JP2016131254A - 集積回路のための分離構造 - Google Patents
集積回路のための分離構造 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
この出願は、2002年9月29日に出願された出願番号第10/262,567号、現在の米国特許第6,855,985号に関連し、これは全文が引用により本明細書に援用されている。
この発明は、半導体チップの製造に関し、特に、エピタキシャル層または高温製造処理ステップを必要とせずに高密度でモノリシックに半導体チップにおいてバイポーラ、CMOSおよびDMOSトランジスタならびに受動素子を製造し、電気的に分離する方法に関する。
半導体集積回路(integrated circuit)(IC)チップの製造の際に、チップの表面上に形成されたデバイスを電気的に分離することがしばしば必要である。これを行なう方法はいろいろある。1つの方法は周知のLOCOS(Local Oxidation Of Silicon)(シリコンの局所酸化)プロセスを用いることによるものであり、このプロセスでは、チップの表面が窒化シリコンなどの比較的硬質の材料でマスキングされ、厚い酸化物層がマスクの開口において熱的に成長する。別の方法は、シリコンにトレンチをエッチングし、次いで、酸化シリコンなどの誘電材料でトレンチを充填するというものであり、これはトレンチアイソレーションとしても知られている。LOCOSもトレンチアイソレーションもデバイス間の不要な表面導通を防ぐことができるが、完全な電気的分離を促進することはない。
従来のCMOSウェハの製造は、高密度トランジスタの集積を提供するが、製造されたデバイスの完全な電気的分離を促進することはない。図1Aは、たとえば、先行技術のツインウェルCMOS1の簡略化された断面図を示す。図1Aは、トランジスタの製造前のP型基板2におけるN−ウェル(N-well)(NW)領域4Aおよび4BならびにP−ウェル(P-well)(PW)領域3Aおよび3Bの形成を示す。
電気的に分離されたCMOSの必要性は図4Aの回路150においてさらに例証され、図4Aでは、1対のN−チャネルMOSFET151および152は、トーテムポールの構成で接続されており、ブレークビフォアメーク(break-before-make)(BBM)回路
155によって位相がずれて駆動される。動作条件から独立した低いオン抵抗を達成するために、ハイサイドN−チャネルMOSFET152には(常にVSB=0であるように)ソース−ボディ短絡が必要である。フローティングブートストラップキャパシタ157はフローティングゲート駆動回路156にパワーを供給して、ハイサイドデバイスがオンであり、かつVoutがVccにおよそ等しいときでさえ、MOSFET152に十分なゲートバイアスVGSを提供する。ブートストラップ駆動を実現するために、フローティング回路156もハイサイドMOSFET152もICの基板から電気的に分離されなければならない(すなわち、接地されなければならない)。
キシャル層の場合に)xnet=5ミクロンであると仮定すると、シンカーリングの表面幅
は13マイクロメートルである。分離とシンカーリングとの間に2マイクロメートルの間隔y5を割当てることは、シンカーおよび隣接する分離に必要な表面積が[y2+y5+y4]=[18+2+13]または33マイクロメートルであることを意味する。明らかに、従来のエピタキシャル接合分離は、その電気的利点にもかかわらず、面積の無駄が非常に多いので、混合信号およびパワー集積回路のための実現性のある技術オプションのままであることができない。
2005年2月15日に発行された、リチャード K.ウィリアムズらによる「モジュール式バイポーラ−CMOS−DMOSアナログ集積回路およびパワートランジスタ技術(Modular Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS Analog Integrated Circuit & Power Transistor Technology)」と題される、引用により本明細書に援用される米国特許第6,855,985号
に開示されているように、CMOS、バイポーラおよびDMOSトランジスタを集積する十分に分離されたプロセスは、高温拡散またはエピタキシの必要なく達成されることができる。図6の多電圧CMOS250に示されるように、前に開示されたモジュール式BCDプロセスの原理は、輪郭付けられた酸化物を通す高エネルギ(MeV)イオン注入に頼って、事実上高温処理を必要としない状態で自己形成分離構造を生成する。この低熱量プロセスは、高温プロセスが利用されないためにドーパントの再分散をほとんどまたは全く被らない「注入されたままの」ドーパントプロファイルの恩恵を受ける。
この「エピレス」低熱量手法は非分離プロセスおよびエピタキシャル接合部分離プロセスに対して多くの利点を有しているが、LOCOSに頼ることによって、より小さな寸法およびより高いトランジスタ密度に尺度決めする能力にある一定の制約が課される。LOCOSベースのモジュール式BCDプロセスにおける共形的なイオン注入の原理は、より厚い酸化物層を通して注入することにより、ドーパント原子がシリコン表面にさらに近づいて位置することになり、より薄い酸化物層を通して注入することにより、注入された原子が表面から離れてシリコンの中により深く位置することになるという概念である。
実施例のさらに別のグループでは、マスク層が基板の表面上に形成され、マスク層に開口が形成される。開口を取囲むマスク層の端縁は傾斜している。マスク層の開口を通してドーパントが注入されて、側壁がマスク層の傾斜した端縁の下に横たわる、受皿の形状の分離領域を形成する。分離領域は、基板の分離されたポケットを囲んでいる。
図6に示されるデバイスを製造するために用いられる低温分離プロセスは、LOCOSフィールド酸化物層によって輪郭付けられる高エネルギ注入を利用して、各々の分離されたポケットおよびデバイスを取囲む側壁ならびにフロア分離を達成する。しかしながら、このような技術の尺度決めの制約および最大トランジスタ密度は、如何に小さなLOCOSフィールド酸化物領域を実現できるかによって制限される。フォトリソグラフィの限界よりもはるかに大きな寸法では、LOCOSプロセスの実践が明らかになる。このような悪影響には、フィールド酸化物の形状のゆがみ、酸化物が過度に薄くなること、高応力、高い表面状態電荷、低品質のゲート誘電体などが含まれる。さらに、図7に関して記載されるように、LOCOSの寸法が小さいことは、注入物側壁分離領域が薄くなることに繋がり、対応してデバイスの分離の質が劣化することに繋がる。
図8の断面図に示されるタイプIIエピレス分離のデバイス構造350は、誘電体が充填されたトレンチ355A〜355Fと、誘電的に充填されたトレンチの底部に形成された、N型をドープした側壁分離領域354A〜354Fとを有する、P型基板351に形成された深いN型(DN)フロア分離領域352Aおよび352Bを備える。任意の深いP型領域(DP)353が、P型基板351において、DN領域352Aおよび352Bよりも浅い深さのところに、DN領域352Aおよび352Bよりも深い深さのところに、またはDN領域352Aおよび352Bに等しい深さのところに形成される。その結果、領域356A、356B、356Dおよび356Eとも呼ばれる電気的に分離されたP型ポケットP1〜P4、すなわち、ポケットの底部における接合分離とポケットの側壁に沿った誘電体が充填されたトレンチとの組合せによってP型基板351から電気的に分離されたポケットP1〜P4が形成される。
図9に示されるタイプIエピレス分離のデバイス構造370は、P型基板371に形成されたDNフロア分離領域372Aおよび372Bを備え、誘電体が充填されたトレンチ375A〜375Fはフロア分離領域372の上に重なっている。任意のDP領域373が、P型基板371において、DN領域372Aおよび372Bよりも浅いか、DN領域372Aおよび372Bよりも深いか、またはDN領域372Aおよび372Bと等しくてもよい深さのところに形成される。P型ポケットP1〜P4、すなわち領域376A、376B、376D、および376Eは、領域376A、376B、376D、および376Eと外接しかつフロア分離領域372Aおよび372Bの上に重なる誘電体が充填されたトレンチ375A〜375Fの組合せによって、P型基板371から電気的に分離される。トレンチ375Cと375Dとの間に位置するP型表面領域376Cは、その領域にDN層が存在しないので分離されておらず、したがって、基板371に対して電気的に短絡している。
タイプIII分離は、DN領域を、鎖状に注入された側壁分離領域と組合せ、任意に、分離能力を高めるために、誘電的に充填されたトレンチと組合せられてもよい。たとえば、図10のデバイス構造400は、鎖状に注入された側壁分離領域(NI)408A、408B、408C、および408Dと組合せられた2つの高エネルギ注入DNフロア分離領域402Aおよび402Bを用いて形成された2つの分離されたP型ポケットP1およびP2(すなわち、それぞれ406Aおよび406B)を示す。これらの注入された側壁分離領域は、各々の特定の注入物の深さを変えるために異なるエネルギの一連の注入物を用いて形成され、その最も深いものはDNフロア分離領域402Aおよび402Bの上に重なり、その最も浅いものはP型基板401の表面に達する。誘電体が充填されたトレンチ405A、405C、405D、および405Fは、任意に、分離を改善するために、注入された側壁分離領域408A、408B、408C、および408D内にまたは注入された側壁分離領域408A、408B、408C、および408Dに隣接して含まれていてもよい。任意のDP領域403は、隣接するDN領域402Aと402Bとの間のパンチスルーを抑制するために用いられてもよい。
タイプIVエピレス分離の一例が図20のデバイス構造620に示される。DNフロア分離領域622Aおよび622BがP型基板621に形成される。トレンチ625A〜625Dは、DN領域622Aおよび622Bの上に重なっている。任意のDP領域623は、隣接するDN領域622Aと622Bとの間に形成される。P型ポケット626Aおよび626Bは、ポケット626Aおよび626Bと外接しかつフロア分離領域622Aおよび622Bの上に重なるトレンチ625A〜625Dの組合せによって、基板621から電気的に分離される。任意のトレンチ624Aおよび624Bは好ましくは、所与のCMOS技術ノードにおいて用いられる既存のSTIと同じであるかまたは類似している。トレンチ624Aおよび624Bは、所与の分離されたP型ポケットにおけるデバイス間の表面分離を提供するために用いられる。トレンチ625A〜625Dは概してトレンチ624Aおよび624Bよりも幅が広く、深い。
タイプVエピレス分離の一例が図21のデバイス構造640に示される。DNフロア分離領域642Aおよび642BがP型基板641に形成される。トレンチ645A〜645Dは、DN領域642Aおよび642Bの部分の上方にエッチングされる。タイプIV分離とは異なって、トレンチ645A〜645Dは、DN領域642Aおよび642Bと直接接触するほど十分に深くない。その代わり、NI領域643A〜643Dがトレンチ645A〜645DをDN領域642Aおよび642Bに接続するために用いられる。したがって、分離されたP型ポケット646Aおよび646Bは、下はDNフロア分離領域642Aおよび642Bによって、ならびに側面ではトレンチ645A〜645DおよびNI領域643A〜643Dの組合せによって分離される。
タイプVIエピレス分離の一例が図19のデバイス構造600に示される。DNフロア分離領域602Aおよび602BがP型基板601に形成される。DN領域は側壁部603A〜603Dを含み、側壁部603A〜603Dは、好適なマスクを通した高エネルギDN領域602Aおよび602Bの注入によって形成されて、注入物の範囲を適切な距離にわたって基板の表面まで持っていく。これは、たとえば45〜75°などのかなり浅い角度の側壁を有する基板の上にマスク層を形成することによって達成されてもよい。これは、マスキング層のためのLOCOSフィールド酸化物層を用いる、図6に示される先行技術の分離手法と類似しているが、この発明では、マスキング層はウェハ上に留まるのではなく、除去される。この犠牲マスク層は、エッチングされた酸化物、フォトレジスト、または他の材料であってもよい。犠牲マスク層を通したDN領域602Aおよび602Bの注入後、P型ポケット606Aおよび606BはDN領域602Aおよび602Bならびに側壁部603A〜603Dによって完全に分離される。側壁部603A〜603Dはまた、DN領域602Aおよび602Bへの電気的な接触を提供する。中のデバイス間の表面分離を提供するために、任意の浅いトレンチ604Aおよび604Bが、P型ポケット606Aおよび606B内に形成されてもよく、パンチスルーを軽減するために、任意の深いトレンチ605A〜605Cが、隣接するDN領域602Aと602Bとの間に形成されてもよい。
原則として、開示される手法において用いられる電気的分離を達成するために高温が必要とされないので、NI側壁分離領域、誘電体が充填されたトレンチ、およびDNフロア分離領域の形成は、集積デバイスの電気的分離に悪影響を及ぼすことなく任意の順序で行なうことができる。しかしながら、実際には、いくつかの製造シーケンスはウェハの処理を簡略化するので好ましい。たとえば、低エネルギ注入物しか必要でないために、トレンチを充填する前に、エッチングされたトレンチの底部に注入することはより容易であり、注入物をトレンチに対して自己整列させることが可能である。トレンチ充填プロセス後の注入は、同じ深さまで貫通するのに高エネルギを必要とする。
ある電圧において、空乏領域はある一定の寸法に固定されることになる。その状態を超えて、ある電圧においてアバランシェ降伏が発生するまで電場は電位の増大とともに増大し続け、DP領域とDN領域との間に集中する。このP−I−Nのような接合部リーチスルーアバランシェが大量に発生するので、破壊時の電場は25MV/cm〜35MV/cmの範囲で発生し、DP領域515が存在しない場合に発生するであろうパンチスルーの始まりよりもはるかに高い電圧でアバランシェを示す。
の誘電体が充填されたトレンチ531Bとを含む。531Bと類似した他のトレンチは基板521の他の領域において同じプロセス中に容易に形成され得るであろうということが理解される。結果として生じる構造520は、製造シーケンスが異なっているにもかかわらず、図13Dに示される構造450とほぼ同一である。
Claims (20)
- 第1の導電型の半導体基板に形成された分離構造であって、前記基板はエピタキシャル層を備えてはおらず、
前記分離構造は、
前記基板に埋没し、前記第1の導電型とは反対にある第2の導電型の第1のフロア分離領域と、
前記基板の表面から下向きに延びるとともに前記第1のフロア分離領域上に重なりあう第1の誘電体充填トレンチとを備え、
前記第1の誘電体充填トレンチおよび前記第1のフロア分離領域は、前記第1の導電型の第1のポケットを前記基板から電気的に分離し、
前記分離構造は、
前記基板に埋没するとともに前記第1のフロア分離領域から横方向に離間した前記第2の導電型の第2のフロア分離領域と、
前記基板の表面から下向きに延びるとともに前記第2のフロア分離領域上に重なりあう第2の誘電体充填トレンチとをさらに備え、
前記第2の誘電体充填トレンチおよび前記第2のフロア分離領域は、前記第1の導電型の第2のポケットを前記基板から電気的に分離し、
前記分離構造は、
前記第1のフロア分離領域と前記第2のフロア分離領域との間に横方向に配置される前記基板のドーピング濃度よりも大きいドーピング濃度を有する前記第1の導電型の埋込み領域、または前記基板の表面から下向きに延びる第3の誘電体充填トレンチのうちの1つをさらに備え、
前記第3の誘電体充填トレンチは、前記第1および第2のフロア分離領域の間において、前記第1のフロア分離領域および第2のフロア分離領域の下のレベルまで延びる、分離構造。 - 前記第1のポケット内に配置され、前記基板の表面から下向きに延びる第3の誘電体充填トレンチをさらに備える、請求項1に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第3の誘電体充填トレンチの底部は、前記第1のフロア分離領域の上方に配置される、請求項2に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第3の誘電体充填トレンチは、前記基板の表面から少なくとも前記第1のフロア分離領域まで下向きに延びる、請求項2に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第3の誘電体充填トレンチは、少なくとも前記第1のフロア分離領域のより低い範囲まで下向きに延びる、請求項4に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第3の誘電体充填トレンチは、前記第1のフロア分離領域を通って、少なくとも前記第1のフロア分離領域より下の深さまで下向きに延びる、請求項5に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第2のポケット内に配置され、前記基板の表面から下向きに延びる第4の誘電体充填トレンチをさらに備える、請求項2に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第4の誘電体充填トレンチの底部は、前記第2のフロア分離領域の上方に配置される、請求項7に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第4の誘電体充填トレンチは、前記基板の表面から少なくとも前記第2のフロア分離領域まで下向きに延びる、請求項7に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第4の誘電体充填トレンチは、少なくとも前記第2のフロア分離領域のより低い範囲まで下向きに延びる、請求項9に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第4の誘電体充填トレンチは、前記第1のフロア分離領域を通って、前記第2のフロア分離領域より下の深さまで下向きに延びる、請求項10に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第1のポケットは、前記第1の誘電体充填トレンチに外接されている、請求項1に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第2のポケットは、前記第2の誘電体充填トレンチに外接されている、請求項12に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第1の導電型の前記埋込み領域は、前記基板の表面の下方に、前記第1のフロア分離領域と実質的に同じ深さに配置される、請求項1に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第1の導電型の前記埋込み領域は、前記基板の表面の下方に、前記第1のフロア分離領域とは異なる深さに配置される、請求項1に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第1の誘電体充填トレンチと前記第2の誘電体充填トレンチとの間に配置されるとともに、前記基板と電気的に短絡される、前記第1の導電型の表面領域をさらに備える、請求項1に記載の分離構造。
- 前記基板の表面から少なくとも前記第1のフロア分離領域まで下向きに延びる、分離された前記第1のポケット内の第1の仕切トレンチをさらに備える、請求項1に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第1の仕切トレンチは、分離された前記第1のポケットを、第1および第2の部分に区分する、請求項17に記載の分離構造。
- 前記基板の表面から少なくとも前記第2のフロア分離領域まで下向きに延びる、前記第2のポケット内の第2の仕切トレンチをさらに備える、請求項17に記載の分離構造。
- 前記第2の仕切トレンチは、前記第2のポケットを、第3および第4の部分に区分する、請求項19に記載の分離構造。
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