US20120175964A1 - Serially connected inverters - Google Patents

Serially connected inverters Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120175964A1
US20120175964A1 US13/348,214 US201213348214A US2012175964A1 US 20120175964 A1 US20120175964 A1 US 20120175964A1 US 201213348214 A US201213348214 A US 201213348214A US 2012175964 A1 US2012175964 A1 US 2012175964A1
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Prior art keywords
output
micro
voltage
terminals
inverter
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English (en)
Inventor
Ilan Yoscovich
Meir Gazit
Tzachi Glovinsky
Yoav Galin
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SolarEdge Technologies Ltd
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SolarEdge Technologies Ltd
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Assigned to SOLAREDGE TECHNOLOGIES LTD. reassignment SOLAREDGE TECHNOLOGIES LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GALIN, YOAV, GAZIT, MEIR, GLOVINSKY, TZACHI, YOSCOVICH, ILAN
Publication of US20120175964A1 publication Critical patent/US20120175964A1/en
Assigned to KREOS CAPITAL IV (EXPERT FUND) LIMITED reassignment KREOS CAPITAL IV (EXPERT FUND) LIMITED SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: SOLAREDGE TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
Priority to US14/303,067 priority Critical patent/US9866098B2/en
Assigned to SOLAREDGE TECHNOLOGIES LTD. reassignment SOLAREDGE TECHNOLOGIES LTD. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KREOS CAPITAL IV (EXPERT FUND) LIMITED
Priority to US15/823,970 priority patent/US10666125B2/en
Priority to US16/709,356 priority patent/US11205946B2/en
Priority to US17/528,409 priority patent/US20220077757A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
    • G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/388—Islanding, i.e. disconnection of local power supply from the network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/40—Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator
    • H02J3/42—Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator with automatic parallel connection when synchronisation is achieved
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/49—Combination of the output voltage waveforms of a plurality of converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H02J2300/26—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/0077—Plural converter units whose outputs are connected in series
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/325—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection with means for allowing continuous operation despite a fault, i.e. fault tolerant converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Definitions

  • aspects generally relate to distributed power system and more particularly to the use of multiple micro-inverters.
  • Power generation from each of these sources typically depends on manufacturing, operating, and environmental conditions of the power sources, e.g. photovoltaic panels. For example, various inconsistencies in manufacturing may cause two identical sources to provide different output characteristics. Similarly, two identical sources may react differently to operating and/or environmental conditions, such as load, temperature, etc. In practical installations, different source may also experience different environmental conditions, e.g. in solar power installations some panels may be exposed to full sun, while others be shaded, thereby delivering different power output.
  • Islanding is a condition where a power generation system is severed from the utility network, but continues to supply power to portions of the utility network after the utility power supply is disconnected from those portions of the network.
  • Photovoltaic systems must have anti-islanding detection in order to comply with safety regulations. Otherwise, the photovoltaic installation may electrically shock or electrocute repairpersons after the grid is shut down from the photovoltaic installation generating power as an island downstream.
  • the island condition poses a hazard also to equipment. Thus, it is important for an island condition to be detected and eliminated.
  • the process of connecting an alternating current (AC) generator or power source (e.g. alternator, inverter) to other AC power sources or the power grid is known as synchronization and is crucial for the generation of AC electrical power.
  • AC alternating current
  • the power source must have equal line voltage, frequency, phase sequence, phase angle, and waveform to that of the power grid.
  • synchronization is performed and controlled with the aid of synch relays and micro-electronic systems.
  • grid voltage is the voltage of the electrical power grid usually 110V or 220V at 60 Hz or 220V at 50 Hz.
  • a micro-inverter having input terminals and output terminals.
  • the micro-inverter may be adapted for inverting an input DC power received at the input terminals to an output alternating current (AC) power at the output terminals, which have a voltage significantly less than a grid voltage.
  • a bypass current path between the output terminals may be adapted for passing current produced externally to the micro-inverter.
  • An optional synchronization module may be adapted for synchronizing the output AC power to the grid voltage.
  • a control loop may be configured to set the input DC power received at the input terminals according to a previously determined criterion. The previously determined criterion typically sets a maximum input power.
  • a photovoltaic power generation system having multiple photovoltaic panels with direct current (DC) outputs connectible to multiple micro-inverters.
  • Each micro-inverter has input terminals connectible to the DC outputs and output terminals.
  • the micro-inverters are configured for inverting input DC power received at the input terminals to an output alternating current (AC) at the output terminals with an output voltage substantially less than a grid voltage.
  • the output terminals are connectible in series into a serial string and an output voltage of the serial string may be substantially equal to the grid voltage.
  • Each micro-inverter includes a bypass current path between the output terminals for passing current produced externally in the serial string.
  • the alternating current (AC) micro-inverter may have a control loop configured to set the input DC power received at the input terminals according to a previously determined criterion.
  • An optional central control unit may be operatively attached to the serial string and the grid voltage.
  • the central control unit may be adapted for disconnecting the system from the grid upon detecting a less than minimal grid voltage.
  • the central control unit optionally monitors the synchronization of the voltage of the serial string to the grid voltage and disconnects the serially connected micro-inverters from the grid or disables the micro-inverters upon a lack of synchronization between the grid voltage and the output voltage of the serially connected micro-inverters.
  • a method for photovoltaic power generation in a system having multiple of photovoltaic panels with direct current (DC) outputs and multiple micro-inverters each including input terminals and output terminals.
  • the input terminals of the micro-inverters are connectible to respective DC outputs of the photovoltaic panels.
  • the output terminals are connected serially to a serial voltage output.
  • the DC power received at the input terminals may be inverted to an output alternating current (AC) power at the output terminals while maintaining the serial voltage output substantially equal to a grid voltage.
  • AC alternating current
  • the output terminals preferably have a current bypass in the event of failure of inverting the DC power received at the input terminals to the output alternating current (AC) power at the output terminals or upon the micro-inverter being shut down in the event of a failure to maintain the serial voltage output at the level of the grid voltage.
  • AC alternating current
  • inversion of input DC power to output power may be enabled after a previously determined time delay.
  • the serial voltage output may be synchronized to the grid voltage.
  • the output terminals preferably have a current bypass in the event of failure of inverting the DC power received at the input terminals to the output alternating current (AC) power at the output terminals or upon the micro-inverter being shut down in the event of a failure to maintain the serial voltage output at the level of the grid voltage.
  • FIG. 1 shows a conventional installation of a solar power system.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates one serial string of DC sources.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a power harvesting system
  • FIG. 4 a illustrates a power harvesting system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 b illustrates a power harvesting system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 c illustrates further details of a bypass in accordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 5 a illustrates a method of operation of a power harvesting system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 5 b shows further details of connection and wake-up of a power harvesting system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 5 c shows further details of operation in accordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 1 A conventional installation of a solar power system 10 is illustrated in FIG. 1 . Since the voltage provided by each individual photovoltaic panel 100 is low, several panels 100 are connected in series to form a string 102 of panels 100 . For a large installation, in order to achieve higher current, several strings 102 may be connected in parallel. Photovoltaic panels 100 are mounted outdoors, and are connected to a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) module 106 and to an inverter 104 . MPPT 106 is typically implemented in the same housing as inverter 104 .
  • MPPT maximum power point tracking
  • Harvested power from the DC sources is delivered to inverter 104 , which converts the fluctuating direct-current (DC) into alternating-current (AC) having a desired voltage and frequency, which, for residential application, is usually 110V or 220V at 60 Hz or 220V at 50 Hz.
  • AC current from inverter 104 may then be used for operating electric appliances or fed to the power grid.
  • the power extracted from inverter 104 may be directed to store the excess power in batteries.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates one serial string of DC sources according to conventional art, photovoltaic panels 100 , connected to MPPT circuit 106 and inverter 104 to form a power harvesting system 20 connected to load 108 .
  • the current versus voltage (IV) characteristics are plotted to the left of each photovoltaic panel 100 .
  • the current decreases as the output voltage increases.
  • the current goes to zero, and in some applications may assume a negative value, meaning that some photovoltaic panels 100 instead of being sources of power become sinks of power.
  • Bypass diodes (not shown) connected in parallel across each photovoltaic panel 100 output are used to prevent any photovoltaic panel 100 from becoming a sink of power.
  • MPP maximum power point tracking
  • the purpose of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) module 106 is to find a suitable “average” maximum power point (MPP) for all panels 100 .
  • the maximum power point of the string selected by MPPT module 106 is shown using a dotted line with label MPP.
  • the maximum power point of the string of panels 100 is generally not the maximum power of all panels 100 .
  • the dots indicating maximum power point of the individual panels 100 do not fall on the dotted line marked MPP.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates another power harvesting system 30 according to conventional art, which combines power of multiple photovoltaic panels 100 .
  • Each photovoltaic panel 100 has a direct current (DC) output connected to the input of an inverter 104 .
  • a bypass diode 310 is connected in parallel across the direct current (DC) output panel 100 for safety requirements.
  • Inverter 104 receives the direct current (DC) output of photovoltaic panel 100 and converts the direct current (DC) to give an alternating current (AC) at the output of inverter 104 .
  • Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) module 106 is typically implemented as part of the inverter 104 .
  • the outputs of multiple inverters 104 (with inputs attached to multiple photovoltaic panels 100 ) are connected in parallel to produce an alternating current (AC) output 304 .
  • Alternating current (AC) output 304 supplies load 108 .
  • Load 108 typically is an alternating current (AC) power grid, alternating current (AC) motor or a battery charging circuit.
  • aspects are directed to serially connected inverters in a grid connected photovoltaic system.
  • each inverter is required to output a low voltage, for instance 24 volts AC root mean square (RMS) for ten serially connected inverters.
  • RMS root mean square
  • Low output voltage of the micro-inverter is suitable for efficient and low cost micro-inverter topologies.
  • One such topology is discussed in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 22, No. 5, September 2007, entitled “A Single-Stage Grid Connected Inverter Topology for Solar PV Systems With Maximum Power Point Tracking, this paper proposes a high performance, single-stage inverter topology for grid connected PV systems.
  • bypass refers to an alternate low impedance current path around or through a circuit, equipment or a system component. The bypass is used to continue operation when the bypassed circuit is inoperable or unavailable.
  • wake-up and “shut-down” as used herein refer to processes during, which a photovoltaic system is activated or de-activated respectively.
  • a criterion for “wake-up”, i.e. activation of a photovoltaic panel, for instance, is that a photovoltaic panel is exposed to sufficient light such as at dawn
  • a criterion for “shut-down”, i.e. de-activation of a photovoltaic panel is that a photovoltaic panel is not exposed to sufficient light, for example at dusk.
  • FIG. 4 a illustrates a power harvesting system 41 according to some embodiments.
  • Photovoltaic inverting modules 410 each have panel 100 , bypass diode 310 , a control loop 404 and micro-inverter 402 .
  • Micro-inverters 402 may have optional synchronization units 408 and current bypass paths 422 .
  • Photovoltaic panels 100 have direct current (DC) outputs, which are connected respectively to the input of inverters 402 .
  • Bypass diodes 310 may connected in parallel across the direct current (DC) outputs of each panel 100 for safety requirements (e.g. IEC61730-2 solar safety standards).
  • Control loops 404 are configured according to a predetermined criterion, typically to maintain maximum power at the inputs of micro-inverters 402 , i.e. from the direct current (DC) outputs of photovoltaic panels 100 .
  • Bypass paths 422 are optionally normally-closed relays, which open during operation, and which are connected respectively to the outputs of photovoltaic inverting modules 410 .
  • Photovoltaic inverting modules 410 have alternating current (AC) outputs with voltage V a and current I a from module 410 a; voltage V b and current I b from module 410 b; voltage V n and current I n from module 410 n.
  • AC alternating current
  • Outputs of modules 410 are connected in series to give a voltage output V out, which is applied to a load 406 via switch 414 .
  • Switch 414 is preferably controlled by control unit 418 .
  • Load 406 typically is an alternating current (AC) power grid, alternating current (AC) motor or a battery charging circuit.
  • Control units 408 typically provide control signals to synchronization units 408 in order to achieve synchronization with load or grid 406 .
  • Synchronization units 408 or control unit 418 provide anti-islanding functionality for power harvesting system 41 .
  • the outputs of photovoltaic inverting modules 410 a - 410 n are bypassed (i.e. the output of modules 410 a - 410 n are short circuited) by bypass 422 in the event of under voltage production by micro inverter modules 402 or the bypass is opened (i.e. modules 410 a - 410 n are open circuit) in the event of over voltage by micro inverter modules 402 or during a situation of anti-islanding.
  • bypass 422 is controlled by control logic module 460 , e.g. a microprocessor 460 controlling micro-inverter 402 .
  • Microprocessor 460 has a sensing input connected to the output voltage (V microinverter ) of micro inverter 402 .
  • Control logic module 460 has other inputs connected across the bypass path at nodes A and B.
  • Control logic module 460 has two outputs; one output connects to the gate of a metal oxide semi-conductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) Q 1 , the other output connects to the gate of MOSFET Q 2 .
  • MOSFET metal oxide semi-conductor field effect transistor
  • MOSFET Q 1 The drain of MOSFET Q 1 is connected to node A and the source of MOSFET Q 1 is connected to the source of MOSFET Q 2 , the drain of MOSFET Q 2 is connected to node B.
  • MOSFET Q 1 has a diode with an anode connected to the drain and a cathode connected to the source.
  • MOSFET Q 2 has a diode with an anode connected to the drain and a cathode connected to the source.
  • the bypass current (I bypass ) path is identified between nodes A and B.
  • a high impedance path is provided between nodes A and B when micro inverter 402 is producing an alternating current (AC) voltage synchronized to grid voltage 406 .
  • the high impedance path is provided between nodes A and B when MOSFETs Q 1 and Q 2 are turned off by control logic unit 460 .
  • a low impedance path is provided between nodes A and B when micro inverter 402 is not producing an AC voltage and another serially-connected micro inverter 402 is producing an AC voltage.
  • a low impedance path is provided between nodes A and B by alternately switching MOSFETs Q 1 and Q 2 on and off alternately via control logic unit 406 .
  • the load 406 is a grid voltage
  • Q 1 and Q 2 are turned alternately on and off according to the frequency of the grid voltage.
  • Q 1 and Q 2 are turned alternately on and off according to the frequency of synchronized inverters 402 a - 402 n.
  • switching MOSFETs Q 1 and Q 2 on and off by control logic unit 460 is achieved via communication signals between central control unit 408 and control units 408 a - 408 n.
  • a low impedance path provided between nodes A and B means that currents I b , I bypass and I out are substantially equal according to Kirchhoffs current law.
  • a low impedance path provided between nodes A and B means that current I bypass flows alternately from drain to source of Q 2 and the diode of Q 1 for one half cycle and for the other half cycle I bypass flows alternately through from drain to source of Q 1 and the diode of Q 2 .
  • FIG. 4 b illustrates a power harvesting system 42 according to further embodiments.
  • photovoltaic inverting modules 410 a - 410 n each has a photovoltaic panel 100 , bypass diode 310 , control loops 404 and inverters 402 having synchronization units 408 and current bypasses 422 .
  • Modules 410 a - 410 n have outputs connected in series to give a voltage output V out , which is applied to load 406 .
  • Sensor 416 preferably senses the live voltage applied to load 406 optionally via electromagnetic pickup on the power line connected to load 406 or directly by having visibility of the grid by virtue of bypasses 422 .
  • Sensor unit 412 transfers details of the load voltage (e.g. amplitude, phase, and frequency) to synchronization unit 408 a via control line 420 .
  • Control signals are optionally sent over power line communications, wireless or over a separate interface.
  • control line 420 receives synchronization signals from sensor 412 .
  • FIG. 5 a shows a flow chart of a method 50 illustrating operation of power harvesting systems 41 and 42 according to various aspects.
  • Method steps include installation (step 500 ) wake-up (step 501 ), normal operation (step 503 ), and shut down (step 505 ).
  • photovoltaic modules 410 are preferably not producing power so as not to be a safety hazard to the installers.
  • a “keep-alive” signal is transmitted for instance by control unit 418 over the AC power lines.
  • the “keep-alive” signal is not received by micro-inverters 402 , AC output power is disabled or not produced.
  • the grid is “visible” to micro-inverters 402 , then in the absence of grid voltage, (e.g. switch 414 in FIG. 4 a is open) micro-inverters 402 do not produce AC power.
  • FIG. 5 b illustrates an installation method 500 according to certain aspects.
  • step 500 a input terminals of micro-inverters 402 are connected to the output of photovoltaic panels 100 .
  • step 500 b the output terminals of photovoltaic panels 100 are connected serially to give a serial voltage output.
  • step 501 a power inversion is enabled.
  • step 501 b power inversion may be performed by synchronization modules 408 when grid voltage is sensed or by control unit 418 when switch 414 is closed.
  • Micro-inverters 402 invert (step 503 b ) the direct current (DC) power output of photovoltaic panels 100 to alternating current (AC) power at the outputs of micro-inverters 402 while maintaining output voltage equal to the grid voltage.
  • Synchronization (step 503 a ) between the voltage outputs of micro-inverters 402 a - 402 n and the grid voltage is maintained.
  • Control unit 418 optionally monitors AC synchronization between output voltage V out and load 406 , e.g. grid.
  • Control unit 418 also may provide anti-islanding functionality for power harvesting system 41 . If either synchronization and/or voltage of power harvesting system 41 is incompatible with the grid, control unit 418 disconnects power harvesting system from the grid by signaling switch 414 .
  • synchronization step 503 a
  • synchronization units 422 which can sense the grid by virtue of bypass paths 422 .
  • current bypass occurs (step 503 d ).
  • Current bypass is optionally an active current bypass using active switches as shown in FIG.
  • Step 505 occurs for instance at dusk when light levels are two low to maintain the grid voltage at any current level.
  • the photovoltaic system is optionally disconnected from the grid using switch 414 in system 41 or in system 42 each of micro inverter modules 402 stop and present high impedance to the grid.
  • the regulation of output voltage of photovoltaic inverting modules 410 a - 410 n is achieved directly by the grid 406 .
  • the regulation does not require control unit 418 and switch 414 as shown in FIG. 4 a and relies on the fact that grid 406 is almost infinitely greater in terms of potential supply of power by comparison to the AC power produced by photovoltaic inverting modules 410 a - 410 n.
  • the greater power of grid 06 forces photovoltaic inverting modules 410 a - 410 n to adjust to the grid voltage and as such, photovoltaic inverting modules 410 a - 410 n are preferably operated to give as much voltage as possible at their outputs.
  • photovoltaic inverting modules 410 a - 410 are capable of sensing grid voltage 406 so as to provide anti-islanding.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
US13/348,214 2011-01-12 2012-01-11 Serially connected inverters Abandoned US20120175964A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/303,067 US9866098B2 (en) 2011-01-12 2014-06-12 Serially connected inverters
US15/823,970 US10666125B2 (en) 2011-01-12 2017-11-28 Serially connected inverters
US16/709,356 US11205946B2 (en) 2011-01-12 2019-12-10 Serially connected inverters
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US20180083523A1 (en) 2018-03-22
US20200119632A1 (en) 2020-04-16
CN109842369A (zh) 2019-06-04
CN102594178B (zh) 2019-03-19
GB2483317A (en) 2012-03-07
EP2477318A3 (de) 2015-08-05
GB201100450D0 (en) 2011-02-23
GB2483317B (en) 2012-08-22
EP2477318A2 (de) 2012-07-18
US9866098B2 (en) 2018-01-09
CN102594178A (zh) 2012-07-18
US11205946B2 (en) 2021-12-21
US20220077757A1 (en) 2022-03-10
CN109842369B (zh) 2021-11-05
US20140292085A1 (en) 2014-10-02
US10666125B2 (en) 2020-05-26

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