JP4387401B2 - リチウム金属含有物質の製造方法、生成物、組成物およびバッテリー - Google Patents
リチウム金属含有物質の製造方法、生成物、組成物およびバッテリー Download PDFInfo
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- JP4387401B2 JP4387401B2 JP2006342410A JP2006342410A JP4387401B2 JP 4387401 B2 JP4387401 B2 JP 4387401B2 JP 2006342410 A JP2006342410 A JP 2006342410A JP 2006342410 A JP2006342410 A JP 2006342410A JP 4387401 B2 JP4387401 B2 JP 4387401B2
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- starting material
- carbon
- metal
- reaction
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 150
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 56
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 27
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title description 6
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 117
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 101
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 91
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 84
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadate(3-) Chemical compound [O-][V]([O-])([O-])=O LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- REKWWOFUJAJBCL-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].OP([O-])([O-])=O REKWWOFUJAJBCL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003455 mixed metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 7
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- SNKMVYBWZDHJHE-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].OP(O)([O-])=O SNKMVYBWZDHJHE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- MUERZYSPGYLGBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;molecular hydrogen Chemical compound [Li].[H][H] MUERZYSPGYLGBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- BRFMYUCUGXFMIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphono dihydrogen phosphate phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O.OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O BRFMYUCUGXFMIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 31
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 27
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 20
- 229910001465 mixed metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 114
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 64
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 49
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 34
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 32
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 31
- 229910011869 LiFe0.9Mg0.1PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 29
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 27
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 23
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 23
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 21
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 20
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 20
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 17
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 14
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910012022 LiFe0.8Mg0.2PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 12
- -1 lithium phosphate compound Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 10
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 9
- GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N divanadium pentaoxide Chemical compound O=[V](=O)O[V](=O)=O GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910012008 LiFe0.8Ca0.2PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 7
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000010671 solid-state reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910012045 LiFe0.8Zn0.2PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical class [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910012064 LiFe0.9Ca0.1PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000004770 chalcogenides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910018119 Li 3 PO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
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- NIQCNGHVCWTJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl phthalate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC NIQCNGHVCWTJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- MTAPKGKSYSEUEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,2,2-tributoxyethoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid Chemical compound CCCCOC(OCCCC)(OCCCC)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O MTAPKGKSYSEUEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001479 atomic absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012611 container material Substances 0.000 description 1
- RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-22,24-diide Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CC(C(=C2C=CC([N-]2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(N=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=C3[N-]2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC1=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QGFRSPMTVBPWNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].O.[O-2] QGFRSPMTVBPWNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- FBSAITBEAPNWJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl phthalate Natural products CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1OC(C)=O FBSAITBEAPNWJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001826 dimethylphthalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002391 graphite-based active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003475 inorganic filler Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000398 iron phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZRNJOXQNWVMIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;hydrate Chemical compound [Li].O FZRNJOXQNWVMIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].OC([O-])=O HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CJYZTOPVWURGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;manganese(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Mn].[Mn+3] CJYZTOPVWURGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)nickel Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Ni]=O VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004712 monophosphates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002816 nickel compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052575 non-oxide ceramic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011225 non-oxide ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001392 phosphorus oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical class O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus hexaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)OP3OP1OP2O3 VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Sn]=O QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
活物質の組成
FePO4+0.5 Li2CO3+0.5 C→LiFePO4+0.5 CO2+0.5 CO
(a)ボールミルを使用して下記の割合で反応物質を予備混合する。
1モル FePO4 150.82g
0.5モル Li2CO3 36.95g
0.5モル 炭素 6.0g
(但し、100%過剰の炭素を使用 → 12.00g)
(b)粉末混合物をペレット化する。
(c)ペレットを不活性雰囲気中(例 アルゴン)で2℃/分の割合で750℃まで加熱する。750℃のアルゴン中で、8時間放置する。
(d)アルゴン中、2℃/分で室温まで冷却する。
(e)ペレットを粉末化する。
750℃では、これは有力なCO反応であることが分かる。この反応は、アルゴン中、約700℃から950℃の温度範囲で行うことができる。また、窒素または真空等のその他の不活性雰囲気でもよい。
0.5 Fe2O3+0.5 Li2CO3+(NH4)2HPO4+0.5 C → LiFePO4+0.5 CO2+2 NH3+3/2 H2O+0.5 CO
(a)下記の割合で粉末を予備混合する。
0.5モル Fe2O3 79.85g
0.5モル Li2CO3 36.95g
1モル (NH4)2HPO4 132.06g
0.5モル 炭素 6.00g
(但し、100%過剰の炭素を使用 → 12.00g)
(b)粉末混合物をペレット化する。
(c)ペレットを不活性雰囲気中(例 アルゴン)で2℃/分の割合で750℃まで加熱する。750℃のアルゴン中で、8時間放置する。
(d)アルゴン中、2℃/分で室温まで冷却する。
(e)ペレットを粉末化する。
2段階:
パート 1 Fe3(PO4)2のカーボサーマル製造
3/2 Fe2O3+2(NH4)2HPO4+3/2 C → Fe3(PO4)2+3/2 CO+4NH3+5/2 H2O
(a)下記の割合で反応物質を予備混合する。
3/2モル Fe2O3 239.54g
2モル (NH4)2HPO4 264.12g
3/2モル 炭素 18.00g
(但し、100%過剰の炭素を使用 → 36.00g)
(b)粉末混合物をペレット化する。
(c)ペレットを不活性雰囲気中(例 アルゴン)で2℃/分の割合で800℃まで加熱する。750℃のアルゴン中で、8時間放置する。
(d)アルゴン中、2℃/分で室温まで冷却する。
(e)ペレットを粉末化する。
パート 2 パート1記載のFe3(PO4)2からのLiFePO4の製造
Li3PO4+Fe3(PO4)2 → 3 LiFePO4
(a)下記の割合で反応物質を予備混合する。
1モル Li3PO4 115.79g
1モル Fe3(PO4)2 357.48g
(b)粉末混合物をペレット化する。
(c)ペレットを不活性雰囲気中(例 アルゴン)で2℃/分の割合で750℃まで加熱する。750℃のアルゴン中で、8時間放置する。
(d)アルゴン中、2℃/分で室温まで冷却する。
(e)ペレットを粉末化する。
0.5 Li2CO3+0.9 FePO4+0.1 Mg(OH)2+0.1(NH4)2HPO4+0.45 C → LiFe0.9Mg0.1PO4+0.5 CO2+0.45 CO+0.2 NH3+0.25 H2O
(a)下記の割合で反応物質を予備混合する。
0.50モル Li2CO3 = 36.95g
0.90モル FePO4 = 135.74g
0.10モル Mg(OH)2 = 5.83g
0.10モル (NH4)2HPO4 = 1.32g
0.45モル 炭素 = 5.40g
(但し、100%過剰の炭素を使用 → 10.80g)
(b)粉末混合物をペレット化する。
(c)ペレットを不活性雰囲気中(例 アルゴン)で2℃/分の割合で750℃まで加熱する。750℃のアルゴン中で、8時間放置する。
(d)2℃/分で室温まで冷却する。
(e)ペレットを粉末化する。
0.50 Li2CO3+0.45 Fe2O3+0.10 Mg(OH)2+(NH4)2HPO4+0.45 C → LiFe0.9Mg0.1PO4+0.5 CO2+0.45 CO+2 NH3+1・6 H2O
(a)下記の割合で反応物質を予備混合する。
0.50モル Li2CO3 = 36.95g
0.45モル Fe2O3 = 71.86g
0.10モル Mg(OH)2 = 5.83g
1.00モル (NH4)2HPO4 = 132.06g
0.45モル 炭素 = 5.40g
(但し、100%過剰の炭素を使用 → 10.80g)
(b)粉末混合物をペレット化する。
(c)ペレットを不活性雰囲気中(例 アルゴン)で2℃/分の割合で750℃まで加熱する。750℃のアルゴン中で、8時間放置する。
(d)2℃/分で室温まで冷却する。
(e)ペレットを粉末化する。
1.0 LiH2PO4+0.45 Fe2O3+0.10 Mg(OH)2+0.45 C → LiFe0.9Mg0.1PO4+0.45 CO+1.1 H2O
(a)下記の割合で反応物質を予備混合する。
1.00モル LiH2PO4 = 103.93g
0.45モル Fe2O3 = 71.86g
0.10モル Mg(OH)2 = 5.83g
0.45モル 炭素 = 5.40g
(但し、100%過剰の炭素を使用→10.80g)
(b)粉末混合物をペレット化する。
(c)アルゴン中、2℃/分の割合で750℃まで加熱する。750℃のアルゴン中で、8時間放置する。
(d)2℃/分で室温まで冷却する。
(e)ペレットを粉末化する。
0.50 Li2CO3+0.45 Fe2O3+0.1 Ca(OH)2+(NH4)2HPO4+0.45 C → LiFe0.9Ca0.1PO4+0.5 CO2+0.45 CO+2 NH3+1.6 H2O
(a)下記の割合で反応物質を予備混合する。
0.50モル Li2CO3 = 36.95g
0.45モル Fe2O3 = 71.86g
0.10モル Ca(OH)2 = 7.41g
1.00モル (NH4)2HPO4 = 132.06g
0.45モル 炭素 = 5.40g
(100%過剰の炭素を使用→10.80g)
(b)粉末混合物のペレット化。
(c)アルゴン中、2℃/分の割合で750℃まで加熱する。750℃のアルゴン中で、8時間放置する。
(d)2℃/分で室温まで冷却する。
(e)ペレットを粉末化する。
0.50 Li2CO3+0.45 Fe2O3+0.033 Zn3(PO4)2+0.933(NH4)2HPO4+0.45 C → LiFe0.9Zn0.1PO4+0.50 CO2+0.45 CO+1.866 NH3+1.2 H2O
(a)下記の割合で反応物質を予備混合する。
0.50モル Li2CO3 = 36.95g
0.45モル Fe2O3 = 71.86g
0.033モル Zn3(PO4)2 = 12.74g
0.933モル (NH4)2HPO4 = 123.21g
0.45モル 炭素 = 5.40g
(100%過剰の炭素を使用→10.80g)
(b)粉末混合物のペレット化。
(c)アルゴン中、2℃/分の割合で750℃まで加熱する。750℃のアルゴン中で、8時間放置する。
(d)2℃/分で室温まで冷却する。
(e)ペレットを粉末化する。
V2O5+0.5 Li2CO3+0.25 C → LiV2O5+3/4 CO2
(a)適した媒体を備えたボールミルと使用してα−V2O5、Li2CO3およびシウィニガンブラック(Shiwinigan Black)(炭素)を予備混合する。上記反応量に対し25重量%過剰の炭素を使用する。たとえば、上記反応に基づくと:
必要となるのは:
1モル V2O5 181.88g
0.50モル Li2CO3 36.95g
0.25モル 炭素 3.00g
(但し、25%過剰の炭素を使用→3.75g)
(b)粉末混合物のペレット化。
(c)ペレットをアルゴン気流中(または、その他の不活性雰囲気中)、2℃/分の割合で600℃まで加熱する。600℃で約60分間保持する。
(d)アルゴン中で約2℃/分の割合で室温まで冷却する。
(e)乳鉢と乳棒を使用してペレットを粉末化する。
この反応は、アルゴン中、約400℃から650℃の温度範囲で、上述のようにアルゴンあるいは他の不活性雰囲気(たとえば窒素あるいは真空中)において行うことができる。この反応は、この温度範囲において、本来、C→CO2である。C→CO反応は本来約650℃(HT、高い温度)を越える温度で、C→CO2は約650℃より低い温度(LT、低い温度)で本来生じることが分る。上記約650℃はおよその目安である。また「本来」という表示の仕方は、別の反応がある程度生じるかもしれないが、熱力学的に優勢な反応であることを意味している。
V2O5+3/2 Li2CO3+3(NH4)2HPO4+C → Li3V2(PO4)3+2 CO+3/2 CO2+6 NH3+9/2 H2O
(a)上で使用した適当な媒体を備えたボールミルを使用して反応物質を予備混合する。25重量%過剰の炭素を使用する。したがって、
1モル V2O5 181.88g
3/2モル Li2CO3 110.84g
3モル (NH4)2HPO4 396.18g
1モル 炭素 12.01g
(但し、25%過剰の炭素を使用→15.01g)
(b)粉末混合物のペレット化。
(c)ペレットをCO2(Li2CO3から)およびNH3、H2Oを取り除くため2℃/分で300℃まで加熱する。不活性雰囲気(例アルゴン)で加熱する
。室温まで冷却する。
(d)粉末化し再ペレット化する。
(e)ペレットを不活性雰囲気下2℃/分の割合で850℃まで加熱する。850℃で、8時間放置する。
(g)粉末化する。
この反応は、アルゴン中、約700℃から950℃の温度範囲で行うことができることが分かる。また、窒素や真空などの他の不活性雰囲気においても行える。670℃よりも高い反応温度は、C→CO反応が本来的に実施されていることを裏付けている。
図1を参照すると、反応1(b)によりFe2O3金属化合物から生成された最終的な生産物であるLiFePO4は、褐色/黒色であった。この、オリバイン生成物質には前記反応後、残存炭素が含有されていた。図1で示すように、CuKαX線回折パターンはこの物質に規定される全てのピークを含んでいた。
図10は、カソード(正極)内の約18.9mgのLiFe0.8Zn0.2PO4オリバイン活物質を基準とした、0.2mA/cm2における約2.5から4.0ボルトの一次定電流サイクルにおける実験結果を示している。製造、混合、初期状態において、正極活物質は反応4のFe2O3およびZn3(PO4)2から製造されたLiFe0.8Zn0.2PO4である。リチウムはセルの充電中にLiFe0.8Zn0.2PO4から抽出される。完全に充電されると、約0.74単位のリチウムが前記一般式単位で取り除かれた。その結果、カソード物質がLi/Li+に対し4.0ボルトであるとき正極活物質はLi1-xFe0.8Zn0.2PO4(xが約0.74である)と一致するようにみえる。抽出量は、約124mAh/gを示している。これは活物質18.9mgを基準とした場合の約2.3mAhに対応する。セルはある量のリチウムがLiFe0.8Zn0.2PO4に再インサーションされるとすぐに放電される。再インサーション量は、実質的な総リチウムインサーション量に比例する約108mAh/gに対応する。曲線の下端は、約2.5ボルトに該当する。
Claims (18)
- 粒子を含み、さらにリチウムと遷移金属を含む出発物質よりのリチウム混合金属酸化物の製造方法において、
前記出発物質は元素状炭素の還元剤を付加的に含み、
前記出発物質を400℃から1200℃の間の温度で加熱してリチウム混合金属酸化物を形成させ、その際、前記出発物質の少なくとも1つの金属は、元素状態に完全に還元されることなく、酸化状態を還元されることを特徴とするリチウム混合金属酸化物の製造方法。 - 粒子を含み、さらにリチウムと遷移金属を含む出発物質よりのリチウム混合金属酸化物の製造方法において、前記出発物質は、 酢酸リチウム、硝酸リチウム、リチウムオキサレート、酸化リチウム、リン酸リチウム、リン酸ジ水素化リチウム、リン酸水素化リチウム、バナジウム酸リチウムおよび炭酸リチウムより選択された化合物、
Fe、Co、Ni、Mn、Cu、V、Sn、Ti、Crおよびそれらの混合物よりなる群から選択された金属の化合物、および
炭素を含む還元剤を付加的に含み、
前記出発物質を400℃から1200℃の間の温度で加熱してリチウム混合金属酸化物を形成させ、その際、前記出発物質の少なくとも1つの金属は、元素状態に完全に還元されることなく、酸化状態を還元されることを特徴とするリチウム混合金属酸化物の製造方法。 - 前記出発物質は、酢酸リチウム、硝酸リチウム、リチウムオキサレート、酸化リチウム、リン酸リチウム、リン酸ジ水素化リチウム、リン酸水素化リチウム、バナジウム酸リチウムおよび炭酸リチウムより選択された化合物を含み、反応生成物は単相反応生成物である請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記出発物質は、炭酸リチウム、リン酸リチウム、酸化リチウム、バナジウム酸リチウムおよびそれらの混合物よりなる群から選択されたリチウム化合物を含む請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記出発物質は、Fe、Co、Ni、Mn、Cu、V、Sn、Ti、Crおよびそれらの混合物よりなる群から選択された金属の化合物を含む請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記出発物質は、Fe2O3、V2O5、FePO4、VO2、Fe3O4、LiVO3、NH4VO3およびそれらの混合物よりなる群から選択された金属化合物を含む請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 前記出発物質は、金属酸化物を含む請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 前記出発物質は、V2O5を含む請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 前記加熱は、非酸化性雰囲気で行われる請求項1、2あるいは8のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記還元剤は、グラファイト、カーボンブラックあるいはアモルフォス炭素を含む請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 前記還元剤は、前記出発物質中に化学量論的に過剰に存在している請求項1、2あるいは10のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 炭素および下記の一般式の活物質を含み、前記炭素がその中に分散している請求項1から11のいずれかに記載の方法によって製造された生成物。
Li x V 2 O 5
(xは0.2以上で、2以下である) - 正極電極、負極電極および電解質を含むバッテリーであって、少なくとも一つの電極は請求項1から11のいずれかに記載の方法で製造された活物質を含むバッテリー。
- 正極電極、負極電極および電解質を含むバッテリーであって、少なくとも一つの電極は請求項12記載の生成物を含むバッテリー。
- a)少なくとも一つの遷移金属および炭素を含む還元剤を含む粒子状の出発物質を用意し、前記出発物質粒子を混合して混合物を形成し、前記混合物を400℃から1200℃の温度で加熱して、前記出発物質の少なくとも一つの金属を元素状態に完全に還元されることなく、酸化状態を還元して還元金属化合物を形成させる工程、
b)前記a)工程で製造された遷移金属化合物とリチウム化合物を反応させる工程、を含むリチウム混合金属酸化物の製造方法。 - 前記還元剤は、元素状炭素、好ましくはグラファイト、カーボンブラックあるいはアモルフォス炭素を含む請求項15記載の方法。
- 前記還元剤は、化学量論的に過剰に出発物質中に存在する請求項15記載の方法。
- 前記遷移金属は、Ti、V、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Snおよびそれらの混合物からなる群より選択された元素を含む請求項15記載の方法。
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