ES2958388T3 - Panel a base de fibra de madera con una capa superficial - Google Patents

Panel a base de fibra de madera con una capa superficial Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2958388T3
ES2958388T3 ES15735032T ES15735032T ES2958388T3 ES 2958388 T3 ES2958388 T3 ES 2958388T3 ES 15735032 T ES15735032 T ES 15735032T ES 15735032 T ES15735032 T ES 15735032T ES 2958388 T3 ES2958388 T3 ES 2958388T3
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
sublayer
wood
veneer
surface layer
binder
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
ES15735032T
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English (en)
Inventor
Göran Ziegler
Darko Pervan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valinge Innovation AB
Original Assignee
Valinge Innovation AB
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Valinge Innovation AB filed Critical Valinge Innovation AB
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2958388T3 publication Critical patent/ES2958388T3/es
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27G—ACCESSORY MACHINES OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; TOOLS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; SAFETY DEVICES FOR WOOD WORKING MACHINES OR TOOLS
    • B27G1/00—Machines or devices for removing knots or other irregularities or for filling-up holes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/10—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the pressing technique, e.g. using action of vacuum or fluid pressure
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
    • E04F15/04—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements only of wood or with a top layer of wood, e.g. with wooden or metal connecting members
    • E04F15/041—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements only of wood or with a top layer of wood, e.g. with wooden or metal connecting members with a top layer of wood in combination with a lower layer of other material
    • E04F15/042—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements only of wood or with a top layer of wood, e.g. with wooden or metal connecting members with a top layer of wood in combination with a lower layer of other material the lower layer being of fibrous or chipped material, e.g. bonded with synthetic resins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B27N3/00—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
    • B27N3/02—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres from particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
    • B27N3/00—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
    • B27N3/04—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres from fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
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    • B27N7/00—After-treatment, e.g. reducing swelling or shrinkage, surfacing; Protecting the edges of boards against access of humidity
    • B27N7/005—Coating boards, e.g. with a finishing or decorating layer
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    • B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
    • B32B37/16—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with all layers existing as coherent layers before laminating
    • B32B37/18—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with all layers existing as coherent layers before laminating involving the assembly of discrete sheets or panels only
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    • B32B5/14—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts, e.g. denser near its faces
    • B32B5/142—Variation across the area of the layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B44C1/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects
    • B44C1/24—Pressing or stamping ornamental designs on surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
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    • B44C5/04—Ornamental plaques, e.g. decorative panels, decorative veneers
    • B44C5/043—Ornamental plaques, e.g. decorative panels, decorative veneers containing wooden elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B44C5/04—Ornamental plaques, e.g. decorative panels, decorative veneers
    • B44C5/0438—Ornamental plaques, e.g. decorative panels, decorative veneers containing stone elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
  • Finished Plywoods (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)
  • Veneer Processing And Manufacture Of Plywood (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
  • Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

Un panel de construcción con una capa superficial (1) que comprende una chapa de madera, un núcleo (2) a base de fibra de madera y una subcapa (3) entre la capa superficial (1) y el núcleo (2). La subcapa (3) comprende fibras de madera (4) y un aglutinante (5). La capa superficial (1) tiene porciones superficiales (6) que comprenden material de la subcapa (3). Las porciones de superficie (6) que comprenden material de la subcapa (3) se extienden hacia el interior de la chapa de madera. (Traducción automática con Google Translate, sin valor legal)

Description

DESCRIPCIÓN
Panel a base de fibra de madera con una capa superficial
Campo técnico
La descripción se refiere, de forma general, a un panel de construcción según el preámbulo de la reivindicación 1 y a un método según el preámbulo de la reivindicación 8. Tal panel y tal método se conocen del documento Wo 2011/129755 A2.
Antecedentes técnicos
Las realizaciones de la invención son particularmente adecuadas para su uso en tarimas flotantes, que están formadas por paneles de suelo con un núcleo de fibras de madera y una superficie decorativa resistente al desgaste. La siguiente descripción de la técnica conocida, de los problemas de los sistemas conocidos, y de los objetos y características de la invención descrita, se centrará, por lo tanto, en este campo de aplicación, sobre todo, como ejemplo no restrictivo, y, en particular, en entarimados que sean similares a los tradicionales entarimados laminados a base de fibra de madera.
Cabe señalar que las realizaciones de la invención también pueden utilizarse en otras aplicaciones, como, por ejemplo, paneles de pared, techos, componentes de mobiliario y similares.
Técnica conocida y problemas de la misma
Se utilizan varias tecnologías para proporcionar un panel de suelo, que es una copia de un panel de suelo macizo. La razón es que pueden producirse copias de forma más rentable, y un suelo con una capa independiente unida a un núcleo de, por ejemplo, HDF o madera contrachapada, es más estable frente a la humedad que los suelos de madera maciza.
El entarimado laminado prensado directamente de fibras de madera comprende habitualmente un núcleo de tablero de fibra de 6-12 mm, una capa de superficie decorativa superior de 0,2 mm de espesor de laminado y una capa de equilibrado inferior de 0,1-0,2 mm de espesor de laminado, plástico, papel o material similar.
Una superficie laminada comprende de forma general dos láminas de papel, un papel decorativo impreso de 0,1 mm de espesor y un recubrimiento transparente de 0,05-0,1 mm de espesor, previsto para proteger el papel decorativo de la abrasión. El recubrimiento transparente, que es de fibras de a-celulosa, comprende pequeñas partículas de óxido de aluminio duras y transparentes, que dan a la capa superficial una elevada resistencia al desgaste.
El papel decorativo impreso y el recubrimiento se impregnan con resina de melamina y se laminan en un núcleo de fibras de madera con calor y presión. Los dos papeles tienen, antes del prensado, un espesor total de aproximadamente 0,3 mm y, después del prensado, se comprimen hasta aproximadamente 0,2 mm.
Otros materiales de superficie habituales son la chapa y las láminas de madera, que se encolan a un núcleo. La superficie también puede ser una capa de polvo que comprenda fibras de madera, resinas de melamina, pigmentos de color, y partículas de óxido de aluminio.
Las chapas de madera pueden proporcionar las copias más naturales. La desventaja es que una chapa de madera tiene generalmente una menor resistencia al impacto que los suelos laminados, y el coste de producción es alto cuando se utilicen chapas de alta calidad.
Se sabe que una chapa de madera puede prensarse sobre una capa de polvo, como se ha descrito anteriormente, y que dicha capa de polvo puede proporcionar una mayor resistencia a los impactos. Esto no resuelve los problemas de coste.
El documento US-2.831.793 describe un panel de chapa de madera compuesto. Se aplica una chapa delgada a un núcleo fibroso compuesto de partículas de lignocelulosa y un aglutinante, y las aberturas de la chapa se rellenan con material de núcleo cuando se prensan entre sí para formar el panel compuesto. En la fabricación de los paneles de madera contrachapada o chapados según este documento, el taponado de los defectos de apertura de la capa superficial se lleva a cabo simultáneamente con la formación del tablero.
Sumario
El objetivo de al menos determinadas realizaciones de la presente invención es proporcionar un panel de construcción, tal como un panel de suelo, que tenga una capa superficial de madera, que tenga un diseño de superficie más atractivo y/o mejores propiedades de superficie y/o estructura de costes, que los entarimados actuales conocidos.
Al menos algunos de estos y otros objetos y ventajas, que resultarán evidentes a partir de la descripción, se han conseguido mediante un panel de construcción que comprende una capa superficial que comprende una chapa de madera, un núcleo de fibras de madera, y una subcapa dispuesta entre la capa superficial y el núcleo de fibras de madera. La subcapa comprende fibras de madera y un aglutinante. La capa superficial tiene partes de superficie que comprenden material procedente de la subcapa. Las partes de superficie que comprenden material procedente de la subcapa se extienden a la chapa de madera.
Por extenderse a la chapa de madera, se entiende que el material procedente de la subcapa se extiende completamente a través de la chapa de madera.
Las partes de superficie se extienden hasta la parte superior de la capa superficial.
Las partes de superficie que comprenden material procedente de la subcapa están al ras con un resto de la capa superficial.
En una realización, el núcleo puede ser un tablero de madera, por ejemplo, un tablero de fibras de madera, tal como MDF o HDF, o madera contrachapada. El núcleo puede ser un material compuesto de plástico y madera (WPC). En una realización, el núcleo puede ser un tablero de material compuesto mineral, un tablero de fibrocemento, un tablero de cemento de óxido de magnesio, un tablero de cerámica o un tablero de plástico, tal como un tablero termoplástico. Preferiblemente, el núcleo es un núcleo prefabricado.
En una realización, la subcapa comprende una carga y un aglutinante. Las cargas pueden ser partículas o fibras, por ejemplo, partículas o fibras de madera, o partículas o fibras minerales. Las partículas de madera pueden ser partículas lignocelulósicas y/o partículas celulósicas. Las partículas de madera pueden blanquearse al menos parcialmente. Las cargas pueden ser partículas o fibras de arroz, paja, maíz, yute, lino, algodón, cáñamo, bambú, bagazo o sisal. La carga puede ser almidón, tal como almidón de maíz, almidón de patata, etc.
El espesor de la chapa puede estar en el intervalo de aproximadamente 0,2 mm a aproximadamente 1 mm.
El panel de construcción puede proporcionarse con una chapa más delgada que la de los paneles de construcción conocidos con chapa, dado que la subcapa refuerza la chapa.
El panel de construcción puede proporcionarse con una chapa parcialmente rota que comprenda agujeros, tales como grietas, a través de la chapa. La subcapa puede sobresalir por los agujeros y nivelar la capa superficial. La subcapa puede utilizarse como una alternativa a la masilla para un panel de construcción que tenga una capa superficial rota. El material procedente de la subcapa puede rellenar agujeros, tales como grietas, de la chapa.
La chapa también puede pretratarse antes del prensado, por ejemplo, cepillarse.
La capa superficial puede comprender unas partes en relieve, y una parte de la subcapa puede estar más comprimida bajo una parte en relieve que bajo una parte de superficie sin relieve.
Las partes en relieve pueden aparecer de forma natural después del prensado. En el caso de chapas de madera que tengan una estructura porosa, tal como madera dura (p. ej., de una angiosperma), las partes porosas de la chapa forman partes en relieve después del prensado, ya que estas partes no vuelven a su estado comprimido cuando se libera la presión. Estas partes porosas se rellenan con el aglutinante de la subcapa durante el prensado. Luego, el aglutinante se cura y/o se endurece, y fija la posición de las partes porosas en el estado comprimido. Las partes de chapa que tienen una elevada densidad, es decir, que no son porosas, se comprimen durante el prensado, pero vuelven a su posición cuando se libera la presión, formando, por tanto, protuberancias de la capa superficial. Las partes de densidad elevada no absorben suficiente aglutinante de la subcapa para que el aglutinante endurecido las fije después del prensado.
En el caso de una chapa de madera que tenga una estructura no porosa, tal como la madera blanda (p. ej., de una gimnosperma), los anillos estivales anuales de madera (también denominados anillos anuales tardíos de madera), que tienen una densidad elevada, no son compresibles durante el prensado. En cambio, los anillos estivales anuales de madera se presionan contra la subcapa, de forma que la subcapa se comprime. Los anillos estivales anuales de madera forman partes en relieve de la capa superficial. Los anillos de primavera anuales de madera (también denominados anillos anuales tempranos de madera) son compresibles durante el prensado. Durante el prensado, los anillos de primavera anuales de madera se comprimen. Posteriormente, se libera la presión, y los anillos de primavera anuales de madera de primavera vuelven a su forma, y forman protuberancias.
Las partes en relieve de la capa superficial también pueden formarse por prensado con un dispositivo de prensado en relieve, tal como una plancha de prensa en relieve.
El panel de construcción puede comprender una capa de equilibrado basada en polvo. La capa de equilibrado de polvo puede comprender partículas de celulosa o lignocelulosa, y un aglutinante. En una realización, el panel de construcción comprende una capa de equilibrado que comprende un papel impregnado con una resina, preferiblemente impregnado con un aglutinante termoendurecible.
El panel de construcción puede ser un panel de suelo que comprende una capa de equilibrado de polvo. La capa de equilibrado de polvo puede comprender partículas de celulosa o lignocelulosa, y un aglutinante. En una realización, el panel de suelo comprende una capa de equilibrado que comprende un papel impregnado con una resina, preferiblemente impregnado con un aglutinante termoendurecible.
El aglutinante en la subcapa puede ser una resina termoendurecible.
El aglutinante en la subcapa puede ser una resina de melamina. El aglutinante en la subcapa puede ser una resina amino, tal como resina de melamina-formaldehído, una resina de urea-formaldehído, una resina de fenol-formaldehído, o una combinación de las mismas.
El aglutinante en la subcapa puede ser un aglutinante termoplástico. El aglutinante termoplástico puede ser cloruro de polivinilo (PVC), polietileno (PE), polipropileno (PP), poliuretano (PU), poli(alcohol vinílico) (PVOH), butiral de polivinilo (PVB) y/o acetato de polivinilo (PVAc) o una combinación de los mismos.
El aglutinante puede ser una masilla para madera, un relleno para madera, o cualquier otro tipo de pasta similar a masilla.
La subcapa puede estar exenta de forma sustancial o completa de formaldehído.
Las fibras de madera en la subcapa pueden ser partículas de lignocelulosa y/o de celulosa. Las partículas de madera pueden estar blanqueadas, al menos parcialmente.
La subcapa puede comprender partículas resistentes al desgaste.
La subcapa puede comprender, además, unos pigmentos de color y/o un colorante. El pigmento de color puede ser de color oscuro, o puede ser blanco, tal como el TiO2.
La chapa de madera puede comprender agujeros y/o grietas, en donde la subcapa rellena los agujeros y/o las grietas de la chapa de madera.
La capa superficial puede comprender, además, un recubrimiento protector, que comprende partículas resistentes al desgaste, dispuesto sobre la chapa de madera.
La subcapa puede comprender un agente espumante. En la subcapa puede haber incluidos aditivos tales como agentes de soplado. Los agentes de soplado pueden ser agentes espumantes físicos, tales como Expancel® y/o agentes de soplado químicos, tales como AIBN (azoisobutironitrilo) o<a>D<c>(azodicarbonamida).
La capa superficial puede ser una capa de corcho.
El panel de construcción puede ser un panel de suelo, un panel de pared, un panel de techo, un componente de mobiliario, rodapiés, molduras, perfiles de cierre, etc.
Una alternativa a la chapa puede ser un papel o una lámina de plástico provista de aberturas que se extiendan a través del papel o la lámina de plástico.
Un segundo aspecto de la invención es un método para producir un panel de construcción, que comprende las etapas de:
• aplicar un polvo de fibras de madera y un aglutinante, sobre un núcleo de fibras de madera, para obtener una subcapa;
• aplicar una chapa de madera, que comprende agujeros a través de la chapa, sobre la subcapa;
• aplicar calor y presión para unir entre sí la chapa, la subcapa y el núcleo de fibras de madera, en donde una parte del polvo de fibras de madera y el aglutinante se prensan y penetran en los agujeros.
El método comprende preferiblemente la etapa de aplicar un agente espumante. El agente espumante puede facilitar el desplazamiento del polvo de fibras de madera y del agente a los agujeros.
El polvo de fibras de madera puede comprender partículas lignocelulósicas o partículas de celulosa.
El método puede comprender la etapa de aplicar distintos pigmentos de color, de forma que el color de la parte de subcapa visible varíe a lo largo del panel de construcción, o de forma que la parte de la subcapa en los agujeros forme un diseño.
Después de aplicar presión, la capa superficial puede comprender unas partes en relieve, y en donde una parte de la subcapa está más comprimida bajo una parte de superficie en relieve que bajo una parte de superficie sin relieve.
El método puede comprender, además. aplicar un recubrimiento protector con partículas resistentes al desgaste sobre la chapa de madera, preferiblemente antes del prensado.
La subcapa puede comprender, además, unos pigmentos de color y/o un colorante.
La subcapa puede comprender partículas resistentes al desgaste.
Según un tercer aspecto de la invención, se proporciona un panel de construcción. El panel de construcción comprende una capa superficial que comprende una chapa de madera, un núcleo y una subcapa dispuesta entre la capa superficial y el núcleo. La capa superficial tiene partes de superficie que comprenden material procedente de la subcapa que penetra en la chapa de madera.
Preferiblemente, el núcleo es un núcleo de fibras de madera.
Preferiblemente, la subcapa comprende fibras de madera y un aglutinante.
Breve descripción de los dibujos
A modo de ejemplo, la presente invención se describirá con más detalle con referencia al dibujo esquemático anexo, que muestra una realización de la presente invención.
La Figura 1 muestra un panel de construcción según una realización de la descripción.
Descripción detallada
La Figura 1 muestra un panel de construcción con una capa superficial 1 que comprende una chapa de madera, un núcleo 2 y una subcapa 3 dispuesta entre la capa superficial 1 y el núcleo 2. El núcleo 2 puede ser un tablero de fibras de madera, tal como MDF, HDF, un tablero de partículas, madera contrachapada, un tablero OSB, etc. El núcleo 2 puede ser un material compuesto de plástico y madera (WPC). En una realización, el núcleo 2 puede ser un tablero mineral. El panel de construcción puede ser un panel de suelo, un panel de pared, un panel de techo, un componente de mobiliario, rodapiés, molduras, perfiles de cierre, etc.
Como capa superficial 1 se utiliza una chapa de madera de baja calidad. La chapa comprende grietas y otros defectos parecidos. La chapa se presiona contra el núcleo 2 con una subcapa 3 de polvo que comprende fibras 4 de madera y un aglutinante 5, de forma que el polvo flote y rellene las grietas. El panel se comprime después de prensar una capa superficial 1 con unas partes 6 de superficie que comprenden material procedente de la subcapa 3. Las partes 6 de superficie que comprenden material procedente de la subcapa 3 se extienden a la chapa de madera. Las partes de superficie que comprenden material procedente de la subcapa pueden estar al ras con un resto de la capa superficial. Una “parte de superficie” es una parte de la capa superficial que es visible en la superficie expuesta de la capa superficial orientada opuesta al núcleo.
En una realización, la subcapa 3 comprende un aglutinante aplicado en forma líquida.
El panel puede presionarse contra una plancha de prensa estampada, de forma que una parte de la subcapa 3 esté más comprimida bajo una parte 8 en relieve que bajo una parte de superficie sin relieve.
Preferiblemente, el panel de construcción es un panel de suelo que puede tener una capa 7 de equilibrado de polvo. También puede aplicarse una capa 7 de equilibrado de polvo sobre cualquier otro tipo de panel de construcción. La capa 7 de equilibrado de polvo puede comprender partículas de lignocelulosa o partículas de celulosa y un aglutinante, preferiblemente, un aglutinante termoendurecible, más preferiblemente, una resina amino, tal como resina de melamina-formaldehído. El aglutinante también puede aplicarse en forma de polvo, siendo la subcapa 3 una capa de polvo seco. En una realización, la subcapa 3 es una capa prensada previamente, en donde el aglutinante no se ha curado completamente durante el prensado previo.
El aglutinante de la subcapa 3 puede ser una resina termoendurecible, tal como, por ejemplo, una resina de melaminaformaldehído. La subcapa 3 también puede comprender pigmentos de color y partículas resistentes al desgaste, tales como partículas de óxido de aluminio. Las fibras de madera de la subcapa 3 pueden ser partículas de lignocelulosa o partículas de celulosa. Las fibras de madera de la subcapa 3 pueden estar blanqueadas, al menos parcialmente. La subcapa puede comprender un agente espumante. La chapa de madera puede ser sustituida por una chapa de corcho o una chapa de piedra.
La subcapa 3 puede aplicarse en una cantidad de 200-600 g/m2, preferiblemente, de 300-500 g/m2, tal como aproximadamente 400 g/m2. La cantidad de aglutinante aplicada para formar la subcapa 3 puede ser de 100-300 g/m2, preferiblemente, de 150-250 g/m2, tal como aproximadamente 200 g/m2. La subcapa 3 puede comprender el aglutinante en una cantidad del 30-80 % en peso, preferiblemente, en una cantidad del 40-60 % en peso, tal como aproximadamente el 50 % en peso.
En una realización, un panel de construcción producido puede ser de 6-25 mm de espesor, preferiblemente, de 8 15 mm de espesor, después del prensado, mientras que el núcleo puede ser de 5-22 mm de espesor, preferiblemente, de 7-14 mm de espesor. La subcapa puede ser de 0,1-2 mm de espesor después del prensado.
No se excluye emplear un recubrimiento protector con partículas resistentes al desgaste aplicadas sobre la chapa, y esto podría aumentar la resistencia al desgaste de una chapa de madera. También podrían utilizarse recubrimientos secos y húmedos, que se producen mediante métodos de producción donde, por ejemplo, se mezclan resinas termoendurecibles, en forma seca o húmeda, con óxido de aluminio, sin fibras. Por ejemplo, podrían aplicarse partículas de óxido de aluminio mezcladas con polvo de melamina sobre una chapa de madera antes del prensado, y podría obtenerse una superficie resistente al desgaste sin aplicar ningún recubrimiento superficial después del prensado. Pueden aplicarse recubrimientos secos y húmedos sobre la capa superficial antes del prensado. Puede aplicarse cera, por ejemplo, como un polvo, antes de presionar sobre la chapa. Después del prensado también se puede aplicar una laca sobre la capa superficial. También puede aplicarse una lámina protectora sobre la chapa antes del prensado o sobre la capa superficial después del prensado.
También se contempla que el panel de construcción esté provisto de una segunda capa superficial (no mostrada) que comprenda una chapa de madera del tipo descrito anteriormente. Una subcapa del tipo descrito anteriormente está dispuesta entre la segunda capa superficial y una segunda superficie del núcleo del tipo descrito anteriormente. La segunda capa superficial tiene partes de superficie que comprenden material procedente de la subcapa que penetra en la chapa de madera. La segunda superficie del núcleo está orientada opuesta a la capa superficial descrita anteriormente con referencia a la Figura 1. En esta realización, la capa superficial descrita anteriormente con referencia a la Figura 1, se considera como primera capa superficial.
El panel de construcción puede producirse mediante un método que comprende las etapas de:
• aplicar un polvo de fibras de madera y un aglutinante, sobre un núcleo de fibras de madera, para obtener una subcapa;
• aplicar una chapa de madera, que comprende agujeros a través de la chapa, sobre la subcapa;
• aplicar calor y presión para unir entre sí la chapa, la subcapa y el núcleo de fibras de madera, en donde una parte del polvo de fibras de madera y el aglutinante se prensan y penetran en los agujeros.
El método comprende preferiblemente la etapa de aplicar un agente espumante. El agente espumante puede facilitar el desplazamiento del polvo de fibras de madera y del agente a los agujeros.
El polvo de fibras de madera puede comprender partículas lignocelulósicas o partículas de celulosa.
El método puede comprender la etapa de aplicar distintos pigmentos de color, de forma que el color de la parte de subcapa visible varíe a lo largo del panel de construcción, o de forma que la parte de la subcapa en los agujeros forme un diseño.

Claims (14)

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Panel de construcción que comprende:
una capa superficial (1) que comprende una chapa de madera, en donde la chapa de madera comprende grietas;
un núcleo (2) de fibras de madera, y
una subcapa (3) dispuesta entre la capa superficial (1) y el núcleo (2) de fibras de madera, en donde la subcapa (3) comprende fibras (4) de madera y un aglutinante (5),
en donde la capa superficial (1) tiene unas partes (6) de superficie que comprenden fibras (4) de madera y aglutinante (5) procedentes de la subcapa (3), que se extienden a la chapa de madera,caracterizado por quela subcapa (3) rellena las grietas de la chapa de madera, y en donde dichas partes (6) de superficie están al ras con un resto de la capa superficial (1).
2. Panel de construcción según la reivindicación 1, en donde la capa superficial (1) comprende unas partes (8) en relieve, y en donde una parte de la subcapa (3) está más comprimida bajo una parte (8) en relieve que bajo de una parte de superficie sin relieve.
3. Panel de construcción según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores,
en donde la subcapa (3) comprende pigmentos de color y/o un colorante.
4. Panel de construcción según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores,
en donde la subcapa (3) comprende partículas resistentes al desgaste.
5. Panel de construcción según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores,
en donde la chapa de madera comprende agujeros, en donde la subcapa (3) rellena los agujeros de la chapa de madera.
6. Panel de construcción según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores,
en donde el aglutinante en la subcapa (3) es una resina termoendurecible.
7. Panel de construcción según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores,
en donde la subcapa (3) comprende un agente espumante.
8. Método para producir un panel de construcción, comprendiendo el método:
- aplicar un polvo de fibras de madera y un aglutinante, sobre un núcleo (2) de fibras de madera, para obtener una subcapa (3);
- aplicar una chapa de madera, que comprende grietas a través de la chapa, sobre la subcapa (3);
- aplicar calor y presión para unir entre sí la chapa, la subcapa (3) y el núcleo (2) de fibras de madera,
- en donde una parte del polvo de fibras de madera y el aglutinante se presionan contra las grietas, y en donde,caracterizado porque,tras la presión, la capa superficial (1) tiene partes (6) de superficie que comprenden fibras (4) de madera y aglutinante (5) procedentes de la subcapa (3), que se extienden a la chapa de madera, estando dichas partes (6) de superficie al ras con un resto de la capa superficial (1).
9. Método según se reivindica en la reivindicación 8, que comprende, además, aplicar un agente espumante en la subcapa (3).
10. Método según se reivindica en las reivindicaciones 8 o 9, en donde el polvo de fibras de madera comprende partículas de lignocelulosa o partículas de celulosa.
11. Método según se reivindica en una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 8-10, que comprende, además, aplicar distintos pigmentos de color, de forma que el color de la parte de subcapa visible varíe a lo largo del panel de construcción, o de forma que la parte de la subcapa en los agujeros forme un diseño.
12. Método según se reivindica una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 8-11, en donde, después de aplicar presión, la chapa de madera comprende unas partes (8) en relieve, y en donde una parte de la subcapa (3) está más comprimida bajo una parte (8) de superficie en relieve que bajo una parte de superficie sin relieve.
13. Método según se reivindica en una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 8-12, en donde la subcapa (3) comprende pigmentos de color y/o un colorante.
14. Método según se reivindica una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 8-13, en donde la subcapa (3) comprende partículas resistentes al desgaste.
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