TWI479655B - 薄膜電晶體、薄膜電晶體之製造方法、及半導體裝置 - Google Patents
薄膜電晶體、薄膜電晶體之製造方法、及半導體裝置 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI479655B TWI479655B TW099103855A TW99103855A TWI479655B TW I479655 B TWI479655 B TW I479655B TW 099103855 A TW099103855 A TW 099103855A TW 99103855 A TW99103855 A TW 99103855A TW I479655 B TWI479655 B TW I479655B
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- oxide semiconductor
- forming
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- conductive film
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 28
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/12—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body
- H01L27/1214—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs
- H01L27/1222—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs with a particular composition, shape or crystalline structure of the active layer
- H01L27/1225—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs with a particular composition, shape or crystalline structure of the active layer with semiconductor materials not belonging to the group IV of the periodic table, e.g. InGaZnO
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02565—Oxide semiconducting materials not being Group 12/16 materials, e.g. ternary compounds
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02614—Transformation of metal, e.g. oxidation, nitridation
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
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- H01L21/0262—Reduction or decomposition of gaseous compounds, e.g. CVD
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02617—Deposition types
- H01L21/02631—Physical deposition at reduced pressure, e.g. MBE, sputtering, evaporation
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/34—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies not provided for in groups H01L21/0405, H01L21/0445, H01L21/06, H01L21/16 and H01L21/18 with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/46—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/428
- H01L21/477—Thermal treatment for modifying the properties of semiconductor bodies, e.g. annealing, sintering
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- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/12—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body
- H01L27/1214—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs
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- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/12—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body
- H01L27/1214—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs
- H01L27/1222—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs with a particular composition, shape or crystalline structure of the active layer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/12—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body
- H01L27/1214—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs
- H01L27/124—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs with a particular composition, shape or layout of the wiring layers specially adapted to the circuit arrangement, e.g. scanning lines in LCD pixel circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Description
本發明關於使用氧化物半導體層形成的薄膜電晶體及其製造方法。另外,本發明還關於使用該薄膜電晶體製造的半導體裝置。
注意,在本說明書中,半導體裝置指的是能夠藉由利用半導體特性工作的所有裝置,因此,電光裝置、半導體電路以及電子設備都是半導體裝置。
金屬氧化物的種類繁多且用途廣泛。氧化銦為較普遍的材料,其被用作液晶顯示器等所需要的透明電極材料。
在金屬氧化物中存在呈現半導體特性的金屬氧化物。作為呈現半導體特性的金屬氧化物,例如有氧化鎢、氧化錫、氧化銦、氧化鋅等,並且將這些呈現半導體特性的金屬氧化物用作通道形成區的薄膜電晶體已經是眾所周知的(專利文獻1至4、非專利文獻1)。
另外,已知金屬氧化物不僅有一元氧化物還有多元氧化物。例如,作為包含In、Ga及Zn的多元氧化物,同系物(homologous series)的InGaO3
(ZnO)m
(m:自然數)是周知的(非專利文獻2至4)。
並且,已經確認到可以將上述那樣的由In-Ga-Zn類氧化物構成的氧化物半導體用於薄膜電晶體的通道層(專利文獻5、非專利文獻5以及6)。
[專利文獻1]日本專利申請公開昭60-198861號公報
[專利文獻2]日本專利申請公開平8-264794號公報
[專利文獻3]日本PCT國際申請翻譯平11-505377號公報
[專利文獻4]日本專利申請公開2000-150900號公報
[專利文獻5]日本專利申請公開2004-103957號公報
[非專利文獻1]M. W. Prins,K. O. Grosse-Holz,G. Muller,J. F. M. Cillessen,J. B. Giesbers,R. P. Weening,and R. M. Wolf,"A ferroelectric transparent thin-film transistor"(透明鐵電薄膜電晶體),Appl. Phys. Lett
.,17 June 1996,Vol. 68 p. 3650-3652
[非專利文獻2]M. Nakamura,N. Kimizuka,and T. Mohri,"The Phase Relations in the In2
O3
-Ga2
ZnO4
-ZnO System at 1350 ℃"(In2
O3
-Ga2
ZnO4
-ZnO類在1350℃時的相位關係),J. Solid State Chem
.,1991,Vol. 93,p. 298-315
[非專利文獻3]N. Kimizuka,M. Isobe,and M. Nakamura,"Syntheses and Single-Crystal Data of Homologous Compounds,In2
O3
(ZnO) m
(m
=3,4,and 5),InGaO3
(ZnO)3
,and Ga2
O3
(ZnO) m
(m
=7,8,9,and 16) in the In2
O3
-ZnGa2
O4
-ZnO System"(同系物的合成和單晶資料,In2
O3
-ZnGa2
O4
-ZnO類的In2
O3
(ZnO) m
(m
=3,4,and 5),InGaO3
(ZnO)3
,and Ga2
O3
(ZnO) m
(m
=7,8,9,and 16)),J. Solid State Chem
.,1995,Vol. 116,p. 170-178
[非專利文獻4]中村真佐樹、君塚昇、毛利尚彥、磯部光正,"相、InFeO3
(ZnO)m
(m:自然數)同型化合物合成結晶構造"(同系物、銦鐵鋅氧化物(InFeO3
(ZnO) m
)(m為自然數)及其同型化合物的合成以及結晶結構),固體物理(SOLID STATE PHYSICS)
,1993,Vol. 28,No. 5,p. 317-327
[非專利文獻5]K. Nomura,H. Ohta,K. Ueda,T. Kamiya,M. Hirano,and H. Hosono,"Thin-film transistor fabricated in single-crystalline transparent oxide semiconductor"(由單晶透明氧化物半導體製造的薄膜電晶體),SCIENCE
,2003,Vol. 300,p. 1269-1272
[非專利文獻6]K. Nomura,H. Ohta,A. Takagi,T. Kamiya,M. Hirano,and H. Hosono,"Room-temperature fabrication of transparent flexible thin-film transistors using amorphous oxide semiconductors"(室溫下的使用非晶氧化物半導體的透明柔性薄膜電晶體的製造),NATURE
,2004,Vol. 432 p. 488-492
本發明的一個方式的目的之一在於防止薄膜電晶體的截止電流的增加或臨界值電壓的負向漂移。
另外,本發明的一個方式的目的之一在於使薄膜電晶體的源電極層及汲電極層與氧化物半導體層的接合成為歐姆接合。
另外,本發明的一個方式的目的之一在於高效地製造一種高功能的薄膜電晶體,其防止薄膜電晶體的截止電流的增加或臨界值電壓的負向漂移。
另外,本發明的一個方式的目的之一在於高效地製造一種高功能的薄膜電晶體,其防止薄膜電晶體的截止電流的增加或臨界值電壓的負向漂移,並且,薄膜電晶體的源電極層及汲電極層與氧化物半導體層的接合是歐姆接合。
另外,本發明的一個方式的目的之一在於提供高品質或高可靠性的一種半導體裝置。
本發明的一個方式是一種反交錯型的薄膜電晶體,其中,在氧化物半導體層上設置有緩衝層,並且在該緩衝層上設置主動電極層及汲電極層。另外,該緩衝層包括:設置在氧化物半導體層的雙端部上的一對導電層;以及設置在氧化物半導體層的中央部上的具有與一對導電層相同金屬元素且其氧濃度高於一對導電層的夾在所述一對導電層之間的作為絕緣體或半導體的金屬氧化物層。
另外,本發明的一個方式是一種薄膜電晶體,其除了包括上述結構之外,其所包括的所述緩衝層包括:設置在氧化物半導體層的雙端部上的一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層;以及在該一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層上設置的一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層。
另外,在本說明書中,絕緣體是指其電阻率是106
(Ω‧m)以上的物質,半導體是指其電阻率是10-3
(Ω‧m)以上且低於106
(Ω‧m)的物質,並且導電體是指其電阻率是低於10-3
(Ω‧m)的物質。
本發明的一個方式是一種薄膜電晶體的製造方法,其中,藉由對在與氧化物半導體層同一步驟中形成的導電層進行氧化處理來形成金屬氧化物層。另外,在該氧化處理中將用來形成源電極層及汲電極層的抗蝕劑轉用作光罩。因此,該導電層的雙端部不被該氧化處理氧化而殘留。其結果是,藉由該氧化處理形成一對導電層、以及夾在該一對導電層之間的金屬氧化物層。
另外,本發明的一個方式是一種薄膜電晶體的製造方法,其中,藉由對在與氧化物半導體層同一步驟中形成的導電層進行氧化處理來形成金屬氧化物層,接著,藉由熱處理的氧擴散而形成一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層及一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層。
另外,本發明的一個方式是一種薄膜電晶體的製造方法,其中,藉由進行熱氧化處理形成金屬氧化物層、一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層及一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層。
另外,本發明的一個方式是一種薄膜電晶體的製造方法,其中,藉由進行氧化處理及熱氧化處理形成金屬氧化物層、一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層及一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層。
另外,本發明的一個方式是一種半導體裝置,其包括該薄膜電晶體以及設置在該薄膜電晶體上的層間絕緣層。
本發明的一個方式是一種反交錯型的薄膜電晶體,其中,在氧化物半導體層的中央部上具有作為絕緣體或半導體的金屬氧化物層。該金屬氧化物層用作抑制雜質(氫或水等)侵入到氧化物半導體層的保護層。因此,可以防止薄膜電晶體的截止電流的增加或臨界值電壓的負向漂移。
另外,本發明的一個方式是一種反交錯型的薄膜電晶體,其中,在氧化物半導體層的雙端部和設置在該氧化物半導體層的雙端部上的一對導電層之間具有一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層及一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層。一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層的電阻低於氧化物半導體層的電阻。因此,可以使源電極層及汲電極層與氧化物半導體層的接合成為歐姆接合。
另外,在本發明的一個方式中,使用在與氧化物半導體層同一步驟中形成的導電層來形成該金屬氧化物層。因此,可以高效地形成高功能的薄膜電晶體。
另外,在本發明的一個方式中,使用在與氧化物半導體層同一步驟中形成的導電層來形成該金屬氧化物層,並且藉由使氧擴散到該導電層來形成該一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層。因此,可以高效地形成高功能的薄膜電晶體。
另外,在本發明的一個方式中,作為半導體裝置所具有的薄膜電晶體,使用具有抑制雜質(氫或水等)侵入到氧化物半導體層的保護層的薄膜電晶體。由此,設置在薄膜電晶體上的層間絕緣層可以根據使用目的選擇各種材料、製造方法。換言之,可以提供高品質或高可靠性的半導體裝置。
以下使用附圖詳細地說明本發明的實施例及實例。但是,本發明不局限於以下的說明,只要是本領域的技術人員就容易理解一個事實是其形態和細節可以在不脫離本發明的宗旨及其範圍的條件下作各種各樣的變換。因此,公開的發明不應該被解釋為僅限於以下所示的實施例的記載內容。
另外,有時為了明確起見,誇大表示在各實施例的附圖等中所示的各結構的尺寸、層的厚度或區域等。因此,不一定限定於其尺寸。另外,本說明書中使用的“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等序數是為了避免結構要素的混同,而不是為了在數目方面上限定。
實施例1
在本實施例中,使用圖1A、圖1B說明本發明的一個方式的薄膜電晶體的結構。接著,說明該薄膜電晶體所具有的特性。
圖1A示出形成在基板100上的薄膜電晶體150的截面圖。薄膜電晶體150包括:設置在基板100上的閘極電極層101;設置在閘極電極層101上的閘極絕緣層102;設置在閘極絕緣層102上的氧化物半導體層103;設置在氧化物半導體層103上的具有作為導電體的一對導電層104a、104b及作為絕緣體或半導體的金屬氧化物層105的緩衝層106;設置在導電層104a(一對導電層104a、104b中的一方)上的源電極層107a;以及設置在導電層104b(一對導電層104a、104b中的另一方)上的汲電極層107b。另外,一對導電層104a、104b設置在氧化物半導體層103的雙端部上,並且金屬氧化物層105設置在氧化物半導體層103的中央部上。
換言之,圖1A的薄膜電晶體150是一種反交錯型的薄膜電晶體,其中,在氧化物半導體層103與源電極層107a及汲電極層107b之間包括設置有一對導電層104a、104b及金屬氧化物層105的緩衝層106。
圖1B示出形成在基板上的薄膜電晶體151的截面圖。薄膜電晶體151除了包括圖1A所示的薄膜電晶體150的結構以外還包括設置在氧化物半導體層103的雙端部上的一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層108a、108b以及設置在一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層108a、108b上的一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層109a、109b。
換言之,圖1B的薄膜電晶體151是一種反交錯型的薄膜電晶體,其中,在氧化物半導體層103與源電極層107a及汲電極層107b之間包括緩衝層110,該緩衝層110設置有:一對導電層104a、104b;金屬氧化物層105;一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層108a、108b;以及一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層109a、109b。
作為基板100,可以使用鋇硼矽酸鹽玻璃、硼矽酸鋁玻璃等玻璃基板等。
作為閘極電極層101,可以使用選自鋁(Al)、銅(Cu)、鈦(Ti)、鉭(Ta)、鎢(W)、鉬(Mo)、鉻(Cr)、釹(Nd)、鈧(Sc)中的元素;以上述元素為成分的合金;或者以上述元素為成分的氮化物。另外,也可以使用這些材料的疊層結構。
作為絕緣層102,可以使用氧化矽、氮化矽、氧氮化矽、氮氧化矽、氧化鋁、氧化鉭等絕緣體。另外,也可以採用由這些絕緣體構成的疊層結構。注意,氧氮化矽指的是如下物質:在組成方面上氧的含量比氮的含量多,並且在濃度範圍上,在包含55原子%至65原子%的氧、1原子%至20原子%的氮、25原子%至35原子%的矽、0.1原子%至10原子%的氫的範圍中,以使總和成為100原子%的方式且以任意濃度包含各元素。另外,氮氧化矽指的是如下物質:在組成方面上氮的含量比氧的含量多,並且在濃度範圍上,在包含15原子%至30原子%的氧、20原子%至35原子%的氮、25原子%至35原子%的矽、15原子%至25原子%的氫的範圍中,以使總和成為100原子%的方式且以任意濃度包含各元素。
作為氧化物半導體層103,可以使用In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體、In-Sn-Zn-O類氧化物半導體、In-Zn-O類氧化物半導體、Sn-Zn-O類氧化物半導體、In-Sn-O類氧化物半導體、Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體或Zn-O類氧化物半導體等氧化物半導體。另外,也可以使用對這些氧化物半導體添加有氮(N)、矽(Si)的氧化物半導體。另外,也可以使用這些材料的疊層結構。
作為一對導電層104a、104b,可以使用鈦(Ti)、銅(Cu)、鋅(Zn)、鋁(Al)等。另外,也可以使用具有上述金屬元素的合金。並且,也可以使用這些材料的疊層結構。
作為金屬氧化物層105,可以使用與一對導電層104a、104b相同的材料。但是,金屬氧化物層105的氧濃度比一對導電層104a、104b的氧濃度高。換言之,金屬氧化物層105具有與一對導電層104a、104b相同的金屬元素,並且金屬氧化物層105的氧濃度比導電層104a、104b的氧濃度高。
作為源電極層107a及汲電極層107b,可以使用選自鋁(Al)、銅(Cu)、鈦(Ti)、鉭(Ta)、鎢(W)、鉬(Mo)、鉻(Cr)、釹(Nd)、鈧(Sc)中的元素;以上述元素為成分的合金;或者以上述元素為成分的氮化物。另外,也可以使用這些材料的疊層結構。
作為一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層108a、108b,可以使用與氧化物半導體層103相同的材料。但是一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層108a、108b的氧濃度比氧化物半導體層103的氧濃度低。換言之,一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層108a、108b具有與氧化物半導體層103相同的金屬元素,並且一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層108a、108b的氧濃度比氧化物半導體層103的氧濃度低。
作為一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層109a、109b,可以使用與一對導電層104a、104b及金屬氧化物層105相同的材料。但是一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層109a、109b的氧濃度比一對導電層104a、104b的氧濃度高,並比金屬氧化物層105的氧濃度低。換言之,一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層109a、109b具有與一對導電層104a、104b及金屬氧化物層105相同的金屬元素,並且一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層109a、109b的氧濃度比導電層104a、104b的氧濃度高並比金屬氧化物層105的氧濃度低。
在圖1A所示的薄膜電晶體150中,在源電極層107a及汲電極層107b與氧化物半導體層103之間設置有緩衝層106。緩衝層106在氧化物半導體層103的中央部上具有作為絕緣體或半導體的金屬氧化物層105。金屬氧化物層105用作抑制雜質(氫或水等)侵入到氧化物半導體層103的保護層。因此,可以防止薄膜電晶體150的截止電流的增加或臨界值電壓的負向漂移。
圖1B所示的薄膜電晶體151的緩衝層110包括:防止截止電流的增加或臨界值電壓的負向漂移的金屬氧化物層105;以及氧化物半導體層103的雙端部上的一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層108a、108b。一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層108a、108b的電阻比氧化物半導體層103的電阻低。因此,可以使源電極層107a及汲電極層107b與氧化物半導體層103的接合成為歐姆接合。
實施例2
在本實施例中,使用圖2A至圖3D說明在實施例1中說明的薄膜電晶體的製造方法的一例。
另外,在本實施例中,“膜”是指形成在基板的整個面上的物體,雖然其根據之後進行的光石印步驟等被加工為所希望的形狀,但這裏指的是加工前的狀態。並且,“層”是指由“膜”藉由光石印步驟等加工成所希望的形狀而形成的物體,以及以形成在基板的整個面上為目的的物體。
在基板200上形成第一導電膜201。可以將以濺射法、真空蒸鍍法、脈衝雷射沉積法、離子電鍍法、有機金屬氣相生長法等為代表的薄膜沉積法用於第一導電膜201的形成。接著,在第一導電膜201上形成第一抗蝕劑202。完成到此為止的步驟的截面圖相當於圖2A。
接著,藉由將第一抗蝕劑202用作光罩並對第一導電膜201選擇性地進行蝕刻,來形成閘極電極層203。另外,因為作為基板200及第一導電膜201(閘極電極層203)的材料可以使用在實施例1中舉出的材料,所以在此援用上述說明。另外,在形成閘極電極層203之後去除第一抗蝕劑202。完成到此為止的步驟的截面圖相當於圖2B。
接著,在基板200及閘極電極層203上形成閘極絕緣層204。可以將以濺射法、真空蒸鍍法、脈衝雷射沉積法、離子電鍍法、有機金屬氣相生長法、電漿CVD法等為代表的薄膜沉積法用於閘極絕緣層204的形成。
接著,形成氧化物半導體膜205。可以將以濺射法、真空蒸鍍法、脈衝雷射沉積法、離子電鍍法、有機金屬氣相生長法等為代表的薄膜沉積法用於氧化物半導體膜205的形成。在使用濺射法形成In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體的情況下,最好使用燒結有In2
O3
、Ga2
O3
、ZnO的靶材。作為濺射氣體,使用以氬為代表的稀有氣體。使用濺射法的成膜條件之一是如下條件:使用將In2
O3
、Ga2
O3
和ZnO(1:1:1)混合並將其燒結的靶材;壓力是0.4Pa;直流(DC)電源是500W;氬流量是30sccm;並且氧氣體流量是15sccm。另外,最好在形成氧化物半導體膜205之後進行100℃至600℃,典型是200℃至400℃的熱處理。藉由該熱處理進行氧化物半導體的原子級的重新排列。從可以消除阻礙氧化物半導體膜205中的載流子移動的歪斜的觀點而言,該熱處理(還包括光退火等)很重要。
接著,在氧化物半導體膜205上形成第二導電膜206。可以將以濺射法、真空蒸鍍法、脈衝雷射沉積法、離子電鍍法、有機金屬氣相生長法等為代表的薄膜沉積法用於第二導電膜206的形成。作為第二導電膜206的材料,可以使用鈦(Ti)、銅(Cu)、鋅(Zn)、鋁(Al)等。另外,也可以使用具有上述金屬元素的合金。進而,也可以使用這些材料的疊層結構。接著,在第二導電膜206上形成第二抗蝕劑207。完成到此為止的步驟的截面圖相當於圖2C。
接著,藉由將第二抗蝕劑207用作光罩並對氧化物半導體膜205及第二導電膜206選擇性地進行蝕刻,來形成氧化物半導體層208及導電層209。另外,因為作為閘極絕緣層204及氧化物半導體膜205(氧化物半導體層208)的材料可以使用在實施例1中舉出的材料,所以在此援用上述說明。另外,在形成氧化物半導體層208及導電層209之後去除第二抗蝕劑207。完成到此為止的步驟的截面圖相當於圖2D。
接著,在閘極絕緣層204及導電層209上形成第三導電膜210。可以將以濺射法、真空蒸鍍法、脈衝雷射沉積法、離子電鍍法、有機金屬氣相生長法等為代表的薄膜沉積法用於第三導電膜210的形成。接著,在第三導電膜210上形成第三抗蝕劑211a、211b。完成到此為止的步驟的截面圖相當於圖3A。
接著,藉由將第三抗蝕劑211a、211b用作光罩對第三導電膜210選擇性地進行蝕刻,來形成源電極層212a及汲電極層212b。另外,在該蝕刻步驟中,不重疊於源電極層212a及汲電極層212b的區域(露出部)的導電層209的一部分也被蝕刻,而在不重疊於源電極層212a及汲電極層212b的區域(露出部)中形成具有凹部的導電層213。另外,因為作為第三導電膜210(源電極層212a及汲電極層212b)的材料可以使用在實施例1中舉出的材料,所以在此援用上述說明。完成到此為止的步驟的截面圖相當於圖3B。
接著,將第三抗蝕劑211a、211b用作光罩進行氧化處理。作為該氧化處理,可以使用氧化氣氛下的熱氧化處理、電漿氧化處理、氧離子注入等。另外,也可以如在進行氧化氣氛下的熱氧化處理之後進行電漿氧化處理那樣組合上述多個處理。另外,作為進行熱氧化處理的氧化氣氛,可以採用乾燥氧氣氛、氧及稀有氣體的混合氣氛、大氣氣氛等。藉由該氧化處理,使設置在氧化物半導體層208上的導電層213的中央部(露出部)氧化,而形成作為絕緣體或半導體的金屬氧化物層214。另外,隨著金屬氧化物層214的形成,在氧化物半導體層208的雙端部上形成一對導電層215a、215b。具體而言,源電極層212a及汲電極層212b以及第三抗蝕劑211a、2111b保護重疊於源電極層212a及汲電極層212b的區域(非露出部)的導電層213免受氧化。其結果是,一對導電層215a、215b殘留。另外,藉由該氧化處理,被氧化的區域的體積增大。換言之,金屬氧化物層214的體積比氧化前的導電層213的中央部的體積大。完成到此為止的步驟的的截面圖相當於圖3C。另外,完成到此為止的步驟也就完成了圖1A所示的薄膜電晶體150。
另外,本實施例的薄膜電晶體不局限於圖1A、圖3C所示的結構。具體而言,雖然在圖1A、圖3C中示出了藉由該氧化處理,只有不重疊於源電極層212a及汲電極層212b的區域(中央部)的導電層213被氧化而形成金屬氧化物層214的薄膜電晶體,但是本實施例的薄膜電晶體還包括其他區域被氧化的薄膜電晶體。例如,本實施例的薄膜電晶體還包括藉由該氧化處理,不由第三抗蝕劑211a、211b覆蓋的源電極層212a及汲電極層212b的側部被氧化的薄膜電晶體。另外,在源電極層212a及汲電極層212b的側面被氧化的情況下,藉由只在側部表面區域中進行該氧化,可以將源電極層212a及汲電極層212b用作電極。與此同樣,本實施例的薄膜電晶體還包括藉由該氧化處理,重疊於源電極層212a及汲電極層212b的區域(非露出部)的導電層213的一部分的內部被氧化的薄膜電晶體。
另外,雖然在圖1A、圖3C中示出了利用該氧化處理形成的金屬氧化物層214的厚度比一對導電層215a、215b的厚度厚的薄膜電晶體,但是本實施例的薄膜電晶體還包括金屬氧化物層214的厚度比一對導電層215a、215b的厚度薄的薄膜電晶體。另外,藉由對具有凹部的導電層213進行氧化處理,來形成金屬氧化物層214。另外,該凹部是當進行形成源電極層212a及汲電極層212b的蝕刻步驟時形成的。換言之,藉由控制形成源電極層212a及汲電極層212b的蝕刻步驟的條件,可以控制金屬氧化物層214的厚度。具體而言,藉由將形成源電極層212a及汲電極層212b時的過蝕刻的時間設定得長,可以將該凹部形成得深。由此,可以使金屬氧化物層214的厚度薄於一對導電層215a、215b的厚度。
在製造圖1B所示的薄膜電晶體151的情況下,接著進行100℃至600℃,典型為200℃至400℃的熱處理。藉由該熱處理,氧化物半導體層208中的氧擴散到一對導電層215a、215b。另外,當比較該氧的向一對導電層215a、215b的擴散和向金屬氧化物層214的擴散時,向一對導電層215a、215b擴散的氧量多於向金屬氧化物層214擴散的氧量。因此,在氧化物半導體層208的雙端部上形成一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層216a、216b,並且在一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層216a、216b上形成一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層217a、217b。然後,去除第三抗蝕劑211a、212b。完成到此為止的步驟的截面圖相當於圖3D。
雖然在此示出了在進行氧化處理之後進行在製造圖1B所示的薄膜電晶體151的情況下進行的熱處理的製造步驟,但是只要在形成第二導電膜206之後進行該熱處理,就對該熱處理的時序沒有特別的限制。另外,該熱處理可以兼作用於上述氧化物半導體層208的原子級的重新排列的熱處理。
另外,從形成的薄膜電晶體的特性的觀點而言,最好在進行氧化處理之後進行熱處理。這是因為如下緣故:當在進行氧化處理之前(在形成金屬氧化物層214之前)進行熱處理時,不僅在氧化物半導體層208的上方雙端部上,而且在氧化物半導體層208的上方整體上形成氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層,由此所形成的薄膜電晶體的截止電流增加。
另外,從製造步驟的觀點而言,最好進行如下熱氧化處理作為上述氧化處理,即在形成一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層216a、216b以及一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層217a、217b的溫度下且氧化氣氛下的熱氧化處理。這是因為可以在同一步驟中形成金屬氧化物層214、氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層216a、216b及以高濃度含有氧的導電層217a、217b的緣故。兼作該氧化處理和該熱處理的處理條件之一是在乾燥氧氣氛下以350℃進行1小時的熱氧化處理。
另外,從形成的薄膜電晶體的可靠性的觀點而言,最好將熱氧化處理和氧化處理組合而進行。這是因為藉由將金屬氧化物層214的厚度設定得厚,可以提高其用作抑制雜質(氫或水等)侵入到氧化物半導體層208的保護層的功能的緣故。
因為在薄膜電晶體150中,使用在與氧化物半導體層208同一步驟中形成的導電層209(導電層213)來形成具有防止截止電流的增加或臨界值電壓的負向漂移的功能的金屬氧化物層214,所以可以高效地形成高功能的薄膜電晶體。與此同樣,因為在薄膜電晶體151中,使用與形成氧化物半導體層208同一步驟中形成的導電層209(導電層213)來形成具有防止截止電流的增加或臨界值電壓的負向漂移的功能的金屬氧化物層214,並藉由氧擴散到一對導電層215a、215b而形成具有使氧化物半導體層208與源電極層212a及汲電極層212b進行歐姆接合的功能的一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層216a、216b,所以可以高效地形成高功能的薄膜電晶體。
實施例3
在本實施例中,示出使用在實施例1中所說明的薄膜電晶體製造的半導體裝置的一例。具體而言,圖4至圖6示出將該薄膜電晶體應用於設置在主動矩陣基板的像素部中的薄膜電晶體的液晶顯示裝置。接著,說明該液晶顯示裝置。
另外,因為在半導體裝置中,薄膜電晶體的源極電極及汲極電極根據工作條件等交替,所以難以特定哪個是源極電極或汲極電極。於是,以下將源電極層及汲電極層中的一方稱為第一電極層,並且將源電極層及汲電極層中的另一方稱為第二電極層,來進行區別。
圖4是示出主動矩陣基板的一個像素的俯視圖。本實施例的液晶顯示裝置的像素包括三個子像素。在每個子像素中設置對薄膜電晶體300及液晶層施加電壓的像素電極301。在實施例1中示出的薄膜電晶體可以應用於圖4中的薄膜電晶體300。在像素部中設置有多個上述像素。另外,設置有多個閘極佈線302、多個源極電極佈線303、多個電容佈線304。
圖5是對應於圖4的A-B線的截面圖。包括在圖5中的薄膜電晶體450是圖1A所示的薄膜電晶體。換言之,薄膜電晶體450是一種薄膜電晶體,包括:設置在基板400上的閘極電極層401;設置在閘極電極層401上的閘極絕緣層402;設置在閘極絕緣層402上的氧化物半導體層403;設置在氧化物半導體層403上的具有一對導電層404a、404b及金屬氧化物層405的緩衝層406;設置在導電層404a上的第一電極層407a;以及設置在導電層404b上的第二電極層407b。
因為作為可以應用於基板400至第一電極層407a及第二電極層407b的材料及製造方法可以使用在實施例1中說明的材料及在實施例2中說明的製造方法,所以在此援用上述說明。
另外,子像素具有電容元件451。電容元件451包括其材料與薄膜電晶體450的閘極電極層401相同的電容佈線408、閘極絕緣層402以及延伸到子像素的薄膜電晶體450的第二電極層407b。
在薄膜電晶體450及電容元件451上設置層間絕緣層409。因為在圖5所示的薄膜電晶體450中設置有抑制雜質(氫或水等)侵入到氧化物半導體層403的金屬氧化物層405,所以作為層間絕緣層409可以使用各種材料、製造方法。例如,可以使用電漿CVD法或濺射法形成氧化矽層、氧氮化矽層、氮化矽層或氮氧化矽層等作為層間絕緣層409。另外,也可以使用:聚醯亞胺、聚醯胺、聚乙烯苯酚、苯並環丁烯、丙烯酸樹脂或環氧等有機材料;矽氧烷樹脂等矽氧烷材料;或噁唑樹脂等且藉由旋塗法等的塗敷法來形成層間絕緣層409。矽氧烷材料相當於包含Si-O-Si鍵的材料。矽氧烷的骨架結構由矽(Si)和氧(O)的鍵構成。作為取代基,可以使用有機基(例如烷基或芳烴)、氟基。有機基也可以包含氟基。另外,在設置於層間絕緣層209中的接觸孔410中,薄膜電晶體450的第二電極層407b電連接到像素電極411。
圖6是對應於圖4的子像素的等效電路圖。薄膜電晶體500的閘極電極電連接到閘極佈線501,並且第一電極電連接到源極電極佈線502。電容元件503的一方的電極電連接到薄膜電晶體500的第二電極,並且另一方的電極電連接到電容佈線504。藉由像素電極被施加電壓的液晶層505電連接到薄膜電晶體500的第二電極及電容元件503的一方的電極。
液晶顯示裝置包括由主動矩陣基板和其表面上設置有對置電極的對置基板夾持的液晶層。利用施加在主動矩陣基板的像素電極和對置基板的對置電極之間的電壓控制構成液晶層的液晶分子的取向。液晶顯示裝置藉由該液晶層的液晶分子的取向來透過光或進行遮光而進行圖像的顯示。在液晶顯示裝置中,主動矩陣基板的像素部的薄膜電晶體是控制施加到液晶層的電壓的開關元件。
在本實施例的液晶顯示裝置中,將在氧化物半導體層403上設置有金屬氧化物層405的薄膜電晶體450用於主動矩陣基板的像素部的薄膜電晶體。金屬氧化物層405用作抑制雜質(氫或水等)侵入到氧化物半導體層403的保護層。因此,可以根據使用目的選擇層間絕緣層409的材料、製造方法。其結果是,可以提供高品質或高可靠性的液晶顯示裝置。另外,雖然在此示出應用了圖1A所示的薄膜電晶體的液晶顯示裝置,但是在採用圖1B所示的薄膜電晶體的情況下也有同樣的效果。
實施例4
在本實施例中,示出使用在實施例1中所說明的薄膜電晶體製造的半導體裝置的一例。具體而言,圖7至圖9示出將該薄膜電晶體用於設置在主動矩陣基板的像素部中的薄膜電晶體的發光顯示裝置。接著,說明本實施例的發光顯示裝置。另外,作為本實施例的發光顯示裝置所具有的顯示元件,示出利用電致發光的發光元件。根據其發光材料是有機化合物還是無機化合物對利用電致發光的發光元件進行區別,而一般將前者稱為有機EL元件,而將後者稱為無機EL元件。
在有機EL元件中,藉由對發光元件施加電壓,電子和電洞從一對電極分別注入到包含發光有機化合物的層,於是,電流流過。而且,藉由這些載流子(電子和電洞)重新結合,發光有機化合物形成激發態,並且當該激發態恢復到基態時獲得發光。根據該機理,這種發光元件稱為電流激發型的發光元件。
無機EL元件根據其元件結構分類為分散型無機EL元件和薄膜型無機EL元件。分散型無機EL元件包括在黏合劑中分散有發光材料的粒子的發光層,並且其發光機理是利用施主能級和受主能級的施主-受主重新結合型發光。薄膜型無機EL元件具有利用電介質層夾持發光層並進一步用電極夾持該夾有發光層的電介質層的結構,並且其發光機理是利用金屬離子的內層電子躍遷的定域型發光。另外,在此使用有機EL元件作為發光元件而進行說明。
圖7是示出主動矩陣基板的一個像素的俯視圖。本實施例的發光顯示裝置的像素包括三個子像素。在每個子像素中設置有薄膜電晶體600、601、對發光元件施加電壓的像素電極602(為了方便起見,像素電極602的一部分未圖示出)。在實施例1中所示的薄膜電晶體可以用於圖6中的薄膜電晶體600、601。在像素部中設置有多個上述像素。另外,設置有多個閘極佈線603、多個源極電極佈線604、多個電源線605。另外,對電源線605設定高電源電位VDD。
圖8是對應於圖7的C-D線、E-F線的截面圖。薄膜電晶體750、751是圖1A所示的薄膜電晶體。換言之,薄膜電晶體750、751是一種薄膜電晶體,包括:設置在基板700上的閘極電極層701;設置在閘極電極層701上的閘極絕緣層702;設置在閘極絕緣層702上的氧化物半導體層703;設置在氧化物半導體層703上的具有導電層704a、704b及金屬氧化物層705的緩衝層706;設置在導電層704A上的第一電極層707a;以及設置在導電層704B上的第二電極層707b。
因為作為用於基板700至第一電極層707a及第二電極層707b的材料及製造方法可以使用在實施例1中所說明的材料及在實施例2中說明的製造方法,所以在此援用上述說明。
另外,子像素具有電容元件752。電容元件752包括其材料與薄膜電晶體750、751的閘極電極層701相同的電容佈線708、閘極絕緣層702以及延伸到子像素的薄膜電晶體751的第一電極層707a。
在薄膜電晶體750、751及電容元件752上設置有層間絕緣層709。因為在圖8所示的薄膜電晶體750、751中設置有抑制雜質(氫或水等)侵入到氧化物半導體層703的金屬氧化物層705,所以作為層間絕緣層709可以使用各種材料、製造方法。例如,可以使用電漿CVD法或濺射法形成氧化矽層、氧氮化矽層、氮化矽層或氮氧化矽層等作為層間絕緣層709。另外,也可以使用:聚醯亞胺、聚醯胺、聚乙烯苯酚、苯並環丁烯、丙烯酸樹脂或環氧等有機材料;矽氧烷樹脂等矽氧烷材料;或噁唑樹脂等且藉由旋塗法等的塗敷法來形成層間絕緣層709。矽氧烷材料相當於包含Si-O-Si鍵的材料。矽氧烷的骨架結構由矽(Si)和氧(O)的鍵構成。作為取代基,可以使用有機基(例如烷基或芳烴)、氟基。有機基也可以包含氟基。另外,在層間絕緣層709中設置有多個接觸孔710a、710b、710c。在接觸孔710c中薄膜電晶體751的第二電極層707b電連接到像素電極711。
圖9是對應於圖7的子像素的等效電路圖。薄膜電晶體800的閘極電極電連接到閘極佈線801,並且第一電極電連接到源極電極佈線802。電容元件803的一方的電極電連接到薄膜電晶體800的第二電極,並且另一方的電極電連接到電源線804。薄膜電晶體805的閘極電極電連接到薄膜電晶體800的第二電極,並且第一電極連接到電源線804及電容元件803的另一方的電極。藉由像素電極被施加電壓的有機EL元件806電連接到薄膜電晶體805的第二電極。
發光顯示裝置包括設置在主動矩陣基板的像素電極上的有機EL元件和設置在該有機EL元件上的共同電極。另外,對共同電極設定低電源電位VSS。當對該有機EL元件施加藉由薄膜電晶體施加到像素電極的高電源電位VDD和施加到共同電極的低電源電位VSS的電位差的電壓時電流流過,而得到發光。在發光顯示裝置中,主動矩陣基板的像素部的薄膜電晶體是控制流過有機EL元件的電流的開關元件。
在本實施例的發光顯示裝置中,將在氧化物半導體層703上設置有金屬氧化物層705的薄膜電晶體750、751用於主動矩陣基板的像素部的薄膜電晶體。金屬氧化物層705用作抑制雜質(氫或水等)侵入到氧化物半導體層703的保護層。因此,可以根據使用目的選擇層間絕緣層709的材料、製造方法。其結果是,可以提供高品質或高可靠性的發光顯示裝置。另外,雖然在此示出了應用圖1A所示的薄膜電晶體的發光顯示裝置,但是在採用圖1B所示的薄膜電晶體的情況下也有同樣的效果。
實施例5
在本實施例中,示出使用在實施例1中所說明的薄膜電晶體製造的半導體裝置的一例。具體而言,圖10示出將該薄膜電晶體用於設置在主動矩陣基板上的薄膜電晶體的電子紙。接著,說明本實施例的電子紙。
圖10是主動矩陣型的電子紙的截面圖。設置在第一基板(主動矩陣基板)900上的薄膜電晶體950是在圖1A中示出的薄膜電晶體。換言之,薄膜電晶體950是一種薄膜電晶體,包括:設置在第一基板900上的閘極電極層901;設置在閘極電極層901上的閘極絕緣層902;設置在閘極絕緣層902上的氧化物半導體層903;設置在氧化物半導體層903上的具有一對導電層904a、904b及金屬氧化物層905的緩衝層906;設置在導電層904a上的第一電極層907a;以及設置在導電層904b上的第二電極層907b。
因為作為可以應用於基板900至第一電極層907a及第二電極層907b的材料及製造方法可以使用在實施例1中所說明的材料及在實施例2中說明的製造方法,所以在此援用上述說明。
在薄膜電晶體950上設置有層間絕緣層908。因為在圖10所示的薄膜電晶體950中設置有抑制雜質(氫或水等)侵入到氧化物半導體層903的金屬氧化物層905,所以作為層間絕緣層908可以使用各種材料、製造方法。例如,可以使用電漿CVD法或濺射法形成氧化矽層、氧氮化矽層、氮化矽層或氮氧化矽層等作為層間絕緣層908。另外,也可以使用:聚醯亞胺、聚醯胺、聚乙烯苯酚、苯並環丁烯、丙烯酸樹脂或環氧等有機材料;矽氧烷樹脂等矽氧烷材料;或噁唑樹脂等且藉由旋塗法等的塗敷法來形成層間絕緣層908。矽氧烷材料相當於包含Si-O-Si鍵的材料。矽氧烷的骨架結構由矽(Si)和氧(O)的鍵構成。作為取代基,可以使用有機基(例如烷基或芳烴)、氟基。有機基也可以包含氟基。另外,在層間絕緣層908中設置有接觸孔909。在接觸孔909中薄膜電晶體950的第二電極層907b電連接到像素電極910。
在像素電極910和設置在第二基板911上的共同電極912之間設置有扭轉球915,該扭轉球915分別具有黑色區913a、白色區913b、以及空洞914,其中的空洞914位於黑色區913a和白色區913b的周圍,並充滿了液體。並且,扭轉球915的周圍填充有樹脂等的填充材料916。
本實施例的電子紙使用扭轉球顯示方式。該電子紙在像素電極及共同電極之間具有被塗成白色和黑色的扭轉球。扭轉球藉由根據施加到第一基板的像素電極及第二基板的共同電極之間的電壓控制方向來進行顯示。在電子紙中,主動矩陣基板的薄膜電晶體是控制施加到扭轉球的電壓的開關元件。
在本實施例的發光顯示裝置中,將在氧化物半導體層903上設置有金屬氧化物層905的薄膜電晶體950用於主動矩陣基板的薄膜電晶體。金屬氧化物層905用作抑制雜質(氫或水等)侵入到氧化物半導體層903的保護層。因此,可以根據使用目的選擇層間絕緣層908的材料、製造方法。其結果是,可以提供高品質或高可靠性的電子紙。另外,雖然在此示出了使用圖1A所示的薄膜電晶體的電子紙,但是在採用圖1B所示的薄膜電晶體的情況下也有同樣的效果。
實例1
在此,示出關於如下的計算結果:鈦及鈦氧化物的電子狀態的根據不同氧含量的變化;氧化物半導體層的電子狀態的根據氧缺損的變化;熱處理中的鈦層和氧化物半導體層的接合介面近旁的氧的行動;以及熱處理中的鈦氧化物層及氧化物半導體層的接合介面近旁的氧的行動。接著,驗證作為緩衝層的構成材料使用了鈦的實施例1的薄膜電晶體。
首先,驗證鈦及鈦氧化物的電子狀態的根據不同氧含量的變化。在此,示出藉由根據第一原理計算的結構最適化而求出的鈦及多個鈦氧化物的結晶結構的能態密度的結果,在該第一原理計算中使用基於密度泛函理論(Density Functional Theory:DFT)的平面波贗勢方法。具體而言,示出在對如下結構進行最適化之後的態密度圖,該結構是Ti、TiO(NaCl型)、Ti2
O3
(Al2
O3
型)、TiO2
(Anatase型)、TiO2
(Rutile型)及TiO2
(Brookite型)的結構。另外,作為計算程式使用CASTEP,並且作為交換相關泛函使用GGA-PBE。
圖11A、圖11B、圖11C分別是Ti、TiO(NaCl型)、Ti2
O3
(Al2
O3
型)的態密度圖。在圖11A、圖11B、圖11C中沒有帶隙。換言之,Ti、TiO(NaCl型)、Ti2
O3
(Al2
O3
型)是導電體。
圖12A、圖12B、圖12C分別是TiO2
(Anatase型)、TiO2
(Rutile型)及TiO2
(Brookite型)的態密度圖。圖12A、圖12B、圖12C的費密能級(0eV)存在於價電子帶的上端,並且有帶隙。換言之,TiO2
(Anatase型)、TiO2
(Rutile型)及TiO2
(Brookite型)分別是絕緣體或半導體。
根據圖11A至圖12C,可知:即使鈦含有一定量以下的氧,鈦也是導電體;並且若鈦含有一定量以上的氧,鈦被絕緣體化或半導體化。
接著,驗證氧化物半導體層的電子狀態的根據氧缺乏的變化。在此,對於作為氧化物半導體層使用In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體材料(In:Ga:Zn:O=1:1:1:4)的情況進行計算。
首先,使用根據經典分子動力學(Classical Molecular Dynamics)的熔融淬冷法(melt-quenching method)製造In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體的非晶結構。另外,在此製造的非晶結構是總原子數是84個且密度是5.9g/cm3
的結構。另外,至於原子間勢,在金屬-氧間及氧-氧間使用Born-Mayer-Huggins型勢,並且在金屬-金屬間使用Lennard-Jones型勢,並且藉由NVT系綜(正則系綜;canonical ensemble)進行計算。作為計算程式,使用Materials Explorer。
然後,在室溫(298K)下對藉由上述計算得到的結構進行利用第一原理分子動力學法(First Principle Molecular Dynamics;以下稱為第一原理MD)的退火,該第一原理MD使用基於密度泛函理論(Density Functional Theory:DFT)的贗勢平面波方法。然後對其結構進行最適化,並求出態密度。另外,對隨機地去除了一個氧原子的結構(氧缺損結構)也進行第一原理MD計算和最適化,並計算態密度。另外,作為計算程式使用CASTEP,作為交換相關泛函使用GGA-PBE,並且對NVT系綜進行第一原理MD。
圖13A、圖13B是藉由上述計算得到的In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體的態密度圖。圖13A是沒有氧缺損的結構的態密度圖,而圖13B是氧缺損結構的態密度圖。在圖13A中費密能級(0eV)存在於價電子帶的上端並且具有帶隙,而在圖13B中費密能級(0eV)存在於傳導帶內。換言之,可知氧缺損結構的電阻低於沒有氧缺損的結構的電阻。
接著,驗證熱處理中的鈦層和氧化物半導體層的接合介面近旁的氧的行動。在此,在藉由上述第一原理計算得到的In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體的非晶結構上層疊鈦,並對該結構進行最適化,然後藉由NVT系綜進行第一原理MD計算。作為計算程式使用CASTEP,並且作為交換相關泛函使用GGA-PBE。另外,將溫度條件設定為350℃(623K)。
圖14示出實施第一原理MD前後的結構。圖14A是實施第一原理MD之前的結構,而圖14B是實施第一原理MD之後的結構。並且,圖15示出實施第一原理MD前後的鈦以及氧在c軸方向上的密度。圖15是對圖14A和圖14B的各原子分配高斯分佈密度並將所有的原子加起來而求出的密度分佈。另外,圖15的橫軸表示原子密度,而縱軸表示c軸。圖15中的各曲線分別表示實施第一原理MD之前的鈦密度(Ti_before)、實施第一原理MD之後的鈦密度(Ti_after)、實施第一原理MD之前的氧密度(O_before)、實施第一原理MD之後的氧密度(O_after)。根據圖15,O_after位於比O_before更偏向c軸的正值方向一側,而可知在實施第一原理MD之後包含在鈦中的氧濃度增加。換言之,可知藉由350℃(623K)的熱處理,氧化物半導體層中的氧擴散到鈦層。
接著,驗證熱處理中的鈦氧化物(在此,使用TiO2
(Rutile型))層及氧化物半導體層的接合介面近旁的氧的行動。在此,在藉由上述第一原理計算得到的In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體的非晶結構上層疊TiO2
(Rutile型),並對該結構進行最適化,然後藉由NVT系綜進行第一原理MD計算。作為計算程式使用CASTEP,並且作為交換相關泛函使用GGA-PBE。另外,將溫度條件設定為700℃(973K)。
圖16示出實施第一原理MD前後的結構。圖16A是實施第一原理MD之前的結構,而圖16B是實施第一原理MD之後的結構。並且圖17示出實施第一原理MD前後的鈦以及氧在c軸方向上的密度,圖17是對圖16的各原子分派高斯分佈密度並將所有的原子加起來而求出的密度分佈。另外,圖17的橫軸表示原子密度,而縱軸表示c軸。圖17中的各曲線分別表示實施第一原理MD之前的鈦密度(Ti_before)、實施第一原理MD之後的鈦密度(Ti_after)、實施第一原理MD之前的氧密度(O_before)、實施第一原理MD之後的氧密度(O_after)。在圖17中,在O_after和O_before之間沒有如在圖15中觀察到的那樣的大的差異。換言之,可知:即使進行700℃(973K)的熱處理,氧化物半導體層和TiO2
(Rutile型)層之間的氧的擴散也沒有進行350℃的熱處理時氧化物半導體層和鈦層之間的擴散那樣活躍。
以下總結在本實例中進行的計算結果。
根據圖11A至12C,可知:多個鈦氧化物的電子狀態分別不同,並且當其氧濃度增高時其被絕緣體化或半導體化。具體而言,可知:TiO(NaCl型)、Ti2
O3
(Al2
O3
型)是導電體,並且TiO2
(Anatase型)、TiO2
(Rutile型)及TiO2
(Brookite型)是絕緣體或半導體。換言之,可知:鈦氧化物當氧含量多時被絕緣體化或半導體化,並且其電子狀態根據氧的比率變化。
根據圖13A和圖13B可知:藉由使In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體成為氧缺損結構,其電子狀態變化並被低電阻化。另外,在圖13A和圖13B中,比較其總原子數是84個(In:Ga:Zn:O=1:1:1:4)的非晶結構和從該結構去除一個氧原子的結構的電子狀態。換言之,比較氧濃度是大約57.1at.%(氧原子數48/全原子數84)的結構和氧濃度是大約56.6at.%(氧原子數47/全原子數83)的結構。由此,可以說:與上述鈦相比,In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體是氧濃度的變化對電子狀態影響大的材料。
根據圓14A、圖14B及圖15,可知:當對鈦層及In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體層的疊層進行350℃的熱處理時,In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體層中的氧擴散到鈦層。換言之,可知:藉由熱處理,形成比熱處理之前的鈦層含有高濃度的氧的鈦層和其氧濃度比熱處理之前的氧化物半導體層的氧濃度低的氧化物半導體層。另外,從上述鈦及In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體層的氧濃度的變化對其電子狀態的影響可見:與鈦層相比以高濃度含有氧的鈦層的電阻沒有增加多少,與此相反,與氧化物半導體層相比氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層的電阻降低。
根據圖16A、圖16B及圖17,可知:即使對TiO2
(Rutile型)層及In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體層的疊層進行高溫,即700℃的熱處理,也難以產生超過350℃時的氧化物半導體層和鈦層的疊層中的擴散的擴散。換言之,可知:即使進行熱處理,也難以形成其氧濃度比氧化物半導體層和鈦層的疊層的氧濃度低的氧化物半導體層。
接著,驗證將鈦用於實施例1的薄膜電晶體的緩衝層的情況。藉由對鈦層進行氧化處理,形成作為絕緣體或半導體的TiO2
(Anatase型)、TiO2
(Rutile型)及TiO2
(Brookite型)等鈦氧化物,而可以將其用作緩衝層的金屬氧化物層。另外,藉由進行350℃的熱處理,使來自氧化物半導體層的氧擴散到鈦層,而形成以高濃度含有氧的鈦層及氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層。因此,可以有效地使氧化物半導體層低電阻化,並且使隔著緩衝層的源電極層及汲電極層與氧化物半導體層的接合成為歐姆接合。並且,與氧化物半導體層和導電層的介面相比,在氧化物半導體層和金屬氧化物層的介面中難以產生氧的擴散。因此,在該介面中不容易形成低電阻且氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層,而可以抑制薄膜電晶體的截止電流的增加。
據此,可知:鈦是用於實施例1的薄膜電晶體的緩衝層的最好的材料。
本申請基於2009年2月20日在日本專利局受理的日本專利申請序列號2009-037912而製作,所述申請內容包括在本說明書中。
100...基板
101...閘極電極層
102...閘極絕緣層
103...氧化物半導體層
104a...導電層
104b...導電層
105...金屬氧化物層
106...緩衝層
107a...源電極層
107b...汲電極層
108a...氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層
108b...氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層
109a...以高濃度含有氧的導電層
109b...以高濃度含有氧的導電層
110...緩衝層
150...薄膜電晶體
151...薄膜電晶體
200...基板
201...第一導電膜
202...第一抗蝕劑
203...閘極電極層
204...閘極絕緣層
205...氧化物半導體膜
206...第二導電膜
207...第二抗蝕劑
208...氧化物半導體層
209...導電層
210...第三導電膜
211a...第三抗蝕劑
211b...第三抗蝕劑
212a...源電極層
212b...汲電極層
213...導電層
214...金屬氧化物層
215a...導電層
215b...導電層
216a...氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層
216b...氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層
217a...以高濃度含有氧的導電層
217b...以高濃度含有氧的導電層
300...薄膜電晶體
301...像素電極
302...閘極佈線
303...源極電極佈線
304...電容佈線
400...基板
401...閘極電極層
402...閘極絕緣層
403...氧化物半導體層
404a...導電層
404b...導電層
405...金屬氧化物層
406...緩衝層
407a...第一電極層
407b...第二電極層
408...電容佈線
409...層間絕緣層
410...接觸孔
411...像素電極
450...薄膜電晶體
451...電容元件
500...薄膜電晶體
501...閘極佈線
502...源極電極佈線
503...電容元件
504...電容佈線
505...液晶層
600...薄膜電晶體
601...薄膜電晶體
602...像素電極
603...閘極佈線
604...源極電極佈線
605...電源線
700...基板
701...閘極電極層
702...閘極絕緣層
703...氧化物半導體層
704a...導電層
704b...導電層
705...金屬氧化物層
706...緩衝層
707a...第一電極層
707b...第二電極層
708...電容佈線
709...層間絕緣層
710a...接觸孔
710b...接觸孔
710c...接觸孔
711...像素電極
750...薄膜電晶體
751...薄膜電晶體
752...電容元件
800...薄膜電晶體
801...閘極佈線
802...源極電極佈線
803...電容元件
804...電源線
805...薄膜電晶體
806...有機EL元件
900...基板
901...閘極電極層
902...閘極絕緣層
903...氧化物半導體層
904a...導電層
904b...導電層
905...金屬氧化物層
906...緩衝層
907a...第一電極層
907b...第二電極層
908...層間絕緣層
909...接觸孔
910...像素電極
911...基板
912...共同佈線
913a...黑色區
913b...白色區
914...空洞
915...扭轉球
916...填充材料
950...薄膜電晶體
圖1A和圖1B是在實施例1中說明的薄膜電晶體的截面圖;
圖2A至圖2D是示出在實施例2中說明的薄膜電晶體的製造步驟的截面圖;
圖3A至圖3D是示出在實施例2中說明的薄膜電晶體的製造步驟的截面圖;
圖4是示出在實施例3中說明的液晶顯示裝置的像素的俯視圖;
圖5是示出在實施例3中說明的液晶顯示裝置的像素的截面圖;
圖6是示出在實施例3中說明的液晶顯示裝置的像素的等效電路圖;
圖7是示出在實施例4中說明的發光顯示裝置的像素的俯視圖;
圖8是示出在實施例4中說明的發光顯示裝置的像素的截面圖;
圖9是示出在實施例4中說明的發光顯示裝置的像素的等效電路圖;
圖10是在實施例5中說明的電子紙的截面圖;
圖11A至圖11C是藉由在實例1中說明的計算求出的態密度圖;
圖12A至12C是藉由在實例1中說明的計算求出的態密度圖;
圖13A和圖13B是藉由在實例1中說明的計算求出的態密度圖;
圖14A和圖14B是示出藉由在實例1中說明的計算求出的鈦層和In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體層的接合介面中的熱處理前後的原子配置的圖;
圖15是示出藉由在實例1中說明的計算求出的鈦層和In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體層的接合介面中的熱處理前後的鈦濃度及氧濃度的圖;
圖16A和16B是示出藉由在實例1中說明的計算求出的鈦氧化物層和In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體層的接合介面中的熱處理前後的原子配置的圖;
圖17示出藉由在實例1中說明的計算求出的鈦氧化物層和In-Ga-Zn-O類氧化物半導體層的接合介面中的熱處理前後的鈦濃度及氧濃度的圖。
100...基板
101...閘極電極層
102...閘極絕緣層
103...氧化物半導體層
104a...導電層
104b...導電層
105...金屬氧化物層
106...緩衝層
107a...源電極層
107b...汲電極層
150...薄膜電晶體
Claims (20)
- 一種電晶體的製造方法,包括如下步驟:在基板上形成第一導電膜;在該第一導電膜上形成第一抗蝕劑;藉由將該第一抗蝕劑用作光罩對該第一導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成閘極電極層;在該基板及該閘極電極層上形成閘極絕緣層;在該閘極絕緣層上形成氧化物半導體膜;在該氧化物半導體膜上形成第二導電膜;在該第二導電膜上形成第二抗蝕劑;藉由將該第二抗蝕劑用作光罩對該氧化物半導體膜及該第二導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成氧化物半導體層及導電層;在該閘極絕緣層及該導電層上形成第三導電膜;在該第三導電膜上形成第三抗蝕劑;藉由將該第三抗蝕劑用作光罩對該第三導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成源電極層及汲電極層;以及藉由將該第三抗蝕劑用作光罩進行氧化處理,在該氧化物半導體層與該源電極層及該汲電極層的每一個之間形成一對導電層,並且在該氧化物半導體層上形成金屬氧化物層。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項的電晶體的製造方法,其中,該金屬氧化物層是絕緣體。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項的電晶體的製造方法,其 中,該金屬氧化物層是半導體。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項的電晶體的製造方法,其中,該對導電層選自鈦、銅、鋅、鋁或至少包含鈦、銅、鋅和鋁的其中之一的合金。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項的電晶體的製造方法,還包括在該源電極層及該汲電極層上形成層間絕緣層的步驟。
- 一種電晶體的製造方法,包括如下步驟:在基板上形成第一導電膜;在該第一導電膜上形成第一抗蝕劑;藉由將該第一抗蝕劑用作光罩對該第一導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成閘極電極層;在該基板及該閘極電極層上形成閘極絕緣層;在該閘極絕緣層上形成氧化物半導體膜;在該氧化物半導體膜上形成第二導電膜;在該第二導電膜上形成第二抗蝕劑;藉由將該第二抗蝕劑用作光罩對該氧化物半導體膜及該第二導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成氧化物半導體層及導電層;在該閘極絕緣層及該導電層上形成第三導電膜;在該第三導電膜上形成第三抗蝕劑;藉由將該第三抗蝕劑用作光罩對該第三導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成源電極層及汲電極層;藉由將該第三抗蝕劑用作光罩進行氧化處理,在該氧化物半導體層與該源電極層及該汲電極層的每一個之間形 成一對導電層,並且在該氧化物半導體層上形成金屬氧化物層;以及藉由進行熱處理,在該氧化物半導體層和該對導電層的每一個之間形成一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層及一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項的電晶體的製造方法,其中,該金屬氧化物層是絕緣體。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項的電晶體的製造方法,其中,該金屬氧化物層是半導體。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項的電晶體的製造方法,其中,該對導電層選自鈦、銅、鋅、鋁或至少包含鈦、銅、鋅和鋁的其中之一的合金。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項的電晶體的製造方法,還包括在該源電極層及該汲電極層上形成層間絕緣層的步驟。
- 一種電晶體的製造方法,包括如下步驟:在基板上形成第一導電膜;在該第一導電膜上形成第一抗蝕劑;藉由將該第一抗蝕劑用作光罩對該第一導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成閘極電極層;在該基板及該閘極電極層上形成閘極絕緣層;在該閘極絕緣層上形成氧化物半導體膜;在該氧化物半導體膜上形成第二導電膜;在該第二導電膜上形成第二抗蝕劑; 藉由將該第二抗蝕劑用作光罩對該氧化物半導體膜及該第二導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成氧化物半導體層及導電層;在該閘極絕緣層及該導電層上形成第三導電膜;在該導電膜上形成第三抗蝕劑;藉由將該第三抗蝕劑用作光罩對該第三導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成源電極層及汲電極層;以及藉由將該第三抗蝕劑用作光罩進行熱氧化處理,在該氧化物半導體層與該源電極層及該汲電極層的每一個之間形成一對導電層,在該氧化物半導體層上形成金屬氧化物層,並且在該氧化物半導體層和該對導電層的每一個之間形成一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層及一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項的電晶體的製造方法,其中,該金屬氧化物層是絕緣體。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項的電晶體的製造方法,其中,該金屬氧化物層是半導體。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項的電晶體的製造方法,其中,該對導電層選自鈦、銅、鋅、鋁或至少包含鈦、銅、鋅和鋁的其中之一的合金。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項的電晶體的製造方法,還包括在該源電極層及該汲電極層上形成層間絕緣層的步驟。
- 一種電晶體的製造方法,包括如下步驟: 在基板上形成第一導電膜;在該第一導電膜上形成第一抗蝕劑;藉由將該第一抗蝕劑用作光罩對該第一導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成閘極電極層;在該基板及該閘極電極層上形成閘極絕緣層;在該閘極絕緣層上形成氧化物半導體膜;在該氧化物半導體膜上形成第二導電膜;在該第二導電膜上形成第二抗蝕劑;藉由將該第二抗蝕劑用作光罩對該氧化物半導體膜及該第二導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成氧化物半導體層及導電層;在該閘極絕緣層及該導電層上形成第三導電膜;在該第三導電膜上形成第三抗蝕劑;藉由將該第三抗蝕劑用作光罩對該第三導電膜選擇性地進行蝕刻來形成源電極層及汲電極層;以及藉由將該第三抗蝕劑用作光罩進行氧化處理及熱氧化處理,在該氧化物半導體層與該源電極層及該汲電極層的每一個之間形成一對導電層,在該氧化物半導體層上形成金屬氧化物層,並且在該氧化物半導體層和該對導電層的每一個之間形成一對氧濃度降低的氧化物半導體層及一對以高濃度含有氧的導電層。
- 如申請專利範圍第16項的電晶體的製造方法,其中,該金屬氧化物層是絕緣體。
- 如申請專利範圍第16項的電晶體的製造方法,其 中,該金屬氧化物層是半導體。
- 如申請專利範圍第16項的電晶體的製造方法,其中,該對導電層選自鈦、銅、鋅、鋁或至少包含鈦、銅、鋅和鋁的其中之一的合金。
- 如申請專利範圍第16項的電晶體的製造方法,還包括在該源電極層及該汲電極層上形成層間絕緣層的步驟。
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