CN102594178B - 串联连接的逆变器 - Google Patents

串联连接的逆变器 Download PDF

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CN102594178B
CN102594178B CN201210007491.3A CN201210007491A CN102594178B CN 102594178 B CN102594178 B CN 102594178B CN 201210007491 A CN201210007491 A CN 201210007491A CN 102594178 B CN102594178 B CN 102594178B
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CN102594178A (zh
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伊兰·约瑟考维奇
M·盖兹特
察希·格罗文斯基
Y·戈林
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SolarEdge Technologies Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
    • G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/388—Islanding, i.e. disconnection of local power supply from the network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/40—Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator
    • H02J3/42—Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator with automatic parallel connection when synchronisation is achieved
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/49—Combination of the output voltage waveforms of a plurality of converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H02J2300/26—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/0077—Plural converter units whose outputs are connected in series
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/325—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection with means for allowing continuous operation despite a fault, i.e. fault tolerant converters
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Abstract

本发明涉及串联连接的逆变器。一种具有输入端子和输出端子的微型逆变器。所述微型逆变器适于将在输入端子接收的输入DC功率转换成在输出端子的输出交流(AC)功率，该输出交流功率具有显著小于电网电压的电压。在输出端子之间的旁路电流路径适于将外部产生的电流传递到微型逆变器。

Description

串联连接的逆变器
背景
1.发明领域
本发明的领域大体上涉及分布式电源系统，且更具体地涉及多个微型逆变器的使用。
2.相关技术
近来对可再生能量的增加的兴趣导致分布式发电系统——包括光伏电池和燃料电池——的研究和发展。已经提出了用于将这些电源连接到负载的各种拓扑，考虑到各种参数，例如电压/电流要求、操作条件、可靠性、安全性、成本。这些源提供低电压直流输出(通常低于3伏特)，所以它们被串联地连接以获得所需的电压。相反，串联连接可能不能提供所需的电流，所以串联连接的几个串可以并联地连接以提供所需的电流。
来自这些源中的每一个的发电通常取决于电源例如光伏板的制造、操作和环境条件。例如，在制造中的各种不一致可能使两个相同的源提供不同的输出特性。类似地，两个相同的源可能对诸如负载、温度等操作和/或环境条件不同地起反应。在实际安装中，不同的源也可能经历不同的环境条件，例如在太阳能发电装置中，一些板可以暴露于充足的阳光，而另一些被遮蔽，从而提供不同的功率输出。
在图1中示出了太阳能发电系统10的传统装置。因为由每一单独的光伏板100提供的电压较低，若干个板100串联连接以形成板100的串102。对于大型装置，为了获得较高的电流，若干串102可以并联地连接。光伏板100安装在室外，且连接到最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)模块106和逆变器104。MPPT 106通常在与逆变器104相同的壳体中实现。
从DC源收集的电力被传送到逆变器104，逆变器104将浮动的直流(DC)转换成具有期望电压和频率的交流(AC)，对于住宅应用，期望电压通常在60Hz时是110V或220V或者在50Hz时是220V。来自逆变器104的AC电流接着可以用于操作电器或馈送到电力网。可选地，如果所述装置没有连接到电网，从逆变器104提取的电力可以被引导来将多余的电力储存在电池中。
图2示出了根据传统技术的DC源的一个串联串，光伏板100连接到MPPT电路106和逆变器104以形成连接到负载108的电力收集系统20。电流与电压(IV)的关系曲线特性被绘制在每个光伏板100的左边。对于每个光伏板100，电流随着输出电压的升高而降低。在某一电压值处，电流转变到零，并且在一些应用中可以采用负值，意味着一些光伏板100不是功率源，而是变成功率的接收器。并联连接在每个光伏板100的输出两端的旁路二极管(未示出)被用于防止任一光伏板100变成功率的接收器。每个光伏板100的功率输出等于电流和电压的乘积(P＝I*V)，并且根据从板100提取的电压而变化。在某一电流和电压处，功率达到其最大值(由每个图的IV曲线上的点表示)。在该最大功率点(MPP)处操作板100是合乎需要的。最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)模块106的目的是找到对所有板100合适的“平均”最大功率点(MPP)。由MPPT模块106选择的串的最大功率点使用带有MPP标记的虚线示出。板100的串的最大功率点通常不是所有板100的最大功率。指示单独的板100的最大功率点的点没有落在标有MPP的虚线上。
图3示出了根据传统技术的组合了多个光伏板100的功率的另一电力收集系统30。每个光伏板100具有连接到逆变器104的输入的直流(DC)输出。为了安全要求(例如，IEC61730-2太阳能安全标准)，旁路二极管310并联连接在直流(DC)输出板100两端。逆变器104接收光伏板100的直流(DC)输出，并转换直流(DC)以在逆变器104的输出处提供交流(AC)。最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)模块106通常被实现为逆变器104的一部分。多个逆变器104的输出(输入连接到多个光伏板100)并联地连接以产生交流(AC)输出304。交流(AC)输出304为负载108供电。负载108通常是交流(AC)电力网、交流(AC)电动机或电池充电电路。
孤岛效应是发电系统从公用网切断但在公用电源从公用网的一些部分断开之后发电系统继续向公用网的那些部分供电的条件。光伏系统必须具有反孤岛效应检测，以便遵守安全规则。否则，在电网从作为孤岛下游产生电力的光伏装置关闭之后，光伏装置可能使维修人员触电或遭到电击。孤岛条件也对设备造成危险。因此，检测并消除孤岛条件是重要的。
将交流(AC)发电机或电源(例如交流发电机、逆变器)连接到其他的AC电源或电力网的过程称作同步，并且对AC电力的产生是至关重要的。存在对同步过程满足的五个条件。电源的线电压、频率、相序、相角和波形必须与电力网的线电压、频率、相序、相角和波形相等。通常借助于同步继电器和微型电子系统来执行和控制同步。
如在此所使用的术语“电网电压”是通常在60Hz时为110V或220V或者在50Hz时为220V的电力网的电压。
发明概述
根据本发明的一个方面，提供了具有输入端子和输出端子的微型逆变器。所述微型逆变器适于将在输入端子接收的输入DC功率转换成在输出端子的具有显著小于电网电压的电压的输出交流(AC)功率。在输出端子之间的旁路电流路径适于将外部产生的电流传递到微型逆变器。可选的同步模块适于使输出AC功率与电网电压同步。控制回路被配置成根据以前确定的标准设置在输入端子接收的输入DC功率。所述以前确定的标准通常设置最大输入功率。
根据本发明的一个方面，提供了一种光伏发电系统，该光伏发电系统具有多个光伏板，光伏板的直流(DC)输出可连接到多个微型逆变器。每个微型逆变器具有可连接到DC输出的输入端子和输出端子。微型逆变器被配置成将在输入端子接收的输入DC功率转换成在输出端子的具有实质上小于电网电压的输出电压的输出交流(AC)。输出端子可串联地连接成串联串，并且串联串的输出电压实质上等于电网电压。每个微型逆变器包括在输出端子之间的用于在串联串中传递外部产生的电流的旁路电流路径。交流(AC)微型逆变器可具有控制回路，该控制回路被配置成根据以前确定的标准设置在输入端子接收的输入DC功率。可选的中央控制单元操作地连接到串联串和电网电压。中央控制单元适于当检测到小于最小电网电压时使系统与电网断开。中央控制单元可选地监控串联串的电压与电网电压的同步，当在电网电压和串联连接的微型逆变器的输出电压之间缺乏同步时，使串联连接的微型逆变器与电网断开或者使微型逆变器失效。
根据本发明的一个方面，提供了一种用于在具有多个光伏板和多个微型逆变器的系统中进行光伏发电的方法，其中光伏板具有直流(DC)输出，每个微型逆变器包括输入端子和输出端子。微型逆变器的输入端子可连接到光伏板的相应DC输出。输出端子串联地连接到串联电压输出。在输入端子接收的DC功率被转换成在输出端子的输出交流(AC)功率，同时保持串联电压输出实质上等于电网电压。输出端子优选地具有电流旁路，以在输入端子接收的DC功率未能转换成在输出端子的输出交流(AC)功率或者当在故障的情况下关闭微型逆变器时，将串联电压输出保持在电网电压水平。
在连接输入端子以及输出端子后，在以前确定的时延之后允许输入DC功率到输出功率的转换。串联电压输出优选地与电网电压同步。输出端子优选地具有电流旁路，以在输入端子接收的DC功率未能转换成在输出端子的输出交流(AC)功率或者当在故障的情况下关闭微型逆变器时，将串联电压输出保持在电网电压水平。
附图的简要说明
在此仅作为例子、参考附图来描述本发明，其中：
图1示出了根据传统技术的太阳能发电系统的传统装置。
图2示出了根据传统技术的DC源的一个串联串。
图3示出了根据传统技术的电力收集系统。
图4a示出了根据本发明的实施方式的电力收集系统。
图4b示出了根据本发明的另一实施方式的电力收集系统。
图4c示出了根据本发明的实施方式的旁路的另外的细节。
图5a示出了根据本发明的实施方式的电力收集系统的操作的方法。
图5b示出了根据本发明的实施方式的电力收集系统的连接和唤醒的另外的细节。
图5c示出了根据本发明的实施方式的操作的另外的细节。
当结合附图考虑时，根据以下的详细描述，前述的和/或其他的方面将变得明显。
详细描述
现在将详细地参考本发明的实施方式，其实例在附图中示出，其中相似的参考数字自始自终指相似的元件。下面通过参考附图描述实施方式来解释本发明。
在详细地解释本发明的实施方式之前，应该理解，本发明在其应用中不限于在以下的描述中阐述的或在附图中示出的设计的细节和组件的布置。本发明能够有其他实施方式或能够用各种方式实现或实施。此外，应该理解，在此所使用的措辞和术语是为了描述目的，而不应该被视为限制性的。
作为介绍，本发明的实施方式目的在于在电网连接的光伏系统中的串联连接的逆变器。在具有串联连接的逆变器的系统中，与示出了并联连接的逆变器的传统的系统30相反，每个逆变器需要输出低电压，例如对于十个串联连接的逆变器为24伏特AC均方根(RMS)。微型逆变器的低输出电压适合于高效且低成本的微型逆变器拓扑。在题目为“ASingle-Stage Grid Connected Inverter Topology for Solar PV Systems WithMaximum Power Point Tracking(IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，Vol.22，No.5，September 2007)”中讨论了这样的拓扑，该论文提出了用于电网连接的PV系统的高性能单级逆变器拓扑。
如在此使用的术语“旁路”是指围绕或穿过电路、设备或系统组件的替代性的低阻抗电流路径。当被绕过的电路不起作用或不可用时，旁路用于继续操作。
如在此使用的术语“唤醒”和“关闭”分别是指光伏系统被启动或停用的过程。“唤醒”(即光伏板的启动)的标准例如是光伏板例如在黎明暴露于充足的光。“关闭”(即光伏板的停用)的标准是光伏板没有暴露于充足的光，例如在黄昏。
现在参考图4a，其示出了根据本发明的实施方式的电力收集系统41。光伏逆变模块410每一个都具有板100、旁路二极管310、控制回路404和微型逆变器402。微型逆变器402每一个都具有可选的同步单元408和电流旁路路径422。光伏板100具有分别连接到逆变器402的输入的直流(DC)输出。为了安全要求(例如，IEC61730-2太阳能安全标准)，旁路二极管310并联连接在每个板100的直流(DC)输出两端。根据预定的标准，控制回路404通常被配置成在微型逆变器402的输入(即从光伏板100的直流(DC)输出)保持最大功率。旁路路径422可选地为常闭继电器，其在运行期间打开，并且分别连接到光伏逆变模块410的输出。光伏逆变模块410具有交流(AC)输出，其具有来自模块410a的电压Va和电流Ia；来自模块410b的电压Vb和电流Ib；来自模块410n的电压Vn和电流In。模块410的输出串联地连接以通过开关414提供施加到负载406的电压输出V输出。开关414优选地由控制单元418控制。负载406通常是交流(AC)电力网、交流(AC)电动机或电池充电电路。控制单元418通常为同步单元408提供控制信号以便实现与负载或电网406的同步。同步单元408或控制单元418为电力收集系统41提供反孤岛效应功能。
另外，倘若由微型逆变器模块402产生了欠电压，光伏逆变模块410a-410n被旁路422绕过(即模块410a-410n的输出被短路)，或者倘若由微型逆变器模块402产生了过电压或在反孤岛效应的情况期间，旁路被断开(即模块410a-410n是开路)。
现在参考图4c，其示出了根据本发明的实施方式的旁路422的另外的细节。旁路422由控制逻辑模块460例如控制微型逆变器402的微处理器460控制。微处理器460具有连接到微型逆变器402的输出电压(V微型逆变器)的感测输入。控制逻辑模块460具有在节点A和B处连接在旁路路径两端的其他输入。控制逻辑模块460具有两个输出；一个输出连接到金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)Q1的栅极，另一个输出连接到MOSFETQ2的栅极。MOSFETQ1的漏极连接到节点A且MOSFET Q1的源极连接到MOSFET Q2的源极，MOSFET Q2的漏极连接到节点B。MOSFET Q1具有正极连接到漏极且负极连接到源极的二极管。MOSFET Q2具有正极连接到漏极且负极连接到源极的二极管。旁路电流(I旁路)路径在节点A和B之间被确定。
当微型逆变器402正在产生与电网电压406同步的交流(AC)电压时，在节点A和B之间提供高阻抗路径。当MOSFET Q1和Q2通过控制逻辑单元460关断时，在节点A和B之间提供高阻抗路径。当在节点A和B之间提供高阻抗路径时，根据基尔霍夫电流定律，电流Ib、IX、I输入、Ia、IY和I输出相等。当微型逆变器402没有产生AC电压而另一个串联连接的微型逆变器402正产生AC电压时，在节点A和B之间提供低阻抗路径。通过可选地经由控制逻辑单元406交替地接通和关断MOSFET Q1和Q2，在节点A和B之间提供低阻抗路径。当负载406是电网电压时，根据电网电压的频率交替地接通和关断Q1和Q2。当负载406是一负载时，根据同步逆变器402a-402n的频率交替地接通和关断Q1和Q2。在根据图4a的实施方式中在节点A和B之间提供低阻抗路径的情况下；通过在中央控制单元408和控制单元408a-408n之间的通信信号实现通过控制逻辑单元460接通和关断MOSFET Q1和Q2。在根据图4b的实施方式中在节点A和B之间提供低阻抗路径的情况下；通过在控制单元408a-408n之间的通信信号和经由传感器416获得的电网电压406的信息来实现通过控制逻辑单元460交替地接通和关断MOSFET Q1和Q2。在节点A和B之间提供的低阻抗路径意味着根据基尔霍夫电流定律，电流Ib、I旁路和I输出实质上相等。在节点A和B之间提供的低阻抗路径意味着对于一个半周期电流I旁路交替地从Q2的漏极流向Q2的源极以及Q1的二极管，并且对于另一半周期I旁路交替地从Q1的漏极流过而到达Q1的源极以及Q2的二极管。
现在参考图4b，其示出了根据本发明的另一实施方式的电力收集系统42。正如在电力收集系统41中的，光伏逆变模块410a-410n每一个具有光伏板100、旁路二极管310、控制回路404以及具有同步单元408和电流旁路422的逆变器402。模块410a-410n具有串联连接的输出以提供施加到负载406的电压输出V输出。传感器416可选地通过位于连接于负载406的电源线上的电磁拾取器或直接通过借助于旁路422有电网的可见性来优选地感测施加到负载406的正在使用着的电压。传感器单元412将负载电压的细节(例如振幅、相位和频率)通过控制线420传送给同步单元408a。控制信号可选地通过电源线通信、无线电或通过单独的接口发送。
尽管仅示出了一条控制线420，但可选地，多个或所有同步单元422从传感器412接收同步信号。
现在参考图5a，其示出了根据本发明的实施方式的说明电力收集系统41和42的操作的方法50的流程图。方法步骤包括安装(步骤500)、唤醒(步骤501)、正常操作(步骤503)和关闭(步骤505)。
500安装和501唤醒
在安装期间(步骤500)，光伏模块410优选地不产生电力以免给安装人员造成完全隐患。可选地，“保持有效(keep-alive)”信号例如由控制单元418通过AC电源线发送。当“保持有效”信号没有被微型逆变器402接收时，禁用或不产生AC输出功率。可选地，如果电网对微型逆变器402是“可见的”，那么在缺少电网电压的情况下，(例如，图4a中的开关414是断开的)微型逆变器402不产生AC功率。现在参考图5b，其示出了根据本发明的特征的安装方法500。在步骤500a中，微型逆变器402的输入端子连接到光伏板100的输出。在步骤500b中，光伏板100的输出端子串联地连接以提供串联电压输出。在可选的预定时延之后(步骤501a)，允许功率转换(步骤501b)。当感测到电网电压时可以通过同步模块408来执行允许功率转换，或者当开关414闭合时可以通过控制单元418来执行允许功率转换(步骤501b)。
503操作和505关闭
现在再次参考图5c，其示出了根据本发明的实施方式的用于操作串联连接的微型逆变器模块的方法503的流程图。微型逆变器402将光伏板100的直流(DC)功率输出转换成在微型逆变器402的输出处的交流(AC)功率(步骤503b)，同时保持输出电压等于电网电压。保持在微型逆变器的电压输出402a-402n和电网电压之间的同步(步骤503a)。控制单元418可选地监控在输出电压V输出和负载406(例如电网)之间的AC同步。控制单元418还可以为电力收集系统41提供反孤岛效应功能。如果电力收集系统41的同步和/或电压与电网不相容，控制单元418通过向开关414发信号将电力收集系统与电网断开。可选地，使用可借助于旁路路径422感测电网的同步单元422来实现同步，包括电网电压的维护(步骤503a)。当同步(步骤503a)或者通过串联连接的微型逆变器模块402中的任何一个转换在电网电压处的功率(步骤503b)失败时，于是电流旁路出现(步骤503d)。电流旁路可选地为使用有源开关的有源电流旁路，如在图4c中所示，或者优选地为无源电流旁路。当光水平太低而不能将电网电压保持在任一当前水平时(例如在黄昏)，关闭出现(步骤505)。在关闭期间，使用在系统41或在系统42中的开关414可选地将光伏系统与电网断开，每一个微型逆变器模块402停止并向电网提供高阻抗。
根据本发明的又一实施方式，直接通过电网406实现对光伏逆变模块410a-410n的输出电压的调节。该调节不需要如在图4a中示出的控制单元418和开关414，且依赖于事实：就潜在的电力供应而言，与由光伏逆变模块410a-410n产生的AC功率相比，电网406几乎是无限大的。电网406的较大的功率迫使光伏逆变模块410a-410n调整到电网电压，且因此，光伏逆变模块410a-410n被优选地操作以在它们的输出提供尽可能多的电压。通常光伏逆变模块410a-410n能够感测电网电压406以提供反孤岛效应。
在此使用的定冠词“一(a)”、“一(an)”，例如“一光伏板”，具有“一个或多个”的意思，即“一个或多个光伏板”。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的所选择的实施方式，但应该理解，本发明不限于所描述的实施方式。相反，应该认识到，可以对这些实施方式进行变化而不偏离本发明的原理和精神，本发明的范围由权利要求书及其等效形式限定。

Claims (13)

1.一种光伏发电系统，包括：
多个微型逆变器，所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个包括：
输入端子和输出端子；其中，所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个适于将在所述输入端子接收的不同电源的输入直流功率转换成在所述输出端子的输出交流功率，所述输出交流功率具有小于电网的电网电压的电压，其中，所述多个微型逆变器的所述输出端子被串联地连接以形成串联串，并且其中，当所述串联串被连接至所述电网时，在所述串联串两端保持实质上等于所述电网电压的串联电压；
在所述输出端子之间的旁路电流路径，所述旁路电流路径适于通过将所述微型逆变器的所述输出端子短路将外部产生的交流电流传递到所述微型逆变器；以及
一个或多个控制逻辑模块，所述控制逻辑模块被配置成，响应于由所述多个微型逆变器中的相应的一个产生的欠电压：针对所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个，控制所述多个微型逆变器中的所述相应的一个的所述旁路电流路径，以传递所述外部产生的交流电流，以及操作所述多个微型逆变器中的其他的微型逆变器以将所述串联电压调节至所述电网电压。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光伏发电系统，还包括：
同步模块，其适于使所述输出交流功率与所述电网电压同步。
3.根据权利要求1所述的光伏发电系统，其中，所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个还包括控制回路，所述控制回路被配置成将在所述输入端子接收的所述输入直流功率设置在最大输入功率处。
4.一种光伏发电系统，包括：
多个光伏板，每个光伏板带有直流输出；
多个微型逆变器，所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个包括输入端子，所述输入端子能连接到所述多个光伏板中不同的光伏板的所述直流输出，且所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个包括输出端子，其中所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个被配置成将在所述输入端子接收的输入直流功率转换成在所述输出端子的具有实质上小于电网的电网电压的输出电压的输出交流，其中所述输出端子能够串联地连接成串联串，并且当所述串联串被连接至所述电网时，所述串联串的输出电压实质上等于所述电网电压，其中所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个包括在所述输出端子之间的旁路电流路径，并且其中所述旁路电流路径中的每一个适于通过将所述微型逆变器的所述输出端子短路在所述串联串中传递外部产生的交流电流；以及
一个或多个控制逻辑模块，所述控制逻辑模块被配置成，响应于由所述多个微型逆变器中的相应的一个产生的欠电压：针对所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个，控制所述多个微型逆变器中的所述相应的一个的所述旁路电流路径，以在所述串联串中传递所述外部产生的交流电流，以及操作所述多个微型逆变器中的其他的微型逆变器以将所述串联串的所述输出电压调节至所述电网电压。
5.根据权利要求4所述的光伏发电系统，其中，所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个被分别连接至所述多个光伏板中的仅单独的一个。
6.根据权利要求4所述的光伏发电系统，还包括：
中央控制单元，其操作地连接到所述串联串和所述电网电压。
7.根据权利要求6所述的光伏发电系统，其中所述中央控制单元适于监控所述串联串与所述电网电压的同步。
8.根据权利要求4所述的光伏发电系统，其中每个所述微型逆变器包括控制回路，所述控制回路被配置成将在所述多个微型逆变器中的相应的一个的所述输入端子接收的所述输入直流功率设置在最大输入功率处。
9.一种用于在包括多个光伏板和多个微型逆变器的系统中光伏发电的方法，每个光伏板具有直流输出，每个微型逆变器包括输入端子和输出端子，所述方法包括：
将所述输入端子分别连接到所述多个光伏板中不同的光伏板的所述直流输出；
将所述输出端子串联地连接到串联电压输出；
通过所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个，将在所述输入端子接收的输入直流功率转换成在所述输出端子的输出交流功率，同时保持所述串联电压输出实质上等于交流电力网上的电网电压，其中在所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个的所述输出端子的所述输出交流功率具有实质上小于所述电网电压的电压；以及
响应于由所述多个微型逆变器中的一个产生的欠电压，通过将所述多个微型逆变器中的所述一个的所述输出端子短路，控制旁路电流路径以传递来自所述多个微型逆变器中的其他的微型逆变器的所述输出交流功率，以及操作所述多个微型逆变器中的其他的微型逆变器以将所述串联电压输出调节至所述电网电压。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，还包括：
在连接所述输入端子和连接所述输出端子后，在以前确定的时延之后允许转换所述输入直流功率。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法，还包括：
使所述串联电压输出与所述电网电压同步。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中，连接所述输入端子包括将所述多个微型逆变器分别连接至所述多个光伏板的仅单独一个。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法，还包括：
通过所述多个微型逆变器中的每一个微型逆变器的控制回路，将在所述多个微型逆变器中的相应的一个的所述输入端子接收的所述输入直流功率设置在最大输入功率处。
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