CN107466372B - 波导光栅设备 - Google Patents

波导光栅设备 Download PDF

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CN107466372B
CN107466372B CN201680010082.5A CN201680010082A CN107466372B CN 107466372 B CN107466372 B CN 107466372B CN 201680010082 A CN201680010082 A CN 201680010082A CN 107466372 B CN107466372 B CN 107466372B
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grating
tir
light
waveguide
optical waveguide
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CN107466372A (zh
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乔纳森·戴维·瓦尔德恩
阿拉斯泰尔·约翰·格兰特
米兰·莫姆奇洛·波波维奇
詹姆斯·H·斯坦利
罗伯特·D·布朗
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Rockwell Collins Inc
DigiLens Inc
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DigiLens Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1814—Diffraction gratings structurally combined with one or more further optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors, prisms or other diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1819—Plural gratings positioned on the same surface, e.g. array of gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G02B27/0172—Head mounted characterised by optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/42—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect
    • G02B27/4205—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect having a diffractive optical element [DOE] contributing to image formation, e.g. whereby modulation transfer function MTF or optical aberrations are relevant
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/42—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect
    • G02B27/4261—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect having a diffractive element with major polarization dependent properties
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1814—Diffraction gratings structurally combined with one or more further optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors, prisms or other diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1819—Plural gratings positioned on the same surface, e.g. array of gratings
    • G02B5/1823—Plural gratings positioned on the same surface, e.g. array of gratings in an overlapping or superposed manner
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/32—Holograms used as optical elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0013—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
    • G02B6/0015—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0016—Grooves, prisms, gratings, scattering particles or rough surfaces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/124—Geodesic lenses or integrated gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/34—Optical coupling means utilising prism or grating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1334—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods based on polymer dispersed liquid crystals, e.g. microencapsulated liquid crystals
    • G02F1/13342—Holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0123—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices increasing the field of view
    • G02B2027/0125—Field-of-view increase by wavefront division

Abstract

一种光学波导包括至少两个TIR表面并且包含光栅。具有沿第一传播方向的第一角度范围的输入TIR光经历至少两次衍射。每次衍射将光指向到沿第二传播方向的唯一的TIR角度范围中。

Description

波导光栅设备
相关申请的引用
以下专利申请的全部内容通过引用包含于此：名为“紧凑型边缘照明衍射显示器”的US专利申请13/506,389，名为“光学显示器”的美国专利8,233,204，名为“提供透明显示器的方法和装置”的PCT申请US2006/043938，名为“可穿戴数据显示器”的PCT申请GB2012/000677，名为“紧凑型边缘照明眼镜显示器”的美国专利申请13/317,468，名为“全息广角显示器”的美国专利申请13/869,866，以及名为“透明波导显示器”的美国专利申请US8,224,133，名为“激光照明设备”的美国专利US8,565,560，名为“全息照明系统”的美国专利6,115,152，名为“使用可切换布拉格光栅的紧凑型图像传感器”的PCT申请PCT/GB/2013/000005，名为“全息聚合物分散液晶材料及设备的改进”的PCT申请PCT/GB2012/000680，名为“全息波导眼睛跟踪器”的PCT申请PCT/GB2014/000197，名为“跟踪3D空间中的对象的全息波导”的US临时专利申请62/071,534，名为“眼睛跟踪装置”的PCT/GB2013/000210，名为“眼睛跟踪装置”的PCT申请GB2013/000210。
背景技术
本发明涉及波导设备，且更特别地，涉及一种波导全息光栅。目前，在一些显示器和传感器应用中考虑波导光学，对于这样的显示器和传感器应用，波导将多种光学功能集成到薄的、透明的、轻质衬底中的能力起着关键作用。这样的新方法正激励着新产品开发，包括用于增强现实(AR)和虚拟现实(VR)的近眼显示器、用于航空和公路运输的紧凑型平视显示器(HUD)、以及用于生物测量和激光雷达(LIDAR)应用的传感器。波导在能够用衬底有效引导的光线角度范围方面受限。在上面的引用中提出的一个方案是使用全息光栅进行光的耦合入以及耦合出。但是，虽然传输全息光栅有效地实施这些功能，它们较窄的角度带宽对能够通过波导传输的图像内容施加更严格的角度限制。使用上面的引用中包含的技术，能够通过堆叠或复用光栅来克服这些角度限制。堆叠目前被全息散射所限制，而可在一个波导中复用的光栅的数量被目前的材料调制一致性所限制。一个可能的非常有用的类型的光栅(称为折叠光栅)对于允许将要在一个光栅层中实现的光束传播方向和扩束的改变是唯一的。但是，已发现原型折叠光栅具有较窄的角度带宽。因此，存在对于具有实现(address)波导的全角度能力的波导折叠光栅的需要。
发明内容
本发明的第一目的是提供一种具有实现波导的全角度能力的角度带宽的波导折叠光栅。
本发明的第一实施例中实现了本发明的目的，在第一实施例中，提供了一种具有至少两个TIR表面的光学波导，该光学波导包含光栅。具有沿第一传播方向的第一角度范围的输入TIR光经历至少两次衍射，其中，来自所述第一角度范围的每条光线及其对应的衍射光线位于所述光栅的衍射锥，其中，每次衍射提供沿第二传播方向的唯一的TIR角度范围。
在一个实施例中，来自所述第一角度范围的每条光线及其对应的衍射光线偏离所述光栅的k-矢量一角度，所述角度比衍射效率为峰值衍射效率的预定义部分时的角度小。
在一个实施例中，每个所述唯一的TIR角度范围提供唯一的衍射效率相对的角度特性。在一个实施例中，所述衍射效率相对的角度特性不重叠。在一个实施例中，所述衍射效率相对的角度特性重叠。
在一个实施例中，所述两次衍射产生的衍射光线矢量的角度分离等于衍射锥角。
在一个实施例中，所述光栅为提供许多次衍射的漏栅，其中，仅两次衍射特征在于所述衍射锥上的唯一一对入射和衍射光线矢量。
在一个实施例中，所述光栅是布拉格光栅或SBG，且所述光栅被记录在HPDLC光栅、均匀调制光栅或反向模式HPDLC光栅中的一个中。
在一个实施例中，所述衍射光具有通过对齐所述光栅的平均相对介电张量产生的偏振态，所述偏振态是线性、椭圆或随机偏振中的一个。
在一个实施例中，未衍射光具有通过对齐所述光栅的平均相对介电张量产生的偏振态，所述偏振态是线性、椭圆或随机偏振中的一个。
在一个实施例中，所述光栅是复用光栅组中的一个。
在一个实施例中，所述光栅具有空间可变的厚度。
在一个实施例中，所述光栅具有空间可变的衍射效率。
在一个实施例中，所述光栅具有空间可变的k-矢量方向。
在一个实施例中，所述光栅包括选择性可切换元件阵列。
在一个实施例中，所述衍射光穿过所述波导的TIR表面发送。
在一个实施例中，所述装置进一步包括波导输入耦合器以及波导输出耦合器中的至少一个，所述波导输入耦合器用于将光输入通过所述波导的表面并将其指向所述第一传播路径上，所述波导输出耦合器用于将所述衍射光输出通过所述波导的表面，其中，所述输入耦合器和输出耦合器中的每个是光栅或棱镜中的一个。
在一个实施例中，所述波导输入耦合器和所述波导输出耦合器中的至少一个是配置为使得所述波导中满足光栅互易的光栅。
在一个实施例中，所述输入光利用时变角度分布信息分量来调制。
在一个实施例中，所述波导具有第一平行TIR表面和第二平行TIR表面，所述光栅将所述第一传播方向外的光衍射到第二波导方向上，所述光栅的特征在于：从所述第一TIR表面反射的光的部分衍射成沿第一TIR角度范围中的所述第二传播方向的TIR，从所述第二TIR表面反射的光的部分衍射成沿第二TIR角度范围中的所述第二传播方向的TIR。
在一个实施例中，所述第一传播方向和第二传播方向正交设置在所述波导的平面中。
在一个实施例中，所述装置进一步包括与所述第一光栅重叠的第二光栅，所述第二光栅将所述第一传播方向上的光衍射到所述波导中的第二传播方向上，所述第二光栅的特征在于：从所述第一TIR表面反射的一部分光衍射成沿第三TIR角度范围中的所述第二传播方向的TIR，从所述第二TIR表面反射的一部分光衍射成沿第四TIR角度范围中的所述第二传播方向的TIR。在一个实施例中，第一和第二光栅是复用的。在一个实施例中，每个所述第三TIR角度范围和第四TIR角度范围对应于唯一的衍射效率相对的角度特性。
在一个实施例中，具有第三传播方向上的角度范围的输入TIR光沿所述光栅的所述衍射锥上唯一矢量经历至少一次衍射。在一个实施例中，所述第一传播方向和第三传播方向在相对的方向上。在一个实施例中，所述第三传播方向上的所述输入TIR光的所述TIR角度范围与所述第二传播方向上的所述光的所述衍射效率相对的角度特性不重叠。在一个实施例中，所述第一传播方向上的所述输入TIR光以及所述第三传播方向上的所述输入TIR光具有不同波长。在一个实施例中，所述光栅复用第一光栅和第二光栅。所述第一传播方向上的所述输入TIR光被所述第一复用光栅衍射，所述第三传播方向上的所述输入TIR光被所述第二复用光栅衍射。在一个实施例中，所述装置进一步包括用于衍射沿所述第三传播方向传播的输入TIR光的第二光栅。
通过结合附图理解下面的详细说明能够获得对本发明更完整的理解，在附图中，相同的附图标记表示相同部件。为了清楚的目的，未详细描述与本发明相关领域中已知的技术资料相关的细节。
附图说明
图1是一个实施例中的通用波导光栅的光学几何结构的示意图。
图2是说明了折叠光栅的原理的平面示意图。
图3A是显示了一个实施例中的光衍射的第一方面的波导光栅示意图。
图3B是显示了一个实施例中的光衍射的第二方面的波导光栅示意图。
图4A是显示了一个实施例中的光衍射的第一方面的具有斜光栅条纹的波导的示意图。
图4B是显示了一个实施例中的光衍射的第二方面的具有斜光栅条纹的波导的示意图。
图5是基于图4A-4B的实施例的波导光栅的衍射效率相对的角度特性的曲线图。
图6是一个实施例中的波导光栅的示意图。
图7是显示了图6的实施例中所用的波导光栅的衍射效率相对的角度特性的曲线图。
具体实施方式
现在将参照附图，通过仅示例的方式进一步描述本发明。本领域的技术人员显而易见的，本发明可实施为具有如以下描述中所公开的那样的本发明的一些或全部。为了解释本发明的目的，为了不模糊本发明的基本原理，已省略或简化了光学设计和视觉显示器领域的技术人员已知的光学技术的众所周知的特征。除非另有说明，与光线或光束方向有关的术语“同轴(on-axis)”指平行于垂直于与本发明相关描述的光学部件的表面的轴的传播。在以下描述中，术语光、光线、光束和方向可互换使用且彼此关联，以表明沿直线轨迹的光能量的传播方向。将使用光学设计领域的技术人员通常使用的术语来呈现以下描述的部分。还应注意到，在本发明的以下描述中，短语“在一个实施例中”的重复使用不一定指同样的实施例。
图1是根据本发明的原理的波导设备的示意图，包括：具有至少两个全内反射(TIF)表面10,11的波导，该波导包含至少一个光栅12。TIR表面相对于彼此成一定角度。TIR表面一般为平面。在一些实施例中，TIR表面可以是在一个或两个正交方向上弯曲的。光栅具有k矢量1000，其中，k-矢量通常被定义为垂直于光栅条纹(fringe)表面的单位矢量。波导输入耦合器(未示出)将具有(如光线1002-1005所表示的)许多输入光线角的输入光1001耦合到波导中。波导输入耦合器可以是光栅或棱镜。本发明不假设任何特定的耦合方式。
作为覆盖第一角度范围的光线束的主光线的光线1004耦合到第一传播方向1006上的TIR路径1008。TIR路径1008包含下行光线段(例如1009)以及上行光线段(例如1010)。为了方便解释，光线段1009和1010也用矢量rdown和rup标记。本发明可应用于倾斜平面提供TIR的许多波导几何结构。但是，为了解释本发明的目的，我们请读者设想图1表示了本发明所覆盖的最简单的波导，即，具有两个平行的TIR表面的波导。在这样的情况下，所有TIR发生在这两个表面。在以下描述中，下行指从上TIR表面反射的TIR光线，上行指从下TIR表面反射的光线。在波导具有超过两个TIR表面的情况下，仅仅从向上或向下传播的角度来描述光线路径的特征是不实用的，使用矢量形式更合适。(注意到，为了本发明的目的，术语“传播方向”指TIR光束的能量转移的总方向，而不是个别的上述上行和下行光线路径的方向)。再次参照图1，具有不同的TIR角度(定义为光线和TIR表面的法向之间的角度)的另一个TIR路径源自输入光线1005，覆盖第二角度范围的光线束的主光线(耦合到TIR路径1011)包含上行光线段(例如1012)以及下行光线段(例如1013)。光线段1012和1013也被标记为矢量r’up和r’down。两个TIR路径偏转到第二传播方向1007上。因此，输入光被光栅衍射至少两次(每次衍射对应唯一的角度范围)。仅仅严格满足布拉格等式的光线发生高效衍射。(注意的是，在光栅是漏栅(leaky grating，即其中，有少量光在每次反射(bounce)时发生衍射，仅两次反射会产生衍射锥上的唯一一对入射和衍射光线。)满足布拉格条件的入射光线以及衍射光线位于接近圆锥的表面上。在一个感兴趣的特定的情况下，两次衍射中产生的衍射光线矢量的角度分离等于衍射锥角。不满足布拉格条件的光线将具有逐步降低的衍射效率，增加的与布拉格角(on-Braggangle)(以及波长)的角度(以及波长)偏差，这样的偏差具有限制条件，通常限定为峰值效率的50％。每条衍射光线路径对应于具有唯一范围的衍射光线角度的峰值效率光线。为了确保以较高的效率衍射大部分光，每条输入光线及其对应的衍射光线偏移光栅的k-矢量不超过衍射效率角度带宽的一半的角度。衍射效率角度带宽通常定义为衍射效率超过或等于峰值效率的50％时的角度范围。但是，本发明中可使用受限的衍射效率的其他测度(measure)，取决于像所需要的光输出一致性这样的因素。如我们随后将会看到的，在波导光栅用在传感器中的一些实施例中，为了分开照明和信号光，具有不重叠的角度特性是有好处的。
通过配置衍射上行和下行光线的光栅，光栅运行的角度范围得到大大扩展。这将随后在本描述中的一个特别的折叠光栅设计的情况中进行说明。在一个实施例中，对应于具有主光线1008,1011的输入光线的范围的每个衍射角度范围产生与角度特性相对的唯一的衍射效率，其中，所指的角度是入射或衍射光线与介质(玻璃或塑料)中的k-矢量之间的角度。在本发明的大多数实际应用中，感兴趣的角度测度是空气中的角度带宽。例如，在波导显示器的情况下，将显示器的角度带宽规定为如从眼眶(或出瞳)观察的那样是有用的。可使用基本几何光学确定角度带宽的这样的测度或者其他的测度。与角度特性相对的衍射效率可设计为根据应用来重叠一定的重叠度。需要高一致性的情况下，需要相当高的重叠度以去除例如弯曲的影响。在本描述的后面，我们将描述波导光栅可如何用于(例如，在光接收器/发射器中)提供超过一个通过波导的光学路径。在这样的应用中，期望将衍射效率相对的角度特性之间的重叠保持为最小，以避免接收和发射通道之间的串扰。
最可取的是，本发明中所用的光栅为布拉格光栅(也称作体积光栅)。布拉格光栅具有较高的效率，且较少的光会被衍射成更高阶。可通过控制光栅的折射率调制来改变衍射和零阶中的光的相对量，折射率调制是一种制作用于提取较大的瞳孔上的光的损耗波导光栅的属性。
一个重要等级的光栅被称为可切换布拉格光栅(SBG)。通过首先将光聚合物单体和液晶材料的混合物的薄膜放在平行的玻璃板之间来制造SBG。一个或两个玻璃板支撑电极(电极通常为透明的铟锡氧化物薄膜)，以对该薄膜施加电场。随后，通过用两相干激光束照射液体材料(通常称作糖浆)来记录体相位光栅，两相干激光束干扰以形成斜条纹光栅结构。记录过程期间，单体聚合，且混合物经历相位分离，产生密布液晶微滴的区域，散布着清聚合物区域。交替的富液晶区和贫液晶区形成光栅的条纹面。产生的体相位光栅能够呈现非常高的衍射效率，该衍射效率可受控于施加到薄膜的电场量级。经由透明电极对光栅施加电场时，LC微滴的自然取向改变，使得条纹的折射率调制减少，全息衍射效率下降至非常低的水平。通常，SBG元件在30μs中切换完毕，而需要更长的弛豫时间来切换ON。注意的是，可通过施加连续范围的电压的方式调整设备的衍射效率。不施加电压时，设备呈现接近100％的效率，施加足够高的电压下，效率基本为零。在某些类型的HPDLC设备中，可使用磁场控制LC取向。在某些类型的HPDLC中，可实现LC材料与聚合物的相位分离到这样的程度：不会产生明显的微滴结构。SBG还可用作被动光栅。在这样的模式下，其主要的好处仅在于较高的折射率调制。
SBG可用于提供自由空间中使用的传输或反射光栅。SBG可实现为波导设备，其中，HPDLC形成波导芯或者靠近波导的场耦合层。用于形成HPDLC盒(cell)的平行玻璃板提供全内反射(TIR)导光结构。可切换光栅在超过TIR条件的角度下衍射光时，光耦合出SBG。当前比较感兴趣波导在一系列显示器和传感器中的应用。尽管之前对于HPDLC的很多工作针对反射全息传输，设备正具有作为光学系统构建模块的更多功能。通常，SBG中使用的HPDLC包括液晶(LC)、单体、光染料以及共引发剂。混合物通常包括表面活性剂。专利和科学文献包含许多可用于制造SBG的材料系统和工艺的示例。两个基础专利是：Sutherland的美国专利No.5,942,157，以及Tanaka等人的美国专利No.5,751,452。两个文档描述了适用于制造SBG设备的单体和液晶材料组合。
传输SBG的一个已知的属性在于：LC分子易于垂直于光栅条纹面对齐。LC分子对齐的效果在于：传输SGB有效地衍射P偏振光(即，具有入射平面的偏振矢量的光)，但对于S偏振光(即，具有垂直于入射平面的偏振矢量的光)具有几乎零的衍射效率。由于在入射光和反射光之间的夹角较小时任何光栅对P偏振的衍射效率降至零，传输SBG不可用在近掠入射。
在一个实施例中，光栅记录到像以下专利中公开的那样的均匀调制液晶聚合物材料系统中：Caputo等人的美国专利申请US2007/0019152，Stumpe等人的PCT申请PCT/EP2005/006950，这两个专利的全部内容通过引用包含于此。均匀调制光栅的特征在于高折射率调制(且因此高衍射效率)以及低散射。在一个实施例中，光栅被记录到反向模式HPDLC材料中。反向模式HPDLC不同于传统HPDLC在于：未施加电场时，光栅是被动的，且存在电场时，光栅变成衍射的。反向模式HPDLC可以是基于以下PCT申请中公开的任何方法和工艺：PCT/GB2012/000680，名为“全息聚合物分散液晶材料及器件的改进”。光栅可记录到上述材料系统中的任意材料系统中，但用于被动(非切换)模式。制造工艺与切换的所使用的相同，但省略电极涂覆阶段。鉴于其高折射率调制，LC聚合物材料系统是非常可取的。
在双折射光栅中，折射率具有两部分：特别(ne)指数以及普通(no)指数。特别指数由如平均LC指向矢(director)方向确定的单轴晶体的光轴(即，对称轴)限定。普通指数对应于其他两个正交轴。更一般地，使用介电张量描绘该指数的特性。据发明人所知，基于LC的光栅的光轴易于垂直于布拉格条纹对齐，即，沿K-矢量对齐。对于合理的小的光栅倾斜角，对液晶盒施加电场垂直于波导表面重定位指向矢，有效地清理光栅。入射光线满足依赖于特别指数以及普通指数这两个指数的有效折射率，结果使得玻印亭矢量以及波矢量分开较小的角度。此效果在更高的角度更明显。在一个实施例中，衍射光线具有偏振态，该偏振态通过对齐光栅的平均相对介电张量产生。具有控制未衍射光的偏振的能力也是有用的。因此，在一个实施例中，未衍射光线具有偏振态，该偏振态通过对齐光栅的平均相对介电张量产生。偏振态可为随机、线性、或椭圆偏振中的一个。在期望衍射光与另一个光栅交互的应用中，其为线性偏振。例如，SBG具有对P偏振光的最高衍射效率。在波导中，LC的双折射倾向于在每次TIR反射时旋转光的偏振。这具有扰偏光的偏振的效果。最初的实验指出光未变成完全随机偏振。但是，这很可能依赖于双折射特性。在一个实施例中，修改介电张量以在光栅的输出端提供随机偏振态。在例如在显示器中直接观看衍射光的应用中，随机偏振是可取的。
在一个实施例中，光栅是复用光栅组中的一个。每个光栅可运行于定义的角度或频谱范围。复用允许角度带宽以及色彩空间扩展，而不会显著增加波导层的数量。在一个实施例中，光栅具有空间变化的厚度。由于衍射效率与光栅厚度成正比，而角度带宽与光栅厚度成反比，允许控制衍射光的一致性。在一个实施例中，光栅具有空间变化的k-矢量方向，以供控制光栅的效率、一致性、以及角度范围。在一个实施例中，光栅具有空间变化的衍射效率。复用的应用，以及本发明中的空间变化的厚度、k-矢量方向以及衍射效率是基于以下专利的：名为“紧凑型边缘照明衍射显示器”的US专利申请13/506,389，名为“光学显示器”的美国专利8,233,204，名为“提供透明显示器的方法和装置”的PCT申请US2006/043938，名为“可穿戴数据显示器”的PCT申请GB2012/000677，名为“紧凑型边缘照明眼镜显示器”的美国专利申请13/317,468，名为“全息广角显示器”的美国专利申请13/869,866，以及名为“透明波导显示器”的美国专利申请13/844,456。
衍射光可传输通过波导表面。在波导显示器中，用户可直接观看这样的光。在其他实施例中，衍射光在波导中可继续经历TIR。例如，其可与输出光栅交互，输出光栅提供扩束，并衍射从波导出来的光。此结构可用在基于上面的引用中公开的原理的波导显示器中。在一个实施例中，可使用棱镜将衍射光指引出波导。
在一个实施例中，波导进一步包括波导输入耦合器以及波导输出耦合器中的至少一个，波导输入耦合器用于将光输入通过波导的表面并将其引导到第一传播路径中，波导输出耦合器用于将衍射光输出穿过波导表面，其中，输入和输出耦合器中的每个是光栅或棱镜中的一个。在一个实施例中，波导输入耦合器和波导输出耦合器中的至少一个是配置为使得波导内满足光栅互易(reciprocity)的光栅。
在一个实施例中，光栅是折叠光栅，用于改变光束方向以及在波导内提供扩束。此结构通常将用于引用专利申请中描述的类型的波导显示器中。设计用于将光耦合到波导中或耦合出波导的光栅围绕位于波导平面中的轴倾斜。折叠光栅具有更一般化的倾斜。在其最简单的实现方式中，如在本发明中所使用的，它们围绕垂直于波导平面的轴倾斜，使得它们使波导平面中的光束偏斜。更一般地，它们可能具有两个旋转角限定的倾斜，使得例如，光能够在一个步骤中耦合到波导中并偏斜到波导中的正交方向中。对于本发明特别重要的，它们可实施九十度转向以及一层中的双轴扩束，避免正交叠加光栅层。图2是折叠光栅22的平面图。光线组2015遇到光栅时，它们以改变传播方向90°的方式衍射。与传统的垂直提取光栅不同，光不离开波导。注意的是，光线遇到光栅时，不管其从上面还是下面与光栅相交，它的部分改变方向，且其余部分继续畅通无阻。典型的光线将竖直地(在Y方向上)交互许多次，而一些光将横向地(在X方向上)移动。从设计的角度，期望设计从光栅的输出边缘出来的光2016的量水平均匀分布，从光栅的侧边缘出来的光2017的量尽可能小。
我们接着考虑使用根据本发明的原理的光栅的折叠光栅。在图3-4中示出的实施例中，包含在平面波导(即，具有两个相对的TIR表面)中的光栅将第一传播方向上的输入光偏转到第二传播方向上。如图1的实施例中那样，光栅设计为使得与光栅交互的上行TIR光的部分衍射到第一角度范围中，与光栅交互的下行TIR的部分衍射到第二角度范围中。上行TIR光和下行TIR光线偏离光栅的k-矢量比衍射效率角度带宽更小的角度。首先返回图3的实施例，波导20包含与波导TIR表面成九十度且在波导平面中倾斜设置的光栅条纹21，通常倾斜45度以提供90度光束偏转。在图3A中，第一TIR路径位于输入传播面2001，且随后在输出传播面2002衍射。具有相对于波导平面法向2006的TIR角2005的传播面2001中的TIR光2004撞击光栅条纹，成为上行光线2007，上行光线2007衍射到位于传播面2002中的TIR方向2008上。在图3B中，具有相对于波导平面法向2006的TIR角2011的输入传播面2001中的第二TIR路径(用2010表示)撞击光栅条纹，成为下行光线2013，下行光线2013衍射到位于传播面2002中的TIR方向2014。由于在这样的情况下上行和下行TIR光线对称，在输出衍射效率相对的角度特性中仅存在一个峰值。
接着转向图4的实施例，我们考虑包含光栅条纹31的波导30，光栅条纹31相对于波导TIR表面且相对于波导平面倾斜。此外，光栅条纹31通常呈45度以提供90度光束偏转。在图4A中，第一TIR路径位于输入传播面2020中，随后在输出传播面2021衍射。光栅具有也用符号k标记的k-矢量2022。也表明了光栅条纹相对于波导表面法向2024的倾斜角2023。具有相对于波导平面法向2027的TIR角2026的传播面2001中的TIR光2025撞击光栅条纹，成为上行光线2028，上行光线2028衍射到位于传播面2021中的TIR方向2029。在图4B中，具有相对于波导平面法向2027的TIR角度2031的输入传播面2001中的第二TIR路径(2030表示)撞击光栅条纹，成为下行光线2033，下行光栅2033衍射到位于输出传播面2021中的TIR方向2034。由于在这样的情况下上行和下行TIR光线对称，在输出DE和角度特性中存在两个峰值。
在基于图4说明的实施例的一个实施例中，第二光栅与第一光栅重叠。第二光栅将第一传播方向上的光偏转到波导内的第二传播方向。第二光栅的特征在于：与第二光栅交互的一部分上行TIR光被衍射到第三角度范围中，与光栅交互的一部分下行TIR光被衍射到第四角度范围中。上行TIR光和下行TIR光偏离第二光栅的k-矢量比衍射效率角度带宽更小的角度。图5是基于图4的实施例的包含两个堆叠光栅的波导的(波导中)的衍射效率和角度的曲线图。每个光栅配置为提供两个唯一的效率和角度特性，即，总共四个。
尽管本发明主要出于改善波导显示器的角度带宽的目的，其还可应用到其他光学设备。特别地，其可用于像眼睛跟踪、LIDAR和生物扫描仪这样的传感器。为此，如果示出的所有光线的方向是反向的，图1-4可称为传感器波导。输入耦合器将变成输出耦合器，以供将信号光指向到检测器上。本发明的好处在于：可扩展检测处理的范围以实现波导的全角度能力。对于眼睛跟踪，本发明可用在以下专利中公开的波导眼睛跟踪器中：名为“全息波导眼睛跟踪器”的PCT/GB2014/000197，名为“用于跟踪3D空间中的对象的全息波导”的美国临时专利申请62/071,534，名为“眼睛跟踪装置”的PCT/GB2013/000210，名为“眼睛跟踪装置”的PCT申请GB2013/000210。
在一组实施例中，波导光栅提供至少两个不同的光路径。如上面所示的，这样的实施例的一个重要的应用领域是传感器领域。可通过光栅波导处理的光路径的数量将取决于光栅的可用角度带宽。为了说明提供连个不同的光路径的波导光栅的原理，图6显示了具有k-矢量2050的一个波导光栅条纹40，k-矢量2050随后提供衍射锥2051的轴。第一光学路径对应于由2052,2053表示的第一和第二光束传播方向。光束传播路径也用圆圈标号1-4标记。由2054,2055表示的第三和第四传播方向提供第二光学路径。在典型的应用中，第一光学路径可为将来自(耦合到波导的)照明光源的光传送到波导外面的反射面的发射通道。第二光学路径将提供用于将来自外表面的反射光传送到(耦合到波导的)检测器的接收通道。为了简化描述，未考虑波导中通常使用的中间输入/输出耦合光栅及其他元件。
再次转向图6，用光线2056,2057表示第一光束传播方向周围的TIR路径，用光线2058,2059表示第三光束传播方向周围的TIR路径。未示出TIR表面。设想后者平行于图的平面可能是有帮助的。因此，光束传播方向实质上是共面的。作为对附图的进一步理解，TIR路径已经围绕传播方向矢量旋转了90度。
在图6中，传播方向已尽可能一般化的示出。实际中，将通过光栅和波导角度带宽考量以及对可相对于波导的什么位置设置各部件(例如，光源和检测器)的限制，来确定方向的范围。在一个实施例中，第二和第三波束传播方向可实质上在相对的方向上。此原理用于所引用的参考中公开的眼睛跟踪器。为了避免接收和发射通道之间的串扰，光学路径的衍射效率相对的角度特性实质上不重叠是重要的。通常，为了避免任何可能的杂散光路径，所有四个光束传播方向的衍射效率相对的角度特性应具有很少或没有重叠。图7中示出了第二和第三传播方向的衍射效率和角度曲线2060,2061。本发明允许两个光学路径中的每个路径至少两次衍射。在传感器的情况下，接收和发射通道二者均可使用两次衍射。但是，在许多应用中，可能仅要求检测通道中较宽的角度带宽。在一个实施例中，两个光学路径可传播不同的波长。在一个实施例中，两个光学路径可传播不同的偏振态。提供通过波导的两个或更多光学路径的能力可具有在像激光仪器、光学计算、机器人和工业处理控制和监控这样的领域中的应用。
在波导显示器的情况下，使用空间光调制器(例如液晶显示面板)或使用基于MEM的激光扫描仪或其他光束偏转技术，用时变角度分布信息分量调制输入光。典型的HMD架构是波导，用于耦合进来自图像发生器的准直光的一个或多个堆叠输入光栅，一个堆叠光栅，以及用于朝向眼眶(可从该眼眶观看整个图像)竖直以及水平输出瞳孔扩大光的一个或多个输出光栅。
应强调的是，附图是示例性的，且已放大了尺寸。例如，SBG层的厚度已大大放大了。
在上面的实施例的任意实施例中，波导可为从马赛克面或弯曲面弯曲的或形成的。
可使用名为“全息聚合物分散液晶材料及器件的改进”的PCT申请PCT/GB2012/000680中公开的材料和工艺，使用塑料衬底实现基于上述实施例中的任意实施例的波导设备。
本领域的技术人员应理解，虽然已参照典型的实施例描述了本发明，将理解到，本发明不限于所公开的典型的实施例。只要其在所附的权利要求或其等同物的范围内，根据设计需要和其他因素，可能发生各种修改、组合、子组合和改变。

Claims (29)

1.一种光学波导，包括：第一TIR表面和第二TIR表面，且包含光栅，其中，具有沿第一传播方向的第一角度范围的输入TIR光经历至少两次衍射，其中，来自所述第一角度范围的每条光线及其对应的衍射光线位于所述光栅的衍射锥，其中，每次衍射提供沿第二传播方向的唯一的TIR角度范围，所述至少两次衍射包括从所述第一TIR表面反射的TIR光线的第一衍射以及从所述第二TIR表面反射的TIR光线的第二衍射，每个所述唯一的TIR角度范围提供唯一的衍射效率相对的角度特性。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，来自所述第一角度范围的每条光线及其对应的衍射光线分别相对所述光栅的k-矢量偏离一角度，所述角度比衍射效率为峰值衍射效率的50％时的角度小。
3.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述衍射效率相对的角度特性不重叠。
4.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述衍射效率相对的角度特性重叠。
5.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述两次衍射产生的衍射光线矢量的角度分离等于衍射锥角。
6.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述光栅是提供许多次衍射的漏栅，其中，仅两次衍射的特征在于所述衍射锥上的唯一一对入射和衍射光线矢量。
7.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述光栅是布拉格光栅或SBG，且所述光栅被记录在HPDLC光栅、均匀调制光栅或反向模式HPDLC光栅中的一个中。
8.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述衍射光具有通过对齐所述光栅的平均相对介电张量产生的偏振态，所述偏振态是线性、椭圆或随机偏振中的一个。
9.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，未衍射光具有通过对齐所述光栅的平均相对介电张量产生的偏振态，所述偏振态是线性、椭圆或随机偏振中的一个。
10.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述光栅是复用光栅组中的一个。
11.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述光栅具有空间可变的厚度。
12.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述光栅具有空间可变的衍射效率。
13.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述光栅具有空间可变的k-矢量方向。
14.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述光栅包括选择性可切换元件阵列。
15.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述衍射光穿过所述波导的TIR表面发送。
16.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，进一步包括波导输入耦合器以及波导输出耦合器中的至少一个，所述波导输入耦合器用于将光输入通过所述波导的表面并将其指向所述第一传播路径上，所述波导输出耦合器用于将所述衍射光输出通过所述波导的表面，其中，所述输入耦合器和输出耦合器中的每个是光栅或棱镜中的一个。
17.根据权利要求16所述的光学波导，其中，所述波导输入耦合器和所述波导输出耦合器中的至少一个是配置为使得所述波导中满足光栅互易的光栅。
18.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述输入光利用时变角度分布信息分量来调制。
19.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，所述波导具有第一平行TIR表面和第二平行TIR表面，所述光栅将所述第一传播方向外的光衍射到第二传播方向上，所述光栅的特征在于：从所述第一TIR表面反射的一部分光衍射成沿第一TIR角度范围中的所述第二传播方向的TIR，从所述第二TIR表面反射的一部分光衍射成沿第二TIR角度范围中的所述第二传播方向的TIR。
20.根据权利要求19所述的光学波导，其中，所述第一传播方向和第二传播方向正交设置在所述波导的平面中。
21.根据权利要求20所述的光学波导，进一步包括与所述光栅重叠的另一个光栅，所述另一个光栅将所述第一传播方向上的光衍射到所述波导中的第二传播方向上，所述另一个光栅的特征在于：从所述第一TIR表面反射的一部分光衍射成沿第三TIR角度范围中的所述第二传播方向的TIR，从所述第二TIR表面反射的一部分光衍射成沿第四TIR角度范围中的所述第二传播方向的TIR。
22.根据权利要求21所述的光学波导，其中，所述光栅和所述另一个光栅是复用的。
23.根据权利要求21所述的光学波导，其中，每个所述第三TIR角度范围和第四TIR角度范围对应于唯一的衍射效率相对的角度特性。
24.根据权利要求1所述的光学波导，其中，具有第三传播方向上的角度范围的输入TIR光沿着所述光栅的所述衍射锥上唯一矢量经历至少一次衍射。
25.根据权利要求24所述的光学波导，其中，所述第一传播方向和第三传播方向在相对的方向上。
26.根据权利要求24所述的光学波导，其中，所述第三传播方向上的所述输入TIR光的所述TIR角度范围与所述第二传播方向上的所述光的所述衍射效率相对的角度特性不重叠。
27.根据权利要求24所述的光学波导，其中，所述第一传播方向上的所述输入TIR光以及所述第三传播方向上的所述输入TIR光具有不同波长。
28.根据权利要求24所述的光学波导，进一步包括另一个光栅，其中，所述第三传播方向上的所述输入TIR光被所述另一个光栅衍射。
29.根据权利要求24所述的光学波导，其中，所述光栅包括复用的第一光栅和第二光栅，其中，所述第一传播方向上的所述输入TIR光被所述第一光栅衍射，所述第三传播方向上的所述输入TIR光被所述第二光栅衍射。
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