8 103.2 104.7 104.1
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 40.9 40.3 40.5 41.5 40.8 40.1 43.6 42.9
  • TABLE 16
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.0 60.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 30.0 28.0 26.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0
    R1234yf mass % 14.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0
    GWP — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    COP ratio % (relative 96.4 96.6 96.9 95.8 96.0 96.2 96.4 96.7
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 97.5 97.2 96.9 97.3 97.1 96.8 96.6 96.3
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.72 1.72 1.71 1.69 1.67
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 103.5 102.9 102.3 104.3 103.8 103.2 102.7 102.1
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 42.1 41.4 40.7 45.2 44.4 43.6 42.8 42.1
  • TABLE 17
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 58.0 60.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 26.0 24.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0
    R1234yf mass % 16.0 16.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0
    GWP — 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 96.9 97.1 95.4 95.6 95.8 96.0 96.3 96.5
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 96.1 95.8 96.8 96.6 96.4 96.2 95.9 95.7
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 1.65 1.63 1.93 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 101.5 100.9 104.5 103.9 103.4 102.9 102.3 101.8
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 41.4 40.7 47.8 46.9 46.0 45.1 44.3 43.5
  • TABLE 18
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 36.0 38.0 42.0 44.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 44.0 42.0 38.0 36.0
    R1234yf mass % 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 95.1 95.3 95.7 95.9
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 95.4 95.2 94.9 94.6 96.3 96.1 95.7 95.4
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 1.86 1.83 1.80 1.77 2.14 2.14 2.13 2.12
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 101.2 100.6 100.0 99.5 104.5 104.0 103.0 102.5
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 42.7 42.0 41.3 40.6 50.7 49.7 47.7 46.8
  • TABLE 19
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 46.0 48.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 34.0 36.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 34.0 32.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 44.0 42.0
    R1234yf mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 22.0 22.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 96.1 96.3 96.7 96.9 97.2 97.4 95.1 95.3
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 95.2 95.0 94.5 94.2 94.0 93.7 95.3 95.1
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.11 2.09 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.95 2.37 2.36
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 101.9 101.4 100.3 99.7 99.2 98.6 103.4 103.0
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 45.9 45.0 43.4 42.7 41.9 41.2 51.7 50.6
  • TABLE 20
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0
    R1234yf mass % 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 95.5 95.7 95.9 96.1 96.4 96.6 96.8 97.0
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 94.9 94.7 94.5 94.3 94.0 93.8 93.6 93.3
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 102.5 102.0 101.5 101.0 100.4 99.9 99.4 98.8
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 49.6 48.6 47.6 46.7 45.8 45.0 44.1 43.4
  • TABLE 21
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0
    R1234yf mass % 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.9 95.2 95.4 95.6 95.8
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 93.0 92.8 92.5 92.2 94.3 94.1 93.9 93.7
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.18 2.14 2.09 2.04 2.61 2.60 2.59 2.58
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 98.2 97.7 97.1 96.5 102.4 101.9 101.5 101.0
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 42.6 41.9 41.2 40.5 52.7 51.6 50.5 49.5
  • TABLE 22
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0
    R1234yf mass % 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 96.0 96.2 96.4 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.5
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 93.5 93.3 93.1 92.8 92.6 92.4 92.1 91.8
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.56 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.38 2.33
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 100.5 100.0 99.5 98.9 98.4 97.9 97.3 96.8
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.7 44.9 44.1 43.3 42.5
  • TABLE 23
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.0 60.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 20.0 18.0 16.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0
    R1234yf mass % 24.0 24.0 24.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 97.7 97.9 98.1 95.3 95.5 95.7 95.9 96.1
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 91.6 91.3 91.0 93.2 93.1 92.9 92.7 92.5
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.28 2.22 2.16 2.86 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.79
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 96.2 95.6 95.1 101.3 100.8 100.4 99.9 99.4
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 41.8 41.1 40.4 53.7 52.6 51.5 50.4 49.4
  • TABLE 24
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0
    R1234yf mass % 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 97.5 97.7
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 92.3 92.1 91.9 91.6 91.4 91.2 90.9 90.6
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.77 2.74 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.53 2.48
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 99.0 98.5 97.9 97.4 96.9 96.4 95.8 95.3
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 48.4 47.4 46.5 45.7 44.8 44.0 43.2 42.5
  • TABLE 25
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.0 60.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 18.0 16.0 14.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0
    R1234yf mass % 26.0 26.0 26.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 97.9 98.2 98.4 95.6 95.8 96.0 96.2 96.3
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 90.3 90.1 89.8 92.1 91.9 91.7 91.5 91.3
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.42 2.35 2.27 3.10 3.09 3.06 3.04 3.01
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 94.7 94.1 93.6 99.7 99.3 98.8 98.4 97.9
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 41.7 41.0 40.3 53.6 52.5 51.4 50.3 49.3
  • TABLE 26
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0
    R1234yf mass % 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8 98.0
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 91.1 90.9 90.7 90.4 90.2 89.9 89.7 89.4
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.98 2.94 2.90 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.68 2.62
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 97.4 96.9 96.4 95.9 95.4 94.9 94.3 93.8
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 48.3 47.4 46.4 45.6 44.7 43.9 43.1 42.4
  • TABLE 27
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.0 60.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 42.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 16.0 14.0 12.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 28.0
    R1234yf mass % 28.0 28.0 28.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 98.2 98.4 98.6 96.1 96.2 96.4 96.6 97.0
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 89.1 88.8 88.5 90.7 90.5 90.3 90.1 89.7
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 2.54 2.46 2.38 3.32 3.30 3.26 3.22 3.14
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 93.2 92.6 92.1 97.7 97.3 96.8 96.4 95.4
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 41.7 41.0 40.3 52.4 51.3 50.2 49.2 47.3
  • TABLE 28
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0
    R1234yf mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8 98.0 98.3 98.5 98.7
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 89.4 89.2 89.0 88.7 88.4 88.2 87.9 87.6
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 3.08 3.03 2.97 2.90 2.83 2.75 2.66 2.57
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 94.9 94.4 93.9 93.3 92.8 92.3 91.7 91.1
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 46.4 45.5 44.7 43.9 43.1 42.3 41.6 40.9
  • TABLE 29
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0
    R1234yf mass % 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 96.2 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 97.5
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 89.6 89.5 89.3 89.1 88.9 88.7 88.4 88.2
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 3.60 3.56 3.52 3.48 3.43 3.38 3.33 3.26
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 96.6 96.2 95.7 95.3 94.8 94.3 93.9 93.4
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 53.4 52.3 51.2 50.1 49.1 48.1 47.2 46.3
  • TABLE 30
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0
    R1234yf mass % 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.7 98.9 99.2
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 88.0 87.7 87.5 87.2 86.9 86.6 86.3 86.0
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 3.20 3.12 3.04 2.96 2.87 2.77 2.66 2.55
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 92.8 92.3 91.8 91.3 90.7 90.2 89.6 89.1
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 45.4 44.6 43.8 43.0 42.3 41.5 40.8 40.2
  • TABLE 31
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0
    R1234yf mass % 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 96.5 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 88.4 88.2 88.0 87.8 87.6 87.4 87.2 87.0
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 3.84 3.80 3.75 3.70 3.64 3.58 3.51 3.43
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 95.0 94.6 94.2 93.7 93.3 92.8 92.3 91.8
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 53.3 52.2 51.1 50.0 49.0 48.0 47.1 46.2
  • TABLE 32
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 30.0 32.0 34.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 34.0 32.0 30.0
    R1234yf mass % 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 36.0 36.0 36.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.6 98.8 96.8 96.9 97.1
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 86.7 86.5 86.2 85.9 85.6 87.2 87.0 86.8
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 3.36 3.27 3.18 3.08 2.97 4.08 4.03 3.97
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 91.3 90.8 90.3 89.7 89.2 93.4 93.0 92.6
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 45.3 44.5 43.7 42.9 42.2 53.2 52.1 51.0
  • TABLE 33
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 30.0 32.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 32.0 30.0
    R1234yf mass % 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 38.0 38.0
    GWP — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 97.3 97.5 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.3 97.1 97.2
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 86.6 86.4 86.2 85.9 85.7 85.5 85.9 85.7
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation ° C. 3.91 3.84 3.76 3.68 3.60 3.50 4.32 4.25
    glide
    Discharge % (relative 92.1 91.7 91.2 90.7 90.3 89.8 91.9 91.4
    pressure to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 49.9 48.9 47.9 47.0 46.1 45.3 53.1 52.0
  • TABLE 34
    Item Unit Example 226 Example 227
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 34.0 36.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0
    R1234yf mass % 38.0 38.0
    GWP — 2 2
    COP ratio % (relative 97.4 97.6
    to 410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 85.6 85.3
    capacity ratio to 410A)
    Condensation glide ° C. 4.18 4.11
    Discharge pressure % (relative 91.0 90.6
    to 410A)
    RCL g/m3 50.9 49.8
      • These results indicate that under the condition that the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, CO, and OA that connect the following 7 points:
        point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),
        point A′(30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
        point C′ (19.5, 70.5, 10.0),
        point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), and
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment CO);
        the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
        the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3,
        the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
        the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
        the line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines,
        the refrigerant has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • The point on the line segment AA′ was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting point A, Example 1, and point A′ by the least square method.
      • The point on the line segment A′B was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting point A′, Example 3, and point B by the least square method.
      • The point on the line segment DC′ was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting point D, Example 6, and point C′ by the least square method.
      • The point on the line segment C′C was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting point C′, Example 4, and point C by the least square method.
      • Likewise, the results indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments AA′, A′B, BF, FT, TE, EO, and OA that connect the following 7 points:
        point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),
        point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
        point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
        point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2),
        point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),
        point E (58.0, 42.0, 0.0) and
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line EO);
        the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
        the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
        the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x2−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x2−0.2499x+38.2), and
        the line segment TE is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.7607x+63.525, −0.0067x2 0.2393x+36.475), and
        the line segments BF, FO, and OA are straight lines,
        the refrigerant has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 95% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • The point on the line segment FT was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points T, E′, and F, by the least square method.
      • The point on the line segment TE was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points E, R, and T, by the least square method.
      • The results in Tables 1 to 34 clearly indicate that in a ternary composition diagram of the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in which the sum of these components is 100 mass %, a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on or below the line segment LM connecting point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0) and point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), the refrigerant has an RCL of 40 g/m3 or more.
      • The results in Tables 1 to 34 clearly indicate that in a ternary composition diagram of the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123 and R1234yf in which their sum is 100 mass %, a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the line segment QR connecting point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6) and point R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9) or on the left side of the line segment, the refrigerant has a temperature glide of 1° C. or less.
      • The results in Tables 1 to 34 clearly indicate that in a ternary composition diagram of the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in which their sum is 100 mass %, a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the line segment ST connecting point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1) and point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3) or on the right side of the line segment, the refrigerant has a discharge pressure of 105% or less relative to that of 410A.
      • In these compositions, R1234yf contributes to reducing flammability, and suppressing deterioration of polymerization etc. Therefore, the composition preferably contains R1234yf.
      • Further, the burning velocity of these mixed refrigerants whose mixed formulations were adjusted to WCF concentrations was measured according to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Compositions having a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less were determined to be classified as “Class 2L (lower flammability).”
      • A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 901 refers to a sample cell, 902 refers to a high-speed camera, 903 refers to a xenon lamp, 904 refers to a collimating lens, 905 refers to a collimating lens, and 906 refers to a ring filter. First, the mixed refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge. The burning velocity was measured by the closed method. The initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignition was performed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spread of the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindrical container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and a xenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
      • Each WCFF concentration was obtained by using the WCF concentration as the initial concentration and performing a leak simulation using NIST Standard Reference Database REFLEAK Version 4.0.
  • TABLE 35
    Item Unit G H I
    WCF HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 72.0 72.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 9.6 0.0
    R1234yf mass % 0.0 18.4 28.0
    Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 10 10 10
  • TABLE 36
    Item Unit J P L N N' K
    WCF HFO-1132 mass % 47.1 55.8 63.1 68.6 65.0 61.3
    (E)
    HFO-1123 mass % 52.9 42.0 31.9 16.3  7.7  5.4
    R1234yf mass %  0.0  2.2  5.0 15.1 27.3 33.3
    Leak condition Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/
    that results in WCFF Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping,
    −40° C., 92% −40° C., 90% −40° C., 90% −40° C., 66% −40° C., 12% −40° C., 0%
    release, release, release, release, release, release,
    liquid liquid gas phase gas phase gas phase gas phase
    phase side phase side side side side side
    WCFF HFO-1132 mass % 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0
    (E)
    HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 17.8 17.4 13.6 12.3  9.8
    R1234yf mass %  0.0 10.2 10.6 14.4 15.7 18.2
    Burning cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less  9  9 8 or less
    velocity (WCF)
    Burning cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10
    velocity (WCFF)
      • The results in Table 35 clearly indicate that when a mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf contains HFO-1132(E) in a proportion of 72.0 mass % or less based on their sum, the refrigerant can be determined to have a WCF lower flammability.
      • The results in Tables 36 clearly indicate that in a ternary composition diagram of a mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in which their sum is 100 mass %, and a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base,
        when coordinates (x,y,z) are on or below the line segments JP, PN, and NK connecting the following 6 points:
        point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
        point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
        point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0)
        point N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1)
        point N′(65.0, 7.7, 27.3) and
        point K (61.3, 5.4, 33.3),
        the refrigerant can be determined to have a WCF lower flammability, and a WCFF lower flammability.
        In the diagram, the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
        and the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x, 0.2421x2−29.955x+931.91, −0.2421x2+28.955x−831.91).
      • The point on the line segment PN was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points P, L, and N, by the least square method.
      • The point on the line segment NK was determined by obtaining an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points N, N′, and K, by the least square method.
    (5-2) Refrigerant B
      • The refrigerant B according to the present disclosure is
      • a mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)) and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and the refrigerant comprising 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % or 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant, or
      • a mixed refrigerant comprising HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and the refrigerant comprising 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant.
      • The refrigerant B according to the present disclosure has various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant, i.e., (1) a coefficient of performance equivalent to that of R410A, (2) a refrigerating capacity equivalent to that of R410A, (3) a sufficiently low GWP, and (4) a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE standard.
      • When the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure is a mixed refrigerant comprising 72.0 mass % or less of HFO-1132(E), it has WCF lower flammability. When the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure is a composition comprising 47.1% or less of HFO-1132(E), it has WCF lower flammability and WCFF lower flammability, and is determined to be “Class 2L,” which is a lower flammable refrigerant according to the ASHRAE standard, and which is further easier to handle.
      • When the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure comprises 62.0 mass % or more of HFO-1132(E), it becomes superior with a coefficient of performance of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, the polymerization reaction of HFO-1132(E) and/or HFO-1123 is further suppressed, and the stability is further improved. When the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure comprises 45.1 mass % or more of HFO-1132(E), it becomes superior with a coefficient of performance of 93% or more relative to that of R410A, the polymerization reaction of HFO-1132(E) and/or HFO-1123 is further suppressed, and the stability is further improved.
      • The refrigerant B according to the present disclosure may further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123, as long as the above properties and effects are not impaired. In this respect, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 in a total amount of 99.75 mass % or more, and more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
      • Such additional refrigerants are not limited, and can be selected from a wide range of refrigerants. The mixed refrigerant may comprise a single additional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.
    (Examples of Refrigerant B)
      • The present disclosure is described in more detail below with reference to Examples of refrigerant B. However, the refrigerant B is not limited to the Examples.
      • Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 at mass % based on their sum shown in Tables 37 and 38.
      • The GWP of compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A (R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report. The GWP of HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed to be 1 from HFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3, described in WO2015/141678). The refrigerating capacity of compositions each comprising R410A and a mixture of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 was determined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculations for the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.
        Evaporating temperature: 5° C.
        Condensation temperature: 45° C.
        Superheating temperature: 5 K
        Subcooling temperature: 5 K
        Compressor efficiency: 70%
      • The composition of each mixture was defined as WCF. A leak simulation was performed using NIST Standard Reference Data Base Refleak Version 4.0 under the conditions of Equipment, Storage, Shipping, Leak, and Recharge according to the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. The most flammable fraction was defined as WCFF.
      • Tables 1 and 2 show GWP, COP, and refrigerating capacity, which were calculated based on these results. The COP and refrigerating capacity are ratios relative to R410A.
      • The coefficient of performance (COP) was determined by the following formula.

  • COP=(refrigerating capacity or heating capacity)/power consumption
      • For the flammability, the burning velocity was measured according to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Both WCF and WCFF having a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less were determined to be “Class 2L (lower flammability).”
      • A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner. First, the mixed refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge. The burning velocity was measured by the closed method. The initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignition was performed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spread of the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindrical container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and a xenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
  • TABLE 37
    Comparative
    Comparative Example 2 Comparative
    Example 1 HFO- Comparative Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit R410A 1132E Example 3 1 2 3 4 5 4
    HFO-1132E mass % — 100 80 72 70 68 65 62 60
    (WCF)
    HFO-1123 mass % 0 20 28 30 32 35 38 40
    (WCF)
    GWP — 2088 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    COP ratio % 100 99.7 97.5 96.6 96.3 96.1 95.8 95.4 95.2
    (relative
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % 100 98.3 101.9 103.1 103.4 103.8 104.1 104.5 104.8
    capacity (relative
    ratio to R410A)
    Discharge Mpa 2.73 2.71 2.89 2.96 2.98 3.00 3.02 3.04 3.06
    pressure
    Burning cm/sec Non- 20 13 10 9 9 8 8 or 8 or less
    velocity flammable less
    (WCF)
  • TABLE 38
    Comparative
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Example
    Example Example Example Example Example 10
    Item Unit 5 6 Example 7 Example 8 Example 9 7 8 9 HFO-1123
    HFO-1132E mass % 50 48 47.1 46.1 45.1 43 40 25 0
    (WCF)
    HFO-1123 mass % 50 52 52.9 53.9 54.9 57 60 75 100
    (WCF)
    GWP — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    COP ratio % 94.1 93.9 93.8 93.7 93.6 93.4 93.1 91.9 90.6
    (relative
    to
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % 105.9 106.1 106.2 106.3 106.4 106.6 106.9 107.9 108.0
    capacity (relative
    ratio to
    R410A)
    Discharge Mpa 3.14 3.16 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.20 3.21 3.31 3.39
    pressure
    Leakage test Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ —
    conditions (WCFF) Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping
    −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C.,
    92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 90%
    release, release, release, release, release, release, release, release,
    liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid
    phase phase phase phase phase phase phase phase
    side side side side side
    HFO-1132E mass % 74 73 72 71 70 67 63 38 —
    (WCFF)
    HFO-1123 mass % 26 27 28 29 30 33 37 62
    (WCFF)
    Burning cm/sec 8 or less 8 or less 8 or 8 or 8 or 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 5
    velocity less less less
    (WCF)
    Burning cm/sec 11 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.5 8.5 8 or less 8 or less
    velocity
    (WCFF)
    ASHRAE flammability 2 2 2L 2L 2L 2L 2L 2L 2L
    classification
  • The compositions each comprising 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire composition are stable while having a low GWP (GWP=1), and they ensure WCF lower flammability. Further, surprisingly, they can ensure performance equivalent to that of R410A. Moreover, compositions each comprising 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire composition are stable while having a low GWP (GWP=1), and they ensure WCFF lower flammability. Further, surprisingly, they can ensure performance equivalent to that of R410A.
    • (5-3) Refrigerant C
      • The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure is a composition comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32), and satisfies the following requirements. The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure has various properties that are desirable as an alternative refrigerant for R410A; i.e. it has a coefficient of performance and a refrigerating capacity that are equivalent to those of R410A, and a sufficiently low GWP.
    Requirements
      • Preferable refrigerant C is as follows:
      • When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a,
      • if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BD′, D′C, and CG that connect the following 6 points:
        point G (0.026a2−1.7478a+72.0, −0.026a2+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0),
        point I (0.026a2−1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, −0.026a2+0.7478a+28.0),
        point A (0.0134a2−1.9681a+68.6, 0.0, −0.0134a2+0.9681a+31.4),
        point B (0.0, 0.0144a2−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a2+0.6377a+41.3),
        point D′(0.0, 0.0224a2+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a2−1.968a+24.6), and
        point C (−0.2304a2−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a2−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines GI, AB, and D′C (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, point D′, and point C);
      • if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
        point G (0.02a2−1.6013a+71.105, −0.02a2+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0),
        point I (0.02a2−1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, −0.02a2+0.6013a+28.895),
        point A (0.0112a2−1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, −0.0112a2+0.9337a+31.516),
        point B (0.0, 0.0075a2−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a2+0.5156a+41.801) and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W);
      • if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
        point G (0.0135a2−1.4068a+69.727, −0.0135a2+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0),
        point I (0.0135a2−1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, −0.0135a2+0.4068a+30.273),
        point A (0.0107a2−1.9142a+68.305, 0.0, −0.0107a2+0.9142a+31.695),
        point B (0.0, 0.009a2−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a2+0.6045a+40.682) and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W);
      • if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
        point G (0.0111a2−1.3152a+68.986, −0.0111a2+0.3152a+31.014, 0.0),
        point I (0.0111a2−1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, −0.0111a2+0.3152a+31.014),
        point A (0.0103a2−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a2+0.9225a+31.207),
        point B (0.0, 0.0046a2−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a2+0.41a+42.714) and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W); and
      • if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
        point G (0.0061a2−0.9918a+63.902, −0.0061a2−0.0082a+36.098, 0.0),
        point I (0.0061a2−0.9918a+63.902, 0.0, −0.0061a2−0.0082a+36.098),
        point A (0.0085a2−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a2+0.8102a+32.9),
        point B (0.0, 0.0012a2−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a2+0.1659a+47.05) and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W). When the refrigerant according to the present disclosure satisfies the above requirements, it has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and further ensures a WCF lower flammability.
  • The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
      • if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BD′, D′C, and CJ that connect the following 5 points:
        point J (0.0049a2−0.9645a+47.1, −0.0049a2−0.0355a+52.9, 0.0),
        point K′ (0.0514a2−2.4353a+61.7, −0.0323a2+0.4122a+5.9, −0.0191a2+1.0231a+32.4),
        point B (0.0, 0.0144a2−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a2+0.6377a+41.3),
        point D′(0.0, 0.0224a2+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a2−1.968a+24.6), and
        point C (−0.2304a2−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a2−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines JK′, K′B, and D′C (excluding point J, point B, point D′, and point C);
      • if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:
        point J (0.0243a2−1.4161a+49.725, −0.0243a2+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0),
        point K′ (0.0341a−2.1977a+61.187, −0.0236a2+0.34a+5.636, −0.0105a2+0.8577a+33.177),
        point B (0.0, 0.0075a2−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a2+0.5156a+41.801) and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, and point W);
      • if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:
        point J (0.0246a2−1.4476a+50.184, −0.0246a2+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0),
        point K′ (0.0196a2−1.7863a+58.515, −0.0079a2−0.1136a+8.702, −0.0117a2+0.8999a+32.783),
        point B (0.0, 0.009a2−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a2+0.6045a+40.682) and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, and point W);
      • if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:
        point J (0.0183a2−1.1399a+46.493, −0.0183a2+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0),
        point K′ (−0.0051a2+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a2−1.0929a+74.05),
        point A (0.0103a2−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a2+0.9225a+31.207),
        point B (0.0, 0.0046a2−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a2+0.41a+42.714) and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W); and
      • if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:
        point J (−0.0134a2+1.0956a+7.13, 0.0134a2−2.0956a+92.87, 0.0),
        point K′(−1.892a+29.443, 0.0, 0.892a+70.557),
        point A (0.0085a2−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a2+0.8102a+32.9),
        point B (0.0, 0.0012a2−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a2+0.1659a+47.05) and
        point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W). When the refrigerant according to the present disclosure satisfies the above requirements, it has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A. Additionally, the refrigerant has a WCF lower flammability and a WCFF lower flammability, and is classified as “Class 2L,” which is a lower flammable refrigerant according to the ASHRAE standard.
      • When the refrigerant C according to the present disclosure further contains R32 in addition to HFO-1132 (E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, the refrigerant may be a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a,
      • if 0<a≤10.0, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines that connect the following 4 points:
        point a (0.02a2−2.46a+93.4, 0, −0.02a2+2.46a+6.6),
        point b′(−0.008a2−1.38a+56, 0.018a2−0.53a+26.3, −0.01a2+1.91a+17.7),
        point c (−0.016a2+1.02a+77.6, 0.016a2−1.02a+22.4, 0), and
        point o (100.0−a, 0.0, 0.0)
        or on the straight lines oa, ab′, and b′c (excluding point o and point c);
      • if 10.0<a≤16.5, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines that connect the following 4 points:
        point a (0.0244a2−2.5695a+94.056, 0, −0.0244a2+2.5695a+5.944),
        point b′ (0.1161a2−1.9959a+59.749, 0.014a2−0.3399a+24.8, −0.1301a2+2.3358a+15.451),
        point c (−0.0161a2+1.02a+77.6, 0.0161a2−1.02a+22.4, 0), and
        point o (100.0−a, 0.0, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines oa, ab′, and b′c (excluding point o and point c); or
      • if 16.5<a≤21.8, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines that connect the following 4 points:
        point a (0.0161a2−2.3535a+92.742, 0, −0.0161a2+2.3535a+7.258),
        point b′(−0.0435a2−0.0435a+50.406, 0.0304a2+1.8991a−0.0661, 0.0739a2−1.8556a+49.6601),
        point c (−0.0161a2+0.9959a+77.851, 0.0161a2−0.9959a+22.149, 0), and
        point o (100.0−a, 0.0, 0.0),
        or on the straight lines oa, ab′, and b′c (excluding point o and point c). Note that when point b in the ternary composition diagram is defined as a point where a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% relative to that of R410A and a COP ratio of 95% relative to that of R410A are both achieved, point b′ is the intersection of straight line ab and an approximate line formed by connecting the points where the COP ratio relative to that of R410A is 95%. When the refrigerant according to the present disclosure meets the above requirements, the refrigerant has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure may further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 as long as the above properties and effects are not impaired. In this respect, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, and still more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
      • The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure may comprise HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, 99.75 mass % or more, or 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
      • Additional refrigerants are not particularly limited and can be widely selected. The mixed refrigerant may contain one additional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.
    (Examples of Refrigerant C)
      • The present disclosure is described in more detail below with reference to Examples of refrigerant C. However, the refrigerant C is not limited to the Examples.
      • Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 at mass % based on their sum shown in Tables 39 to 96.
      • The GWP of compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A (R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report. The GWP of HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed to be 1 from HFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3, described in WO2015/141678). The refrigerating capacity of compositions each comprising R410A and a mixture of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 was determined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculations for the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.
      • For each of these mixed refrigerants, the COP ratio and the refrigerating capacity ratio relative to those of R410 were obtained. Calculation was conducted under the following conditions.
      • Evaporating temperature: 5° C.
      • Condensation temperature: 45° C.
      • Superheating temperature: 5 K
      • Subcooling temperature: 5 K
      • Compressor efficiency: 70%
      • Tables 39 to 96 show the resulting values together with the GWP of each mixed refrigerant. The COP and refrigerating capacity are ratios relative to R410A.
      • The coefficient of performance (COP) was determined by the following formula.

  • COP=(refrigerating capacity or heating capacity)/power consumption
  • TABLE 39
    Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Comp. Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Ex. 7 Ex. 8 Ex. 1
    Item Unit Ex. 1 A B C D′ G I J K′
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % R410A 68.6 0.0 32.9 0.0 72.0 72.0 47.1 61.7
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 58.7 67.1 75.4 28.0 0.0 52.9 5.9
    R1234yf Mass % 31.4 41.3 0.0 24.6 0.0 28.0 0.0 32.4
    R32 Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    GWP — 2088 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
    COP ratio % (relative to 100 100.0 95.5 92.5 93.1 96.6 99.9 93.8 99.4
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 100 85.0 85.0 107.4 95.0 103.1 86.6 106.2 85.5
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 40
    Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Ex. 9 Ex. 10 Ex. 11 Ex. 12 Ex. 13 Ex. 14 Ex. 15 Ex. 2
    Item Unit A B C D G I J K′
    HFO-1132 Mass % 55.3 0.0 18.4 0.0 60.9 60.9 40.5 47.0
    (E)
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 47.8 74.5 83.4 32.0 0.0 52.4 7.2
    R1234yf Mass % 37.6 45.1 0.0 9.5 0.0 32.0 0.0 38.7
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 50 50 49 49 49 50 49 50
    COP ratio % 99.8 96.9 92.5 92.5 95.9 99.6 94.0 99.2
    (relative to
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % 85.0 85.0 110.5 106.0 106.5 87.7 108.9 85.5
    capacity ratio (relative to
    R410A)
  • TABLE 41
    Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    16 17 18 19 20 21 Ex. 3
    Item Unit A B C = D′ G I J K'
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 48.4 0.0 0.0 55.8 55.8 37.0 41.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 42.3 88.9 33.1 0.0 51.9 6.5
    R1234yf Mass % 40.5 46.6 0.0 0.0 33.1 0.0 41.4
    R32 Mass % 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1
    GWP — 77 77 76 76 77 76 77
    COP ratio % 99.8 97.6 92.5 95.8 99.5 94.2 99.3
    (relative
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % 85.0 85.0 112.0 108.0 88.6 110.2 85.4
    capacity ratio (relative
    to R410A)
  • TABLE 42
    Comp. Ex.
    Comp. Ex. 22 Comp. Ex. 23 Comp. Ex. 24 Comp. Ex. 25 26 Ex. 4
    Item Unit A B G I J K′
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 42.8 0.0 52.1 52.1 34.3 36.5
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 37.8 33.4 0.0 51.2 5.6
    R1234yf Mass % 42.7 47.7 0.0 33.4 0.0 43.4
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 100 100 99 100 99 100
    COP ratio % (relative to 99.9 98.1 95.8 99.5 94.4 99.5
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 85.0 85.0 109.1 89.6 111.1 85.3
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 43
    Comp. Ex.
    Comp. Ex. 27 Comp. Ex. 28 Comp. Ex. 29 Comp. Ex. 30 31 Ex. 5
    Item Unit A B G I J K′
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 37.0 0.0 48.6 48.6 32.0 32.5
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 33.1 33.2 0.0 49.8 4.0
    R1234yf Mass % 44.8 48.7 0.0 33.2 0.0 45.3
    R32 Mass % 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2
    GWP — 125 125 124 125 124 125
    COP ratio % (relative to 100.0 98.6 95.9 99.4 94.7 99.8
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 85.0 85.0 110.1 90.8 111.9 85.2
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 44
    Comp. Ex.
    Comp. Ex. 32 33 Comp. Ex. 34 Comp. Ex. 35 Comp. Ex. 36 Ex. 6
    Item Unit A B G I J K′
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 31.5 0.0 45.4 45.4 30.3 28.8
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 28.5 32.7 0.0 47.8 2.4
    R1234yf Mass % 46.6 49.6 0.0 32.7 0.0 46.9
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 150 150 149 150 149 150
    COP ratio % (relative to
    R410A) 100.2 99.1 96.0 99.4 95.1 100.0
    Refrigerating % (relative to
    capacity ratio R410A) 85.0 85.0 111.0 92.1 112.6 85.1
  • TABLE 45
    Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    37 38 39 40 41 42
    Item Unit A B G I J K′
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 24.8 0.0 41.8 41.8 29.1 24.8
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 22.9 31.5 0.0 44.2 0.0
    R1234yf Mass % 48.5 50.4 0.0 31.5 0.0 48.5
    R32 Mass % 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7
    GWP — 182 182 181 182 181 182
    COP ratio % (relative to 100.4 99.8 96.3 99.4 95.6 100.4
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 85.0 85.0 111.9 93.8 113.2 85.0
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 46
    Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    43 44 45 46 47 48
    Item Unit A B G I J K′
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 21.3 0.0 40.0 40.0 28.8 24.3
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 19.9 30.7 0.0 41.9 0.0
    R1234yf Mass % 49.4 50.8 0.0 30.7 0.0 46.4
    R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3
    GWP — 200 200 198 199 198 200
    COP ratio % (relative to 100.6 100.1 96.6 99.5 96.1 100.4
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 85.0 85.0 112.4 94.8 113.6 86.7
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 47
    Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    49 50 51 52 53 54
    Item Unit A B G I J K′
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 12.1 0.0 35.7 35.7 29.3 22.5
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 11.7 27.6 0.0 34.0 0.0
    R1234yf Mass % 51.2 51.6 0.0 27.6 0.0 40.8
    R32 Mass % 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7
    GWP — 250 250 248 249 248 250
    COP ratio % (relative to 101.2 101.0 96.4 99.6 97.0 100.4
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 85.0 85.0 113.2 97.6 113.9 90.9
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 48
    Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    55 56 57 58 59 60
    Item Unit A B G I J K′
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 3.8 0.0 32.0 32.0 29.4 21.1
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 3.9 23.9 0.0 26.5 0.0
    R1234yf Mass % 52.1 52.0 0.0 23.9 0.0 34.8
    R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1
    GWP — 300 300 298 299 298 299
    COP ratio % (relative to 101.8 101.8 97.9 99.8 97.8 100.5
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 85.0 85.0 113.7 100.4 113.9 94.9
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 49
    Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    61 62 63 64 65
    Item Unit A = B G I J K′
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 0.0 30.4 30.4 28.9 20.4
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 21.8 0.0 23.3 0.0
    R1234yf Mass % 52.2 0.0 21.8 0.0 31.8
    R32 Mass % 47.8 47.8 47.8 47.8 47.8
    GWP — 325 323 324 323 324
    COP ratio % (relative to 102.1 98.2 100.0 98.2 100.6
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 85.0 113.8 101.8 113.9 96.8
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 50
    Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 66 Ex. 7 Ex. 8 Ex. 9 10 11 12 13
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 82.9 77.9 72.9 67.9 62.9 57.9 52.9 47.9
    R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49
    COP ratio % (relative to 92.4 92.6 92.8 93.1 93.4 93.7 94.1 94.5
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 108.4 108.3 108.2 107.9 107.6 107.2 106.8 106.3
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 51
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 14 15 16 17 67 18 19 20
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 72.9 67.9 62.9
    R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49
    COP ratio % (relative to 95.0 95.4 95.9 96.4 96.9 93.0 93.3 93.6
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 105.8 105.2 104.5 103.9 103.1 105.7 105.5 105.2
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 52
    Item Unit Ex. 21 Ex. 22 Ex. 23 Ex. 24 Ex. 25 Ex. 26 Ex. 27 Ex. 28
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 57.9 52.9 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9
    R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 93.9 94.2 94.6 95.0 95.5 96.0 96.4 96.9
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 104.9 104.5 104.1 103.6 103.0 102.4 101.7 101.0
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 53
    Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 68 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 17.9 67.9 62.9 57.9 52.9 47.9 42.9 37.9
    R1234yf Mass % 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 97.4 93.5 93.8 94.1 94.4 94.8 95.2 95.6
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 100.3 102.9 102.7 102.5 102.1 101.7 101.2 100.7
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 54
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 36 37 38 39 69 40 41 42
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 12.9 62.9 57.9 52.9
    R1234yf Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 96.0 96.5 97.0 97.5 98.0 94.0 94.3 94.6
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 100.1 99.5 98.9 98.1 97.4 100.1 99.9 99.6
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 55
    Item Unit Ex. 43 Ex. 44 Ex. 45 Ex. 46 Ex. 47 Ex. 48 Ex. 49 Ex. 50
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 12.9
    R1234yf Mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 95.0 95.3 95.7 96.2 96.6 97.1 97.6 98.1
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 99.2 98.8 98.3 97.8 97.2 96.6 95.9 95.2
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 56
    Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 70 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 7.9 57.9 52.9 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9
    R1234yf Mass % 20.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 98.6 94.6 94.9 95.2 95.5 95.9 96.3 96.8
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 94.4 97.1 96.9 96.7 96.3 95.9 95.4 94.8
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 57
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 58 59 60 61 71 62 63 64
    HFO-1132(E) Mass% 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
    HFO-1123 Mass% 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    R1234yf Mass% 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
    R32 Mass% 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 97.2 97.7 98.2 98.7 99.2 95.2 95.5 95.8
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 94.2 93.6 92.9 92.2 91.4 94.2 93.9 93.7
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 58
    Item Unit Ex. 65 Ex. 66 Ex. 67 Ex. 68 Ex. 69 Ex. 70 Ex. 71 Ex. 72
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 12.9 7.9 2.9
    R1234yf Mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 96.2 96.6 97.0 97.4 97.9 98.3 98.8 99.3
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 93.3 92.9 92.4 91.8 91.2 90.5 89.8 89.1
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 59
    Item Unit Ex. 73 Ex. 74 Ex. 75 Ex. 76 Ex. 77 Ex. 78 Ex. 79 Ex. 80
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 12.9
    R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 95.9 96.2 96.5 96.9 97.2 97.7 98.1 98.5
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 91.1 90.9 90.6 90.2 89.8 89.3 88.7 88.1
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 60
    Item Unit Ex. 81 Ex. 82 Ex. 83 Ex. 84 Ex. 85 Ex. 86 Ex. 87 Ex. 88
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 7.9 2.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9
    R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 99.0 99.4 96.6 96.9 97.2 97.6 98.0 98.4
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 87.4 86.7 88.0 87.8 87.5 87.1 86.6 86.1
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 61
    Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Unit Ex. 72 Ex. 73 Ex. 74 Ex. 75 Ex. 76 Ex. 77 Ex. 78 Ex. 79
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 12.9 7.9 2.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9
    R1234yf Mass % 40.0 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 98.8 99.2 99.6 97.4 97.7 98.0 98.3 98.7
    Refrigerating % (relative to 85.5 84.9 84.2 84.9 84.6 84.3 83.9 83.5
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 62
    Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Unit Ex. 80 Ex. 81 Ex. 82
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.0 40.0 45.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 12.9 7.9 2.9
    R1234yf Mass % 45.0 45.0 45.0
    R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1
    GWP — 50 50 50
    COP ratio % (relative 99.1 99.5 99.9
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 82.9 82.3 81.7
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 63
    Item Unit Ex. 89 Ex. 90 Ex. 91 Ex. 92 Ex. 93 Ex. 94 Ex. 95 Ex. 96
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 70.5 65.5 60.5 55.5 50.5 45.5 40.5 35.5
    R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 93.7 93.9 94.1 94.4 94.7 95.0 95.4 95.8
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 110.2 110.0 109.7 109.3 108.9 108.4 107.9 107.3
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 64
    Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 97 83 98 99 100 101 102 103
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 30.5 25.5 65.5 60.5 55.5 50.5 45.5 40.5
    R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 96.2 96.6 94.2 94.4 94.6 94.9 95.2 95.5
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 106.6 106.0 107.5 107.3 107.0 106.6 106.1 105.6
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 65
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 104 105 106 84 107 108 109 110
    HF0-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
    HF0-1123 Mass % 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 60.5 55.5 50.5 45.5
    R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 95.9 96.3 96.7 97.1 94.6 94.8 95.1 95.4
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 105.1 104.5 103.8 103.1 104.7 104.5 104.1 103.7
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 66
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 111 112 113 114 115 85 116 117
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5 55.5 50.5
    R1234yf Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 95.7 96.0 96.4 96.8 97.2 97.6 95.1 95.3
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 103.3 102.8 102.2 101.6 101.0 100.3 101.8 101.6
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 67
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    Item Unit 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 86
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 45.5 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5 10.5
    R1234yf Mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
    COP ratio % (relative to R410A) 95.6 95.9 96.2 96.5 96.9 97.3 97.7 98.2
    Refrigerating % (relative to R410A) 101.2 100.8 100.4 99.9 99.3 98.7 98.0 97.3
    capacity ratio
  • TABLE 68
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 50.5 45.5 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5
    R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
    COP ratio % (relative to 95.6 95.9 96.1 96.4 96.7 97.1 97.5 97.9
    R410A)
    Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 98.9 98.6 98.3 97.9 97.4 96.9 96.3 95.7
    ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 69
    Comp.
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 133 87 134 135 136 137 138 139
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 10.5 5.5 45.5 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5
    R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100
    COP ratio % (relative to 98.3 98.7 96.2 96.4 96.7 97.0 97.3 97.7
    R410A)
    Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 95.0 94.3 95.8 95.6 95.2 94.8 94.4 93.8
    ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 70
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 15.5 10.5 5.5 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5
    R1234yf Mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    COP ratio % (relative to 98.1 98.5 98.9 96.8 97.0 97.3 97.6 97.9
    R410A)
    Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 93.3 92.6 92.0 92.8 92.5 92.2 91.8 91.3
    ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 71
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.0 40.0 45.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 15.5 10.5 5.5 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5
    R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    COP ratio % (relative to 98.3 98.7 99.1 97.4 97.7 98.0 98.3 98.6
    R410A)
    Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 90.8 90.2 89.6 89.6 89.4 89.0 88.6 88.2
    ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 72
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    Item Unit 156 157 158 159 160 88 89 90
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.0 40.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 10.5 5.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5 10.5 5.5
    R1234yf Mass % 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    COP ratio % (relative to 98.9 99.3 98.1 98.4 98.7 98.9 99.3 99.6
    R410A)
    Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 87.6 87.1 86.5 86.2 85.9 85.5 85.0 84.5
    ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 73
    Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Unit Ex. 91 Ex. 92 Ex. 93 Ex. 94 Ex. 95
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 25.5 20.5 15.5 10.5 5.5
    R1234yf Mass % 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
    R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
    GWP — 100 100 100 100 100
    COP ratio % (relative to 98.9 99.1 99.4 99.7 100.0
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 83.3 83.0 82.7 82.2 81.8
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 74
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168
    HFO- Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
    1132(E)
    HFO- Mass % 63.1 58.1 53.1 48.1 43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1
    1123
    R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149
    COP ratio % (relative to 94.8 95.0 95.2 95.4 95.7 95.9 96.2 96.6
    R410A)
    Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 111.5 111.2 110.9 110.5 110.0 109.5 108.9 108.3
    ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 75
    Comp.
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 96 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 58.1 53.1 48.1 43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1
    R1234yf Mass % 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149
    COP ratio % (relative to 96.9 95.3 95.4 95.6 95.8 96.1 96.4 96.7
    R410A)
    Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 107.7 108.7 108.5 108.1 107.7 107.2 106.7 106.1
    ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 76
    Comp.
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 176 97 177 178 179 180 181 182
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 53.1 48.1 43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1
    R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149
    COP ratio % (relative to 97.0 97.4 95.7 95.9 96.1 96.3 96.6 96.9
    R410A)
    Refrigerating capacity % (relative to
    ratio R410A) 105.5 104.9 105.9 105.6 105.3 104.8 104.4 103.8
  • TABLE 77
    Comp.
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 183 184 98 185 186 187 188 189
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 48.1 43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1
    R1234yf Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149
    COP ratio % (relative to 97.2 97.5 97.9 96.1 96.3 96.5 96.8 97.1
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 103.3 102.6 102.0 103.0 102.7 102.3 101.9 101.4
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 78
    Comp.
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 190 191 192 99 193 194 195 196
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1 43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1
    R1234yf Mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149
    COP ratio % (relative to 97.4 97.7 98.0 98.4 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.3
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 100.9 100.3 99.7 99.1 100.0 99.7 99.4 98.9
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 79
    Comp.
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 197 198 199 200 100 201 202 203
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1 3.1 38.1 33.1 28.1
    R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 149 149 149 149 149 150 150 150
    COP ratio % (relative to 97.6 97.9 98.2 98.5 98.9 97.1 97.3 97.6
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 98.5 97.9 97.4 96.8 96.1 97.0 96.7 96.3
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 80
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1 3.1 33.1 28.1 23.1
    R1234yf Mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
    COP ratio % (relative to 97.8 98.1 98.4 98.7 99.1 97.7 97.9 98.1
    R410A)
    Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 95.9 95.4 94.9 94.4 93.8 93.9 93.6 93.3
    ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 81
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 18.1 13.1 8.1 3.1 28.1 23.1 18.1 13.1
    R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
    COP ratio % (relative to 98.4 98.7 99.0 99.3 98.3 98.5 98.7 99.0
    R410A)
    Refrigerating capacity % (relative to 92.9 92.4 91.9 91.3 90.8 90.5 90.2 89.7
    ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 82
    Comp.
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
    Item Unit 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 101
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 10.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 8.1 3.1 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1 3.1 18.1
    R1234yf Mass % 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 50.0
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
    COP ratio % (relative to 99.3 99.6 98.9 99.1 99.3 99.6 99.9 99.6
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 89.3 88.8 87.6 87.3 87.0 86.6 86.2 84.4
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 83
    Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Unit Ex. 102 Ex. 103 Ex. 104
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 15.0 20.0 25.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 13.1 8.1 3.1
    R1234yf Mass % 50.0 50.0 50.0
    R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9
    GWP — 150 150 150
    COP ratio % (relative 99.8 100.0 100.2
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 84.1 83.8 83.4
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 84
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    Item Unit 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 105
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 55.7 50.7 45.7 40.7 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7
    R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
    R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3
    GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
    COP ratio % (relative to 95.9 96.0 96.2 96.3 96.6 96.8 97.1 97.3
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 112.2 111.9 111.6 111.2 110.7 110.2 109.6 109.0
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 85
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    Item Unit 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 106
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 50.7 45.7 40.7 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 15.7
    R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
    R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3
    GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
    COP ratio % (relative to 96.3 96.4 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.5 97.8
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 109.4 109.2 108.8 108.4 107.9 107.4 106.8 106.2
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 86
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    Item Unit 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 107
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 45.7 40.7 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 15.7 10.7
    R1234yf Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
    R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3
    GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
    COP ratio % (relative to 96.7 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.4 97.7 97.9 98.2
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 106.6 106.3 106.0 105.5 105.1 104.5 104.0 103.4
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 87
    Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    Item Unit 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 108
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 40.7 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 5.7
    R1234yf Mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
    R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3
    GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
    COP ratio % (relative to 97.1 97.3 97.5 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.4 98.7
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 103.7 103.4 103.0 102.6 102.2 101.6 101.1 100.5
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 88
    Item Unit Ex. 255 Ex. 256 Ex. 257 Ex. 258 Ex. 259 Ex. 260 Ex. 261 Ex. 262
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 10.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 5.7 30.7
    R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0
    R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3
    GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
    COP ratio % (relative to 97.6 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.4 98.6 98.9 98.1
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 100.7 100.4 100.1 99.7 99.2 98.7 98.2 97.7
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 89
    Item Unit Ex. 263 Ex. 264 Ex. 265 Ex. 266 Ex. 267 Ex. 268 Ex. 269 Ex. 270
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 25.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 5.7 25.7 20.7 15.7
    R1234yf Mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0
    R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3
    GWP — 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200
    COP ratio % (relative to 98.2 98.4 98.6 98.9 99.1 98.6 98.7 98.9
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 97.4 97.1 96.7 96.2 95.7 94.7 94.4 94.0
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 90
    Item Unit Ex. 271 Ex. 272 Ex. 273 Ex. 274 Ex. 275 Ex. 276 Ex. 277 Ex. 278
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 10.0 15.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 10.7 5.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 5.7 15.7 10.7
    R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0
    R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3
    GWP — 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
    COP ratio % (relative to 99.2 99.4 99.1 99.3 99.5 99.7 99.7 99.8
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 93.6 93.2 91.5 91.3 90.9 90.6 88.4 88.1
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 91
    Ex. Ex. Comp. Comp.
    Item Unit 279 280 Ex. 109 Ex. 110
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 10.0 15.0 10.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 5.7 10.7 5.7 5.7
    R1234yf Mass % 45.0 50.0 50.0 55.0
    R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3
    GWP — 200 200 200 200
    COP ratio % (relative 100.0 100.3 100.4 100.9
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 87.8 85.2 85.0 82.0
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 92
    Comp.
    Item Unit Ex. 281 Ex. 282 Ex. 283 Ex. 284 Ex. 285 Ex. 111 Ex. 286 Ex. 287
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 40.9 35.9 30.9 25.9 20.9 15.9 35.9 30.9
    R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0
    R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1
    GWP — 298 298 298 298 298 298 299 299
    COP ratio % (relative to 97.8 97.9 97.9 98.1 98.2 98.4 98.2 98.2
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 112.5 112.3 111.9 111.6 111.2 110.7 109.8 109.5
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 93
    Comp.
    Item Unit Ex. 288 Ex. 289 Ex.290 Ex. 112 Ex. 291 Ex. 292 Ex. 293 Ex. 294
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 25.0 3 0.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 25.9 20.9 15.9 10.9 30.9 25.9 20.9 15.9
    R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
    R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1
    GWP — 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299
    COP ratio % (relative to 98.3 98.5 98.6 98.8 98.6 98.6 98.7 98.9
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 109.2 108.8 108.4 108.0 107.0 106.7 106.4 106.0
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 94
    Comp.
    Item Unit Ex. 295 Ex. 113 Ex. 296 Ex. 297 Ex. 298 Ex. 299 Ex. 300 Ex. 301
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 10.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 10.9 5.9 25.9 20.9 15.9 10.9 5.9 20.9
    R1234yf Mass % 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0
    R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1
    GWP — 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299
    COP ratio % (relative to 99.0 99.2 99.0 99.0 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.4
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 105.6 105.2 104.1 103.9 103.6 103.2 102.8 101.2
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 95
    Item Unit Ex. 302 Ex. 303 Ex. 304 Ex. 305 Ex. 306 Ex. 307 Ex. 308 Ex. 309
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 15.0 20.0 25.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 15.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 15.9 10.9 5.9 15.9 10.9 5.9 10.9 5.9
    R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0
    R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1
    GWP — 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299
    COP ratio % (relative to 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.9 100.0 100.3 100.4
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 101.0 100.7 100.3 98.3 98.0 97.8 95.3 95.1
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 96
    Item Unit Ex. 400
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0
    HFO-1123 Mass % 5.9
    R1234yf Mass % 40.0
    R32 Mass % 44.1
    GWP — 299
    COP ratio % (relative 100.7
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 92.3
    capacity ratio to R410A)
      • The above results indicate that the refrigerating capacity ratio relative to R410A is 85% or more in the following cases:
      • When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a, in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass %, a straight line connecting a point (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0−a) is the base, and the point (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0) is on the left side, if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0134a2−1.9681a+68.6, 0.0, −0.0134a2+0.9681a+31.4) and point B (0.0, 0.0144a2−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a2+0.6377a+41.3);
      • if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0112a2−1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, −0.0112a2+0.9337a+31.516) and point B (0.0, 0.0075a2−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a2+0.5156a+41.801);
      • if 18.2a<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0107a2−1.9142a+68.305, 0.0, −0.0107a2+0.9142a+31.695) and point B (0.0, 0.009a2−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a2+0.6045a+40.682);
      • if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0103a2−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a2+0.9225a+31.207) and point B (0.0, 0.0046a2−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a2+0.41a+42.714); and
      • if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that connects point A (0.0085a2−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a2+0.8102a+32.9) and point B (0.0, 0.0012a2−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a2+0.1659a+47.05).
      • Actual points having a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more form a curved line that connects point A and point B in FIG. 3, and that extends toward the 1234yf side. Accordingly, when coordinates are on, or on the left side of, the straight line AB, the refrigerating capacity ratio relative to R410A is 85% or more.
      • Similarly, it was also found that in the ternary composition diagram, if 0<a<11.1, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on, or on the left side of, a straight line D′C that connects point D′ (0.0, 0.0224a2+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a2−1.968a+24.6) and point C (−0.2304a2−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a2−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0); or if 11.1<a≤46.7, when coordinates are in the entire region, the COP ratio relative to that of R410A is 92.5% or more.
      • In FIG. 3, the COP ratio of 92.5% or more forms a curved line CD. In FIG. 3, an approximate line formed by connecting three points: point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0) and points (26.6, 68.4, 5) (19.5, 70.5, 10) where the COP ratio is 92.5% when the concentration of R1234yf is 5 mass % and 10 mass was obtained, and a straight line that connects point C and point D′(0, 75.4, 24.6), which is the intersection of the approximate line and a point where the concentration of HFO-1132(E) is 0.0 mass % was defined as a line segment D′C. In FIG. 4, point D′(0, 83.4, 9.5) was similarly obtained from an approximate curve formed by connecting point C (18.4, 74.5, 0) and points (13.9, 76.5, 2.5) (8.7, 79.2, 5) where the COP ratio is 92.5%, and a straight line that connects point C and point D′ was defined as the straight line D′C.
      • The composition of each mixture was defined as WCF. A leak simulation was performed using NIST Standard Reference Database REFLEAK Version 4.0 under the conditions of Equipment, Storage, Shipping, Leak, and Recharge according to the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. The most flammable fraction was defined as WCFF.
      • For the flammability, the burning velocity was measured according to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Both WCF and WCFF having a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less were determined to be classified as “Class 2L (lower flammability).”
      • A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner. First, the mixed refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge. The burning velocity was measured by the closed method. The initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignition was performed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spread of the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindrical container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and a xenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
      • The results are shown in Tables 97 to 104.
  • TABLE 97
    Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
    Item 6 13 19 24 29 34
    WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass 72.0 60.9 55.8 52.1 48.6 45.4
    %
    HFO-1123 Mass 28.0 32.0 33.1 33.4 33.2 32.7
    %
    R1234yf Mass 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
    %
    R32 Mass 0.0 7.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 21.9
    %
    Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10
  • TABLE 98
    Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Ex. 39 Ex. 45 Ex. 51 Ex. 57 Ex. 62
    WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 41.8 40 35.7 32 30.4
    HFO-1123 Mass % 31.5 30.7 23.6 23.9 21.8
    R1234yf Mass % 0 0 0 0 0
    R32 Mass % 26.7 29.3 36.7 44.1 47.8
    Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10
  • TABLE 99
    Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Ex. 7 Ex. 14 Ex. 20 Ex. 25 Ex. 30 Ex. 35
    WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass 72.0 60.9 55.8 52.1 48.6 45.4
    %
    HFO-1123 Mass 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
    %
    R1234yf Mass 28.0 32.0 33.1 33.4 33.2 32.7
    %
    R32 Mass 0.0 7.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 21.9
    %
    Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10
  • TABLE 100
    Item Comp. Ex. 40 Comp. Ex. 46 Comp. Ex. 52 Comp. Ex. 58 Comp. Ex. 63
    WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 41.8 40 35.7 32 30.4
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0 0 0 0 0
    R1234yf Mass % 31.5 30.7 23.6 23.9 21.8
    R32 Mass % 26.7 29.3 36.7 44.1 47.8
    Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10
  • TABLE 101
    Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Ex. 8 Ex. 15 Ex. 21 Ex. 26 Ex. 31 Ex. 36
    WC HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 47.1 40.5 37.0 34.3 32.0 30.3
    F HFO-1123 Mass % 52.9 52.4 51.9 51.2 49.8 47.8
    R1234yf Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    R32 Mass % 0.0 7.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 21.9
    Leak condition Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/
    that results Ship- Ship- Ship- Ship- Ship- Ship-
    in WCFF ping ping ping ping ping ping
    −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C.,
    92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92%
    release, release, release, release, release, release,
    liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid
    phase phase phase phase phase phase
    side side side side side side
    WC HFO-1132 Mass % 72.0 62.4 56.2 50.6 45.1 40.0
    FF (E)
    HFO-1123 Mass % 28.0 31.6 33.0 33.4 32.5 30.5
    R1234yf Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.4 0.0 0.0
    R32 Mass % 0.0 50.9 10.8 16.0 22.4 29.5
    Burning cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less
    velocity
    (WCF)
    Burning
    velocity
    (WCFF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10
  • TABLE 102
    Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Ex. 41 Ex. 47 Ex. 53 Ex. 59 Ex. 64
    WCF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 29.1 28.8 29.3 29.4 28.9
    HFO-1123 Mass % 44.2 41.9 34.0 26.5 23.3
    R1234yf Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    R32 Mass % 26.7 29.3 36.7 44.1 47.8
    Leak condition Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/
    that Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping
    results in −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C.,
    WCFF 92% 92% 92% 90% 86%
    release, release, release, release, release,
    liquid liquid liquid gas gas
    phase phase phase phase phase
    side side side side side
    WCF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 34.6 32.2 27.7 28.3 27.5
    F HFO-1123 Mass % 26.5 23.9 17.5 18.2 16.7
    R1234yf Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    R32 Mass % 38.9 43.9 54.8 53.5 55.8
    Burning cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8.3 9.3 9.6
    velocity (WCF)
    Burning cm/s 10 10 10 10 10
    velocity
    (WCFF)
  • TABLE 103
    Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Ex. 9 Ex. 16 Ex. 22 Ex. 27 Ex. 32 Ex. 37
    WCF HFO-1132 Mass 61.7 47.0 41.0 36.5 32.5 28.8
    (E) %
    HFO-1123 Mass 5.9 7.2 6.5 5.6 4.0 2.4
    %
    R1234yf Mass 32.4 38.7 41.4 43.4 45.3 46.9
    %
    R32 Mass 0.0 7.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 21.9
    %
    Leak condition Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/
    that results in Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping
    WCFF −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C.,
    0% 0% 0% 92% 0% 0%
    release, release, release, release, release, release,
    gas gas gas liquid gas gas
    phase phase phase phase phase phase
    side side side side side side
    WCF HFO-1132 Mass 72.0 56.2 50.4 46.0 42.4 39.1
    F (E) %
    HFO-1123 Mass 10.5 12.6 11.4 10.1 7.4 4.4
    %
    R1234yf Mass 17.5 20.4 21.8 22.9 24.3 25.7
    %
    R32 Mass 0.0 10.8 16.3 21.0 25.9 30.8
    %
    Burning cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less
    velocity
    (WCF)
    Burning cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10
    velocity
    (WCFF)
  • TABLE 104
    Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
    Item Ex. 42 Ex. 48 Ex. 54 Ex. 60 Ex. 65
    WCF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 24.8 24.3 22.5 21.1 20.4
    HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    R1234yf Mass % 48.5 46.4 40.8 34.8 31.8
    R32 Mass % 26.7 29.3 36.7 44.1 47.8
    Leak condition that Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/
    results in Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping
    WCFF −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C.,
    0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
    release, release, release, release, release,
    gas phase gas phase gas phase gas phase gas phase
    side side side side side
    WCF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 35.3 34.3 31.3 29.1 28.1
    F HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    R1234yf Mass % 27.4 26.2 23.1 19.8 18.2
    R32 Mass % 37.3 39.6 45.6 51.1 53.7
    Burning velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less
    (WCF)
    Burning velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10
    (WCFF)
      • The results in Tables 97 to 100 indicate that the refrigerant has a WCF lower flammability in the following cases:
      • When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum in the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass % and a straight line connecting a point (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0−a) is the base, if 0<a<11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that connects point G (0.026a2−1.7478a+72.0, −0.026a2+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0) and point I (0.026a2−1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, −0.026a2+0.7478a+28.0);
        if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that connects point G (0.02a2−1.6013a+71.105, −0.02a2+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0) and point I (0.02a2−1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, −0.02a2+0.6013a+28.895); if 18.2<a<26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that connects point G (0.0135a2−1.4068a+69.727, −0.0135a2+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0) and point I (0.0135a2−1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, −0.0135a2+0.4068a+30.273); if 26.7<a<36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that connects point G (0.0111a2−1.3152a+68.986, −0.0111a2+0.3152a+31.014, 0.0) and point I (0.0111a2−1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, −0.0111a2+0.3152a+31.014); and if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that connects point G (0.0061a2−0.9918a+63.902, −0.0061a2−0.0082a+36.098, 0.0) and point I (0.0061a2 0.9918a+63.902, 0.0, −0.0061a2−0.0082a+36.098).
      • Three points corresponding to point G (Table 105) and point I (Table 106) were individually obtained in each of the following five ranges by calculation, and their approximate expressions were obtained.
  • TABLE 105
    Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 36.7 ≥ R23 ≥ 26.7 46.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 36.7
    R32 0 7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
    HFO- 72.0 60.9 55.8 55.8 52.1 48.6 48.6 45.4 41.8 41.8 40.0 35.7 35.7 32.0 30.4
    1132(E)
    HFO- 28.0 32.0 33.1 33.1 33.4 33.2 33.2 32.7 31.5 31.5 30.7 27.6 27.6 23.9 21.8
    1123
    R1234yf 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    R32 a a a a a
    HFO- 0.026a2 − 0.02a2 − 0.0135a2 − 0.0111a2 − 0.0061a2 −
    1132(E) 1.7478a + 1.6013a + 1.4068a + 1.3152a + 0.9918a +
    Approx- 72.0 71.105 − 69.727 68.986 63.902
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    HFO- −0.026a2 + 0.02a2 + −0.0135a2 + −0.0111a2 + −0.0061a2 −
    1123 0..7478a + 0..6013a + 0.4068a + 0.3152a + 0.0082a +
    Approx- 28.0 28.895 30.273 31.014 36.098
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    R1234yf
    0 0 0 0 0
    Approx-
    imate
    expres-
    sion
  • TABLE 106
    Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 36.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 26.7 46.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 36.7
    R32 0 7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
    HFO- 72.0 60.9 55.8 55.8 52.1 48.6 48.6 45.4 41.8 41.8 40.0 35.7 35.7 32.0 30.4
    1132(E)
    HFO- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    1123
    R1234yf 28.0 32.0 33.1 33.1 33.4 33.2 33.2 32.7 31.5 31.5 30.7 23.6 23.6 23.5 21.8
    R32 a a a x x
    HFO- 0.026a2 − 0.02a2 − 0.0135a2 − 0.0111a2 − 0.0061a2 −
    1132(E) 1.7478a + 72.0 1.6013a + 71.105 1.4068a + 69.727 1.3152a + 68.986 0.9918a + 63.902
    Approx-
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    HFO- 0 0 0 0 0
    1123
    Approx-
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    R1234yf −0.026a2 + −0.02a2 + −0.0135a2 + −0.0111a2 + −0.0061a2 −
    Approxi- 0.7478a + 28.0 0.6013a + 28.895 0.4068a + 30.273 0.3152a + 31.014 0.0082a + 36.098
    mate
    expres-
    sion
      • The results in Tables 101 to 104 indicate that the refrigerant is determined to have a WCFF lower flammability, and the flammability classification according to the ASHRAE Standard is “2L (flammability)” in the following cases:
      • When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum in the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a, in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass % and a straight line connecting a point (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0−a) is the base, if 0<a<11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line JK′ that connects point J (0.0049a2−0.9645a+47.1, −0.0049a2−0.0355a+52.9, 0.0) and point K′(0.0514a2−2.4353a+61.7, −0.0323a2+0.4122a+5.9, −0.0191a2+1.0231a+32.4); if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates are on a straight line JK′ that connects point J (0.0243a2−1.4161a+49.725, −0.0243a2+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0) and point K′(0.0341a2−2.1977a+61.187, −0.0236a2+0.34a+5.636, −0.0105a2+0.8577a+33.177); if 18.2<a<26.7, coordinates are on or below a straight line JK′ that connects point J (0.0246a2−1.4476a+50.184, −0.0246a2+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0) and point K′ (0.0196a2−1.7863a+58.515, −0.0079a2−0.1136a+8.702, −0.0117a2+0.8999a+32.783); if 26.7<a<36.7, coordinates are on or below a straight line JK′ that connects point J (0.0183a2−1.1399a+46.493, −0.0183a2+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0) and point K′(−0.0051a2+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a2−1.0929a+74.05); and if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates are on or below a straight line JK′ that connects point J (−0.0134a2+1.0956a+7.13, 0.0134a2−2.0956a+92.87, 0.0) and point K′(−1.892a+29.443, 0.0, 0.892a+70.557).
      • Actual points having a WCFF lower flammability form a curved line that connects point J and point K′ (on the straight line AB) in FIG. 3 and extends toward the HFO-1132(E) side. Accordingly, when coordinates are on or below the straight line JK′, WCFF lower flammability is achieved.
      • Three points corresponding to point J (Table 107) and point K′ (Table 108) were individually obtained in each of the following five ranges by calculation, and their approximate expressions were obtained.
  • TABLE 107
    Item 1.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 36.7 ≥ R32 > 26.7 47.8 ≥ R32 ≥ 36.7
    R32 0 7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
    HFO- 47.1 40.5 37 37.0 34.3 32.0 32.0 30.3 29.1 29.1 28.8 29.3 29.3 29.4 28.9
    1132(E)
    HFO- 52.9 52.4 51.9 51.9 51.2 49.8 49.8 47.8 44.2 44.2 41.9 34.0 34.0 26.5 23.3
    1123
    R1234yf 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    R32 a a a a a
    HFO- 0.0049a2 − 0.0243a2 − 0.0246a2 − 0.0183a2 − −0.0134a2 +
    1132(E) 0.9645a + 47.1 1.4161a + 49.725 1.4476a + 50.184 1.1399a + 46.493 1.0956a + 7.13
    Approx-
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    HFO- −0.0049a2 − −0.0243a2 + −0.0246a2 + −0.0183a2 + 0.0134a2 −
    1123 0.0355a + 52.9 0.4161a + 50.275 0.4476a + 49.816 0.1399a + 53.507 2.0956a + 92.87
    Approx-
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    R1234yf
    Approx- 0 0 0 0 0
    imate
    expres-
    sion
  • TABLE 108
    Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 36.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 26.7 46.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 36.7
    R32 0 7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
    HFO- 61.7 47.0 41.0 41.0 36.5 32.5 32.5 28.8 24.8 24.8 24.3 22.5 22.5 21.1 20.4
    1132(E)
    HFO- 5.9 7.2 6.5 6.5 5.6 4.0 4.0 2.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    1123
    R1234yf 32.4 38.7 41.4 41.4 43.4 45.3 45.3 46.9 48.5 48.5 46.4 40.8 40.8 34.8 31.8
    R32 x x x x x
    HFO- 0.0514a2 − 0.0341a2 − 0.0196a2 − −0.0051a2 − −1.892a +
    1132(E) 2.4353a + 61.7 2.1977a + 61.187 1.7863a + 58.515 0.0929a + 25.95 29.443
    Approx-
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    HFO- −0.0323a2 + −0.0236a2 + −0.0079a2 − 0 0
    1123 0.4122a + 5.9 0.34a + 5.636 0.1136a + 8.702
    Approx-
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    R1234yf −0.0191a2 + −0.0105a2 + −0.0117a2 + 0.0051a2 − 0.892a +
    Approx- 1.0231a + 32.4 0.8577a + 33.177 0.8999a + 32.783 1.0929a + 74.05 70.557
    imate
    expres-
    sion
      • FIGS. 3 to 13 show compositions whose R32 content a (mass %) is 0 mass %, 7.1 mass %, 11.1 mass %, 14.5 mass %, 18.2 mass %, 21.9 mass %, 26.7 mass %, 29.3 mass %, 36.7 mass %, 44.1 mass %, and 47.8 mass %, respectively.
      • Points A, B, C, and D′ were obtained in the following manner according to approximate calculation.
      • Point A is a point where the content of HFO-1123 is 0 mass %, and a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% relative to that of R410A is achieved. Three points corresponding to point A were obtained in each of the following five ranges by calculation, and their approximate expressions were obtained (Table 109).
  • TABLE 109
    Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 36.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 26.7 46.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 36.7
    R32 0 7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
    HFO- 68.6 55.3 48.4 48.4 42.8 37 37 31.5 24.8 24.8 21.3 12.1 12.1 3.8 0
    1132(E)
    HFO- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    1123
    R1234yf 31.4 37.6 40.5 40.5 42.7 44.8 44.8 46.6 48.5 48.5 49.4 51.2 51.2 52.1 52.2
    R32 a a a a a
    HFO- 0.0134a2 − 0.0112a2 − 0.0107a2 − 0.0103a2 − 0.0085a2 −
    1132(E) 1.9681a + 68.6 1.9337a + 68.484 1.9142a + 68.305 1.9225a + 68.793 1.8102a + 67.1
    Approx-
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    HFO- 0 0 0 0 0
    1123
    Approx-
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    R1234yf −0.0134a2 + −0.0112a2 + −0.0107a2 + −0.0103a2 + −0.0085a2 +
    Approx- 0.9681a + 31.4 0.9337a + 31.516 0.9142a + 31.695 0.9225a + 31..207 0.8102a + 32.9
    imate
    expres-
    sion
      • Point B is a point where the content of HFO-1132(E) is 0 mass %, and a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% relative to that of R410A is achieved.
      • Three points corresponding to point B were obtained in each of the following five ranges by calculation, and their approximate expressions were obtained (Table 110).
  • TABLE 110
    Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0 18.2 ≥ R32 ≥ 11.1 26.7 ≥ R32 ≥ 18.2 36.7 ≥R32 ≥26.7 46.7 ≥R32 ≥36.7
    R32 0 7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
    HFO- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    1132(E)
    HFO- 58.7 47.8 42.3 42.3 37.8 33.1 33.1 28.5 22.9 22.9 19.9 11.7 11.8 3.9 0
    1123
    R1234yf 41.3 45.1 46.6 46.6 47.7 48.7 48.7 49.6 50.4 50.4 50.8 51.6 51.5 52.0 52.2
    R32 a a a a a
    HFO- 0 0 0 0
    1132(E)
    Approx- 0
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    HFO- 0.0144a2 − 0.0075a2 − 0.009a2 − 0.0046a2 − 0.0012a2 −
    1123 1.6377a + 58.7 1.5156a + 58.199 1.6045a + 59.318 1.41a + 57.286 1.1659a + 52.95
    Approx-
    imate
    expres-
    sion
    R1234yf −0.0144a2 + −0.0075a2 + −0.009a2 + −0.0046a2 + −0.0012a2 +
    Approx- 0.6377a + 41.3 0.5156a + 41.801 0.6045a + 40.682 0.41a + 42.714 0.1659a + 47.05
    imate
    expres-
    sion
      • Point D′ is a point where the content of HFO-1132(E) is 0 mass %, and a COP ratio of 95.5% relative to that of R410A is achieved.
      • Three points corresponding to point D′ were obtained in each of the following by calculation, and their approximate expressions were obtained (Table 111).
  • TABLE 111
    Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0
    R32 0 7.1 11.1
    HFO-1132(E) 0 0 0
    HFO-1123 75.4 83.4 88.9
    R1234yf 24.6 9.5 0
    R32 a
    HFO-1132(E) 0
    Approximate
    expression
    HFO-1123  0.0224a2 + 0.968a + 75.4
    Approximate
    expression
    R1234yf −0.0224a2 − 1.968a + 24.6
    Approximate
    expression
      • Point C is a point where the content of R1234yf is 0 mass %, and a COP ratio of 95.5% relative to that of R410A is achieved.
      • Three points corresponding to point C were obtained in each of the following by calculation, and their approximate expressions were obtained (Table 112).
  • TABLE 112
    Item 11.1 ≥ R32 > 0
    R32 0 7.1 11.1
    HFO-1132(E) 32.9 18.4 0
    HFO-1123 67.1 74.5 88.9
    R1234yf 0 0 0
    R32 a
    HFO-1132(E) −0.2304a2 − 0.4062a + 32.9
    Approximate
    expression
    HFO-1123  0.2304a2 − 0.5938a + 67.1
    Approximate
    expression
    R1234yf
    0
    Approximate
    expression
    • (5-4) Refrigerant D
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is a mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure has various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant; i.e., a refrigerating capacity equivalent to that of R410A, a sufficiently low GWP, and a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE standard.
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments IJ, JN, NE, and EI that connect the following 4 points:
        point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),
        point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2),
        point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and
        point E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment EI);
      • the line segment I is represented by coordinates (0.0236y2−1.7616y+72.0, y, −0.0236y2+0.7616y+28.0);
      • the line segment NE is represented by coordinates (0.012y2−1.9003y+58.3, y, −0.012y2+0.9003y+41.7); and
      • the line segments JN and EI are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or less, and a WCF lower flammability.
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MM′, M′N, NV, VG, and GM that connect the following 5 points:
        point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4),
        point M′ (39.2, 5.0, 55.8),
        point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1),
        point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), and
        point G (39.6, 0.0, 60.4),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);
      • the line segment MM′ is represented by coordinates (0.132y2−3.34y+52.6, y, −0.132y2+2.34y+47.4);
      • the line segment M′N is represented by coordinates (0.0596y2−2.2541y+48.98, y, −0.0596y2+1.2541y+51.02);
      • the line segment VG is represented by coordinates (0.0123y2−1.8033y+39.6, y, −0.0123y2+0.8033y+60.4); and
      • the line segments NV and GM are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 70% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments ON, NU, and UO that connect the following 3 points:
        point O (22.6, 36.8, 40.6),
        point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and
        point U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment ON is represented by coordinates (0.0072y2−0.6701y+37.512, y, −0.0072y2−0.3299y+62.488);
      • the line segment NU is represented by coordinates (0.0083y2−1.7403y+56.635, y, −0.0083y2+0.7403y+43.365); and
      • the line segment UO is a straight line. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 250 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connect the following 5 points:
        point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4),
        point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7),
        point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),
        point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), and
        point K (35.6, 36.8, 27.6),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment QR is represented by coordinates (0.0099y2−1.975y+84.765, y, −0.0099y2+0.975y+15.235);
      • the line segment RT is represented by coordinates (0.0082y2−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y2+0.8683y+16.874);
      • the line segment LK is represented by coordinates (0.0049y2−0.8842y+61.488, y, −0.0049y2−0.1158y+38.512);
      • the line segment KQ is represented by coordinates (0.0095y2−1.2222y+67.676, y, −0.0095y2+0.2222y+32.324); and
      • the line segment TL is a straight line. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and a WCF lower flammability.
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:
        point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8),
        point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), and
        point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment PS is represented by coordinates (0.0064y2−0.7103y+40.1, y, −0.0064y2−0.2897y+59.9);
      • the line segment ST is represented by coordinates (0.0082y2−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y2+0.8683y+16.874); and
      • the line segment TP is a straight line. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments ac, cf, fd, and da that connect the following 4 points:
        point a (71.1, 0.0, 28.9),
        point c (36.5, 18.2, 45.3),
        point f (47.6, 18.3, 34.1), and
        point d (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment ac is represented by coordinates (0.0181y2−2.2288y+71.096, y, −0.0181y2+1.2288y+280.904);
      • the line segment fd is represented by coordinates (0.02y2−1.7y+72, y, −0.02y2+0.7y+28); and
      • the line segments cf and da are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or less, and a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE standard.
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments ab, be, ed, and da that connect the following 4 points:
        point a (71.1, 0.0, 28.9),
        point b (42.6, 14.5, 42.9),
        point e (51.4, 14.6, 34.0), and
        point d (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment ab is represented by coordinates (0.0181y2−2.2288y+71.096, y, −0.0181y2+1.2288y+28.904);
      • the line segment ed is represented by coordinates (0.02y2−1.7y+72, y, −0.02y2+0.7y+28); and
      • the line segments be and da are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 100 or less, and a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE standard.
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments gi, ij, and jg that connect the following 3 points:
        point g (77.5, 6.9, 15.6),
        point i (55.1, 18.3, 26.6), and
        point j (77.5. 18.4, 4.1),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment gi is represented by coordinates (0.02y2−2.4583y+93.396, y, −0.02y2+1.4583y+6.604); and
      • the line segments ij and jg are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to R410A and a GWP of 100 or less, undergoes fewer or no changes such as polymerization or decomposition, and also has excellent stability.
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments gh, hk, and kg that connect the following 3 points:
        point g (77.5, 6.9, 15.6),
        point h (61.8, 14.6, 23.6), and
        point k (77.5, 14.6, 7.9),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment gh is represented by coordinates (0.02y2−2.4583y+93.396, y, −0.02y2+1.4583y+6.604); and
      • the line segments hk and kg are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to R410A and a GWP of 100 or less, undergoes fewer or no changes such as polymerization or decomposition, and also has excellent stability.
      • The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure may further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf, as long as the above properties and effects are not impaired. In this respect, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, and still more preferably 99.9 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant.
      • Such additional refrigerants are not limited, and can be selected from a wide range of refrigerants. The mixed refrigerant may comprise a single additional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.
    (Examples of Refrigerant D)
      • The present disclosure is described in more detail below with reference to Examples of refrigerant D. However, the refrigerant D is not limited to the Examples.
      • The composition of each mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf was defined as WCF. A leak simulation was performed using the NIST Standard Reference Database REFLEAK Version 4.0 under the conditions of Equipment, Storage, Shipping, Leak, and Recharge according to the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. The most flammable fraction was defined as WCFF.
      • A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner. First, the mixed refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge. The burning velocity was measured by the closed method. The initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignition was performed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spread of the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindrical container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and a xenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC. Tables 113 to 115 show the results.
  • TABLE 113
    Compar-
    ative Exam- Exam- Exam-
    Exam- Exam- ple Exam- ple Exam- ple
    ple
    13 ple 12 ple 14 ple 16
    Item Unit I 11 J 13 K 15 L
    WCF HFO- Mass % 72 57.2 48.5 41.2 35.6 32 28.9
    1132
    (E)
    R32 Mass % 0 10 18.3 27.6 36.8 44.2 51.7
    R1234yf Mass % 28 32.8 33.2 31.2 27.6 23.8 19.4
    Burning cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
    Velocity
    (WCF)
  • TABLE 114
    Compar-
    ative Exam- Exam-
    Exam- Exam- ple Exam- ple Exam-
    ple 14 ple 19 ple 21 ple
    Item Unit M 18 W 20 N 22
    WCF HFO-1132 Mass % 52.6 39.2 32.4 29.3 27.7 24.6
    (E)
    R32 Mass % 0.0 5.0 10.0 14.5 18.2 27.6
    R1234yf Mass % 47.4 55.8 57.6 56.2 54.1 47.8
    Leak condition Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage,
    that Shipping, Shipping, Shipping, Shipping, Shipping, Shipping,
    results in −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C.,
    WCFF 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
    release, release, release, release, release, release,
    on on on on on on
    the gas the gas the gas the gas the gas the gas
    phase phase phase phase phase phase
    side side side side side side
    WCF HFO-1132 Mass % 72.0 57.8 48.7 43.6 40.6 34.9
    (E)
    R32 Mass % 0.0 9.5 17.9 24.2 28.7 38.1
    R1234yf Mass % 28.0 32.7 33.4 32.2 30.7 27.0
    Burning cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less
    Velocity
    (WCF)
    Burning cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10
    Velocity
    (WCFF)
  • TABLE 115
    Example Example
    23 Example 25
    Item Unit O 24 P
    WCF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 22.6 21.2 20.5
    HFO-1123 Mass % 36.8 44.2 51.7
    R1234yf Mass % 40.6 34.6 27.8
    Leak condition that results Storage, Storage, Storage,
    in WCFF Shipping, −40° C., Shipping, −40° C., Shipping, −40° C.,
    0% release, 0% release, 0% release,
    on the gas on the gas on the gas
    phase side phase side phase side
    WCFF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 31.4 29.2 27.1
    HFO-1123 Mass % 45.7 51.1 56.4
    R1234yf Mass % 23.0 19.7 16.5
    Burning Velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less
    (WCF)
    Burning Velocity cm/s 10   10   10  
    (WCFF)
      • The results indicate that under the condition that the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram shown in FIG. 14 in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are on the line segment that connects point I, point J, point K, and point L, or below these line segments, the refrigerant has a WCF lower flammability.
      • The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram shown in FIG. 14 are on the line segments that connect point M, point M′, point W, point J, point N, and point P, or below these line segments, the refrigerant has an ASHRAE lower flammability.
      • Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf in amounts (mass %) shown in Tables 116 to 144 based on the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. The coefficient of performance (COP) ratio and the refrigerating capacity ratio relative to R410 of the mixed refrigerants shown in Tables 116 to 144 were determined. The conditions for calculation were as described below.
      • Evaporating temperature: 5° C.
      • Condensation temperature: 45° C.
      • Degree of superheating: 5 K
      • Degree of subcooling: 5 K
      • Compressor efficiency: 70%
      • Tables 116 to 144 show these values together with the GWP of each mixed refrigerant.
  • TABLE 116
    Compar- Compar- Compar- Compar- Compar- Compar-
    Compar- ative ative ative ative ative ative
    ative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
    Exam- ple 2 ple 3 ple 4 ple 5 ple 6 ple 7
    Item Unit ple 1 A B A′ B′ A″ B″
    HFO- Mass % R410A 81.6 0.0 63.1 0.0 48.2 0.0
    1132
    (E)
    R32 Mass % 18.4 18.1 36.9 36.7 51.8 51.5
    R1234yf Mass % 0.0 81.9 0.0 63.3 0.0 48.5
    GWP — 2088 125 125 250 250 350 350
    COP % (relative 100 98.7 103.6 98.7 102.3 99.2 102.2
    Ratio to R410A)
    Refriger- % (relative 100 105.3 62.5 109.9 77.5 112.1 87.3
    ating to R410A)
    Capacity
    Ratio
  • TABLE 117
    Compar- Compar-
    ative Compar- ative
    Exam- ative Exam- Exam- Exam-
    ple 8 Exam- ple 10 Exam- ple 2 Exam- ple 4
    Item Unit C ple 9 C ple 1 R ple 3 T
    HFO- Mass % 85.5 66.1 52.1 37.8 25.5 16.6 8.6
    1132
    (E)
    R32 Mass % 0.0 10.0 18.2 27.6 36.8 44.2 51.6
    R1234yf Mass % 14.5 23.9 29.7 34.6 37.7 39.2 39.8
    GWP — 1 69 125 188 250 300 350
    COP % (relative 99.8 99.3 99.3 99.6 100.2 100.8 101.4
    Ratio to R410A)
    Refriger- % (relative 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5
    ating to R410A)
    Capacity
    Ratio
  • TABLE 118
    Compar- Compar-
    ative ative
    Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
    ple 11 Exam- ple 6 Exam- ple 8 ple 12 Exam- ple 10
    Item Unit E ple 5 N ple 7 U G ple 9 V
    HFO- Mass % 58.3 40.5 27.7 14.9 3.9 39.6 22.8 11.0
    1132
    (E)
    R32 Mass % 0.0 10.0 18.2 27.6 36.7 0.0 10.0 18.1
    R1234yf Mass % 41.7 49.5 54.1 57.5 59.4 60.4 67.2 70.9
    GWP — 2 70 125 189 250 3 70 125
    COP % (relative 100.3 100.3 100.7 101.2 101.9 101.4 101.8 102.3
    Ratio to R410A)
    Refriger- % (relative 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 70.0 70.0 70.0
    ating to R410A)
    Capacity
    Ratio
  • TABLE 119
    Comparative
    Example 13 Example 12 Example 14 Example 16 Example 17
    Item Unit I Example 11 J Example 13 K Example 15 L Q
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 72.0 57.2 48.5 41.2 35.6 32.0 28.9 44.6
    R32 Mass % 0.0 10.0 18.3 27.6 36.8 44.2 51.7 23.0
    R1234yf Mass % 28.0 32.8 33.2 31.2 27.6 23.8 19.4 32.4
    GWP — 2 69 125 188 250 300 350 157
    COP Ratio % (relative to 99.9 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.6 99.8 100.1 99.4
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to
    Capacity R410A) 86.6 88.4 90.9 94.2 97.7 100.5 103.3 92.5
    Ratio
  • TABLE 120
    Comparative
    Example 14 Example 19 Example 21
    Item Unit M Example 18 W Example 20 N Example 22
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 52.6 39.2 32.4 29.3 27.7 24.5
    R32 Mass % 0.0 5.0 10.0 14.5 18.2 27.6
    R1234yf Mass % 47.4 55.8 57.6 56.2 54.1 47.9
    GWP — 2 36 70 100 125 188
    COP Ratio % (relative to 100.5 100.9 100.9 100.8 100.7 100.4
    R410A)
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 77.1 74.8 75.6 77.8 80.0 85.5
    Ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 121
    Example Example Example
    23 Example 25 26
    Item Unit O 24 P S
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 22.6 21.2 20.5 21.9
    R32 Mass % 36.8 44.2 51.7 39.7
    R1234yf Mass % 40.6 34.6 27.8 38.4
    GWP — 250 300 350 270
    COP Ratio % (relative 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.4
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 91.0 95.0 99.1 92.5
    Capacity Ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 122
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Item Unit Example 15 Example 16 Example 17 Example 18 Example 27 Example 28 Example 19 Example 20
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
    R32 Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
    R1234yf Mass % 85.0 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0
    GWP — 37 37 37 36 36 36 35 35
    COP Ratio % (relative to 103.4 102.6 101.6 100.8 100.2 99.8 99.6 99.4
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relativie to 56.4 63.3 69.5 75.2 80.5 85.4 90.1 94.4
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 123
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparativie
    Item Unit Example 21 Example 22 Example 29 Example 23 Example 30 Example 24 Example 25 Example 26
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
    R32 Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
    R1234yf Mass % 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
    GWP — 71 71 70 70 70 69 69 69
    COP Ratio % (relative to 103.1 102.1 101.1 100.4 99.8 99.5 99.2 99.1
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 61.8 68.3 74.3 79.7 84.9 89.7 94.2 98.4
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 124
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Item Unit Example 27 Example 31 Example 28 Example 32 Example 33 Example 29 Example 30 Example 31
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
    R32 Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
    R1234yf Mass % 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0
    GWP — 104 104 104 103 103 103 103 102
    COP Ratio % (relative to 102.7 101.6 100.7 100.0 99.5 99.2 99.0 98.9
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 66.6 72.9 78.6 84.0 89.0 93.7 98.1 102.2
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 125
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Item Unit Example 32 Example 33 Example 34 Example 35 Example 36 Example 37 Example 38 Example 39
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 10.0
    R32 Mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0
    R1234yf Mass % 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 65.0
    GWP — 138 138 137 137 137 136 136 171
    COP Ratio % (relative to 102.3 101.2 100.4 99.7 99.3 99.0 98.8 101.9
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 71.0 77.1 82.7 88.0 92.9 97.5 101.7 75.0
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 126
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Item Unit Example 34 Example 40 Example 41 Example 42 Example 43 Example 44 Example 45 Example 35
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 10.0 20.0
    R32 Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0
    R1234yf Mass % 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 60.0 50.0
    GWP — 171 171 171 170 170 170 205 205
    COP Ratio % (relative to 100.9 100.1 99.6 99.2 98.9 98.7 101.6 100.7
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 81.0 86.6 91.7 96.5 101.0 105.2 78.9 84.8
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 127
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Item Unit Example 46 Example 47 Example 48 Example 49 Example 36 Example 37 Example 38 Example 50
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
    R32 Mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0
    R1234yf Mass % 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0
    GWP — 204 204 204 204 239 238 238 238
    COP Ratio % (relative to 100.0 99.5 99.1 98.8 101.4 100.6 99.9 99.4
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 90.2 95.3 100.0 104.4 82.5 88.3 93.7 98.6
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 128
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Item Unit Example 51 Example 52 Example 53 Example 54 Example 39 Example 55 Example 56 Example 57
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 60.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 10.0
    R32 Mass % 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 45.0
    R1234yf Mass % 15.0 5.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 45.0
    GWP — 237 237 272 272 272 271 271 306
    COP Ratio % (relative to 99.0 98.8 101.3 100.6 99.9 99.4 99.0 101.3
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 103.2 107.5 86.0 91.7 96.9 101.8 106.3 89.3
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 129
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Item Unit Example 40 Example 41 Example 58 Example 59 Example 60 Example 42 Example 61 Example 62
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
    R32 Mass % 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
    R1234yf Mass % 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
    GWP — 305 305 305 304 339 339 339 338
    COP Ratio % (relative to 100.6 100.0 99.5 99.1 101.3 100.6 100.0 99.5
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 94.9 100.0 104.7 109.2 92.4 97.8 102.9 107.5
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 130
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Item Unit Example 63 Example 64 Example 65 Example 66 Example 43 Example 44 Example 45 Example 46
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 56.0 59.0 62.0 65.0
    R32 Mass % 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
    R1234yf Mass % 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 41.0 38.0 35.0 32.0
    GWP — 373 372 372 372 22 22 22 22
    COP Ratio % (relative to 101.4 100.7 100.1 99.6 100.1 100.0 99.9 99.8
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 95.3 100.6 105.6 110.2 81.7 83.2 84.6 86.0
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 131
    Item Unit Example 47 Example 48 Example 49 Example 50 Example 51 Example 52 Example 53 Example 54
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 49.0 52.0 55.0 58.0 61.0 43.0 46.0 49.0
    R32 Mass % 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
    R1234yf Mass % 45.0 42.0 39.0 36.0 33.0 48.0 45.0 42.0
    GWP — 43 43 43 43 42 63 63 63
    COP Ratio % (relative to 100.2 100.0 99.9 99.8 99.7 100.3 100.1 99.9
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 80.9 82.4 83.9 85.4 86.8 80.4 82.0 83.5
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 132
    Item Unit Example 55 Example 56 Example 57 Example 58 Example 59 Example 60 Example 61 Example 62
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 52.0 55.0 58.0 38.0 41.0 44.0 47.0 50.0
    R32 Mass % 9.0 9.0 9.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
    R1234yf Mass % 39.0 36.0 33.0 50.0 47.0 44.0 41.0 38.0
    GWP — 63 63 63 83 83 83 83 83
    COP Ratio % (relative to 99.8 99.7 99.6 100.3 100.1 100.0 99.8 99.7
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 85.0 86.5 87.9 80.4 82.0 83.5 85.1 86.6
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 133
    Item Unit Example 63 Example 64 Example 65 Example 66 Example 67 Example 68 Example 69 Example 70
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 53.0 33.0 36.0 39.0 42.0 45.0 48.0 51.0
    R32 Mass % 12.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
    R1234yf Mass % 35.0 52.0 49.0 46.0 43.0 40.0 37.0 34.0
    GWP — 83 104 104 103 103 103 103 103
    COP Ratio % (relative to 99.6 100.5 100.3 100.1 99.9 99.7 99.6 99.5
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 88.0 80.3 81.9 83.5 85.0 86.5 88.0 89.5
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 134
    Item Unit Example 71 Example 72 Example 73 Example 74 Example 75 Example 76 Example 77 Example 78
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 29.0 32.0 35.0 38.0 41.0 44.0 47.0 36.0
    R32 Mass % 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 3.0
    R1234yf Mass % 53.0 50.0 47.0 44.0 41.0 38.0 35.0 61.0
    GWP — 124 124 124 124 124 123 123 23
    COP Ratio % (relative to 100.6 100.3 100.1 99.9 99.8 99.6 99.5 101.3
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 80.6 82.2 83.8 85.4 86.9 88.4 89.9 71.0
    Capacity R410A)
    Ratio
  • TABLE 135
    Item Unit Example 79 Example 80 Example 81 Example 82
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 39.0 42.0 30.0 33.0
    R32 Mass % 3.0 3.0 6.0 6.0
    R1234yf Mass % 58.0 55.0 64.0 61.0
    GWP — 23 23 43 43
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.1 100.9 101.5 101.3
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 72.7 74.4 70.5 72.2
    Ratio R410A)
    Example 83 Example 84 Example 85 Example 86
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 36.0 26.0 29.0 32.0
    R32 Mass % 6.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
    R1234yf Mass % 58.0 65.0 62.0 59.0
    GWP — 43 64 64 63
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.0 101.6 101.3 101.1
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 73.9 71.0 72.8 74.5
    Ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 136
    Item Unit Example 87 Example 88 Example 89 Example 90
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0
    R32 Mass % 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
    R1234yf Mass % 67.0 64.0 61.0 58.0
    GWP — 84 84 84 84
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.8 101.5 101.2 101.0
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 70.8 72.6 74.3 76.0
    Ratio R410A)
    Example 91 Example 92 Example 93 Example 94
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0
    R32 Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
    R1234yf Mass % 69.0 66.0 63.0 60.0
    GWP — 104 104 104 104
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 102.1 101.8 101.4 101.2
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 70.4 72.3 74.0 75.8
    Ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 137
    Item Unit Example 95 Example 96 Example 97 Example 98
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 28.0 12.0 15.0 18.0
    R32 Mass % 15.0 18.0 18.0 18.0
    R1234yf Mass % 57.0 70.0 67.0 64.0
    GWP — 104 124 124 124
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.9 102.2 101.9 101.6
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 77.5 70.5 72.4 74.2
    Ratio R410A)
    Example 99 Example 100 Example 101 Example 102
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 21.0 24.0 27.0 25.0
    R32 Mass % 18.0 18.0 18.0 21.0
    R1234yf Mass % 61.0 58.0 55.0 54.0
    GWP — 124 124 124 144
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.3 101.0 100.7 100.7
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 76.0 77.7 79.4 80.7
    Ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 138
    Item Unit Example 103 Example 104 Example 105 Example 106
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 21.0 24.0 17.0 20.0
    R32 Mass % 24.0 24.0 27.0 27.0
    R1234yf Mass % 55.0 52.0 56.0 53.0
    GWP — 164 164 185 185
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.9 100.6 101.1 100.8
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 80.8 82.5 80.8 82.5
    Ratio R410A)
    Example 107 Example 108 Example 109 Example 110
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 23.0 13.0 16.0 19.0
    R32 Mass % 27.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
    R1234yf Mass % 50.0 57.0 54.0 51.0
    GWP — 184 205 205 205
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.6 101.3 101.0 100.8
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 84.2 80.7 82.5 84.2
    Ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 139
    Item Unit Example 111 Example 112 Example 113 Example 114
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 22.0 9.0 12.0 15.0
    R32 Mass % 30.0 33.0 33.0 33.0
    R1234yf Mass % 48.0 58.0 55.0 52.0
    GWP — 205 225 225 225
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.5 101.6 101.3 101.0
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 85.9 80.5 82.3 84.1
    Ratio R410A)
    Example 115 Example 116 Example 117 Example 118
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 18.0 21.0 8.0 12.0
    R32 Mass % 33.0 33.0 36.0 36.0
    R1234yf Mass % 49.0 46.0 56.0 52.0
    GWP — 225 225 245 245
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.8 100.5 101.6 101.2
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 85.8 87.5 82.0 84.4
    Ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 140
    Item Unit Example 119 Example 120 Example 121 Example 122
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 15.0 18.0 21.0 42.0
    R32 Mass % 36.0 36.0 36.0 25.0
    R1234yf Mass % 49.0 46.0 43.0 33.0
    GWP — 245 245 245 170
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.0 100.7 100.5 99.5
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 86.2 87.9 89.6 92.7
    Ratio R410A)
    Example 123 Example 124 Example 125 Example 126
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 39.0 34.0 37.0 30.0
    R32 Mass % 28.0 31.0 31.0 34.0
    R1234yf Mass % 33.0 35.0 32.0 36.0
    GWP — 191 211 211 231
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 99.5 99.8 99.6 99.9
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 93.4 93.0 94.5 93.0
    Ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 141
    Item Unit Example 127 Example 128 Example 129 Example 130
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 33.0 36.0 24.0 27.0
    R32 Mass % 34.0 34.0 37.0 37.0
    R1234yf Mass % 33.0 30.0 39.0 36.0
    GWP — 231 231 252 251
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 99.8 99.6 100.3 100.1
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 94.5 96.0 91.9 93.4
    Ratio R410A)
    Example 131 Example 132 Example 133 Example 134
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 30.0 33.0 23.0 26.0
    R32 Mass % 37.0 37.0 40.0 40.0
    R1234yf Mass % 33.0 30.0 37.0 34.0
    GWP — 251 251 272 272
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 99.9 99.8 100.4 100.2
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 95.0 96.5 93.3 94.9
    Ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 142
    Item Unit Example 135 Example 136 Example 137 Example 138
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 29.0 32.0 19.0 22.0
    R32 Mass % 40.0 40.0 43.0 43.0
    R1234yf Mass % 31.0 28.0 38.0 35.0
    GWP — 272 271 292 292
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.0 99.8 100.6 100.4
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 96.4 97.9 93.1 94.7
    Ratio R410A)
    Example 139 Example 140 Example 141 Example 142
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 25.0 28.0 31.0 18.0
    R32 Mass % 43.0 43.0 43.0 46.0
    R1234yf Mass % 32.0 29.0 26.0 36.0
    GWP — 292 292 292 312
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.2 100.1 99.9 100.7
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 96.2 97.8 99.3 94.4
    Ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 143
    Item Unit Example 143 Example 144 Example 145 Example 146
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 21.0 23.0 26.0 29.0
    R32 Mass % 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0
    R1234yf Mass % 33.0 31.0 28.0 25.0
    GWP — 312 312 312 312
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 100.5 100.4 100.2 100.0
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 96.0 97.0 98.6 100.1
    Ratio R410A)
    Example 147 Example 148 Example 149 Example 150
    HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 13.0 16.0 19.0 22.0
    R32 Mass % 49.0 49.0 49.0 49.0
    R1234yf Mass % 38.0 35.0 32.0 29.0
    GWP — 332 332 332 332
    COP Ratio % (relative to R410A) 101.1 100.9 100.7 100.5
    Refrigerating Capacity % (relative to 93.5 95.1 96.7 98.3
    Ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 144
    Item Unit Example 151 Example 152
    HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 28.0
    R32 Mass % 49.0 49.0
    R1234yf Mass % 26.0 23.0
    GWP — 332 332
    COP Ratio % (relative 100.3 100.1
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 99.8 101.3
    Capacity Ratio to R410A)
      • The results also indicate that under the condition that the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments U, JN, NE, and EI that connect the following 4 points:
        point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),
        point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2),
        point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and
        point E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment EI),
      • the line segment U is represented by coordinates (0.0236y2−1.7616y+72.0, y, −0.0236y2+0.7616y+28.0),
      • the line segment NE is represented by coordinates (0.012y2−1.9003y+58.3, y, −0.012y2+0.9003y+41.7), and
      • the line segments JN and EI are straight lines, the refrigerant D has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or less, and a WCF lower flammability.
      • The results also indicate that under the condition that the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MM′, M′N, NV, VG, and GM that connect the following 5 points:
        point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4),
        point M′ (39.2, 5.0, 55.8),
        point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1),
        point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), and
        point G (39.6, 0.0, 60.4),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM),
      • the line segment MM′ is represented by coordinates (0.132y2−3.34y+52.6, y, −0.132y2+2.34y+47.4),
      • the line segment M′N is represented by coordinates (0.0596y2−2.2541y+48.98, y, −0.0596y2+1.2541y+51.02),
      • the line segment VG is represented by coordinates (0.0123y2−1.8033y+39.6, y, −0.0123y2+0.8033y+60.4), and
      • the line segments NV and GM are straight lines, the refrigerant D according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 70% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.
      • The results also indicate that under the condition that the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments ON, NU, and UO that connect the following 3 points:
        point O (22.6, 36.8, 40.6),
        point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and
        point U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4),
        or on these line segments,
      • the line segment ON is represented by coordinates (0.0072y2−0.6701y+37.512, y, −0.0072y2−0.3299y+62.488),
      • the line segment NU is represented by coordinates (0.0083y2−1.7403y+56.635, y, −0.0083y2+0.7403y+43.365), and
      • the line segment UO is a straight line, the refrigerant D according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 250 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.
      • The results also indicate that under the condition that the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connect the following 5 points:
        point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4),
        point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7),
        point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),
        point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), and
        point K (35.6, 36.8, 27.6),
        or on these line segments,
      • the line segment QR is represented by coordinates (0.0099y2−1.975y+84.765, y, −0.0099y2+0.975y+15.235),
      • the line segment RT is represented by coordinates (0.0082y2−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y2+0.8683y+16.874),
      • the line segment LK is represented by coordinates (0.0049y2−0.8842y+61.488, y, −0.0049y2−0.1158y+38.512),
      • the line segment KQ is represented by coordinates (0.0095y2−1.2222y+67.676, y, −0.0095y2+0.2222y+32.324), and
      • the line segment TL is a straight line, the refrigerant D according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and a WCF lower flammability.
      • The results further indicate that under the condition that the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:
        point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8),
        point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), and
        point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),
        or on these line segments,
      • the line segment PS is represented by coordinates (0.0064y2−0.7103y+40.1, y, −0.0064y2−0.2897y+59.9),
      • the line segment ST is represented by coordinates (0.0082y2−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y2+0.8683y+16.874), and
      • the line segment TP is a straight line, the refrigerant D according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.
    (5-5) Refrigerant E
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is a mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-123), and difluoromethane (R32).
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure has various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative refrigerant, i.e., a coefficient of performance equivalent to that of R410A and a sufficiently low GWP.
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments IK, KB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GI that connect the following 6 points:
        point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
        point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4),
        point B′(0.0, 81.6, 18.4),
        point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8),
        point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
        point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B′H and GI);
      • the line segment IK is represented by coordinates
        (0.025z2−1.7429z+72.00, −0.025z2+0.7429z+28.0, z),
      • the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
        (−0.3123z2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z2−5.234z+88.94, z),
      • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
      • the line segments KB′ and GI are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has WCF lower flammability, a COP ratio of 93% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments IJ, JR, RG, and GI that connect the following 4 points:
        point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
        point J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5),
        point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
        point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GI);
      • the line segment I is represented by coordinates
        (0.025z2−1.7429z+72.0, −0.025z2+0.7429z+28.0, z),
      • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
      • the line segments JR and GI are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has WCF lower flammability, a COP ratio of 93% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MP, PB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GM that connect the following 6 points:
        point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
        point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4),
        point B′ (0.0, 81.6, 18.4),
        point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8),
        point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
        point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B′H and GM);
      • the line segment MP is represented by coordinates
        (0.0083z2−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z2−0.016z+52.9, z),
      • the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
        (−0.3123z2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z2−5.234z+88.94, z),
      • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
      • the line segments PB′ and GM are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of 93% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MN, NR, RG, and GM that connect the following 4 points:
        point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
        point N (38.5, 52.1, 9.5),
        point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
        point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);
      • the line segment MN is represented by coordinates
        (0.0083z2−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z2−0.016z+52.9, z),
      • the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z),
      • the line segments NR and GM are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of 93% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 65 or less.
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:
        point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4),
        point S (25.4, 56.2, 18.4), and
        point T (34.8, 51.0, 14.2),
        or on these line segments;
      • the line segment ST is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0982z2+0.9622z+40.931, 0.0982z2−1.9622z+59.069, z),
      • the line segment TP is represented by coordinates
        (0.0083z2−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z2−0.016z+52.9, z), and
      • the line segment PS is a straight line. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of 94.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments QB″, B″D, DU, and UQ that connect the following 4 points:
        point Q (28.6, 34.4, 37.0),
        point B″ (0.0, 63.0, 37.0),
        point D (0.0, 67.0, 33.0), and
        point U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1),
        or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment B″D);
      • the line segment DU is represented by coordinates
        (−3.4962z2+210.71z−3146.1, 3.4962z2−211.71z+3246.1, z),
      • the line segment UQ is represented by coordinates
        (0.0135z2−0.9181z+44.133, −0.0135z2−0.0819z+55.867, z), and
      • the line segments QB″ and B″D are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of 96% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 250 or less.
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments Oc′, c′d′, d′e′, e′a′, and a′O that connect the following 5 points:
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        point c′(56.7, 43.3, 0.0),
        point d′ (52.2, 38.3, 9.5),
        point e′(41.8, 39.8, 18.4), and
        point a′ (81.6, 0.0, 18.4),
        or on the line segments c′d′, d′e′, and e′a′ (excluding the points c′ and a′);
      • the line segment c′d′ is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0297z2−0.1915z+56.7, 0.0297z2+1.1915z+43.3, z),
      • the line segment d′e′ is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0535z2+0.3229z+53.957, 0.0535z2+0.6771z+46.043, z), and
      • the line segments Oc′, e′a′, and a′O are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a COP ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.
  • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments Oc, cd, de, ea′, and a′O that connect the following 5 points:
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        point c (77.7, 22.3, 0.0),
        point d (76.3, 14.2, 9.5),
        point e (72.2, 9.4, 18.4), and
        point a′ (81.6, 0.0, 18.4),
        or on the line segments cd, de, and ea′ (excluding the points c and a′);
      • the line segment cde is represented by coordinates
        (−0.017z2+0.0148z+77.684, 0.017z2+0.9852z+22.316, z), and
      • the line segments Oc, ea′, and a′O are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments Oc′, c′d′, d′a, and aO that connect the following 5 points:
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        point c′(56.7, 43.3, 0.0),
        point d′(52.2, 38.3, 9.5), and
        point a (90.5, 0.0, 9.5),
        or on the line segments c′d′ and d′a (excluding the points c′ and a);
      • the line segment c′d′ is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0297z2−0.1915z+56.7, 0.0297z2+1.1915z+43.3, z), and
      • the line segments Oc′, d′a, and aO are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a COP ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 65 or less.
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is preferably a refrigerant wherein
      • when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments Oc, cd, da, and aO that connect the following 4 points:
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        point c (77.7, 22.3, 0.0),
        point d (76.3, 14.2, 9.5), and
        point a (90.5, 0.0, 9.5),
        or on the line segments cd and da (excluding the points c and a);
      • the line segment cd is represented by coordinates
        (−0.017z2+0.0148z+77.684, 0.017z2+0.9852z+22.316, z), and
      • the line segments Oc, da, and aO are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 65 or less.
      • The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure may further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32, as long as the above properties and effects are not impaired. In this respect, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure preferably comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, and even more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire refrigerant.
      • Such additional refrigerants are not limited, and can be selected from a wide range of refrigerants. The mixed refrigerant may comprise a single additional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.
    (Examples of Refrigerant E)
      • The present disclosure is described in more detail below with reference to Examples of refrigerant E. However, the refrigerant E is not limited to the Examples.
      • Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 at mass % based on their sum shown in Tables 145 and 146.
      • The composition of each mixture was defined as WCF. A leak simulation was performed using National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Data Base Refleak Version 4.0 under the conditions for equipment, storage, shipping, leak, and recharge according to the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. The most flammable fraction was defined as WCFF.
      • For each mixed refrigerant, the burning velocity was measured according to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. When the burning velocities of the WCF composition and the WCFF composition are 10 cm/s or less, the flammability of such a refrigerant is classified as Class 2L (lower flammability) in the ASHRAE flammability classification.
      • A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner. First, the mixed refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge. The burning velocity was measured by the closed method. The initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignition was performed by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spread of the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindrical container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell, and a xenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
      • Tables 145 and 146 show the results.
  • TABLE 145
    Item Unit I J K L
    WCF HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 57.7 48.4 35.5
    HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 32.8 33.2 27.5
    R32 mass % 0.0 9.5 18.4 37.0
    Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 10 10 10 10
  • TABLE 146
    Item Unit M N T P U Q
    WCF HFO- mass 47.1 38.5 34.8 31.8 28.7 28.6
    1132(E) %
    HFO-1123 mass 52.9 52.1 51.0 49.8 41.2 34.4
    %
    R32 mass 0.0 9.5 14.2 18.4 30.1 37.0
    %
    Leak condition that results in Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage,
    WCFF Shipping, Shipping, Shipping, Shipping, Shipping, Shipping,
    −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C., −40° C.,
    92%, 92%, 92%, 92%, 92%, 92%,
    release, release, release, release, release, release,
    on the liquid on the liquid on the liquid on the liquid on the liquid on the liquid
    phase side phase side phase side phase side phase side phase side
    WCFF HFO- mass 72.0 58.9 51.5 44.6 31.4 27.1
    1132 (E) %
    HFO-1123 mass 28.0 32.4 33.1 32.6 23.2 18.3
    %
    R32 mass 0.0 8.7 15.4 22.8 45.4 54.6
    %
    Burning velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less
    (WCF)
    Burning velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10
    (WCFF)
      • The results in Table 1 indicate that in a ternary composition diagram of a mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 in which their sum is 100 mass %, a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on or below line segments IK and KL that connect the following 3 points:
        point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
        point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4), and
        point L (35.5, 27.5, 37.0);
        the line segment IK is represented by coordinates
        (0.025z2−1.7429z+72.00, −0.025z2+0.7429z+28.00, z), and
        the line segment KL is represented by coordinates
        (0.0098z2−1.238z+67.852, −0.0098z2+0.238z+32.148, z),
        it can be determined that the refrigerant has WCF lower flammability.
      • For the points on the line segment IK, an approximate curve (x=0.025z2−1.7429z+72.00) was obtained from three points, i.e., I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5), and K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4) by using the least-square method to determine coordinates (x=0.025z2−1.7429z+72.00, y=100−z−x=−0.00922z2+0.2114z+32.443, z).
      • Likewise, for the points on the line segment KL, an approximate curve was determined from three points, i.e., K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4), Example 10 (41.1, 31.2, 27.7), and L (35.5, 27.5, 37.0) by using the least-square method to determine coordinates.
      • The results in Table 146 indicate that in a ternary composition diagram of a mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 in which their sum is 100 mass %, a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on or below line segments MP and PQ that connect the following 3 points:
        point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
        point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4), and
        point Q (28.6, 34.4, 37.0),
        it can be determined that the refrigerant has ASHRAE lower flammability.
      • In the above, the line segment MP is represented by coordinates (0.0083z2−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z2−0.016z+52.9, z), and the line segment PQ is represented by coordinates
        (0.0135z2−0.9181z+44.133, −0.0135z2−0.0819z+55.867, z).
      • For the points on the line segment MP, an approximate curve was obtained from three points, i.e., points M, N, and P, by using the least-square method to determine coordinates. For the points on the line segment PQ, an approximate curve was obtained from three points, i.e., points P, U, and Q, by using the least-square method to determine coordinates.
      • The GWP of compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A (R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report. The GWP of HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed to be 1 from HFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3, described in WO2015/141678). The refrigerating capacity of compositions each comprising R410A and a mixture of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 was determined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle calculations for the mixed refrigerants using the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.
      • The COP ratio and the refrigerating capacity (which may be referred to as “cooling capacity” or “capacity”) ratio relative to those of R410 of the mixed refrigerants were determined. The conditions for calculation were as described below.
        Evaporating temperature: 5° C.
        Condensation temperature: 45° C.
        Degree of superheating: 5K
        Degree of subcooling: 5K
        Compressor efficiency: 70%
      • Tables 147 to 166 show these values together with the GWP of each mixed refrigerant.
  • TABLE 147
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Comparative Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Example 2 3 4 5 6 7
    Item Unit 1 A B A′ B′ A″ B″
    HFO-1132(E) mass % R410A 90.5 0.0 81.6 0.0 63.0 0.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 0.0 90.5 0.0 81.6 0.0 63.0
    R32 mass % 9.5 9.5 18.4 18.4 37.0 37.0
    GWP — 2088 65 65 125 125 250 250
    COP ratio % 100 99.1 92.0 98.7 93.4 98.7 96.1
    (relative
    to
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % 100 102.2 111.6 105.3 113.7 110.0 115.4
    capacity (relative
    ratio to
    R410A)
  • TABLE 148
    Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Example Example Comparative Example Example
    8 9 Example 1 Example 11
    Item Unit O C 10 U 2 D
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 100.0 50.0 41.1 28.7 15.2 0.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 0.0 31.6 34.6 41.2 52.7 67.0
    R32 mass % 0.0 18.4 24.3 30.1 32.1 33.0
    GWP — 1 125 165 204 217 228
    COP ratio % (relative 99.7 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 98.3 109.9 111.7 113.5 114.8 115.4
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 149
    Comparative Comparative
    Example Comparative Example Example Example
    12 Example 3 4 14
    Item Unit E 13 T S F
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 53.4 43.4 34.8 25.4 0.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 46.6 47.1 51.0 56.2 74.1
    R32 mass % 0.0 9.5 14.2 18.4 25.9
    GWP — 1 65 97 125 176
    COP ratio % (relative to 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 105.6 109.2 110.8 112.3 114.8
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 150
    Comparative Comparative
    Example Example Example
    15 Example 6 Example 16
    Item Unit G 5 R 7 H
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 38.5 31.5 23.1 16.9 0.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 61.5 63.5 67.4 71.1 84.2
    R32 mass % 0.0 5.0 9.5 12.0 15.8
    GWP — 1 35 65 82 107
    COP ratio % (relative to
    R410A) 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0
    Refrigerating % (relative to 107.0 109.1 110.9 111.9 113.2
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 151
    Comparative
    Example Comparative
    17 Example 8 Example 9 Comparative Example 19
    Item Unit I J K Example 18 L
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 57.7 48.4 41.1 35.5
    HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 32.8 33.2 31.2 27.5
    R32 mass % 0.0 9.5 18.4 27.7 37.0
    GWP — 1 65 125 188 250
    COP ratio % (relative to 96.6 95.8 95.9 96.4 97.1
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 103.1 107.4 110.1 112.1 113.2
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 152
    Comparative Example Example Example
    Example 20 10 11 12
    Item Unit M N P Q
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 47.1 38.5 31.8 28.6
    HFO-1123 mass % 52.9 52.1 49.8 34.4
    R32 mass % 0.0 9.5 18.4 37.0
    GWP — 1 65 125 250
    COP ratio % (relative 93.9 94.1 94.7 96.9
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 106.2 109.7 112.0 114.1
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 153
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit
    22 23 24 14 15 16 25 26
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 85.0 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0
    R32 mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
    GWP — 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
    COP ratio % 91.7 92.2 92.9 93.7 94.6 95.6 96.7 97.7
    (relative
    to
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % 110.1 109.8 109.2 108.4 107.4 106.1 104.7 103.1
    capacity (relative
    ratio to
    R410A)
  • TABLE 154
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 27 28 29 17 18 19 30 31
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 90.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 5.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0
    R32 mass % 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
    GWP — 35 68 68 68 68 68 68 68
    COP ratio % 98.8 92.4 92.9 93.5 94.3 95.1 96.1 97.0
    (relative
    to
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % 101.4 111.7 111.3 110.6 109.6 108.5 107.2 105.7
    capacity (relative
    ratio to
    R410A)
  • TABLE 155
    Comparative Comparative
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Comparative Example
    Item Unit
    32 20 21 22 23 24 Example 33 34
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 80.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 10.0 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0
    R32 mass % 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
    GWP — 68 102 102 102 102 102 102 102
    COP ratio % (relative 98.0 93.1 93.6 94.2 94.9 95.6 96.5 97.4
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 104.1 112.9 112.4 111.6 110.6 109.4 108.1 106.6
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 156
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
    HFO-1132(E) ass % 80.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 5.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
    R32 mass % 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
    GWP — 102 136 136 136 136 136 136 136
    COP ratio % (relative 98.3 93.9 94.3 94.8 95.4 96.2 97.0 97.8
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 105.0 113.8 113.2 112.4 111.4 110.2 108.8 107.3
    capacity to R410A)
    ratio
  • TABLE 157
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 10.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 60.0
    R32 mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0
    GWP — 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 203
    COP ratio % (relative 94.6 94.9 95.4 96.0 96.7 97.4 98.2 95.3
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % 114.4 113.8 113.0 111.9 110.7 109.4 107.9 114.8
    capacity (relative
    ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 158
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit
    51 52 53 54 55 25 26 56
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 55.0 45.0 35.0
    R32 mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0
    GWP — 203 203 203 203 203 237 237 237
    COP ratio % (relative 95.6 96.0 96.6 97.2 97.9 96.0 96.3 96.6
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 114.2 113.4 112.4 111.2 109.8 115.1 114.5 113.6
    capacity to R410A)
    ratio
  • TABLE 159
    Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 50.0 60.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 25.0 15.0 5.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
    R32 mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
    GWP — 237 237 237 271 271 271 271 271
    COP ratio % (relative to 97.1 97.7 98.3 96.6 96.9 97.2 97.7 98.2
    R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative to 112.6 111.5 110.2 115.1 114.6 113.8 112.8 111.7
    capacity ratio R410A)
  • TABLE 160
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 35.0 37.0 39.0 41.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0
    R32 mass % 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
    GWP — 14 14 14 14 28 28 28 28
    COP ratio % (relative 93.2 93.4 93.6 93.7 93.2 93.3 93.5 93.7
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 107.7 107.5 107.3 107.2 108.6 108.4 108.2 108.0
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 161
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 43.0 31.0 33.0 35.0 37.0 39.0 41.0 27.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 53.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 53.0 65.0
    R32 mass % 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0
    GWP — 28 41 41 41 41 41 41 55
    COP ratio % (relative 93.9 93.1 93.2 93.4 93.6 93.7 93.9 93.0
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 107.8 109.5 109.3 109.1 109.0 108.8 108.6 110.3
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 162
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 29.0 31.0 33.0 35.0 37.0 39.0 32.0 32.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 50.0
    R32 mass % 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 17.0 18.0
    GWP — 55 55 55 55 55 55 116 122
    COP ratio % (relative 93.2 93.3 93.5 93.6 93.8 94.0 94.5 94.7
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 110.1 110.0 109.8 109.6 109.5 109.3 111.8 111.9
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 163
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit
    51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 30.0 27.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 11.0 13.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 52.0 42.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 54.0 52.0
    R32 mass % 18.0 31.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 35.0 35.0
    GWP — 122 210 223 223 223 223 237 237
    COP ratio % (relative 94.5 96.0 96.0 96.1 96.2 96.3 96.0 96.0
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 112.1 113.7 114.3 114.2 114.0 113.8 115.0 114.9
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 164
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit
    59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 11.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 52.0
    R32 mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 37.0
    GWP — 237 237 237 237 237 237 237 250
    COP ratio % (relative 96.1 96.2 96.2 96.3 96.4 96.4 96.5 96.2
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 114.8 114.7 114.5 114.4 114.2 114.1 113.9 115.1
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 165
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 13.0 15.0 17.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 50.0 48.0 46.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0
    R32 mass % 37.0 37.0 37.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    GWP — 250 250 250 237 237 237 237 237
    COP ratio % (relative 96.3 96.4 96.4 96.1 96.2 96.2 96.3 96.4
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 115.0 114.9 114.7 114.8 114.7 114.5 114.4 114.2
    capacity ratio to R410A)
  • TABLE 166
    Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
    Item Unit 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82
    HFO-1132(E) mass % 25.0 27.0 11.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0
    HFO-1123 mass % 40.0 38.0 52.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0
    R32 mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0
    GWP — 237 237 250 250 250 250 250 250
    COP ratio % (relative 96.4 96.5 96.2 96.5 96.5 96.6 96.7 96.8
    to R410A)
    Refrigerating % (relative 114.1 113.9 115.1 114.6 114.5 114.3 114.1 114.0
    capacity ratio to R410A)
      • The above results indicate that under the condition that the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass %, a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, and the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments that connect the following 4 points:
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        point A″ (63.0, 0.0, 37.0),
        point B″ (0.0, 63.0, 37.0), and
        point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0),
        or on these line segments,
        the refrigerant has a GWP of 250 or less.
  • The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments that connect the following 4 points:
  • point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
    point A′ (81.6, 0.0, 18.4),
    point B′(0.0, 81.6, 18.4), and
    point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0),
    or on these line segments,
    the refrigerant has a GWP of 125 or less.
      • The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments that connect the following 4 points:
        point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        point A (90.5, 0.0, 9.5),
        point B (0.0, 90.5, 9.5), and
        point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0),
        or on these line segments,
        the refrigerant has a GWP of 65 or less.
      • The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the left side of line segments that connect the following 3 points:
        point C (50.0, 31.6, 18.4),
        point U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1), and
        point D (52.2, 38.3, 9.5),
        or on these line segments,
        the refrigerant has a COP ratio of 96% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • In the above, the line segment CU is represented by coordinates (−0.0538z2+0.7888z+53.701, 0.0538z2−1.7888z+46.299, z), and the line segment UD is represented by coordinates
        (−3.4962z2+210.71z−3146.1, 3.4962z2−211.71z+3246.1, z).
      • The points on the line segment CU are determined from three points, i.e., point C, Comparative Example 10, and point U, by using the least-square method.
      • The points on the line segment UD are determined from three points, i.e., point U, Example 2, and point D, by using the least-square method.
      • The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the left side of line segments that connect the following 3 points:
        point E (55.2, 44.8, 0.0),
        point T (34.8, 51.0, 14.2), and
        point F (0.0, 76.7, 23.3),
        or on these line segments,
        the refrigerant has a COP ratio of 94.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • In the above, the line segment ET is represented by coordinates (−0.0547z2−0.5327z+53.4, 0.0547z2−0.4673z+46.6, z), and the line segment TF is represented by coordinates
        (−0.0982z2+0.9622z+40.931, 0.0982z2−1.9622z+59.069, z).
      • The points on the line segment ET are determined from three points, i.e., point E, Example 2, and point T, by using the least-square method.
      • The points on the line segment TF are determined from three points, i.e., points T, S, and F, by using the least-square method.
      • The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the left side of line segments that connect the following 3 points:
        point G (0.0, 76.7, 23.3),
        point R (21.0, 69.5, 9.5), and
        point H (0.0, 85.9, 14.1),
        or on these line segments,
        the refrigerant has a COP ratio of 93% or more relative to that of R410A.
      • In the above, the line segment GR is represented by coordinates (−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and the line segment RH is represented by coordinates
        (−0.3123z2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z2−5.234z+88.94, z).
      • The points on the line segment GR are determined from three points, i.e., point G, Example 5, and point R, by using the least-square method.
      • The points on the line segment RH are determined from three points, i.e., point R, Example 7, and point H, by using the least-square method.
      • In contrast, as shown in, for example, Comparative Examples 8, 9, 13, 15, 17, and 18, when R32 is not contained, the concentrations of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123, which have a double bond, become relatively high; this undesirably leads to deterioration, such as decomposition, or polymerization in the refrigerant compound.
    (6) First Embodiment
  • A refrigeration cycle illustrated in FIG. 16 is a vapor compression refrigeration cycle using a nonazeotropic mixed refrigerant. In FIG. 16, reference sign 1 denotes a compressor, 2 denotes a use-side heat exchanger, 3 denotes a heat-source-side heat exchanger, and 4 denotes a first capillary tube that acts as an expansion mechanism. The devices are connected via a four-way switching valve 5 to constitute a reversible cycle. Reference sign 6 denotes an accumulator.
  • In the present embodiment, the refrigeration cycle is filled with a refrigerant for performing a vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The refrigerant is a mixed refrigerant containing 1,2-difluoroethylene, and can use any one of the above-described refrigerants A to E.
  • In the refrigeration cycle, the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 is divided into a first heat exchange section 31 and a second heat exchange section 32. The first and second heat exchange sections 31 and 32 are connected in series via a second capillary tube 7 serving as a decompression mechanism. During heating operation, the second capillary tube 7 decreases the evaporation pressure of the mixed refrigerant while the mixed refrigerant flows through the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3. Reference sign 8 denotes a check valve provided to cause the mixed refrigerant to bypass the second capillary tube 7 during cooling operation.
  • The compressor 1, the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3, the first capillary tube 4, the four-way switching valve 5, the accumulator 6, and the second capillary tube 7 are disposed in a heat source unit 50 situated outside a room. The use-side heat exchanger 2 is disposed in a use unit 60 situated inside the room.
  • As illustrated in FIG. 17, the use unit 60 has a rear surface that is fixed to a side wall WL in the room. The indoor air flows into the use-side heat exchanger 2 from the front-surface side (the left side in FIG. 17) and the upper-surface side of the use unit 60. The use-side heat exchanger 2 includes a third heat exchange section 21 located on the front-surface side of the use unit 60, and a fourth heat exchange section 22 located on the rear-surface side of the use unit 60. An upper portion of the fourth heat exchange section 22 is located near an upper portion of the third heat exchange section 21. The third heat exchange section 21 extends obliquely downward from the upper portion thereof toward the front-surface side of the use unit 60. The fourth heat exchange section 22 extends obliquely downward from the upper portion thereof toward the rear-surface side of the use unit 60. The capacity of the refrigerant flow path of the third heat exchange section 21 is larger than the capacity of the refrigerant flow path of the fourth heat exchange section 22. The air velocity of the air passing through the third heat exchange section 21 is fast and the air velocity of the air passing through the fourth heat exchange section 22 is slow. The third heat exchange section 21 and the fourth heat exchange section are designed to have the capacities of the refrigerant flow paths in accordance with the air velocities. Thus, the efficiency of heat exchange of the use-side heat exchanger 2 is increased.
  • Next, setting of the decompression amount of each of the capillary tubes 4 and 7 is described based on the Mollier diagram in FIG. 18.
  • In FIG. 18, T1 is an isotherm indicating a frost limit temperature (for example, −3° C.) and T2 is an isotherm indicating a standard outside air temperature (for example, 7° C.) during heating operation.
  • The decompression amount of the first capillary tube 4 on the inlet side of the first heat exchange section 31 is set to a pressure P1 with which the evaporation temperature of the refrigerant at the inlet of the first heat exchange section 31 becomes a temperature T3 that is slightly higher than the frost limit temperature T1 during heating operation.
  • The decompression amount of the second capillary tube 7 disposed between the first and second heat exchange sections 31 and 32 is determined in accordance with the temperature gradient of the mixed refrigerant. Specifically, the decompression amount of the second capillary tube 7 is set to attain decompression to a pressure P2 with which the evaporation temperature at the inlet of the second heat exchange section 32 becomes a temperature T5 that is equal to or higher than the frost limit temperature T1 and the evaporation temperature at the outlet of the second heat exchange section 32 becomes a temperature T6 that is lower than the standard outside air temperature T2.
  • Next, the operation of the refrigeration cycle is described.
  • During heating operation, the four-way switching valve (5) is switched to the state indicated by solid lines in FIG. 16, thereby forming a heating cycle. When the compressor 1 is driven, the mixed refrigerant circulates through the compressor 1, the use-side heat exchanger 2, the first capillary tube 4, the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3, and the accumulator 6 in that order. A change in state of the mixed refrigerant due to the circulation is described using the Mollier diagram in FIG. 18.
  • The mixed refrigerant is discharged as a high-temperature high-pressure gas with a pressure P0 from the compressor 1 (point C1 in FIG. 18). Then, the gas refrigerant is condensed under the same pressure in the use-side heat exchanger 2, and hence the refrigerant is turned into the refrigerant in a liquid state (C2). Next, the refrigerant is expanded (decompressed) in the first capillary tube 4, the refrigerant becomes a state with the pressure P1, and the refrigerant flows into the first heat exchange section 31 of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 (C3).
  • The refrigerant which has flowed into the first heat exchange section 31 starts evaporating at a temperature T3 that is higher than the frost limit temperature T1 near the inlet of the first heat exchange section 31. Due to the evaporation, the evaporation temperature near the outlet of the first heat exchange section 31 increases to T4 (however, T2 or less) (C4). The mixed refrigerant which has flowed out from the first heat exchange section 31 is decompressed in the second capillary tube 7 again and the pressure thereof becomes the pressure P2. By this, the evaporation temperature at the inlet of the second heat exchange section 32 decreases to a temperature T5 that is lower than the evaporation temperature at the outlet of the first heat exchange section 31 and that is higher than the frost limit temperature T1 (C5).
  • By the evaporation in the second heat exchange section 32, the evaporation temperature of the refrigerant increases, and the refrigerant becomes the gas refrigerant at a temperature T6 that is lower than the standard outside air temperature T2 near the outlet of the second heat exchange section 32. Then, the refrigerant returns to the compressor 1 and is compressed again.
  • In this way, since the second capillary tube 7 serving as a decompression mechanism is provided between the first heat exchange section 31 and the second heat exchange section 32 of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3, the difference in the evaporation temperature between the inlet and the outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 decreases. In other words, in the refrigeration cycle, the degree of increase in the evaporation temperature in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 decreases. Accordingly, the evaporation temperature can be shifted within a proper evaporation temperature. The difference between the outside air temperature and the evaporation temperature can be ensured while frost (frosting) in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 is avoided. With the advantageous effects, in the refrigeration cycle, the efficiency of heat exchange of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 increases.
  • Moreover, in the refrigeration cycle, even when a mixed refrigerant having a large temperature gradient of the evaporation temperature is used, a decrease in the capacity of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 is suppressed.
  • When the four-way switching valve 5 is switched to a state indicated by broken lines, a cooling operation can be performed. This is, however, like related art, and the description is omitted.
    • (7) Second Embodiment
  • A refrigeration cycle illustrated in FIG. 19 is a heat pump refrigeration apparatus using a nonazeotropic refrigerant similarly to the above-described refrigeration cycle according to the first embodiment. The different point from the first embodiment is that the composition of the mixed refrigerant is changed to allow the capacity to be increased or decreased in accordance with the load. Specifically, a gas-liquid separator 9 is provided between third and fourth capillary tubes 41 and 42 that operate as an expansion mechanism. A container 11 for storing a refrigerant is provided in a suction gas pipe 10. One end of the container 11 is connected to a gas region of the gas-liquid separator 9 via a first open-close valve 12. The other end of the container 11 is connected to the suction gas pipe 10 via the second open-close valve 13.
  • Bringing the second open-close valve 13 into a closed state and the first open-close valve 12 into an open state allows the mixed refrigerant with a large proportion of a low-boiling-point refrigerant to flow into the container 11 from the gas-liquid separator 9, and hence the refrigerant can be condensed and stored. Accordingly, the composition ratio of a high-boiling-point refrigerant in the circulating mixed refrigerant increases, and the capacity can be decreased.
  • Moreover, bringing the second open-close valve 13 into an open state and the first open-close valve 12 into a closed state allows the composition ratio of the mixed refrigerant to be returned to the original state and the capacity is increased.
  • The other configurations are similar to those of the first embodiment, and hence the same reference sign as that of the configuration according to the first embodiment is applied in FIG. 19 and the description is omitted.
  • In each embodiment described above, the evaporation pressure in the heating operation has two steps; however, the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 may be divided into three or more sections, decompression mechanisms may be provided between the divided heat exchange sections, and the evaporation pressure may be changed by three or more steps.
  • In each embodiment described above, the capillary tube 7 is provided as a decompression mechanism; however, a decompression mechanism may be constituted by determining the inner diameter of the heat transfer tube of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 so as to obtain a proper decompression gradient.
  • Moreover, the decompression amount of the decompression mechanism may not be set such that the evaporation temperature at the inlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 3 is equal to or higher than the frost limit temperature during heating operation.
  • The embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above, and it is understood that the embodiments and details can be modified in various ways without departing from the idea and scope of the present disclosure described in the claims.
    • REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
      • 1 compressor
      • 2 use-side heat exchanger
      • 3 heat-source-side heat exchanger
      • 4 first capillary tube (expansion mechanism)
      • 7 second capillary tube (decompression mechanism)
      • 21 third heat exchange section
      • 22 fourth heat exchange section
      • 31 first heat exchange section
      • 32 second heat exchange section
      • 41 third capillary tube (expansion mechanism)
      • 42 fourth capillary tube (expansion mechanism)
      • 60 use unit
    CITATION LIST Patent Literature
  • PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 57-198968

Claims (27)

1. A refrigeration cycle using a refrigerant which is a flammable refrigerant and which contains at least 1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), comprising:
a compressor;
a heat-source-side heat exchanger;
an expansion mechanism;
a use-side heat exchanger; and
a decompression mechanism that decompresses, between an inlet and an outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger, the mixed refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side heat exchanger that functions as an evaporator.
2. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1, wherein
the decompression mechanism decompresses the refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side heat exchanger in accordance with a temperature gradient of the refrigerant.
3. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1, wherein
the heat-source-side heat exchanger includes a first heat exchange section and a second heat exchange section, and
the decompression mechanism is disposed between the first heat exchange section and the second heat exchange section.
4. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1, wherein
the use-side heat exchanger is disposed in a use unit, and includes a third heat exchange section located on a front-surface side of the use unit, and a fourth heat exchange section located on a rear-surface side of the use unit,
an upper portion of the fourth heat exchange section is located near an upper portion of the third heat exchange section,
the third heat exchange section extends obliquely downward from the upper portion thereof toward the front-surface side of the use unit,
the fourth heat exchange section extends obliquely downward from the upper portion thereof toward the rear-surface side of the use unit, and
a capacity of a refrigerant flow path of the third heat exchange section is larger than a capacity of a refrigerant flow path of the fourth heat exchange section.
5. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).
6. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 5,
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, CO, and OA that connect the following 7 points:
point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),
point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0),
point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), and
point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0),
or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments BD, CO, and OA);
the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
the line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines.
7. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 5,
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments GI, IA, AA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CG that connect the following 8 points:
point G (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),
point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4),
point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),
or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments IA, BD, and CG);
the line segment AA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
the line segments GI, IA, BD, and CG are straight lines.
8. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 5,
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PN, NK, KA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points:
point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
point N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1),
point K (61.3, 5.4, 33.3),
point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),
or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments BD and CJ);
the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x, 0.2421x2−29.955x+931.91, −0.2421x2+28.955x−831.91),
the line segment KA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
the line segments JP, BD, and CG are straight lines.
9. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 5,
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP, PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BD, DC′, C′C, and CJ that connect the following 9 points:
point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),
point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),
point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
point C′(19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0),
or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments BD and CJ);
the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43)
the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
the line segment DC′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x2−0.6671x+80.4, −0.0082x2−0.3329x+19.6),
the line segment C′C is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x2−0.6034x+79.729, −0.0067x2−0.3966x+20.271), and
the line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines.
10. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 5,
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL, LM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TP that connect the following 7 points:
point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),
point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),
point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and
point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),
or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segment BF);
the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x2−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x2−0.2499x+38.2),
the line segment TP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x2−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x2−0.2393x+36.475), and
the line segments LM and BF are straight lines.
11. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 5,
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL, LQ, QR, and RP that connect the following 4 points:
point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2),
point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0),
point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6), and
point R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9),
or on the above line segments;
the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x, −0.1135x2+12.112x−280.43, 0.1135x2−13.112x+380.43),
the line segment RP is represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x2−0.7607x+63.525, −0.00672x2−0.2393x+36.475), and
the line segments LQ and QR are straight lines.
12. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 5,
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments SM, MA′, A′B, BF, FT, and TS that connect the following 6 points:
point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1),
point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5),
point A′ (30.6, 30.0, 39.4),
point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3),
point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and
point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),
or on the above line segments,
the line segment MA′ is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x2−0.9473x+57.497, −0.0016x2−0.0527x+42.503),
the line segment A′B is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x2−1.0268x+58.7, −0.0029x2+0.0268x+41.3),
the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x2−0.7501x+61.8, −0.0078x2−0.2499x+38.2),
the line segment TS is represented by coordinates (x, −0.0017x2−0.7869x+70.888, −0.0017x2−0.2131x+29.112), and
the line segments SM and BF are straight lines.
13. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-132(E)) and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and
the refrigerant comprises 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant.
14. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)) and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and
the refrigerant comprises 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant.
15. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32),
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a,
if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BD′, D′C, and CG that connect the following 6 points:
point G (0.026a2−1.7478a+72.0, −0.026a2+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0),
point I (0.026a2−1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, −0.026a2+0.7478a+28.0),
point A (0.0134a2−1.9681a+68.6, 0.0, −0.0134a2+0.9681a+31.4),
point B (0.0, 0.0144a2−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a2+0.6377a+41.3),
point D′(0.0, 0.0224a2+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a2−1.968a+24.6), and
point C (−0.2304a2−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a2−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0),
or on the straight lines GI, AB, and D′C (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, point D′, and point C);
if 11.1<a<18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
point G (0.02a2−1.6013a+71.105, −0.02a2+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0),
point I (0.02a2−1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, −0.02a2+0.6013a+28.895),
point A (0.0112a2−1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, −0.0112a2+0.9337a+31.516),
point B (0.0, 0.0075a2−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a2+0.5156a+41.801), and
point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W);
if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
point G (0.0135a2−1.4068a+69.727, −0.0135a2+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0),
point I (0.0135a2−1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, −0.0135a2+0.4068a+30.273),
point A (0.0107a2−1.9142a+68.305, 0.0, −0.0107a2+0.9142a+31.695),
point B (0.0, 0.009a2−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a2+0.6045a+40.682), and
point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W);
if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
point G (0.0111a2−1.3152a+68.986, −0.0111a2+0.3152a+31.014, 0.0),
point I (0.0111a2−1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, −0.0111a2+0.3152a+31.014),
point A (0.0103a2−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a2+0.9225a+31.207),
point B (0.0, 0.0046a2−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a2+0.41a+42.714), and
point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W); and
if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5 points:
point G (0.0061a2−0.9918a+63.902, −0.0061a2−0.0082a+36.098, 0.0),
point I (0.0061a2−0.9918a+63.902, 0.0, −0.0061a2−0.0082a+36.098),
point A (0.0085a2−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a2+0.8102a+32.9),
point B (0.0, 0.0012a2−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a2+0.1659a+47.05), and
point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
or on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W).
16. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32),
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a,
if 0<a≤11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100−a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BD′, D′C, and CJ that connect the following 5 points:
point J (0.0049a2−0.9645a+47.1, −0.0049a2−0.0355a+52.9, 0.0),
point K′ (0.0514a2−2.4353a+61.7, −0.0323a2+0.4122a+5.9, −0.0191a2+1.0231a+32.4),
point B (0.0, 0.0144a2−1.6377a+58.7, −0.0144a2+0.6377a+41.3),
point D′(0.0, 0.0224a2+0.968a+75.4, −0.0224a2−1.968a+24.6), and
point C (−0.2304a2−0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a2−0.5938a+67.1, 0.0),
or on the straight lines JK′, K′B, and D′C (excluding point J, point B, point D′, and point C);
if 11.1<a≤18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:
point J (0.0243a2−1.4161a+49.725, −0.0243a2+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0),
point K′(0.0341a2−2.1977a+61.187, −0.0236a2+0.34a+5.636, −0.0105a2+0.8577a+33.177),
point B (0.0, 0.0075a2−1.5156a+58.199, −0.0075a2+0.5156a+41.801), and
point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, and point W);
if 18.2<a≤26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4 points:
point J (0.0246a2−1.4476a+50.184, −0.0246a2+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0),
point K′ (0.0196a2−1.7863a+58.515, −0.0079a2−0.1136a+8.702, −0.0117a2+0.8999a+32.783),
point B (0.0, 0.009a2−1.6045a+59.318, −0.009a2+0.6045a+40.682), and
point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
or on the straight lines JK′ and K′B (excluding point J, point B, and point W);
if 26.7<a≤36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:
point J (0.0183a2−1.1399a+46.493, −0.0183a2+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0),
point K′ (−0.0051a2+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a2−1.0929a+74.05),
point A (0.0103a2−1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, −0.0103a2+0.9225a+31.207),
point B (0.0, 0.0046a2−1.41a+57.286, −0.0046a2+0.41a+42.714), and
point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W); and
if 36.7<a≤46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK′, K′A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following 5 points:
point J (−0.0134a2+1.0956a+7.13, 0.0134a2−2.0956a+92.87, 0.0),
point K′(−1.892a+29.443, 0.0, 0.892a+70.557),
point A (0.0085a2−1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, −0.0085a2+0.8102a+32.9),
point B (0.0, 0.0012a2−1.1659a+52.95, −0.0012a2+0.1659a+47.05), and
point W (0.0, 100.0−a, 0.0),
or on the straight lines JK′, K′A, and AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W).
17. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments IJ, JN, NE, and EI that connect the following 4 points:
point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0),
point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2),
point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and
point E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7),
or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment EI;
the line segment I is represented by coordinates (0.0236y2−1.7616y+72.0, y, −0.0236y2+0.7616y+28.0);
the line segment NE is represented by coordinates (0.012y2−1.9003y+58.3, y, −0.012y2+0.9003y+41.7); and
the line segments JN and EI are straight lines.
18. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MM′, M′N, NV, VG, and GM that connect the following 5 points:
point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4),
point M′(39.2, 5.0, 55.8),
point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1),
point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), and
point G (39.6, 0.0, 60.4),
or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);
the line segment MM′ is represented by coordinates (0.132y2−3.34y+52.6, y, −0.132y2+2.34y+47.4);
the line segment M′N is represented by coordinates (0.0596y2−2.2541y+48.98, y, −0.0596y2+1.2541y+51.02);
the line segment VG is represented by coordinates (0.0123y2−1.8033y+39.6, y, −0.0123y2+0.8033y+60.4); and
the line segments NV and GM are straight lines.
19. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments ON, NU, and UO that connect the following 3 points:
point O (22.6, 36.8, 40.6),
point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and
point U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4),
or on these line segments;
the line segment ON is represented by coordinates (0.0072y2−0.6701y+37.512, y, −0.0072y2−0.3299y+62.488);
the line segment NU is represented by coordinates (0.0083y2−1.7403y+56.635, y, −0.0083y2+0.7403y+43.365); and
the line segment UO is a straight line.
20. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connect the following 5 points:
point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4),
point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7),
point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),
point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), and
point K (35.6, 36.8, 27.6),
or on these line segments;
the line segment QR is represented by coordinates (0.0099y2−1.975y+84.765, y, −0.0099y2+0.975y+15.235);
the line segment RT is represented by coordinates (0.0082y2−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y2+0.8683y+16.874);
the line segment LK is represented by coordinates (0.0049y2−0.8842y+61.488, y, −0.0049y2−0.1158y+38.512);
the line segment KQ is represented by coordinates (0.0095y2−1.2222y+67.676, y, −0.0095y2+0.2222y+32.324); and
the line segment TL is a straight line.
21. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:
point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8),
point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), and
point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),
or on these line segments;
the line segment PS is represented by coordinates (0.0064y2−0.7103y+40.1, y, −0.0064y2−0.2897y+59.9);
the line segment ST is represented by coordinates (0.0082y2−1.8683y+83.126, y, −0.0082y2+0.8683y+16.874); and
the line segment TP is a straight line.
22. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32),
wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments IK, KB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GI that connect the following 6 points:
point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4),
point B′ (0.0, 81.6, 18.4),
point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8),
point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B′H and GI);
the line segment IK is represented by coordinates
(0.025z2−1.7429z+72.00, −0.025z2+0.7429z+28.0, z),
the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
(−0.3123z2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z2−5.234z+88.94, z),
the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
the line segments KB′ and GI are straight lines.
23. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments IJ, JR, RG, and GI that connect the following 4 points:
point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
point J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5),
point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GI);
the line segment I is represented by coordinates
(0.025z2−1.7429z+72.0, −0.025z2+0.7429z+28.0, z),
the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
the line segments JR and GI are straight lines.
24. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32) wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MP, PB′, B′H, HR, RG, and GM that connect the following 6 points:
point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4),
point B′ (0.0, 81.6, 18.4),
point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8),
point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B′H and GM);
the line segment MP is represented by coordinates
(0.0083z2−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z2−0.016z+52.9, z),
the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
(−0.3123z2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z2−5.234z+88.94, z),
the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
the line segments PB′ and GM are straight lines.
25. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MN, NR, RG, and GM that connect the following 4 points:
point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
point N (38.5, 52.1, 9.5),
point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and
point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0),
or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);
the line segment MN is represented by coordinates
(0.0083z2−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z2−0.016z+52.9, z),
the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(−0.0491z2−1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
the line segments JR and GI are straight lines.
26. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:
point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4),
point S (25.4, 56.2, 18.4), and
point T (34.8, 51.0, 14.2),
or on these line segments;
the line segment ST is represented by coordinates
(−0.0982z2+0.9622z+40.931, 0.0982z2−1.9622z+59.069, z),
the line segment TP is represented by coordinates
(0.0083z2−0.984z+47.1, −0.0083z2−0.016z+52.9, z), and
the line segment PS is a straight line.
27. The refrigeration cycle according to claim 1,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32) wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments QB″, B″D, DU, and UQ that connect the following 4 points:
point Q (28.6, 34.4, 37.0),
point B″ (0.0, 63.0, 37.0),
point D (0.0, 67.0, 33.0), and
point U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1),
or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment B″D);
the line segment DU is represented by coordinates
(−3.4962z2+210.71z−3146.1, 3.4962z2−211.71z+3246.1, z),
the line segment UQ is represented by coordinates
(0.0135z2−0.9181z+44.133, −0.0135z2−0.0819z+55.867, z), and
the line segments QB″ and B″D are straight lines.
US16/913,556 2017-12-18 2020-06-26 Refrigeration cycle Abandoned US20200326103A1 (en)

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JP2017242187 2017-12-18
JP2017-242183 2017-12-18
JPPCT/JP2018/037483 2018-10-05
PCT/JP2018/037483 WO2019123782A1 (en) 2017-12-18 2018-10-05 Composition comprising refrigerant, use thereof, refrigerating machine having same, and method for operating said refrigerating machine
PCT/JP2018/038747 WO2019123805A1 (en) 2017-12-18 2018-10-17 Composition containing refrigerant, use of said composition, refrigerator having said composition, and method for operating said refrigerator
PCT/JP2018/038748 WO2019123806A1 (en) 2017-12-18 2018-10-17 Composition containing refrigerant, use of said composition, refrigerator having said composition, and method for operating said refrigerator
PCT/JP2018/038749 WO2019123807A1 (en) 2017-12-18 2018-10-17 Composition containing refrigerant, use of said composition, refrigerator having said composition, and method for operating said refrigerator
JPPCT/JP2018/038748 2018-10-17
JPPCT/JP2018/038747 2018-10-17
JPPCT/JP2018/038749 2018-10-17
PCT/JP2018/038746 WO2019123804A1 (en) 2017-12-18 2018-10-17 Refrigerant-containing composition, use thereof, refrigerating machine having same, and method for operating said refrigerating machine
JPPCT/JP2018/038746 2018-10-17
PCT/JP2018/045336 WO2019124146A1 (en) 2017-12-18 2018-12-10 Refrigeration cycle
US202016954973A 2020-06-17 2020-06-17
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