CN109245581B - 多电平逆变器 - Google Patents
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- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
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- H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
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Abstract
本发明涉及多电平逆变器。多电平逆变器具有一组或多组,每组包含多个低电压MOSFET晶体管。处理器配置成切换每组中的多个低电压MOSFET晶体管以在每个周期期间的多个时间处切换。
Description
本申请是申请日为2015年3月25日,申请号为201510133812.8,发明名称为“多电平逆变器”的申请的分案申请。
相关申请
本申请要求题目为“MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER”且于2014年3月26日提交的美国临时申请号61/970,788的优先权,该临时申请特此通过引用被全部并入且与题目为“Multi-level Inverter”、于2013年3月14日提交的美国专利申请序列号13/826,556有关,该专利申请特此通过引用被全部并入。
技术领域
本发明涉及多电平逆变器。
背景技术
尽管有很多年的研究,但对更具成本效益的逆变器实现(单相或三相)的探究到现在为止一直难以捉摸。一些尝试在目的在于降低切换损耗和/或无源器件(主要是磁性元件)的尺寸的拓扑中利用高电压开关(例如600V IGBT)。参见例如“Multilevel inverters:A survey of Topologies,Control and Applications”。目的在于降低切换损耗的这些逆变器典型地包括在大约10倍的线频率(50Hz)或高达16kHz的频率下切换的高电压开关(例如600V IGBT)。IGBT的切换损耗在该频率范围下且甚至在这些频率的下边界处是相当大的。此外,低频切换导致扼流器接近或超过逆变器的总成本的20%。可替代的研究试图使用甚至更先进的开关技术(例如碳化硅和/或氮化镓)以便增加频率并减小无源器件的尺寸。这个研究也可将切换损耗降低到某个程度,但只在高成本的先进开关技术下进行。尽管有广泛的研究,这些逆变器拓扑只提供有限的改进且不能实现有效的逆变器技术所需的成本降低和效率。
依然存在对低成本、高效率的逆变器技术的需求。
发明内容
下面的概述仅为了例证性目的,且并不打算限制或约束详细描述。
本文的实施方式可使用具有专用控制系统的多电平逆变器(例如单相和/或三相逆变器),该专用控制系统使具有高效率的低成本逆变器变得可能。在本文讨论的一些实施方式中,可在逆变器的输出(在滤波之前)具有几个电压阶跃的情况下利用多电平逆变器,从而减小在逆变器的磁性元件上的应力并改进输出电压成形,这使得进一步减小切换频率。
在本文所述的示例性多电平逆变器(单相或三相)中,控制系统允许低电压MOSFET(例如80V)的使用以便形成较高电压的等效开关(例如使用六个80V的MOSFET产生等效的480V开关)。相较于其它的多电平逆变器实现,低电压切换的多电平逆变器的传导性和切换特性明显地且意想不到地提高了。在这些实施方式中,通过交错接通和断开低电压MOSFET,可将较低的频率调制用于每个多电平开关,例如,每个MOSFET可在适度的频率(例如200kHz)下进行切换,同时与其它开关技术相比维持低的切换损耗并获得200kHz*N的有效频率的益处,其中N是在时间上交错的串联开关的数量,从而根据有效的扩展频率而减小了无源零件的尺寸要求。在一些实施方式中,可根据占空比(其可以或可以不根据正弦波进行改变)在交错的时间上切换MOSFET,其中每个MOSFET偏移例如切换周期的1/6(例如有6个串联的MOSFET)。
根据本文讨论的实施方式,除了关于本文讨论的传导性和切换损耗的优点以外,这些例子还提供其它主要益处,例如(例如在主扼流器磁性元件和/或输出滤波器中的)无源器件的减少。例如,由于多电平电压和低成本的MOSFET开关,可实现尺寸和/或成本的N倍(例如在本例中是6)减小。此外,本文讨论的示例性实施方式可在主扼流器内实现可以是切换频率的N倍(例如在本例中是6*200kHz)的有效频率。因此,在这些实施方式中,主扼流器相对于标准设计可以减小N^2(例如36)倍。在本文描述的实施方式中,相对于利用16kHz的切换频率的基于IGBT的标准逆变器系统,在主扼流器尺寸上的总增益因子可以是例如200kHz/16kHz*36=450,使扼流器的成本小到使得它在本文描述的多电平逆变器例子中变得几乎可忽略。可对输出滤波器进行类似计算,在成本降低和效率增加上显示甚至更大优势。
本公开的实施例涉及以下方面:
(1)一种装置,包括:
多电平逆变器,其包括第一相电路和第二相电路,所述第一相电路和所述第二相电路中的每个包括飞跨电容器电路;
第一套开关和第二套开关,所述第一套开关连接在电压输入端子之间的所述第一相电路,所述第二套开关连接在所述电压输入端子之间的所述第二相电路;以及
相间平衡电路,其包括跨所述第一相电路并联连接的第一对端子和跨所述第二相电路并联连接的第二对端子。
(2)如(1)所述的装置,还包括控制器,其中:
所述第一相电路和所述第二相电路每个包括相输出端、电感器、第一对开关和第二对开关以及第一电容器和第二电容器:
所述电感器的第一端子连接到所述相输出端;
所述电感器的第二端子连接到所述第一对开关的第一端子;
所述第一电容器跨所述第一对开关的第二端子和跨所述第二对开关的第一端子连接;
所述第二电容器跨所述第二对开关的第二端子连接;以及
所述控制器配置成使跨所述第一电容器的电压平衡。
(3)如(1)所述的装置,还包括控制器,其中:
所述第一套开关包括至少一个高开关和至少一个低开关,所述至少一个高开关将所述第一相电路的第一输入端子连接到所述电压输入端子中的第一电压输入端子,所述至少一个低开关将所述第一相电路的第二输入端子连接到所述电压输入端子中的第二电压输入端子;
所述第二套开关包括至少一个第二高开关和至少一个第二低开关,所述至少一个第二高开关将所述第二相电路的第一输入端子连接到所述电压输入端子中的所述第一电压输入端子,所述至少一个第二低开关将所述第二相电路的第二输入端子连接到所述电压输入端子中的所述第二电压输入端子;以及
所述控制器配置成相较于所述第一相电路和所述第二相电路中的开关在更低的频率下切换所述第一套开关和所述第二套开关。
(4)如(1)所述的装置,其中所述相间平衡电路包括:
第一开关,其将所述第一相电路的高输入端子连接到所述第二相电路的低输入端子;以及
第二开关,其将所述第二相电路的高输入端子连接到所述第一相电路的低输入端子。
(5)如(1)所述的装置,还包括控制器电路,所述控制器电路配置成相较于所述第一相电路和所述第二相电路在更低的频率下控制所述第一套开关和所述第二套开关。
(6)如(1)所述的装置,其中所述第一相电路包括:
串联连接的开关的第一组和第二组,其中所述第一组和所述第二组串联连接在所述第一套开关之间;以及
多个电容器,每个电容器连接在所述第一组中的串联连接的开关中的一个开关和所述第二组中的串联连接的开关中的相应开关之间。
(7)如(6)所述的装置,还包括:
控制器电路,其配置成以公共占空比和在公共频率下切换所述第一组和所述第二组中的多个串联连接的开关中的每个,在相反的状态下切换所述第一组中的串联连接的开关中的每个开关和所述第二组中的串联连接的开关中的相应开关,并将所述第一组中的所述多个串联连接的开关中的每个开关的相位偏移顺序增加的量。
(8)如(7)所述的装置,其中所述控制器配置成调节所述公共占空比以调节所述多电平逆变器的转换比。
(9)一种方法,包括:
在第一频率下切换多电平逆变器的第一相电路和第二相电路;
在第二频率下切换所述多电平逆变器的第一对开关和第二对开关,所述第一对开关在一对电压输入端子之间连接所述第一相电路,而所述第二对开关在所述一对电压输入端子之间连接所述第二相电路;以及
通过在所述第一相电路和所述第二相电路之间共享电流来移除跨所述第一相电路和跨所述第二相电路的在所述第二频率下的脉动电压。
(10)如(9)所述的方法,还包括通过相间平衡电路来在所述第一相电路和所述第二相电路之间共享电流,所述相间平衡电路通过第一交叉开关将所述第一相电路的高输入端子连接到所述第二相电路的低输入端子,并通过第二交叉开关将所述第二相电路的高输入端子连接到所述第一相电路的低输入端子。
(11)如(9)所述的方法,所述第二频率低于所述第一频率。
(12)如(9)所述的方法,还包括:
以公共占空比和在公共频率下切换所述第一相电路中的第一飞跨电容器电路的第一多个串联连接的开关中的每个开关和所述第二相电路中的第二飞跨电容器电路的第二多个串联连接的开关中的每个开关,所述第一多个串联连接的开关包括第一多个开关对,所述第二多个串联连接的开关包括第二多个开关对,且所述切换包括:
按偏移了切换周期的一部分的连续顺序相位切换所述第一多个开关对中的每个开关对;
按偏移了所述切换周期的所述一部分的所述连续顺序相位切换所述第二多个开关对中的每个开关对;以及
将每个开关对中的开关维持在相反的状态中。
(13)如(12)所述的方法,所述切换周期的一部分等于所述第一多个开关对中的开关对的数量的倒数。
(14)如(12)所述的方法,还包括:响应于所述第一多个开关对的开关对中的至少一对开关之间的失配,将所述第一多个开关对的开关对中的所述至少一对开关中的开关的切换调节到不同的占空比,使得跨所述第一飞跨电容器电路中的多个电容器中的一个电容器的电压得到补偿。
(15)如(12)所述的方法,还包括调节所述公共占空比,使得改变所述多电平逆变器的转换比。
如上面提到的,该概述仅仅是本文描述的特征中的一些的概述。它并不是详尽的,且它不是对权利要求的限制。
附图说明
关于下面的描述、权利要求和附图,本公开的这些和其它特征、方面及优势将变得更好理解。本公开以示例方式示出,且不被附图限制,在附图中,相似的数字标示相似的元件。
图1A-1I示出根据本文的实施方式的各种例子的多电平逆变器电路。
图2A-2F示出根据本文的实施方式的用于控制多电平逆变器的算法。
图3示出本文的实施方式的示例性控制。
图4示出根据本文的实施方式的多电平逆变器的另一例子。
图5示出根据本文的实施方式的多电平逆变器的各方面。
图6示出根据本文描述的实施方式的多电平逆变器的各方面。
图7示出根据本文描述的实施方式的多电平逆变器的各方面。
图8示出根据本文描述的实施方式的多电平逆变器的各方面。
图9示出根据本文描述的实施方式的多电平逆变器的各方面。
图10示出根据本文描述的实施方式的包括相间平衡块的多电平逆变器的各方面。
图11示出根据本文描述的实施方式的相间平衡块的例子。
图12示出根据本文描述的实施方式的相间平衡块的另一例子。
图13示出根据本文描述的实施方式的相间平衡块的例子。
图14示出并入了本文描述的实施方式的相间平衡块的示例性逆变器。
图15示出根据本文描述的实施方式的用于三相逆变器的相间平衡块的例子。
图16示出根据本文描述的实施方式的用于三相逆变器的相间平衡块的例子。
图17示出根据本文描述的实施方式的包括图15的相间平衡块的三相逆变器的例子。
图18示出根据本文描述的实施方式的六相平衡块的例子。
图19示出根据本文描述的实施方式的多电平逆变器的另一实施方式。
图20示出根据本文描述的实施方式的相块的例子。
图21示出根据本文描述的实施方式的相块的另一例子。
图22示出根据本文描述的实施方式的多相多电平逆变器的另一实施方式。
图23示出根据本文描述的实施方式的多相多电平逆变器的另一实施方式。
图24示出根据本文描述的实施方式的逆变器的相的实施方式。
图25示出根据本文描述的实施方式的逆变器的相的另一实施方式。
图26示出根据本文描述的实施方式的逆变器的相的又一实施方式。
图27示出根据本文描述的实施方式的逆变器的相的另一实施方式。
图28示出根据本文描述的实施方式的包括平衡块的通用多相多电平逆变器的例子。
图29示出根据本文描述的实施方式的包括平衡块的通用多相多电平逆变器的另一例子。
图30示出根据本文描述的实施方式的可与图29的示例性逆变器一起使用的相块的例子。
图31示出根据本文描述的实施方式的可与图29的示例性逆变器一起使用的相块的例子。
图32示出根据本文描述的实施方式的可与图29的示例性逆变器一起使用的相块的例子。
图33示出根据本文描述的实施方式的单相逆变器的例子。
图34示出根据本文描述的实施方式的单相逆变器的另一例子。
图35示出根据本文描述的实施方式的单相逆变器的另一例子。
图36示出根据本文描述的实施方式的单相逆变器的另一例子。
图37示出根据本文描述的实施方式的包括平衡块的通用多相多电平逆变器的另一例子。
图38示出根据本文描述的实施方式的具有减小的电容的单相逆变器的实施方式。
图39示出根据本文描述的实施方式的具有减小的电容的单相逆变器的另一实施方式。
图40示出根据本文描述的实施方式的包括降压-升压方面的逆变器的实施方式。
图41示出根据本文描述的实施方式的包括降压-升压方面的逆变器的另一实施方式。
图42示出根据本文描述的实施方式的逆变器拓扑的另一实施方式。
图43示出根据本文描述的实施方式的图42所示的逆变器拓扑的操作结果。
图44示出根据本文描述的实施方式的示例性电路板。
图45示出根据本文描述的实施方式的多电平逆变器的各方面。
图46示出根据本文描述的实施方式的图45所示的逆变器拓扑的操作结果。
具体实施方式
在各种例证性的实施方式的以下描述中,参考形成其一部分的附图,且在附图中以例证性的方式示出本公开的各方面可在其中被实施的各种实施方式。应理解,可利用其它实施方式,且可做出结构和功能修改,而不偏离本公开的范围。
参考图1A,示例性的多电平逆变器包括一个、两个或多于两个的并联连接,每个并联连接包括布置在DC电压两端的多个不同的开关。开关可耦合到可用来使逆变器的AC输出的正弦波平滑的多个电容器和/或电感器。例如,多个开关组S1A-S6A、S6B-S1B、S1C-S6C和/或S6D-S1D可布置在任何适当的配置例如图1A所示的配置中。MOSFET晶体管组中的每个可被各自配置成包括两个、三个、四个、五个、六个、七个、八个、九个、十个、十一个、十二个或多于十二个晶体管。
图1B示出图1A所示的电路的一半。在各种实施方式中,在稳态操作期间,电容器(C1、C2、C3、C4和C5)电压分别平均处在5/6*Vdc、4/6*Vdc、3/6*Vdc、2/6*Vdc、1/6*Vdc(例如1/N的倍数,其中N是组中的电容器的数量和开关的数量,假设电容器具有相等的值)。对于电容器没有相同的值的实施方式,在每个电容器两端的稳态平均电压将相应地按比例调整。
在逆变器不在稳态下操作的时期期间,例如在逆变器的启动期间或在逆变器的待机期间,一些实施方式可将电容器预充电到其稳态操作电压。
用于在逆变器的非稳态操作期间对电容器电压预充电的一个实施方式包括切换如图1C所示的与每个MOSFET并联的串联的齐纳二极管和电阻器。电容器根据这些电阻分压器进行充电,且齐纳二极管保护MOSFET免受过电压。一旦电容器被充电到其用于逆变器的稳态操作的电压,齐纳二极管和电阻器就可被断开。在一些实施方式中,可添加开关Q1和Q2,Q1和Q2每个都具有可以可选地被切换的并联旁路电阻器路径。在充电期间,Q1和Q2可被断开,且并联旁路接通(如果开关存在),使得在Q1和Q2的并联旁路路径中的电阻器可限制来自Vdc的充电电流。一旦被充电,Q1和Q2就可被接通,用于逆变器的正常操作。当Q1/Q2的这个选择被使用时,Q1和Q2的并联路径可以可选地包括串联的齐纳二极管。
图1D示出另一实施方式,其中N=2(例如串联的两个MOSFET)。在这个实现中添加Q1和Q2,用于在如关于图1C所述的预充电过程中的操作。在这个实施方式中,从每个并联的电阻器路径中消除了齐纳二极管。在一个例子中,跨Q1和Q2的电阻等于2R且跨每个逆变器开关S1A、S2A、S1B和S2B的电阻等于R的情况下,产生了Vdc/2和Vdc/4的电压,而没有从输出汲取的电流(在稳态操作之前就是这种情况)。
一旦电容器被预充电,逆变器就可在稳态下以例如在图2A中所示的时序或以其它各种时序进行操作。参考图3,每个开关可由来自处理器10(例如逻辑电路、一个或多个处理器、控制系统、状态机、控制器、微处理器、软件驱动的控制系统、门阵列和/或其它控制器)的输出控制。在这个实施方式中,开关组A包括以例如源极到漏极配置连接在一起以形成第一开关组的一系列FET晶体管S1A-S6A (例如20v、40v、60v、80v、100v、120v的MOSFET晶体管);开关组B包括以例如源极到漏极配置连接在一起以形成第二开关组的一系列FET晶体管S1B-S6B(例如20v、40v、60v、80v、100v、120v的MOSFET晶体管);开关组C包括以例如源极到漏极配置连接在一起以形成第三开关组的一系列FET晶体管S1C-S6C(例如20v、40v、60v、80v、100v、120v的MOSFET晶体管);开关组D包括以例如源极到漏极配置连接在一起以形成第四开关组的一系列FET晶体管S1D-S6D(例如20v、40v、60v、80v、100v、120v的MOSFET晶体管)。虽然在本例中六个80伏的FET晶体管被用于每个开关组,可利用具有不同的电压例如20v、40v、60v、80v、100v、120v的更多和/或更少的晶体管。例如,在每个开关组中利用12个晶体管的情况下,在那些晶体管两端的电压可被调节到适当的电压,例如40伏特,且晶体管在一个周期内的切换频率可从只有6个晶体管被利用的例子增加(例如以两倍的速率切换每个晶体管)。
参考图2A,每个MOSFET可被控制以使用高频率(例如在本例中是大约200kHz)进行切换,同时与其它开关技术比较仍然具有低的切换损耗。如图2A所示,对于这个例子,MOSFET根据占空比(其根据正弦波而改变)以下面的简单方式(针对六个串联的MOSFET示出)进行切换,其中每个串联的MOSFET相继偏移了切换周期的1/6。图2A所示的特定时序是所需占空比的例子,且可使用可具有类似或不同的切换性能的各种不同的时序。
控制信号的占空比可根据逆变器所需的转换比而改变,其可包括贯穿例如50/60Hz正弦波的从0开始并到1结束的全范围的占空比。当所需的占空比D小于T/N时,开关时序如图2A所示没有任何重叠。当所需的占空比高于T/N时,控制信号开始重叠直到在1的占空比下所有控制信号之间存在完全重叠(所有开关都时刻接通)的程度。
图2B示出低占空比的更详细的示图,其中没有重叠。该图包括分别用于开关S1A-S6A的控制信号S1到S6和分别用于开关S1B-S6B的控制信号S1~到S6~。
如图1E所示,当没有控制信号的重叠时,六个MOSFET中只有一个在高压侧上接通(即,闭合),而六个MOSFET中只有一个在低压侧上断开(即,打开)。图1E示有被表示为开关的MOSFET,开关的开关状态对应于图2B中的信号S1接通的开关状态。如由虚线所示,电流流动是从Vdc+朝着输出(电网相#1),同时穿过接通的MOSFET并穿过电容器C1,导致C1以一些脉动电流充电。因为在这种情况下C1充有5/6*Vdc(总输出电压),输出电压是Vdc-5/6*Vdc=1/6*Vdc。当图2B中的S1变为断开时,S1=S2=S3=S4=S5=S6=0,这产生0的输出电压。随后,S2将接通,产生为C1和C2之间的电压差(5/6*Vdc–4/6*Vdc=1/6*Vdc)的输出。该模式继续进行,当每个开关被接通时,1/6*Vdc在输出处出现。因此,在一个开关的接通状态和断开状态之间的多路传输期间,在0到1/6*Vdc之间的任意电压都可使用PWM来产生。这在占空比低于1/6的任何情况下出现,导致在MOSFET之间的接通信号之间没有重叠。
图2C示出具有高占空比的时序图的另一例子,其中除了一个MOSFET以外的所有MOSFET之间存在重叠(当占空比高于5/6时)。
作为另一例子,图1F示出当在S1和S2之间存在重叠(在这个特定的例子中由于在1/6和2/6之间的占空比)时的开关状态和电流流动。虚线再次示出从Vdc朝着输出的路径,且在这种情况下使用了电容器C2。C2被充电到4/6*Vdc的电压,且因此输出是Vdc-4/6*Vdc=2/6*Vdc。在这种特定的情况下,PWM多路传输将在1/6*Vdc(如在接通状态下的单个MOSFET的以前情况中的)和2/6*Vdc之间,对应于在1/6和2/6之间的占空比。
在图1G中示出占空比在1/6和2/6之间的另一例子,其中两个电容器被用在朝着输出的同一路径中。这是在S2和S3之间的重叠的情况,其再次针对在1/6和2/6之间的占空比。路径通过电容器C1(Vdc*5/6)和电容器C3(Vdc*3/6),但在不同的方向上,使得输出电压是Vdc*5/6-Vdc*3/6=Vdc*2/6,这与以前的情况相同。然而现在,电容器C3使用脉动电流进行充电,且电容器C1使用脉动电流进行放电。注意,在前面的情况中被充电的电容器C1现在被放电且最终可在同一值(5/6Vdc)周围波动。
在各种实施方式中,所呈现的基本时序图被构建成使得相同的占空比被用于所有六个MOSFET,且在这些MOSFET之间存在T/N的相位延迟,其将最终根据占空比产生所需的电压,同时保持所有电容器被充电和放电到同一平均值。
如另一例子,图2D和2E示出分别针对基于N=2(两个MOSFET串联)的图1D的电路实现的低占空比和高占空比的时序图。对于这些情况中(低占空比、高占空比)的每个情况,存在几个状态(00、01、10、11),其中0和1表示开关[S1、S2]中哪个接通或断开(且S1~和S2~跟随它们作为互补信号)。
对于状态00(S1和S2断开)和11(S1和S2接通),电流直接从Vdc或GND流动,而不通过电容器C2(也被识别为飞跨电容器)。然而,如图1H和1I中所示,状态01和10使电流流到电容器中,其中这些状态中的每个在电流方向上相反。在图2D和2E所示的时序图中,状态01和状态10中的停留时间是相同的,且因此电容器C2按同一部分充电和放电并最终保持平衡。然而,由于可能的失配和漂移,存在对主动调节电容器电压的需求。
用于使飞跨电容器漂移平衡的一种方法是通过改变状态01和10中的每个的停留时间,使得平均地,我们将有固定所需的占空比所需的停留时间,但停留时间差将允许比放电更多的充电或反之。图2D示出对于每个S1和S2信号具有20%占空比的时序图。在图2F中,示出S1和S2的时序,其中S1的时序被改变成30%的占空比且S2的时序被改变成10%,使得平均值是如所需的20%,而电容器C2的电压漂移接近其所需的稳态值。
用于平衡电容器的另一方法是改变时序图,使得状态01比状态10被切换更多次。这种类型的平衡解决方案更通用,并在多于两种状态的情况下(例如在更多MOSFET串联的情况下)可更容易进行使用,其中在任何时间上选择特定的状态,以便使飞跨电容器漂移到其预充电的稳态值。
除了上面讨论的传导和切换损耗优势以外,本文所示的实施方式的另一主要益处是无源器件(例如主扼流器和输出滤波器尺寸)的减少。由于多电平电压,可在尺寸/成本上减小N(例如在本例中是6)倍。此外,在主扼流器中的有效频率是N乘以切换频率(例如在这种情况下是6*200kHz)。根据本例的实施方式的结果是,相对于使用200kHz的标准设计,主扼流器可以小N^2(例如36)倍。因为常见的逆变器由于600V开关的限制而使用小得多的切换频率(例如16kHz),在主扼流器尺寸中的总增益是200kHz/16kHz*36=450,这使它变得可忽略,而在标准逆变器中,它是大约逆变器的尺寸和成本的20%。可对输出滤波器进行类似的计算,显示甚至更大优势。
本发明的实施方式以较高的频率(例如16KHz或33KHz或优选地50kHz、100kHz、150kHz、200kHz、250kHz、300kHz或甚至更高)和根据例如图2A-2F修改开关的方式来切换。根据当前例子的逆变器的增益增加了n的平方倍。这个不平常的结果部分地通过一次只切换一个器件而不是在一个周期中切换所有器件来实现。使用低电压MOSFET,可能在同一输出电压周期中切换所有开关,同时仍然实现比较低的切换损耗,这提供进一步的增益和效率。
通常逆变器的尺寸和成本的大约20%与主扼流器有关。在本文所述的实施方式中,由于多电平器件,相对于初始的16KHz,将频率增加到例如6*16kHz并且将开关的数量增加到6可产生36的额外的增益因数。在这些实施方式中,主扼流器的成本可低至1%的或甚至小于1%的总逆变器成本。此外,由于本文所述的切换方法,逆变器将有效得多,且形成的输出电压也将好得多,这获得相当大的效率。它意味着,外壳和逆变器可在尺寸上低得多,且因此可使用小得多和便宜得多的外壳。由于主扼流器的减小、滤波器的减小且由于提高的效率,外壳的尺寸和成本都减小了,这提供更小和更紧凑的外壳。
图2A-2F所示的控制系统被证明具有优于常规的控制电路的相当大的效率。例如,图2A所示的控制系统允许开关S1A-S6A、S6B-S1B、S1C-S6C和S6D-S1D都在一个周期内被切换,在这个实施方式中,在一个组中的开关的切换如图2A所示的偏移。在这些实施方式中,开关操作高于其它控制机构六倍。
再次参考图1A,逆变器可在逆变器的每侧上包括具有对称性的两个半部分。在图1A的实施方式中,有4组开关,每组六个开关,24个开关在较低电压(例如80V)和较高频率(例如200kHz)下操作。较高的频率切换允许在一个周期中交错切换每组中的每个开关(例如所有六个开关),这比常规调制器快六倍。
对于其中绝对电压是大约350V(其可以是从DC源例如一组太阳能电池板接收的电压)的电压,这个电压可用来产生例如230V的AC电压。每组中的切换元件当与电容器C1-C5和C6-C10耦合时可被切换,使得在本例中在开关组A和B以及开关组C和D两端的电压可合计为大约350V的电压。因为任一个开关两端的电压可以比350V低得多,这是因为电压分布在每个开关/电容器组合上,开关的电压可以小得多(例如350除以6或大约60V)。这个电压可根据每组中的开关的数量而变得更低和/或更高。
参考图2A-2F,开关可配置成在同一周期期间全部切换。例如,开关中的每个可在例如200kHz下进行切换。这使得每个开关在预定的时间段例如1/200kHz或大约5微秒期间“接通”,在该时期中,每个开关接通和断开。在常规的多电平逆变器中,只有一个开关将在一个16kHz的一个周期下切换。然而在本文描述的实施方式中,低电的压MOSFET可在高得多的速率(例如200kHz)下切换,且此外,一个组中的所有开关可在同一时间段中进行切换。这个例子将速度有效地增加到切换周期的6倍,而实际上没有增加切换频率。此外,设计是可扩展的,因为它可通过将更多的晶体管增加到开关组来增加得越来越多;在每组中的多电平开关允许切换在频率上增加而不更快地(例如快六倍)驱动MOSFET。
这是在本文的例子中的多电平逆变器的优势,因为你可以切换得快六、八、十、十二或大于十二倍,取决于在每个开关组中的串联的MOSFET的数量。与某些实施方式相关的一个优势是,可能通过在同一时间段中切换所有MOSFET来切换得快6、8、10、12或大于12倍,而实际上没有比初始速度更快地切换任一个MOSFET。这是现在不能在逆变器中实现的结构优势,因为常规设计的切换能力不能实现这个结果。例如,通过将控制开关控制为根据图2A-2F来操作,可能对多电平逆变器进行超级充电以在同一周期时间期间切换所有开关并因此实现例如更高六倍的有效频率,而实际上没有以更高频率切换任何开关(例如MOSFET)。
由于根据当前实施方式的较高切换频率,除了较小的扼流器以外,开关之间的电容器也将更小。这是尺寸和成本减小的一部分。此外,电感器L1和L2也被制造得更小。通常,存在通过转向更高的频率而缩小的很多器件,频率也增加36倍。
再次参考图2A和3,到S1A-S6A内的控制由到开关S1B-S6B内的控制输入进行反转(例如当S1A闭合时,S1B打开)。关于开关S1C-S6C,这些开关的控制输入由开关S1A-S6A的控制输入反转(例如当S1A闭合时,S1C打开)。关于开关S1D-S6D,这些开关具有与开关S1A-S6A的控制输入相同的控制输入(例如当S1A闭合时,S1D闭合)。虽然处理器需要控制24个开关,但因为组A和D接收相同的六个控制信号且组B和C接收相反的六个控制信号,可能只有分别输入到S1A-S6A和S1D-S6D中的每个的六个输出控制信号和发送到S1B-S6B和S1C-S6C的这六个控制信号的反转。
在这些实施方式中,S1C-S6C被反转且S1D-S6D没有相对于控制输入信号反转。此外,S1A-S6A没有被反转且S1B-S6B被反转。因此,可使用来自处理器的仅仅六个不同的控制输出来控制24个开关。参见例如图3所示的示例性控制结构。
也可使用各种可选的实施方式。例如,参考图4,示出包括多电平MOSFET的单个臂的可选实施方式,多电平MOSFET可配置成通过在正弦波周期期间执行DC/DC操作(降压)来产生整流的正弦波。在这个实施方式中,臂的输出可由在AC线频率(例如50Hz)下操作的低频全桥反转。
在该变型下,在高频率下的切换损耗相对于全桥实现减小了两倍,且传导损耗是单个多电平臂和慢切换全桥的组合。可能通过使用改进的器件(例如超级结型MOSFET或串联堆叠的低电压MOSFET)来减小慢切换全桥的传导损耗,同时由于低切换频率而没有增加切换损耗。
这个变型的另一益处是,器件成本可进一步降低,这是因为只有一个具有所有驱动器和平衡电容器的多电平臂,且全桥器件的制造可以比另一多电平臂的成本便宜得多。
再次参考图4,高频级的输出是整流的正弦波(例如每当正弦波是正的时,它是相同的,每当正弦波是负的时,它仍然是正的)。高频级可配置成产生正弦波,但正弦波总是正的。低频级将整流的正弦波反转到正的和负的,以产生真正的正弦波。低频级可配置成在每当信号被需要时将信号反转。在这个实施方式中,低频级具有多个开关,例如四个开关S10、S11、S12、S13。在本例中,正弦波的正周期可通过使左上S10和右下S11切换到接通来实现。当另一半信号被处理时,控制可接通另一对角例如右上开关S12和左下开关S13以使完成正弦波的信号反转。可经由处理器例如图3所示的处理器10来控制这些开关。
如本文讨论的被控制以便整形整流的正弦波的第一高频级的MOSFET的使用是本发明的另一例子。上面关于图1A-1I、2A-2F和3讨论的优势可在只有16个开关的图4的实施方式中实现,与图1A的24个开关形成对照。因此,可实现明显的优势且进一步降低成本和减少器件。
在图5中示出又一实施方式。在图5的实施方式中,S1G-S6G和S6H-S1H及C17-C22如上面关于图1A-1I、2A-2F和下面讨论的任何其它实施方式讨论的来操作。在这个实施方式中,单相逆变器在逆变器的输入端处添加额外的多电平臂。换句话说,图5的电路可以在图1A(或任何其它实施方式)中连接在Vdc(例如350v)输入的两端(例如图5的C17连接在350v的输入总线之间)。如在本文进一步讨论的,这个体系结构可被称为有源电容器概念。额外的臂可配置成用来在DC链路电容器C17和存储电容器C23之间传送电容电荷,以便补偿低频脉动,例如大约100Hz的低频脉冲。因为存储电容器C23可配置成以全电压摆幅波动,它的尺寸相对于输入总线电容的初始尺寸可明显减小。C17的尺寸可以非常小。
用于减小DC链路电容器C17的这种类型的解决方案在使用具有如所示的低电压MOSFET的多电平拓扑实现时可能是非常有效的(0.2%损耗),且因此同时减小尺寸和成本而没有对性能有高影响。
在图5中,在输入端上的电容器C17获取输出功率和输入功率之间的差异。输入功率是DC且输出功率是AC。输出功率是波动的,且DC功率因为其是DC而不波动。考虑到正弦波波动,一些电容器吸收过/欠功率。通常,在这样的逆变器上的输入电容器非常大,且可以是逆变器的成本的10%。关于图5所示的实施方式,代替有非常大的电容器C17,使用这个实施方式,C17可以非常小,并且由于低功率MOSFET和本文讨论的控制开关拓扑而实际上在C17和C23之间执行DC到DC转换。例如,每当在AC侧上有太多的功率时,则C17需要提供更多的功率,然后它从C23获取功率,且每当在DC侧上有太多的功率时,则C17将那个冗余功率提供给C23。因此,所有每件事情在C17和C23之间来回进行。但最终它补偿在DC功率和AC功率之间的差异。通过使用本文所述的具有相关控制的低电压的多电平器件的技术,实施方式得到减小逆变器的输入电容的能力。
在又一些其它实施方式中,图4的电容器C11可以用图5所示的电路代替(例如,诸如连接到图5的C17)。使用这些例子,修改的图1A现在将有36个MOSFET,与24个MOSFET形成对照。类似地,对于图4被修改的例子,电路将具有24个MOSFET,与12个MOSFET形成对照,但大电容器C11不再存在。因此,图5所示的电路可用作对图1A的左手侧上的电容器(未示出)的替代和/或对在图4的左手侧上示出的电容器C11的替代。
在又一些另外的实施方式例如三相实施方式中,可以有更多组的MOSFET晶体管。例如,参考图1A,可以有额外组的MOSFET晶体管S1E-S6E和S1F-S6F及相关电容器。将以与本文讨论的其它臂和晶体管组的方式相同的方式控制这些MOSFET晶体管。在本例中,代替图1A所示的仅仅两个臂,即左边的一个臂及右边的一个臂,你可以有三个类似地配置的臂。
图6示出类似于在例如图1B或5中所示的飞跨电容器拓扑或电容器箝位型多电平逆变器拓扑的另一实施方式。在图5所示的配置中,两组G、H的串联连接的开关在高电压和低电压之间连接到彼此,且电容器C17-C22在这两组之间套在彼此内。电容器通过将端部连接在每组中的相应开关之间来套在彼此内。例如,电容器C18在第一端部处连接在S1G和S2G之间且在第二端部处连接在S1H和S2H之间。类似地,电容器C19在第一端部处连接在S2G和S3G之间且在第二端部处连接在S2H和S3H之间。
与图5所示的实施方式比较,图6所示的电路减少了在电路中使用的电容器的数量。例如,来自图5的电路的电容器C18、C20和C22不存在于图6所示的电路中。每两个串联的MOSFET晶体管可被考虑成用仅仅一个共同的PWM控制信号的一个开关。例如,开关S1I和S2I可被考虑成一个开关并由单个PWM控制信号控制。类似地,开关S3I和S4I、S5I和S6I、S6J和S5J、S4J和S3J以及S2J和S1J可成对。电容器C25的第一端部连接在S2I和S3I之间且第二端部连接在S2J和S3J之间。这两个MOSFET晶体管的串联连接允许在这两个MOSFET晶体管之间分布电压应力,假设这两个MOSFET晶体管在断开状态和转变时间下平衡。可通过偏置任两个相邻的MOSFET的驱动装置或通过仍然保持来自图5的C18、C20和C22具有小电容并以类似的时序驱动这两个相邻的MOSFET(例如S1I和S2I、S3I和S4I、S5I和S6I、S6J和S5J、S4J和S3J、S2J和S1J)使得C18、C20和C22将只在转变期期间保持平衡来实现这个平衡。图6的实现可应用于本文的任何实施方式。
图7示出能够减小飞跨电容器之一的电容的另一实施方式。在这个实施方式中,通过以下来使用标准多相技术:使相臂的中间有并联开关,使得每个并联开关臂相对于另一开关臂以时移方式切换,以便提供多相(例如在两个并联相臂的所示情况下是180°)。在图7中,并联开关臂可以是开关T1B、T1C、T2B、T2C的第一臂和开关T3A、T3B、T4A、T4B的第二臂。多相使在飞跨电容器C29中的脉动电压能够减小四倍,这允许飞跨电容器C29的电容减小相同的倍数。此外,如图6所示的相电感器L6可分成两个电感器L8、L9,其中在多相不被使用的情况下,相互耦合最终使得电感器的尺寸减小到小于初始所需的电感器L6的尺寸。
可在并联的相臂之间使用多相,以便实现在输入电容和输出电感中的益处。在图7所示的实施方式中,在相臂的子集上使用多相技术,以便减少飞跨电容器而不是仅仅减小整个相臂的主电容。
更一般地,多相可单独地应用于每个飞跨电容器,且然后还应用于整个臂,从而实现多相的分级结构。
图8示出可在高电压升压转换器上(例如作为光伏板逆变器的前端子系统或不一定与逆变器有关)应用的另一实施方式,该高电压升压转换器利用多电平逆变器拓扑并在高切换速度下用交错的时序以与本文所述的相同的方式使用低电压MOSFET晶体管。
这个结构被分成两个半部分,其中该结构的每个半部分通过使用多电平技术(在图8的情况下,三电平)来处理输入电压的一半。它当然可扩展到更高数量的串联开关,从而增加在每个半部分中的电平的数量。例如在图8中,开关T5A、T5B、T6A、T6B可形成第一半部分,而开关T7A、T7B、T8A、T8B可形成第二半部分。开关T6A-B的控制信号可以分别是开关T5A-B的控制信号的反转型式。例如,开关T6A的控制信号可由开关T5A的控制信号反转,且开关T6B的控制信号可以是开关T5B的控制信号的反转型式。A开关T5A、T6A的控制信号的时序可以是B开关T5B、T6B的控制信号的延迟型式或与B开关T5B、T6B的控制信号相同。类似于第一半部分的控制信号可应用于第二半部分。例如,A开关T7A、T8A的控制信号可以是彼此的反转型式,且B开关T7B、T8B的控制信号可以是彼此的反转型式。T7开关的控制信号可以与T5开关的控制信号相同或不同。类似地,T8开关的控制信号可以与T6开关相同或不同。
图9示出减小在电路中使用的电容器的数量的另一实施方式。例如,为了平衡目的,来自图5的电容器C18和C19或来自图1B的C1和C2可被移除或用作小电容,使得在图9的电容器C38之上的三个开关S1K-S3K和在电容器C38之下的三个开关S1L-S3L变成可在例如50Hz下并协操作的低频开关,而连接到电容器C38-40的其它6个开关S4K-S6K、S4L-S6L使用如在本文描述的飞跨电容器的控制方法充当快速开关(例如高频开关),其中开关S4L-S6L的控制信号是开关S4K-S6K的控制信号的反转型式。
图10示出包括相间平衡块的多电平逆变器电路的另一型式。图10的电路类似于图9的电路,且添加了相间平衡块B1。类似于图9,在电容器C42之上的三个开关S1M-S3M和在电容器C42之下的三个开关S1N-S3N可以是低频开关。开关S4M-S6M、S4N-S6N可以是使用本文描述的飞跨电容器的控制方法的快速开关。相间平衡块B1可并联地连接到电容器C42,其在每个端部处连接在低频开关S3M、S3N和高频开关S4M、S4N之间。相间平衡块可共享在电容器C42上的电流以从在50Hz下切换的开关S1M-S3M和S1N-S3N移除在电容器C42上的低频(例如50Hz)脉动。图10所示的电路维持七个电平,因为在每个50Hz的半周期中,图10所示的电路提供三个不同的电平,产生除了零电平以外的六个电平。
图10所示的电路可包括逆变器的臂。逆变器可包含七个臂。例如,单相逆变器可具有两个臂,臂经由相间平衡块B1来连接。具体地,每个相的电容器C42可并联连接到同一相间平衡块B1或与另一相共享的相间平衡块B1。作为另一例子,三相逆变器可包括经由相间平衡块B1连接到彼此的三个臂。连接到每个相的电容器C42并共享电流的相间平衡块机构的添加可移除在每个相的电容器C42上的50Hz的脉动。相间平衡块的添加允许只使用电容器C42-C44同时维持初始的七个电平的拓扑。
图11示出可具有两个臂的单相逆变器电路的相间平衡块B1的例子。图11所示的相间平衡块B1允许被认为应该向下流动穿过电容器C42的电流和被认为应该向上流动穿过电容器C42的电流相互抵消,使得没有电流将流经这些电容器。当开关T7接通且开关T8断开时,这个块B1使50Hz的脉动能被取消。开关T7和T8是互补的(例如接收彼此的反转的控制信号)并跟随与图10中的低频开关S1M-S3M、S1N-S3N相同的极性。例如,开关T7可跟随开关S1N-S3N,且T8可跟随开关S1M-S3M。开关T7和T8可代表支持6个开关(例如MOSFET晶体管)的电压的任意数量的串联的开关。电感器L14和L15可包括在电路中以减慢在两个臂之间的转变或过滤在臂之间流动的高频PWM电流。
图12示出单相逆变器的相间平衡块B1的另一例子。在图12所示的电路中,可使用具有共同的空载时间的两个控制信号。一个控制信号可用于开关T7A和T7B,而另一控制信号可用于开关T8A和T8B。
图13示出可与不同的PWM控制信号一起使用的相间平衡块B1的另一例子。可使用在电容器之间的偶数数量的开关。可使用具有在开关T7A和T8A、开关T7A和T7B以及开关T7A和T8B之间的空载时间的控制信号。
图14示出在单相逆变器的两个臂之间将相间平衡块B1并入单相逆变器中的示例性电路。如图14所示的单个开关T14A可代替多个慢切换(例如低频)串联连接的开关(例如MOSFET晶体管)例如如图10所示的开关S1M-S3M进行使用。
图15示出类似于单相逆变器的图12所示的平衡块B1的三相逆变器的示例性的平衡块B1。每个电容器C42可通过两个开关连接到挨着的电容器C42或另一相的电容器C42以抵消穿过三相中的每个相的电容器C42的三个脉动电流,使得电流不流经任一个电容器C42。
图16示出三相逆变器的平衡块B1的变型。图16所示的平衡块包括交点。平衡块的这个变型可与具有空载时间控制的信号的串联的偶数数量的开关一起使用。
图17示出包括图15所示的平衡块的三相逆变器的例子。单个开关可代替串联的几个慢切换(例如低频)开关(例如MOSFET晶体管)而进行使用。
虽然前面的例子主要针对单相或三相逆变器,相间平衡块B1可扩展到任意数量的相,使得在每个相中的平衡块由在每个相中的一个平衡块连接在一起。为了维持平衡,相应补充到360度。
图18示出可包括在第一位置上的三个相和在与第一位置相对的位置上的三个相的六相平衡块的例子,其中每两个相对间隔开180度。代替每相都具有平衡块及以与三相情况类似的方式将所有六个平衡块连接在一起,可能经由每两个相的平衡块将每两个相连接在一起,而不考虑其它四个相。每个结构包含两个相(对于每个相有一个电容器C42)。
作为更一般的情况,可使用任意偶数数量的相,使得每对相被偏移180度,以便它们可以一个对另一个进行平衡,而与其它相无关。例如,可使用十二个相,以便有在AC线频率下间隔开60度的六个相,且每对相在AC线频率下间隔开180度以允许每对相内的平衡。
图19示出多电平逆变器的另一实施方式的总体结构。图19的示例结构包括具有三个相块P1和经由每个相块P1的电容器C输入连接到所有三个相块P1的平衡块B2的三个相。虽然图19示出三个相块P1,但可使用任意数量的相块。例如,可使用具有两个相块的单相或具有六个相块的六相。相块可由半桥结构或飞跨电容器结构形成。
在图20和21中示出相块P1的例子。相块可以是如图20所示的半桥结构或如图21所示的飞跨电容器结构。图20所示的半桥结构包括与电容器C输入并联的两个串联连接的开关T18、T19。
通常,每个相块可以是能够输出在高电压Vh和低电压Vl之间的平滑的PWM输出的DC/DC转换器。DC/DC转换器可使用半电压电容器来提供相对于半电压的输出电压,以便能够使用相对于跨越Vh到Vl的全电压的DC/DC转换器的一半开关。
每个相块的输入电容器C输入可提供半电压,因为Vh和Vl的开关可根据每个相的50Hz正弦波的极性缓慢地切换。每个相可在不同的时间转变极性。因为输入电容器C输入将以慢速率进行充电和放电,故可能需要高的电容。
本文描述的多相系统是有利的,因为所有相块中的电流的和为零,使得通过使用如本文所述的平衡块,电容器中的电流可被平衡,而没有对补偿低频的电容的需求。
图22示出多相逆变器的另一方面。图22示出包括变压器TF1的逆变器的例子,变压器TF1将六个臂或相变换成三相系统。三相系统的每个相可包括如图22所示的双臂或全桥。多电平的多相逆变器的每个臂H1、H3可包括具有以飞跨电容器配置的电容器(例如电容器C63、C64、C65)的开关或晶体管(例如MOSFET晶体管)。输出AC电压在变压器TF1的输入处产生,变压器TF1是第一电网相的电路的部分。
图23示出以半桥臂H5的电路的形式的、没有变压器的三相系统的另一实施方式。臂H5包括具有以飞跨电容器布置的电容器C67-C73的两组开关T57A-H、T58A-H。臂H5的输出位于在这两组开关之间的节点处,具体地,在开关T57H和开关T58H之间的节点处。H5的AC输出可连接到电网相。图22所示的电路在变压器的输入处产生AC输出电压,其与在图23中所示的半桥臂H5所产生的AC输出电压相同。图22的电路可使用图23的电路的一半输入DC电压并使用与图23的MOSFET相同数量的MOSFET。
图24示出包括六个相的多相逆变器的另一变型。图24的逆变器类似于图22所示的实施方式并使用包括相间平衡块B3的三个双臂或全桥配置。在这种情况下,相间平衡块B3位于各相对之间并连接各相对。相间平衡块B3有利地避免在中间电压电容器(例如电容器C64)上的三倍AC线频率谐波(例如3*50Hz),其通常在使这些电容器在三个相之间(例如,像在标准的中性点箝位型(NPC)拓扑中一样)平衡而不是使这些电容器在相对的每个臂之间(如在六相拓扑的情况中)平衡时存在。它当然可被一般化到更多的相,使得中间电压电容器(例如电容器64)在每对相内进行内部平衡,而不考虑电路中的相对的数量,其可以是标准的三个相(每个相具有一对且因此总共有6个相)、六个相(其中每个相具有一对且因此总共有12个相)或更高数量的相。通常,多相逆变器可扩展到任意的2*N的相,其中N=3是一个优选的实现。
图25示出包括六个相(或更一般地,任意偶数数量的相,使得每两个相是彼此间隔开180°的一对相)的多相逆变器的另一变型。图25所示的变型类似于图24使用相对之间的平衡。在图25所示的变型中,每个AC相有四个臂H11、H13、H15、H17(这意味着在三相逆变器的情况下有12个臂),且它可扩展到任意的4*N个相,其中N=3是一个优选的实现。开关T63和存在于慢切换臂H11、H17处。开关T63和在50Hz下切换并形成负的或正的Vac输出,而T64和在100Hz下切换并将半正弦波形分成两半(例如在T63=1的情况下,我们根据T64得到0.5-0.75或0.75-1的Vac)。两个快切换相臂的中间电容器C69在这两个相之间由平衡块B8(平衡块的一个例子在主电路中示出)平衡而不需要连接到其它相的臂,且如本文描述,平衡块B8也除去150Hz的谐波(例如3*50Hz脉动)。该优点是,慢切换相臂可由超低电阻开关形成而不考虑其切换特性,以及所述总输出AC电压Vac相对于常规臂被四相乘,因而实现较高的总功率。
在图26中示出另一变型。在这种情况下,不能在这对快切换相臂之间实现平衡。而是,平衡块B9被连接在所有三个相(或在更一般的情况下,更多的相)的快切换相臂之间。平衡块B9能够减小在中间电容器C71上的脉动,不过不能够完全平衡它们。
多相逆变器的另一变型包括如图27所示的对每个相使用单个臂或全桥的六个相。类似于其它实施方式,臂经由相间平衡块B10连接到其它臂。
图28示出包括平衡块B4和两个相块P2的通用多相逆变器。图28示出两个相块的例子,但可使用任意数量的相块。每个相块可具有输入DC电压及到Vh和Vl的电流路径。例如,Vh可以是Vdc+,且Vl可以是Vdc-。每个相块P2可由使用多个电容器以形成部分DC电压的任意一个DC/DC转换器形成。例如,部分DC电压可以是Vdc/N,其中Vdc=Vdc+减去Vdc-,且N是在相块P2中的电容器的数量加1。
图29示出包括平衡块B5和三个相块P3的例证性的通用多相逆变器。每个相块P3可具有两个输入电容器,每个电容器形成等于Vdc/3的电压。当这两个输入电容器串联连接时,电压可以是2*Vdc/3。
图30-32示出可在图29所示的通用多相逆变器中使用的相块的例子。
图30所示的相块使形成在高电压Vh和低电压Vl之间的电压变得可能。两个电容器(每个具有Vdc/3的电压)可用于形成电压幅度的一部分。可通过使用平滑的PWM切换来提供在Vdc/3之下的电压。
在图31所示的相块中,额外的飞跨电容器C86可用于通过将P3中示出的相块中的开关(例如MOSFET晶体管)分成串联的两个开关(例如MOSFET晶体管)来形成Vdc/6的电压。例如,用串联连接的开关T81A和T81B代替开关T77A。
图32的相块示出使用单个开关来代替来自图31所示的相块的串联连接的两个开关的例子。
在图30-32的相块P3中,开关(例如MOSFET晶体管)T77A、T81A、T81B、T83A、T77C、T81E、T81F、T83C、T83D、T78A、T82A、T82B、T84A和T78C、T78C、T82E、T82F、T84C、T84D可以是快切换的,而其余开关根据50Hz正弦波的极性被缓慢地切换。
为了补偿慢切换,其中两个电容器将在低频率下进行充电或放电,平衡块B5可用于使在不同臂或相之间的电容器之间流动的电流平衡。平衡块B5也使较低电容的电容器的使用变得可能。
图33提供具有需要在臂之间平衡的两个臂的单相逆变器的例子。位于臂之间的相间平衡块B6可用于使这两个臂平衡。
图34示出可用在图33的单相逆变器中的相间平衡块B6的例子。
图35示出可用在图33的单相逆变器中的相间平衡块B6的另一例子。可补充或代替用虚线示出的两对电容器C87、C88来使用三个中心电容器C89-C91。
图36示出示例性的相间平衡块B6,其中在两个臂之间没有交点。虽然图36示出每个臂中的两个开关的形成两个臂之间的四个开关的串联连接的使用,但可使用任意数量的开关,包括单个开关。
类似地,本文描述的变型可用于在每个相块中具有多个电容器的形成如图37所示的部分电压的相块。可使用与用于图30-32所示的二电容器相块的相块类似的相块,且有包括4个电容器的修改。也可使用与图34-36所示的平衡块类似的平衡块。
图38示出类似于图5的具有减小的电容的单相逆变器的另一实施方式。可通过使用在输入电压(Vdc+到Vdc-(例如接地))和在脉动电压V脉动上的电容器Cdc上的脉动电压V脉动之间的DC/DC转换器来实现减小的电容。
图39示出具有减小的电容的单相逆变器的变型。可使用升压DC/DC-。图39所示的变型是有利的,因为可使用更高电压的脉动电压容器,所以可减小尺寸。在这个变型中使用更多的开关或更高额定值的开关以达到更高的电压。例如,将脉动电压一直升高到DC平均电压的两倍需要为每个半臂上的DC电压的两倍的总耐压。
图40示出包括通过两个开关以输入DC电压为中心的降压-升压方面的变型。脉动电容分布在两个脉动电容器Cdc_H和Cdc_L上。因为这个变型需要比其它降压或升压实施方式更少的开关,故这个变型更便宜且具有更少的损耗。Cdc_L的添加使电路能够实现全电压额定值(Vdc+到Vdc-)而不将所有开关串联放置。电路可将电压升高到DC电压的两倍,同时具有为每个半臂中的DC电压的耐压。这个变型的增益升压可高达DC电压的两倍。
图41示出包括具有被实现为飞跨电容器开关的两个开关的降压-升压方面的另一变型。使用这种变形,低电压MOSFET晶体管可被用作电容减小的开关。类似于前面的变型,Cdc_L的添加使电路能够实现全电压额定值(Vdc+到Vdc-)而不将所有开关串联放置。电路可将电压升高到DC电压的两倍,同时具有为每个半臂中的DC电压的耐压。在另一变型中,可使用串联的三个或四个开关,同时对Cdc_H和Cdc_L使用小电容值。这使传导切换损耗明显减小变得可能,同时仍然能够减小低于通常所需的DC电容的Cdc_H和Cdc_L的总电容,而没有使在电容器Cdc_H和Cdc_L之间的脉动摇摆的摇摆机构。
图42示出包括例如划分到200V电容器和100V飞跨电容器中的DC电压(在图中是400V)的另一实施方式。前面(例如图11-14)介绍的平衡块概念由两个交叉的MOSFET实现以使在两个相之间平衡200V电容器。在两个相输出中的任一个处的输出电压可以是利用飞跨电容器结构的所有状态的0、100、200、300、400V。100V电容器是由如前面所述的恰当的时序图(例如通过01和10状态中的每个相对时序的调节(同时保持平均占空比固定))平衡的飞跨电容器。在某些变型中,150V的低电压MOSFET用于开关(例如英飞凌(Infineon)的具有13毫欧姆的非常低的Rds接通的BSB165N15)。
图42中的电路的切换频率可包括例如针对每个MOSFET的50KHz,使得切换损耗仍然足够低,但是总输出电感器脉动为2*50KHz=100KHz,从而允许非常小的电感器(例如PQ40核心)。为100KHz的总电感器频率比现有的逆变器切换频率高6倍,且在这个高频率下利用低电压MOSFET提供几个逆变器益处,包括:
1.小得多的无源器件(由于频率减小了6倍且由于150V额定零件取代典型逆变器所需的600V额定零件的使用而减小了4倍)。这是无源器件尺寸和成本(其主要是磁性元件)的24倍的增益。
2.低得多的功率损耗和因此极好的效率(高于99%),其允许甚至在高功率电平(例如15KW、20KW、50KW、80KW、100KW等)下的无源冷却(没有风扇)。
3.由于上面提到的包括减小的无源尺寸和减小的冷却要求的益处而引起的小得多的逆变器尺寸。
对于图42中的电路,穿过电感器的电流在图43所示的测试结果中示出。可看到,在整个50Hz的正弦波电流中,有四个级,其中每个级由从零电流到最大峰峰脉动电流的波动电流组成。这四个级与如前面关于图42中的电路描述的多电平实现(根据0v、100v、200v、300v)的电平有关。
图44示出图42中的电路的电子电路板的图片。电路板包括各种选项(串联的MOSFET的数量)、几种类型的电容器等,以实现图42的电路和本文所述的其它电路的电路配置。用识别图42的电路中的MOSFET的虚线圆来注释图像。
在各种实施方式中,图42的电路包括关于图5描述的有源电容器概念。根据这些实施方式,代替有在输入电容器(未在图42中示出)上的Vdc(被标为400V)的线频率(50/60Hz)脉动,图45的电路被连接到图42的Vdc,其中输入电容器之前将其脉动限制到大约10%。在这种情况下,Vdc脉动重新导向到可具有非常高的脉动(例如在0到其额定电压之间)的其它电容器,且因此可使用小得多的电容(初始电容的约1/10)。
在一个实施方式中,使用英飞凌的150V的BSB165N15MOSFETS,且利用前面描述的飞跨电容器拓扑,使得C飞跨被平衡到Vdc/2。在实施方式中,使用575V的电容器(3*80uF)和700V的电容器(3*55uF),且在575-700V范围总共大约400uF而不是如常规现有系统的在500V下具有大约4000-5000uF的额定值。使用这个实施方式,高达200V的脉动电压在电容器上是可能的,这允许所需电容的相当大的减小。
在图46所示的信号曲线中,示出图45的有源电容器输入电路的电容器电压。中间线是平均Vds输入,顶线是在Vdc(3*55uF)之上波动的电容器的电压,且底线是在Vdc(3*80uF)之下波动的电容器的电压。
本文公开的各种实施方式的这种电容减小允许使用薄膜电容器而不是铝质电解电容器。对于相同的电容水平,薄膜电容器较不密集且较不具成本效益,但由于电容的减小,且由于薄膜电容器的特性而得到相同水平的成本和体积同时得到高得多的可靠性和寿命(一般20-25年寿命而不是电解电容器的5-12年)。
此外,通过在高频下利用飞跨电容器拓扑与低电压MOSFET,可实现非常低的损耗、高效率和小得多的转换器与无源冷却,这用当前标准解决方案是不可能的。现有解决方案需要在非常低的频率下操作的高电压IGBT/IGCT的使用,导致高损耗,使得需要使用风扇或进一步降低效率的其它有源冷却资源。
虽然上面描述了示例性的实施方式,但可根据特定的结果和/或应用、以任何期望的方式组合、划分、省略和/或增加各个特征和步骤。本领域中的技术人员将容易想到各种变更、修改和提高。虽然在本文未明确陈述,但如通过本公开变得明显的这样的变更、修改和提高旨在成为本描述的一部分,且旨在落在本公开的精神和范围内。因此,前述描述仅作为例子且不是限制性的。本专利仅如在权利要求和其等效形式中规定的进行限制。
Claims (21)
1.一种电力装置,包括:
多电平逆变器,其包括:
第一直流输入端子和第二直流输入端子,被配置为接收直流电压;
交流输出端子,被配置为输出具有第一频率的交流电压;
串联连接的第一组和第二组,其中所述第一组和所述第二组中的每一者包括串联连接的第一多个晶体管;
一个或多个电容器,所述一个或多个电容器中的每个连接在所述第一组的两个相邻的晶体管和所述第二组的两个相邻的晶体管之间;
第一多个开关,其串联连接在所述第一直流输入端子和所述第一组的第一输入端子之间;
第二多个开关,其串联连接在所述第二直流输入端子和所述第二组的第二输入端子之间;以及
控制器,其被配置为:
控制所述第一多个开关和所述第二多个开关以所述第一频率来切换,并且:在所述交流电压的第一半周期期间,使所述第一多个开关将所述第一直流输入端子与所述第一组连接,并且使所述第二多个开关将所述第二直流输入端子与所述第二组断开;并且在所述交流电压的第二半周期期间,使所述第一多个开关将所述第一直流输入端子与所述第一组断开,并且使所述第二多个开关将所述第二直流输入端子与所述第二组连接,以及
控制所述第一组的所述第一多个晶体管中的每个晶体管以在不同的时间且以第二频率来切换,并且控制所述第二组的所述第一多个晶体管中的每个晶体管以在不同的时间且以第二频率来切换,其中所述第二频率大于所述第一频率。
2.如权利要求1所述的电力装置,所述控制器还被配置成:通过多个第一控制输入来控制所述第一组的所述第一多个晶体管中的每个晶体管,以根据第一占空比且以所述第二频率来切换,并且通过多个第二控制输入控制所述第二组的所述第一多个晶体管中的每个晶体管,以根据第二占空比且以所述第二频率来切换,
其中,所述第一控制输入是所述第二控制输入的反转型式,并且所述第一占空比与所述第二占空比是互补的。
3.如权利要求2所述的电力装置,其中N是所述第一组和所述第二组的所述第一多个晶体管中串联连接的晶体管的数量,并且所述控制器配置成:针对所述第一组和第二组中的每个组,向该组中串联连接的晶体管中的每个晶体管提供顺序移位1/N切换周期的控制信号。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电力装置,其中所述第一多个开关与所述第二多个开关是互补的。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电力装置,还包括:
串联连接的第三组和第四组,其中所述第三组和所述第四组中的每一者包括串联连接的第二多个晶体管;
一个或多个附加电容器,所述一个或多个附加电容器中的每一个连接在所述第三组的两个相邻的晶体管和所述第四组的两个相邻的晶体管之间;
第三多个开关,串联连接在所述第一直流输入端子和所述第三组的第三输入端子之间;
第四多个开关,串联连接在所述第二直流输入端子和所述第四组的第四输入端子之间;并且控制器还被配置为:
控制所述第三多个开关和所述第四多个开关以第一频率切换,并且在交流电压的第一半周期期间,使所述第三多个开关将所述第一直流输入端子与所述第三组断开,并且使所述第四多个开关将所述第二直流输入端子与所述第四组连接,并且在交流电压的第二半周期期间,使所述第三多个开关将所述第一直流输入端子与所述第三组连接,并且使所述第四多个开关将所述第二直流输入端子与所述第四组断开;和
控制所述第三组的所述第二多个晶体管中的每个晶体管在不同的时间且以第二频率切换,并且控制第四组的所述第二多个晶体管中的每个晶体管在不同的时间且以第二频率切换。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电力装置,包括:
至少一个第一开关,连接在所述第二输入端子和所述第三输入端子之间;和
至少一个第二开关,连接在所述第四输入端子和所述第一输入端子之间。
7.根据权利要求6所述的电力装置,其中,所述控制器被配置为使所述至少一个第一开关将所述第二输入端子与所述第三输入端子连接和断开分别与所述至少一个第二开关将所述第四输入端子与所述第一输入端子断开和连接具有相互空载时间。
8.根据权利要求7所述的电力装置,其中:
所述至少一个第一开关包括两个第一开关,所述两个第一开关将所述第二输入端子和所述第三输入端子连接到交点;和
所述至少一个第二开关包括两个第二开关,所述两个第二开关将所述第一输入端子和所述第四输入端子连接到交点。
9.根据权利要求6所述的电力装置,其中:
由所述至少一个第一开关在所述第二输入端子和第三输入端子之间建立的第一连接包括第一滤波电感器,并且
由所述至少一个第二开关在所述第四输入端子和第一输入端子之间建立的第二连接包括第二滤波电感器,其中所述第一滤波电感器和第二滤波电感器被配置为对在所述第二输入端子和所述第三输入端子之间以及在所述第四输入端子和所述第一输入端子之间流动的第二频率的电流进行滤波。
10.根据权利要求6所述的电力装置,还包括:
第一电路,包括所述第一组和所述第二组、所述一个或多个电容器、所述第一输入端子和所述第二输入端子;和
第二电路,包括所述第三组和所述第四组、所述一个或多个附加电容器、所述第三输入端子和所述第四输入端子;
其中,所述至少一个第一开关和所述至少一个第二开关共享所述第一电路和所述第二电路之间的电流,使得在所述第一输入端子和第二输入端子之间移除以及在所述第三输入端子和第四输入端子之间移除脉动电压。
11.根据权利要求5所述的电力装置,其中,所述交流输出端子包括第一交流输出端子和第二交流输出端子,并且其中所述电力装置包括:
第一电压输出端子,位于所述第一组和所述第二组之间的连接点处;
第二电压输出端子,位于所述第三组和所述第四组之间的连接点处;
第一电感器,连接在所述第一电压输出端子和第一交流输出端子之间;和
第二电感器,连接在所述第二电压输出端子和第二交流输出端子之间。
12.根据权利要求11所述的电力装置,其中:
所述电力装置被配置为在所述第一交流输出端子上产生第一正弦波电压,并在所述第二交流输出端子上产生第二正弦波电压;
所述第一正弦波电压与所述第二正弦波电压相移180度;和
所述交流电压作为所述第一正弦波电压和所述第二正弦波电压之间的电压差输出。
13.根据权利要求5所述的电力装置,
其中,所述第一组中的所述第一多个晶体管的每个晶体管和所述第四组中的所述第二多个晶体管中的相应晶体管接收第一控制输入,并且所述第二组中的所述第一多个晶体管的每个晶体管和所述第三组中的第二多个晶体管中的相应晶体管接收第二控制输入。
14.根据权利要求13所述的电力装置,其中,所述第二控制输入是所述第一控制输入的反转型式。
15.根据权利要求5所述的电力装置,
其中,所述第一组中的所述第一多个晶体管的每个晶体管和所述第四组中的所述第二多个晶体管中的相应晶体管都以第一占空比和第二频率切换,并且所述第二组中的所述第一多个晶体管的每个晶体管和所述第三组中的所述第二多个晶体管中的相应晶体管都以第二占空比和第二频率切换。
16.根据权利要求15所述的电力装置,其中,所述第二占空比相对于所述第一占空比是互补的。
17.根据权利要求5所述的电力装置,其中,所述第一组、第二组、第三组、和第四组各自包括两个串联连接的晶体管,并且其中,所述两个串联连接的晶体管中的每个晶体管由移位180度的控制信号切换。
18.根据权利要求5所述的电力装置,其中,所述第一组中的所述第一多个晶体管和所述第四组中的所述第二多个晶体管中的每一者都以第一占空比进行切换,并且所述第二组中的所述第一多个晶体管和所述第三组中的所述第二多个晶体管中的每一者都以第二占空比进行切换。
19.根据权利要求1所述的电力装置,其中,N是所述第一组中的所述第一多个晶体管的数量;并且所述第一组中的所述第一多个晶体管中的每一个由顺序移位1/N个切换周期的控制信号来切换。
20.根据权利要求5所述的电力装置,其中,所述第二频率大于16kHz。
21.根据权利要求1-20任一项所述的电力装置,其中,所述第一频率是50Hz或60Hz。
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