ES2559319T3 - Agonistas de guanilato cliclasa útiles para el tratamiento de trastornos gastrointestinales, inflamación, cáncer y otros trastornos - Google Patents
Agonistas de guanilato cliclasa útiles para el tratamiento de trastornos gastrointestinales, inflamación, cáncer y otros trastornos Download PDFInfo
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- ES2559319T3 ES2559319T3 ES12162903.4T ES12162903T ES2559319T3 ES 2559319 T3 ES2559319 T3 ES 2559319T3 ES 12162903 T ES12162903 T ES 12162903T ES 2559319 T3 ES2559319 T3 ES 2559319T3
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Abstract
Un péptido que consiste en la secuencia de aminoácidos PEG3-Asn1-Asp2 -Glu3 -Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9- Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-dSer16-PEG3 o PEG3-Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9- Val10- Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-dSer16 o Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cys12- Thr13-Gly14- Cys15-dSer16-PEG3, en el que dicho péptido es un péptido [4;12,7;15] bicíclico.
Description
El agonista de guanilato ciclasa-C de acuerdo con la presente invención es un péptido que consiste en la secuencia de aminoácidos PEG3-Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-dSer16 -PEG3 o PEG3-Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-dSer16o Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-dSer16-PEG3, en el que dicho péptido es un péptido [4;12,7;15] bicíclico.
Estas y otras secuencias se resumen más adelante en las Tablas I y II. En el presente documento, los agonistas de guanilato ciclasa-C de acuerdo con la invención, reciben conjuntamente el nombre de “péptidos GCRA”.
7
8
10
Como alternativa, los péptidos GCRA son péptidos cíclicos. El péptido cíclico GCRA se prepara mediante procedimientos conocidos en la técnica. Por ejemplo, la macrociclación a menudo se realiza formando un enlace amida entre el extremo N y C del péptido, entre una cadena lateral y el extremo N o C [por ejemplo, con K3Fe(CN)6 a un pH de 8,5] (Samson et al., Endocrinology, 137: 5182-5185 (1996), o entre dos cadenas laterales de aminoácidos,
5 tales como cisteína. Véase, por ejemplo, DeGrado, Adv Protein Chem, 39: 51-124 (1988). Los péptidos GCRA de la invención son [4,12; 7,15] bicíclicos.
En algunos péptidos GCRA uno o ambos miembros de uno o ambos pares de restos de Cys, que normalmente forman un enlace disulfuro, pueden reemplazarse por homocisteína, penicilamina, 3-mercaptoprolina (Kolodziej et al. 1996 Int J Pept Protein Res 48:274); β, β dimetilcisteina (Hunt et al. 1993 Int JPept Protein Res 42:249) o ácido diaminopropiónico (Smith et al. 1978 J Med Chem 2 1:117) para formar reticulaciones internas alternativas en las posiciones de los enlaces disulfuro normales.
Además, uno o más enlaces disulfuro pueden reemplazarse por reticulaciones covalentes alternativas, por ejemplo,
15 un enlace amida (-CH2CH(O)NHCH 2-o -CH2NHCH(O)CH 2-), o un enlace éster, o un enlace de tioéster, o un puente de lactama, un enlace de carbamoilo, un enlace de urea, un enlace de tiourea, un enlace de éster fosfonato, un enlace de alquilo (-CH2CH2CH2CH2-), un enlace de alquenilo (-CH 2CH=CHCH 2-), un enlace de éter (CH2CH2OCH2-o -CH2OCH2CH2-), un enlace de tioéter (-CH2CH2SCH2-o -CH2SCH2CH2-), un enlace de amida (-CH2CH2NHCH2-o -CH2NHCH 2CH2-) o un enlace de tioamida (-CH2CH(S)HNHCH 2-o -CH2NHCH(S)CH 2-). Por ejemplo, Ledu et al. (Proc Nat'l Acad. Sci. 100:11263-78, 2003) describen métodos para preparar reticulaciones de lactama y amida. Los péptidos GCRA ejemplares que incluyen un puente de lactama incluyen, por ejemplo, SP
370.
Los péptidos GCRA pueden tener uno o más enlaces polipeptídicos convencionales reemplazados por un enlace
25 alternativo. Dichos reemplazos pueden aumentar la estabilidad del polipéptido. Por ejemplo, el reemplazo de enlace polipeptídico entre un resto amino terminal por un resto aromático (por ejemplo, Tyr, Phe, Trp) con un enlace alternativo puede reducir la escisión por carboxipeptidasas y puede aumentar la semivida en el tracto digestivo. Los enlaces que pueden reemplazar enlaces polipeptídicos incluyen: un enlace retroinverso (C(O)-NH en lugar de NH-C(O); un enlace amida reducido (NH-CH2); un enlace tiometileno (S-CH2 o CH2-S); un enlace oxometileno (O-CH2
o CH2-O); un enlace etileno (CH2-CH2); un enlace tioamida (C(S)-NH); un enlace trans-olefina (CH=CH); un enlace transolefina sustituido con flúor (CF=CH); un enlace cetometileno (C(O)-CHR o CHR-C(O) en el que R es H o CH3; y un enlace fluorocetometileno (C(O)-CFR o CFR-C(O) en el que R es H o F o CH3.
Los péptidos GCRA pueden modificarse usando modificaciones convencionales. Las modificaciones pueden
35 producirse en el extremo amino (N-), carboxi (C-), internamente o una combinación de cualquiera de lo anterior. Puede haber más de un tipo de modificación en el polipéptido. Las modificaciones incluyen, pero sin limitación: acetilación, amidación, biotinilación, cinamoilación, farnesilación, formilación, miristoilación, palmitoilación, fosforilación (Ser, Tyr o Thr), estearoilación, succinilación, sulfurilación y ciclación (a través de puentes disulfuro o ciclación amida), y modificación con Cys3 o Cys5. Los péptidos GCRA descritos en el presente documento también pueden modificarse con 2, 4-dinitrofenil (DNP), DNP-lisina, modificación con 7-Amino-4-metil-coumarina (AMC), flouresceína, NBD (7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol), p-nitro-anilida, rodamina B, EDANS (ácido 5-((2aminoetil)amino)naftaleno-1-sulfónico), dabcilo, dabsilo, dansilo, rojo texas, FMOC, y Tamra (Tetrametilrodamina). Los péptidos GCRA descritos en el presente documento también pueden conjugarse, por ejemplo con polietilenglicol (PEG); grupos alquilo (por ejemplo, grupos alquilo lineales o ramificados C1-C20); radicales de ácidos grasos;
45 combinaciones de PEG, grupos alquilo y radicales de ácido graso (Véase, la patente de Estados Unidos 6.309.633; Soltero et al., 2001 Innovations in Farmaceutical Technology 106-110); BSA y KLH (hemocianina de lapa americana). La adición de PEG y otros polímeros que pueden usarse para modificar los polipéptidos de la invención se describe en el documento US20060 19347 sección IX.
En la divulgación también se incluyen péptidos que son biológica o funcionalmente equivalentes a los péptidos descritos en el presente documento. Las expresiones “biológicamente equivalentes” o “funcionalmente equivalentes” pretenden significar que las composiciones pueden demostrar algunos o todos de los efectos moduladores de la producción de GMPc.
55 Los péptidos GCRA también pueden incluir derivados de péptidos GCRA que pretender incluir formas híbridas y modificadas de péptidos GCRA en las que se han delecionado o reemplazado determinados aminoácidos y se han efectuado modificaciones, tales como uno o más aminoácidos que se han cambiado a un aminoácido modificado o no usual y modificaciones tales como glucosilación, siempre que la forma modificada conserve la actividad biológica de los péptidos GCRA. Conservar la actividad biológica, significa que el péptido GCRA induce el GMPc y/o la apóptosis, aunque no necesariamente al mismo nivel de fuerza como el de un péptido GCRA de origen natural identificado.
Las variantes preferidas son aquellas que tienen sustituciones de aminoácidos conservativas fabricadas en uno o más restos de aminoácidos no esenciales predichos. Una “sustitución de aminoácido conservativa) es una en la que 65 el resto de aminoácido se reemplaza por un resto de aminoácido que tiene una cadena lateral similar. En la técnica se han definido familias de restos de aminoácidos que tienen cadenas laterales similares. Estas familias incluyen
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hospedadores bacterianos adecuados incluyen, pero sin limitación, E. coli, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas, Salmonella. La construcción genética también incluye, además de la molécula de ácido de nucleico codificante, elementos que permiten la expresión, tales como secuencias promotoras y reguladoras. Los vectores de expresión pueden contener secuencias de control transcripcional que controlan el inicio de la transcripción, tales como secuencias promotoras,
5 potenciadoras, operadoras y represoras.
Los expertos en la técnica conocen diversas secuencias de control transcripcional. El vector de expresión también puede incluir una secuencia reguladora de la traducción (por ejemplo, una secuencia 5’ no traducida, una secuencia 3’ no traducida o un sitio de entrada al ribosoma interno). El vector puede realizar la replicación autónoma o puede integrarse en el ADN del hospedador para garantizar la estabilidad durante la producción del polipéptido.
La secuencia codificante de la proteína que incluye un péptido GCRA descrito en el presente documento también puede fusionarse con un ácido nucleico que codifique una etiqueta de afinidad polipeptídica, por ejemplo, glutatión S-transferasa (GST), proteína de unión a maltosa E, proteína A, etiqueta FLAG, hexahistidina, etiqueta myc o la
15 etiqueta HA gripal, para facilitar la purificación. La etiqueta de afinidad o la fusión indicadora une la fase de lectura del polipéptido de interés con la fase de lectura del gen que codifica la etiqueta de afinidad de tal manera que se genera una fusión traduccional. La expresión del gen de fusión da como resultado la traducción de un solo polipéptido que incluye tanto el polipéptido de interés como la etiqueta de afinidad. En algunos casos en los que se utilizan etiquetas de afinidad, la secuencia de ADN que codifica un sitio de reconocimiento de proteasa se fusionará entre las fases de lectura para la etiqueta de afinidad y el polipéptido de interés.
Para producir polipéptidos en un sistema biológico, también pueden usarse construcciones genéticas y métodos que son adecuados para la producción de formas inmaduras y maduras de los péptidos GCRA y variantes, que se describen en el presente documento, en sistemas de expresión de proteínas distintos de bacterias, y bien conocidos
25 por los expertos en la técnica.
Los péptidos desvelados en el presente documento pueden modificarse mediante la unión de una segunda molécula que confiere al péptido una propiedad deseada, tal como semivida aumentada, en el organismo, por ejemplo, pegilación. Dichas modificaciones también se encuentran dentro del alcance del término “variante” de la manera en la que se usa en el presente documento.
Métodos terapéuticos
La presente invención proporciona un péptido que consiste en la secuencia de aminoácidos PEG3-Asn1-Asp2-Glu3
35 Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cis15-dSer16-PEG3 o PEG3-Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-dSer16 o Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-dSer16-PEG3, en la que dicho péptido es un péptido [4; 12,7; 15] bicíclico. Los trastornos gastrointestinales incluyen, por ejemplo, síndrome del intestino irritable (SII), dispepsia no ulcerosa, seudoobstrucción intestinal crónica, dispepsia funcional, seudoobstrucción colónica, reflujo duodenogástrico, enfermedad de reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE), inflamación del íleon (por ejemplo, íleon postoperatorio), gastroparesia, ardor de estómago (acidez elevada en el tracto GI), estreñimiento (por ejemplo, estreñimiento asociado con el uso de medicamentos, tales como opiáceos, fármacos osteoartríticos, fármacos osteoporósicos, estreñimiento posquirúrgico, estreñimiento asociado con trastornos neuropáticos. Los trastornos inflamatorios incluyen inflamación de tejidos y órganos, tal como inflamación renal (por ejemplo, nefritis) inflamación del sistema
45 gastrointestinal (por ejemplo, enfermedad de Crohn y colitis ulcerosa); inflamación pancreática (por ejemplo, pancreatitis), inflamación pulmonar (por ejemplo, bronquitis o asma) o inflamación en la piel (por ejemplo, soriasis, eccema). Los trastornos pulmonares incluyen, por ejemplo, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), y fibrosis. El cáncer incluye carcinogénesis de tejidos y órganos, incluyendo metástasis, tales como, por ejemplo, cáncer gastrointestinal (por ejemplo, cáncer gástrico, cáncer esofágico, cáncer pancreático, cáncer colorrectal, cáncer intestinal, cáncer anal, cáncer hepático, cáncer de la vesícula biliar o cáncer de colón; cáncer pulmonar; cáncer tiroideo; cáncer de piel (por ejemplo, melanoma); cáncer oral; cáncer de tracto urinario (por ejemplo cáncer de vejiga o cáncer renal); cáncer de la sangre (por ejemplo, mieloma o leucemia) o cáncer de próstata. Los trastornos cardíacos incluyen, por ejemplo, insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva, hipertensión cardíaca traqueal, colesterol alto, o triglicéridos altos. Los trastornos hepáticos incluyen, por ejemplo, cirrosis y fibrosis. Además, el
55 agonista de GC-C también puede ser útil para facilitar la regeneración del hígado en pacientes con trasplante de hígado. Los trastornos oculares incluyen, por ejemplo, aumento de la presión intraocular, glaucoma, degeneración de la retina por ojo seco, trastornos de las glándulas lacrimales o inflamación ocular. Los trastornos de la piel incluyen, por ejemplo, xerosis. Los trastornos bucales incluyen, por ejemplo, boca seca (xerostomía), síndrome de Sjögren, enfermedades de las encías (por ejemplo, enfermedad periodontal), o bloqueo o mal funcionamiento de los conductos de las glándulas salivares. Los trastornos de la próstata incluyen, por ejemplo, hiperplasia prostática (HPB). Los trastornos endocrinos incluyen, por ejemplo, diabetes mellitus, hipertiroidismo, hipotiroidismo y fibrosis quística.
Los términos “tratamiento” o “tratar” se refieren a reducir o a aliviar los síntomas en un sujeto, a prevenir los
65 síntomas del empeoramiento o de la progresión, y/o prevención, de una enfermedad en un sujeto que no la tiene. Para un sujeto determinado, la mejoría de un síntoma, su empeoramiento, regresión o progresión puede
20
alérgico o, de otra manera, una reacción no deseada cuando se administra a un paciente. Los transportadores o medios usados pueden incluir disolventes, dispersantes, recubrimientos, agentes promotores de la absorción, agentes de liberación controlada y uno o más excipientes inertes (que incluyen, almidones, polioles, agentes granulantes, celulosa microcristalina (por ejemplo celfere, perlas de Celfere ®), diluyentes, lubricantes, aglutinantes,
5 disgregantes y similares), etc. Si se desea, las dosificaciones en forma de comprimido de las composiciones desveladas pueden recubrirse mediante técnicas acuosas o no acuosas convencionales.
Por tanto, la invención proporciona una composición farmacéutica en forma de dosis unitaria, que comprende un péptido agonista de receptores de guanilato ciclasa que tienen la secuencia de PEG3-Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-dSer16-PEG3 o PEG3-Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cis12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-dSer16 o Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-dSer16-PEG3, en la que dicho péptido es un péptido [4;12,7;15] bicíclico en la que dicho péptido está presente en una cantidad terapéuticamente eficaz, y un transportador excipiente o diluyente farmacéutico.
15 Preferentemente, la forma de dosis unitaria se selecciona del grupo que consiste en una formulación en comprimido, cápsula, solución y para inhalación.
Una composición farmacéutica de la invención se formula para que sea compatible con la vía de administración deseada. Los ejemplos de vías de administración incluyen administración parenteral, por ejemplo, intravenosa, intradérmica, subcutánea, oral (por ejemplo, inhalación) transdérmica (tópica) transmucosa y rectal. Las soluciones y suspensiones usadas para la aplicación parenteral, intradérmica o subcutánea, pueden incluir los siguientes componentes: un diluyente estéril, tal como agua para inyección; solución salina, aceite no volátiles, polietilenglicoles, glicerina, propilenglicol u otros disolventes sintéticos; agentes antibacterianos tales como alcohol
25 bencílico o metilparabenos; antioxidantes tales como ácido ascórbico o bisulfito sódico; agentes quelantes tales como ácido etildiaminotetraacético; tampones, tales como, acetatos, citratos o fosfatos y agentes para el ajuste de la tonicidad tales como cloruro de sodio o dextrosa. El pH puede ajustarse con ácidos o bases, tal como ácido clorhídrico o hidróxido de sodio. La preparación parenteral puede incluirse en ampollas, en jeringas desechables o en viales de dosis múltiples fabricados de vidrio o de plástico.
Las composiciones farmacéuticas adecuadas para el uso inyectable incluyen soluciones acuosas (cuando son solubles en agua) o dispersiones estériles y polvos estériles para la preparación improvisada de soluciones o dispersiones inyectables estériles. Para la administración intravenosa, los transportadores adecuados incluyen solución salina fisiológica, agua bacteriostática, Cremofor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) o solución salina 35 tamponada con fosfato (PBS). En todos los casos, la composición debe ser estéril y debe ser fluida hasta el nivel de que exista una facilidad de manejo a través de una jeringa. Debe ser estable en condiciones de fabricación y almacenamiento y debe conservarse contra la acción contaminante de microorganismos tales como bacterias y hongos. El transportador puede ser un medio de dispersión o disolvente que contenga, por ejemplo, agua, etanol, poliol (por ejemplo, glicerol, propilenglicol, y polietilenglicol líquido y similares) y mezclas adecuadas de los mismos. La fluidez apropiada puede mantenerse, por ejemplo, mediante el uso de un recubrimiento tal como lecitina, mediante el mantenimiento del tamaño de partícula necesario en el caso de dispersión y mediante el uso de tensioactivos. La prevención de la acción de microorganismos puede conseguirse mediante diversos agentes antibacterianos y antifúngicos, por ejemplo, parabenos, clorobutanol, fenol, ácido ascórbico, timerosal y similares. En muchos casos, será preferible incluir agentes isotónicos, por ejemplo, azúcares, polialcoholes tales como manitol,
45 sorbitol, cloruro de sodio en la composición. La absorción prolongada de las composiciones inyectables puede realizarse incluyendo en la composición un agente que retrase la absorción, por ejemplo, monoestearato de aluminio y gelatina.
Las soluciones inyectables estériles pueden prepararse incorporando el compuesto activo (por ejemplo, un agonista de GCRA) en la cantidad requerida en un disolvente apropiado con una o una combinación de principios enumerados anteriormente, según se requiera, seguido de una esterilización por filtración. Generalmente, las dispersiones se preparan incorporando el compuesto activo en un vehículo estéril que contenga un medio de dispersión básico y los otros principios necesarios de los enumerados anteriormente. En el caso de polvos estériles para la preparación de soluciones inyectables estériles, los métodos de preparación son el secado al vacío y la
55 liofilización, que producen un polvo del principio activo más cualquier principio adicional deseado a partir de una solución previamente esterilizada por filtración de la misma.
Las composiciones orales generalmente incluyen un diluyente inerte o un transportador digerible, tal como manitol, fructooligosacáridos, polietilenglicol y otros excipientes. Estos pueden incluirse en cápsulas de gelatina o comprimirse en comprimidos. Para una administración terapéutica oral, el compuesto activo puede incorporarse con excipientes y usarse en forma de comprimidos, trociscos o cápsulas. Las composiciones orales también pueden prepararse usando un transportador fluido para su uso como un lavado bucal, en el que el compuesto en el transportador líquido se aplica por vía oral y se agita y expectora o se traga. Los aglutinantes y/o materiales adyuvantes farmacéuticamente compatibles, pueden incluirse como parte de la composición. Los comprimidos, 65 píldoras, cápsulas, trociscos y similares pueden contener cualquiera de los siguientes principios, o compuestos de una naturaleza similar: un aglutinante, tal como celulosa microcristalina, goma de tragacanto o gelatina; un
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5.192.741, U.S. 5.192.741, U.S. 4.668.506, U.S. 4.713.244, U.S. 5.445.832 U.S. 4.931.279, U.S. .5, 980.945, WO 02/058672, WO 9726015.97/04744, y US200200 19446. En dichas formulaciones de liberación sostenida las micropartículas (Delie and Blanco-Prieto 2005 Molecule 10:65-80) del polipéptido se combinan con micropartículas del polímero. Uno o más implantes de liberación sostenida pueden colocarse en el intestino grueso, en el intestino 5 delgado o en ambos intestinos. Los documentos U.S. 6.011.0 1 y WO 94/06452 describen una formulación de liberación sostenida que proporciona polietilenglicoles (es decir PEG 300 y PEG 400) o triacetina. El documento WO 03/053401 describe una formulación que puede potenciar tanto la biodisponibilidad como proporcionar una liberación controlada del agente dentro del tracto GI. En los documentos WO 02/38129, EP 326151, U.S. 5.236.704, WO 02/30398, WO 98/13029 U.S. 20030064105, U.S. 20030138488A1, U.S. 20030216307A1, U.S. 6.667.060, WO 01/49249, WO 01/49311, WO 01/49249, WO 01/49311, y U.S. 5.877.224 se describen formulaciones adicionales de liberación controlada y en el documento WO04041195 se incluyen materiales (incluyendo el cierre y el recubrimiento entérico descrito en su interior) y recubrimientos sensibles a pH que consiguen la liberación en el colon incluyendo los descritos en los documentos US 4.910.021 y WO 9001329. El documento US4910021 describe el uso de un material sensible a pH para recubrir una cápsula. El documento WO9001329 describe el uso de recubrimientos
15 sensibles a pH en perlas que contienen ácido, en el que el ácido en el núcleo de la perla prolonga la disolución del recubrimiento sensible a pH. El documento de patente de Estados Unidos n.º 5.175.003 desvela una mezcla de polímeros de mecanismo doble compuesta de materiales entéricos sensibles a pH y plastificantes formadores de película capaces de conferir permeabilidad al material entérico, para su uso en sistemas de administración de liberación de fármacos; un gránulo de matriz compuesto de una mezcla de polímeros de mecanismo doble impregnada con un fármaco y algunas veces recubriendo un núcleo farmacéuticamente neutro; un gránulo recubierto con membrana que comprende un gránulo de matriz recubierto con una envoltura de mezcla de polímeros de mecanismo doble de la misma composición o diferente; y una forma de dosificación farmacéutica que contiene gránulos de matriz. El gránulo de matriz libera fármacos solubles en ácido por difusión en pH ácido y por disgregación a niveles de pH de nominalmente aproximadamente 5,0 o mayores.
25 Los péptidos GCRA descritos en el presente documento pueden formularse en los sistemas de liberación de control dirigidos por activación de pH descritos en el documento WO04052339. Los agentes descritos en el presente documento pueden formularse de acuerdo con la metodología descrita en cualquiera de los documentos WO03105812 (polímeros hidratables extruidos); WO0243767 (translocadores de membrana escindibles por enzimas); WO03007913 y WO03086297 (sistemas mucoadhesivos); WO02072075 (formulación laminada bicapa que comprende un agente reductor de pH y un potenciador de la absorción); WO04064769 (polipéptidos amidados); WO05063156 (suspensión lipídica sólida con propiedades pseudotrópicas y/o tixotrópicas después de la fusión); WO03035029 y WO03035041 (formas de dosificación digeribles, retentivos gástricos); US5007790 y US5972389 (formas de dosificación de liberación sostenida); WO041 1271 1 (composiciones orales de liberación prolongada);
35 WO05027878, WO02072033, y WO02072034 (composiciones de liberación retardada con goma natural o sintética); WO05030182 (formulaciones de liberación controlada con una tasa de liberación ascendente); WO05048998 (sistema de microencapsulación); patente de Estados Unidos n.º 5.952.314 (biopolímero); documento US5.108.758 (liberación de matriz de amilosa cristalina);documento US 5.840.860 (liberación basada en almidón modificado). El documento JP10324642 (sistema de liberación que comprende quitosano y un material gastrorresistente, tal como gliadina o zeína de trigo); los documentos US5.866.619 y US6.368.629 (polímero que contiene sacárido); el documento US 6.531.152 (describe un sistema de liberación de fármacos que contiene un núcleo hidrosoluble (pectinato de Ca u otros polímeros insolubles en agua) y recubrimiento externo que estalla (por ejemplo, polímero hidrófobo Eudragrit)); documentos US 6.234.464; US 6.403.130 (recubrimiento con polímero que contiene caseína y metoxipectina superior; documento WO0174 175 (producto de reacción de Maillard); documento WO05063206
45 (formulación que aumenta la solubilidad); documento WO040 19872 (transferencia de proteínas de fusión).
Los péptidos GCRA descritos en el presente documento pueden formularse usando tecnología de sistemas de retención gastrointestinal (GIRES; Merrion Pharmaceuticals). El GIRES comprende una forma de dosificación de liberación controlada dentro de una bolsa inflable que se coloca en una cápsula farmacológica para administración oral. Después de la disolución de la capsula, un sistema que genera gas infla la bolsa en el estómago donde se retiene durante 16-24 horas, liberando en todo momento los agentes descritos en el presente documento.
Los péptidos GCRA descritos en el presente documento pueden formularse en un dispositivo osmótico incluyendo los desvelados en los documentos US4.503.030, US5.609.590 y US5.358.502. El documento US4.503.030 desvela
55 un dispositivo osmótico para dispensar un fármaco a determinadas regiones de pH del tracto gastrointestinal. Más particularmente, la invención se refiere a un dispositivo osmótico que comprende una pared formada por una composición sensible a pH semipermeable que rodea un compartimento que contiene un fármaco, con un paso a través de la pared que conecta el exterior del dispositivo con el compartimento. El dispositivo libera el fármaco a una velocidad controlada en la región del tracto gastrointestinal que tiene un pH menor de 3,5 y el dispositivo se autodestruye y libera todo su fármaco en la región del tracto gastrointestinal que tiene un pH mayor de 3,5, proporcionando de este modo una disponibilidad total para la absorción del fármaco. Las patentes de Estados Unidos Nº 5.609.590 y 5. 358.502 desvelan un dispositivo de estallido osmótico para dispensar un agente beneficioso a un medio acuoso. El dispositivo comprende un agente beneficioso y un agente osmótico que está rodeado, al menos en parte, por una membrana semipermeable. El agente beneficioso también puede actuar como
65 el agente osmótico. La membrana semipermeable es permeable al agua y sustancialmente impermeable al agente beneficioso y agente osmótico. Un medio desencadenante está unido a la membrana semipermeable (por ejemplo,
25
de la loxiglumida) (documento WO 88/05774) pueden tener actividad analgésica y pueden usarse con, o unirse a, los polipéptidos descritos en el presente documento.
Otros agentes analgésicos útiles incluyen agonistas de 5-HT4 tales como tegaserod (Zelnorm®), mosaprida,
5 metoclopramida, zacoprida, cisaprida, renzaprida, derivados de benzimidazolona tales como BIMU 1 y BIMU 8, y lirexaprida. Dichos agonistas se describen en los documentos: EP1321 142 Al, WO 03/053432A1, EP 505322 A1, EP 505322 B1, US 5.510.353, EP 507672 A1, EP 507672 B1 y US 5.273.983.
Los bloqueadores de canales de calcio, tales como ziconotida y compuestos relacionados descritos, por ejemplo, en los documentos EP625162B1, US 5.364.842, US 5.587.454, US 5.824.645, US 5.859.186, US 5.994.305, US 6087.091, US 6.136.786, WO 93/13128 A1, EP 1336409 A1, EP 835126 A1, EP 835126 B1, US 5.795.864, US 5.891.849, US 6.054.429, WO 97/01351 A1, pueden usarse con, o unirse a, los polipéptidos descritos en el presente documento.
15 Diversos antagonistas de los receptores de NK-1, NK-2, y NK-3 (para una revisión véase Giardina et al. 2003. Drugs 6:758) pueden usarse con, o unirse a, los polipéptidos descritos en el presente documento.
Los antagonistas de receptores de NK1 tales como: aprepitant (Merck y Co Inc), vofopitant, ezlopitant (Pfizer, Inc.), R-673 (Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd), SR-48968 (Sanofi Sinthelabo), CP-122.721 (Pfizer, Inc.), GW679769 (Glaxo Smith Klina ), TAK-637 (Takeda/Abbot), SR-14033, y compuestos relacionados descritos, por ejemplo, en los documentos EP 873753 A1, US 20010006972 A1, US 20030109417 A1, WO 01/52844 A1, pueden usarse con, o unirse a, los polipéptidos descritos en el presente documento.
Los antagonistas de receptores de NK-2, tales como nepadutant (Menarini Ricerche SpA), saredutant (Sanofi
25 Synthelabo), GW597599 (Glaxo Smith Kline), SR-144190 (Sanofi-Synthelabo) y UK-290795 (Pfizer Inc) pueden usarse con, o unirse a, los polipéptidos descritos en el presente documento.
Los antagonistas de receptores de NK3, tales como osanetant (SR-142801; Sanofi-Synthelabo), SSR-241586, talnetant y compuestos relacionados descritos, por ejemplo, en los documentos WO 02/094187 A2, EP 876347 A1, WO 97/21680 A1, US 6.277.862, WO 98/1 1090, WO 95/28418, WO 97/19927, y en Boden et al. (J Med Chem. 39: 1664-75, 1996) pueden usarse con, o unirse a, los polipéptidos descritos en el presente documento.
Los inhibidores de la recaptación de norepinefrina-serotonina (NSRI) tales como milnaciprán y compuestos relacionados descritos en el documento WO 03/077897 A1 pueden usarse con, o unirse a, los polipéptidos descritos
35 en el presente documento.
Los antagonistas de receptores vaniloides, tales como arvanil y compuestos relacionados descritos en el documento WO 01/64212 A1 pueden usarse con, o unirse a, los polipéptidos descritos en el presente documento.
Los polipéptidos y compuestos analgésicos pueden administrarse con los polipéptidos y agonistas descritos en el presente documento (de manera simultánea o secuencial). Los agentes analgésicos también pueden unirse covalentemente a los polipéptidos y agonistas descritos en el presente documento para crear conjugados terapéuticos. Cuando el analgésico es un polipéptido y está unido covalentemente a un agente descrito en el presente documento, el polipéptido resultante también puede incluir al menos un sitio de escisión de tripsina.
45 Cuando está presente en el polipéptido, el polipéptido analgésico puede venir precedido (si está en el extremo carboxilo) o seguido por (si está en el extremo amino) un sitio de escisión de tripsina que permita la liberación del polipéptido analgésico.
Además de polipéptidos relacionados con sialorfina, los polipéptidos analgésicos incluyen: AspPhe, endomorfina-1, endomorfina-2, nocistatina, dalargin, luprón, ziconotida y sustancia P.
Agentes para el tratamiento de trastornos gastrointestinales
Como ejemplos de agentes terapéuticos adicionales para el tratamiento de trastornos gastrointestinales y otros
55 trastornos, se incluyen agentes para el tratamiento del estreñimiento (por ejemplo, un activador de los canales de cloro, tal como la lubiprostona, un ácido graso bicíclico, (anteriormente conocido como SPI-0211; Sucampo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Bethesda, MD), un laxante (por ejemplo, un laxante formador de volumen (por ejemplo, polisacáridos que no son de almidón, Comprimido Colonel (policarbofilo cálcico), Plantago Ovata®, Equalactin® (policarbofilo cálcico)), fibra (por ejemplo FIBERCON® (policarbofilo cálcico), un laxante osmótico, un laxante estimulante (tal como difenilmetanos (por ejemplo, bisacodil), antraquinonas (por ejemplo, cáscara, senna) y laxantes tensioactivos (por ejemplo, aceite de ricino, docusato), un agente emoliente/lubricante (tal como aceite mineral, glicerina y docusato), MiraLax (Braintree Laboratories, Braintree MA), dexloxiglumida (Forest Laboratories, también conocido como CR 2017 Rottapharm (Rotta Research Laboratorium SpA)), laxantes salinos, enemas, supositorios y CR 3700 (Rottapharm (Rotta Research Laboratorium SpA); agentes reductores de ácido tales como
65 inhibidores de la bomba de protones (por ejemplo, omeprazol (Prilosec®), esomeprazol (Nexium®), lansoprazol (Prevacid®), pantoprazol (Protonix®) y rabeprazol (Aciphex®)) y antagonistas de receptores H2 de Histamina
27
de bismuto (Pepto-bismol); fármaco ansiolíticos, incluyendo, pero sin limitación Ativan (lorazepam), alprazolam (Xanax®), clordiazepóxido/clidinio (Librium®, Librax®), clonazepam (Klonopin®), clorazepato (Tranxene®), diazepam (Valium®), estazolam (ProSom®), flurazepam (Dalmane®), oxazepam (Serax®), prazepam (Centrax®), temazepam (Restoril®), triazolam (Halcion®; Bedelix® (Montmorillonita beidellita; Ipsen Ltd), Solvay SLV332 (ArQuIe
5 Inc), YKP (SK Pharma), Asimadolina (Tioga Pharmaceuticals/Merck), AGI-003 (AGI Therapeutics); antagonistas de neuroquinina incluyendo los descritos en el documento US20060040950; moduladores de canales de potasio incluyendo los descritos en el documento US 7.002.015; el modulador de serotonina AZD7371 (AstraZeneca PIc); antagonistas de receptores muscarínicos M3 tales como darifenacina (Enablex; Novartis AG y zamifenacina (Pfizer); terapias con herbicidas y naturales, incluyendo, pero sin limitación acidófilos, té de camomila, aceite de onagra, semillas de hinojo, ajenjo, consuelda y compuestos de Bao-Ji-Wan (magnolol, honoquiol, imperatorina e isoimperatorina) tales como en el documento US6923992; y composiciones que comprenden lisina y un agente antiestrés para el tratamiento del síndrome del intestino irritable como se describe en el documento EPO 1550443.
Insulina y agentes moduladores de insulina
15 Los péptidos GCRA descritos en el presente documento pueden usarse en terapia de combinación con insulina y con compuestos relacionados que incluyen insulina de primates, de roedores o de conejos, incluyendo sus variantes biológicamente activas incluyendo variantes alélicas, más preferentemente la insulina humana disponible en forma recombinante. Las fuentes de insulina humana incluyen formulaciones farmacéuticamente aceptables y estériles tales como las disponibles en Eli Lilly (Indianapolis, Ind. 46285) como Humulin™ (origen de ADNr de insulina humana). Véase, el documento THE PHYSICIAN'S DESK REFERENCE, 55.sup.th Ed. (2001) Medical Economics, Thomson Healthcare (que desvela otras insulinas humanas adecuadas).
Los péptidos GCRA descritos en el presente documento también pueden usarse en terapia de combinación con
25 agentes que pueden reforzar los efectos o los niveles de la insulina de un sujeto después de la administración, por ejemplo, glipizida y/o rosiglitazona. Los polipéptidos y agonistas descritos en el presente documento pueden usarse en terapia de combinación con SYMLIN® (acetato de pramlintida) y Exenatide® (exendina-4 sintética; un polipéptido de 39 aa).
Agentes para el tratamiento de íleo postoperatorio
Los péptidos GCRA descritos en el presente documento también pueden usarse en terapia de combinación con agentes (por ejemplo, Entereg™ (alvimopán; anteriormente denominado ado lor/ ADL 8-2698), conivaptán y agentes relacionados descritos en el documento US 6.645.959) usados para el tratamiento de íleo postoperatorio y otros
35 trastornos.
Agentes antihipertensivos
Los péptidos GCRA descritos en el presente documento pueden usarse en terapia de combinación con un agente antihipertensivo incluyendo, pero sin limitación: (1) diuréticos, tales como tiazidas, incluyendo clortalidona, clortiazida, diclorofenamida, hidroflumetiazida, indapamida, politiazida, e hidroclorotiazida; diuréticos de asa, tales como bumetanida, ácido etacrínico, furosemida y torsemida; agentes ahorradores de potasio, tales como amilorida, y triamtereno; inhibidores de anhidrasa carbónica, osmóticos (tales como glicerina) y antagonistas de aldosterona, tales como espironolactona, epirenona y similares; (2) bloqueadores beta-adrenérgicos tales como acebutolol, 45 atenolol, betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, bopindolol, carteolol, carvedilol, celiprolol, esmolol, indenolol, metaprolol, nadolol, nebivolol, penbutolol, pindolol, propanolol, sotalol, tertatolol, tilisolol, y timolol, y similares; (3) bloqueadores de canal de calcio tales como amlodipina, aranidipina, azelnidipina, barnidipina, benidipina, bepridil, cinaldipina, clevidipina, diltiazem, efonidipina, felodipina, gallopamil, isradipina, lacidipina, lemildipina, lercanidipina, nicardipina, nifedipina, nilvadipina, nimodepina, nisoldipina, nitrendipina, manidipina, pranidipina, y verapamil, y similares; (4) inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ACE), tales como benazepril; captopril; ceranapril; cilazapril; delapril; enalapril; enalopril; fosinopril; imidapril; lisinopril; losinopril; moexipril; quinapril; quinaprilat; ramipril; perindopril; perindropril; quanipril; espirapril; tenocapril; trandolapril, y zofenopril, y similares; (5) inhibidores de endopeptidasa neutra tales como omapatrilat, cadoxatril y ecadotril, fosidotril, sampatrilat, AVE7688, ER4030 y similares; (6) antagonistas de endotelina tales como tezosentán, A308165 e YM62899, y similares; (7) vasodilatores 55 tales como hidralazina, clonidina, minoxidil y alcohol nicotinílico y similares; (8) antagonistas de receptores de angiotensina II tales como aprosartán, candesartán, eprosartán, irbesartán, losartán, olmesartán, pratosartán, tasosartán, telmisartán, valsartán y EXP-3137, FI6828K y RNH6270, y similares; (9) bloqueadores / adrenérgicos tales como nipradilol, arotinolol y amosulalol, y similares; (10) bloqueadores alfa 1, tales como terazosín, urapidil, prazosín, tamsulosín, bunazosín, trimazosín, doxazosín, naftopidil, indoramín, WHP 164 y XENOIO, y similares; (11) agonistas de alfa 2 tales como lofexidina, tiamenidina, moxonidina, rilmenidina y guanobenz, y similares; (12) inhibidores de aldosterona, y similares; y (13) agentes de unión a angiopoyetina-2 tales como los desvelados en el documento WO03/030833. Los agentes antihipertensivos específicos que pueden usarse en combinación con los polipéptidos y agonistas descritos en el presente documento, incluyen, pero sin limitación: diuréticos, tales como tiazidas (por ejemplo, clortalidona, ciclotiazida (NR CAS 2259-96-3), clorotiazida (NR CAS 72956-09-3, que puede 65 preparase como se desvela en el documento US2809194), diclorofenamida, hidroflumetiazida, indapamida, politiazida, bendroflumetazida, meticlotazida, politiazida, triclormetazida, clortalidona, indapamida, metolazona,
29
mercapto-2-metilpropionil]-L-prolina, por ejemplo Captopril, Mylan, NR CAS 62571-86-2 y otros desvelados en el documento US4046889), ceranapril (y otros desvelados en el documento US4452790), cetapril (alacepril, Dainippon desvelado en el documento Eur. Therap. Res. 39:671 (1986); 40: 543 (1986)), cilazapril (Hoffman-LaRoche) desvelado en J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 9: 39 (1987), indalapril (clorhidrato de delapril (2H-1,2,4-benzotiadiazina-75 sulfonamida, 3-biciclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-il-6-cloro-3,4-dihidro-, 1,1-dióxido NR CAS 2259-96-3); desvelado en el documento US4385051), enalapril (y otros desvelados en el documento US4374829), enalopril, enaloprilat, fosinopril, ((tal como L-prolina, 4-ciclohexil-1-[[[2-metil-1-(1-oxopropoxo)propoxi](4-fenilbutil)fosfinil]acetil]-, sal sódica, por ejemplo Monopril, Bristol-Myers Squibb y otros desvelados en el documento US4168267), fosinopril sódico (Lprolina, 4-ciclohexil-1-[[(R)-[(1S)-2-metil-1-(1-ox-opropoxi)propox), imidapril, indolapril (Schering, desvelado en J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 5: 643, 655 (1983)), lisinopril (Merck), losinopril, moexipril, clorhidrato de moexipril (ácido 3isoquinolincarboxílico, 2-[(2S)-2-[[(1S)-1-(etoxicarbonil)-3-fenil-propil]amino]-1-oxopropil]-1, -2,3,4-tetrahidro-6,7dimetoxi-, monoclorhidrato, (3S)-NR CAS 82586-52-5), quinapril, quinaprilat, ramipril (Hoechsst) desvelado en el documento EP 79022 y Curr. Ther. Res. 40: 74 (1986), perindopril erbumina (tal como ácido 2S,3aS,7aS-1-[(S)-N[(S)-1-carboxibutiljalanil]hexahidro-indolincarboxílico, 1-etil éster, compuesto con terc-butilamina (1 :1), por ejemplo 15 Aceon®, Solvay), perindopril (Servier, desvelado en Eur. J. clin. Pharmacol. 31: 519 (1987)), quanipril (desvelado en el documento US4344949), espirapril (Schering, desvelado en Acta. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 59 (Supp. 5): 173 (1986)), tenocapril, trandolapril, zofenopril (y otros desvelados en el documento US4316906), rentiapril (fentiapril, desvelado en Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol, 10: 131 (1983)), pivopril, YS980, teprotida (potenciador de bradiquinina BPP9a NR CAS 35115-60-7), BRL 36,378 (Smith Kline Beecham, véanse los documentos EP80822 y EP60668), MC-838 (Chugai, véase CA. 102: 72588v y Jap. J. Pharmacol. 40: 373 (1986), CGS 14824 (Ciba-Geigy, ácido 3-([1etoxicarbonil-3-fenil-(1S)-propil]amino)-2,3,4,5,-tetrahidro-2-oxo-1-(3S)-benzazepin-1 acético HCl, véase la Patente n.º 2103614), CGS 16,617 (Ciba-Geigy, ácido 3(S)-[[(1S)-5-amino-1-carboxipentil]amino]-2,3,4,-5-tetrahidro-2-oxo1H-1-benzazepin-1-etanoico, véase el documento US4473575), Ru 44570 (Hoechst, véase Arzneimittelforschung
34: 1254 (1985)), R 31-2201 (Hoffman-LaRoche véase FEBS Lett. 165: 201 (1984)), CI925 (Pharmacologist 26: 243,
25 266 (1984)), WY-44221 (Wyeth, véase J. Med. Chem. 26: 394 (1983)), y los desvelados en los documentos US2003006922 (párrafo 28), US4337201, US4432971 (fosfonamidatos); inhibidores de endopeptidasa neutra tales como omapatrilat (Vanlev®), CGS 30440, cadoxatril y ecadotril, fasidotril (también conocido como aladotril o alatriopril), sampatrilat, mixanpril y gemopatrilat, AVE7688, ER4030, y los desvelados en los documentos US5362727, US5366973, US5225401, US4722810, US5223516, US4749688, US5552397, US5504080, US5612359, US5525723, EP0599444, EP0481522, EP0599444, EP0595610, EP0534363, EP534396, EP534492, EP0629627; antagonistas de endotelina tales como tezosentán, A308165 y YM62899, y similares; vasodilatores tales como hidralazina (apresolina), clonidina (clorhidrato de clonidina (1H-imidazol-2-amina, N-(2,6-diclorofenil)4,5dihidro-, monoclorhidrato NR CAS 4205-91-8), catapres, minoxidil (loniten), alcohol nicotinílico (roniacol), clorhidrato de diltiazem (tal como monoclorhidrato de 1,5-benzotiazepin-4(5H)-ona, 3-(acetiloxi)-5[2-(dimetilamino)etil]-2,3
35 dihidro-2(4-metoxifenilo), (+)-cis, por ejemplo Tiazac®, Forest), dinitrato e isosorbida (tal como 1,4:3,6-dianhidro-Dglucitol-2,5-dinitrato por ejemplo Isordil® Titradose®, Wyeth-Ayerst), mononitrato de isosorbida (tal como 1,4:3,6dianhidro-D-glucito-1,5-nitrato, un nitrato orgánico, por ejemplo Ismo®, Wyeth-Ayerst), nitroglocerina (tal como 2,3 trinitrato de propanotriol, por ejemplo Nitrostat® Parke-Davis), clorhidrato de verapamil (tal como bencenoacetonitrilo, ()-(alfa)[3-[[2-(3,4-dimetoxifenil)etil]metilamino]propil]-3, clorhidrato de 4-dimetoxi-(alfa)-(1metiletilo), por ejemplo Covera HS® Extended-Release, Searle), cromonar (que puede prepararse como se desvela en el documento US3282938), clonitato (Annalen 1870 155), droprenilamina (que puede prepararse como se desvela en el documento DE2521113), lidoflazina (que puede prepararse como se desvela en el documento US3267104); prenilamina (que puede prepararse como se desvela en el documento US3152173), nitrato de propatilo (que puede prepararse como se desvela en la Patente Francesa n.º 1.103.113), clorhidrato de mioflazina
45 (1-piperazinacetamida, 3-(aminocarbonil)4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorofenil)butil]-N-(2,6-diclorofenilo), diclorhidrato NR CAS 83898-67-3), mixidina (bencenoetanamina, 3,4-dimetoxi-N-(1-metil-2-pirrolidiniliden)-pirrolidina, 2-[(3,4dimetoxifenetil)imino]-1-metil-1-metil-2-[(3,4-dimetoxifenetil)imino]pirrolidina NR CAS 27737-38-8), molsidomina (1,2,3-oxadiazolio, 5-[(etoxicarbonil)amino]-3-(4-morfolinilo), sal interna NR CAS 25717-80-0), mononitrato de isosorbida (D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhidro-, 5-nitrato NR CAS 16051-77-7-), tetranitrato de eritritilo (1,2,3,4butanotetrol, tetranitrato, (2R,3S)-rel-NR CAS 7297-25-8), clonitrato(1,2-propanodiol, 3-cloro-, dinitrato (7CI, 8CI, 9CI) NR CAS 2612-33-1), dipiridamol etanol, 2,2’,2”,2”’-[(4,8-di-1-piperidinilpirimido[5,4-d]pirimidina-2,6diil)dinitrilo]tetraquis-NR CAS 58-32-2), nicorandilo (NR CAS 65141-46-0 3-), ácido piridincarboxamida (N-[2(nitrooxi)etil]-nisoldipina 3,5-piridindicarboxílico, 1,4-dihidro-2,6-dimetil-4-(2-nitrofenil)-, metil 2-metilpropil éster NR CAS 63675-72-9), ácido 3,5-piridindicarboxílico de nifedipina, 1,4-dihidro-2,6-dimetil-4-(2-nitrofenil)-, dimetil éster NR
55 CAS 21829-25-4), maleato de perhexilina (piperidina, 2-(2,2-diciclohexoletil)-, (2Z)-2-butenodioato (1:1) NR CAS 6724-53-4), clorhidrato de oxprenolol (2-propanol, 1-[(1-metiletil)amino]-3-[2-(2-propeniloxi)fenoxi]-, clorhidrato de NR CAS 6452-73-9), pentrinitrol (1,3-propanodiol, 2,2-bis[(nitrooxi)metil]-, mononitrato (éster) NR CAS 1607-17-6), verapamil (bencenoacetonitrilo, -[3-[[2-(3,4-dimetoxifenil)etil]-metilamino]propil]-3,4-dimetoxi-a-(1-metiletil)-NR CAS 52-53-9) y similares; antagonistas de receptor de angiotensina II tales como, aprosartán, zolasartán, olmesartán, pratosartán, FI6828K, RNH6270, candesartán (ácido 1H-bencimidazol-7-carboxílico, 2-etoxi-1-[[2’-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)[1,1’-bifenil]4-il]metil]-NR CAS 139481-59-7), candesartán cilexetilo ((+/-)-1-(ciclohexilcarboniloxi)etil-2-etoxi-1-[[2’(1H-tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4-il]-1H-benzimidazol carboxilato, NR CAS 145040-37-5, documentos US5703110 y US5196444), eprosartán ácido (3-[1-4-carboxifenilmetil)-2-n-butil-imidazol-5-il]-(2-tienilmetil) propenoico, documentos US5185351 y US5650650), irbesartán (2-n-butil-3-[[2’-(1h-tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4-il]metil] 1 ,3-diazaespiro[4,4]non-1
65 en-4-ona, documentos US5270317 y US5352788), losartán (2-N-butil-4-cloro-5-hidroximetil-1-[(2’-(1H-tetrazol-5il)bifenil-4-il)-metil]imidazol, sal potásica, documentos US5138069, US5153197 y US5128355), tasosartán (5,8
31
dihidro-2,4-dimetil-8-[(2’-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)[1,r-bifenil]4-il)metil]-pirido[2,3-d]pirimidin-7(6H)-ona, documento US5149699), telmisartán ácido (4’-[(1,4-dimetil-2’-propil-(2,6’-bi-1H-benzimidazol)-r-il)]-[[1,1’-bifenil]-2-carboxílico, NR CAS 144701-48-4, US5591762), milfasartán, abitesartán, valsartán (Diovan® (Novartis), (S)-N-valeril-N-[[2’-(1Htetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4-il)metil]valina, documento US5399578), EXP-3137 ácido (2-N-butil-4-cloro-1-[(2’(1H-tetrazol-5
5 il)bifenil-4-il)-metil]imidazol-5-carboxílico, documentos US5138069, US5153197 y US5128355), 3-(2’-(tetrazol-5-il)-l,rbifen-4-il)metil-5,7-dimetil-2-etil-3H-imidazo[4,5b]piridina, ácido 4’[2-etil-4-metil-6-(5,6,7,8-tetrahidroimidazo[1,2a]piridin-2-il]-bencimidazol-1-il]-metil]-l,r-bifenil]-2-carboxílico, 2-butil-6-(1-metoxi-1-metiletil)-2-[2’-)IH-tetra-zol-5il)bifenil-4-ilmetil] guinazolin-4(3H)-ona, 3-[2’-carboxibifenil-4-il)metil] -2-ciclopropil-7-metil-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]piridina, ácido 2-butil-4-cloro-1-[(2’-tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4-il)metil]imidazol-carboxílico, ácisdo 2-butil-4-cloro-1-[[2’-(1H-tetrazol-5il) [1,1’-bifenil]-4-il]metil]-1H-imidazol-5-carboxilico, sal potásica del éster -1-(etoxicarbonil-oxi)etilo, carboxilato de dipotasio 2-butil-4-(metiltio)-1-[[2-[[[(propilamino)carbonil]amino]-sulfonil](1,1’-bifenil)-4-il]metil]-1H-imidazol-5, carboxilato de metil-2-[[4-butil-2-metil-6-oxo-5-[[2’-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)-[1,1’-bifenil]-4-il]metil]-1-(6H)-pirimidinil]metil]-3tiofeno, 5-[(3,5-dibutil-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-il)metil]-2-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-ilfenil)]piridina,6-butil-2-(2-feniletil)-5[[2’-(1Htetrazol-5-il)[1,1’-bifenil]-4-metil]pirimidin-4-(3H)-ona D,L sal lisina, 5-metil-7-n-propil-8-[[2’-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4
15 il]metil]-[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-c]pirimidin-2(3H)-ona, sal de potasio de 2,7-dietil-5-[[2’-(5-tetrazoli)bifenil-4-il]metil]-5Hpirazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazolo, ácido 2-[2-butil-4,5-dihidro-4-oxo-3-[2’-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)-4-bifenilmetil]-3H-imidazol[4,5c]piridin-5-ilmetil]benzoico, éster etílico, sal de potasio, 3-metoxi-2,6-dimetil-4-[[2’(1H-tetrazol-5-il)-1,1’-bifenil-4il]metoxi]piridina, ácido 2-etoxi-1-[[2’-(5-oxo-2,5-dihidro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-il)bifenil-4-il]metil]-1H-bencimidazol-7carboxílico, ácido 1-[N-(2’-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4-il-metil)-N-valerolilaminometil)ciclopentan-1-carboxílico, 7-metil2n-propil-3-[[2’1H-tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4-il]metil]-3H-imidazo[4,5-6]piridina, benzoato 2-[5-[(2-etil-5,7-dimetil-3Himidazo[4,5-b]piridin-3-il)metil]-2-quinolinil]sódico, 2-butil-6-cloro-4-hidroximetil-5-metil-3-[[2’-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4il]metil]piridina, ácido 2-[[[2-butil-1-[(4-carboxifenil)metil]-1H-imidazol-5-il]metil]amino]benzoico tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4il]metil]pirimidin-6-ona, 4(S)-[4-(carboximetil)fenoxi]-N-[2(R)-[4-(2-sulfobenzamido)imidazol-1-il]octanoil]-L-prolina, 1(2,6-dimetilfenil)-4-butil-1,3-dihidro-3-[[6-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)fenil]-3-piridinil]metil]-2H-imidazol-2-ona, 5,8-etano-5,8
25 dimetil-2-n-propil-5,6,7,8-tetrahidro-1-[[2’(1H-tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4-il]metil]-1H,4H-1,3,4a,8a-tetrazaciclopentanaftalen9-ona, 4-[1-[2’-(1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-il)bifen-4-il)metilamino]-5,6,7,8-tetrahidro-2-trifilquinazolina, 2-(2-clorobenzoil)imino5-etil-3-[2’-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4-il)metil-1,3,4-tiadiazolina, sal dipotásica del ácido 2-[5-etil-3-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5il)bifenil-4-il]metil-1,3,4-tiazolin-2-ilideno]aminocarbonil-1-ciclopentencarboxílico y éster 1-etoxicarboniloxietílico del ácido 2-butil-4-[N-metil-N-(3-metilcrotonoil)amino]-1-[[2’-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)bifenil-4-il]metil]-1H-imidazol-5-carboxílico, los desvelados en las publicaciones de patente EP475206, EP497150, EP539086, EP539713, EP535463, EP535465, EP542059, EP497121, EP535420, EP407342, EP415886, EP424317, EP435827, EP433983, EP475898, EP490820, EP528762, EP324377, EP323841, EP420237, EP500297, EP426021, EP480204, EP429257, EP430709, EP434249, EP446062, EP505954, EP524217, EP514197, EP514198, EP514193, EP514192, EP450566, EP468372, EP485929, EP503162, EP533058, EP467207 EP399731, EP399732, EP412848,
35 EP453210, EP456442, EP470794, EP470795, EP495626, EP495627, EP499414, EP499416, EP499415, EP511791, EP516392, EP520723, EP520724, EP539066, EP438869, EP505893, EP530702, EP400835, EP400974, EP401030, EP407102, EP411766, EP409332, EP412594, EP419048, EP480659, EP481614,EP490587, EP467715, EP479479, EP502725,EP503838,EP505098,EP505111,EP513,979, EP507594, EP510812, EP511767, EP512675,EP512676,EP512870,EP517357,EP537937, EP534706, EP527534, EP540356, EP461040,EP540039, EP465368, EP498723,EP498722, EP498721, EP515265, EP503785,EP501892, EP519831, EP532410, EP498361, EP432737, EP504888, EP508393, EP508445, EP403159, EP403158, EP425211, EP427463, EP437103,EP481448, EP488532, EP501269, EP500409, EP540400,EP005528,EP028834,EP028833, EP411507, EP425921, EP430300, EP434038, EP442473,EP443568,EP445811,EP459136, EP483683, EP518033, EP520423, EP531876, EP531874, EP392317,EP468470,EP470543, EP502314, EP529253,EP543263, EP540209, EP449699, EP465323, EP521768,
45 EP415594, WO92/14468, WO93/08171, WO93/08169, WO91/00277, WO91/00281, WO91/14367, WO92/00067, WO92/00977, WO92/20342, WO93/04045, WO93/04046, WO91/15206, WO92/14714, WO92/09600, WO92/16552, WO93/05025, WO93/03018, WO91/07404, WO92/02508, WO92/13853, WO91/19697, WO91/11909, WO91/12001, WO91/11999, WO91/15209, WO91/15479, WO92/20687, WO92/20662, WO92/20661, WO93/01177, WO91/14679, WO91/13063, WO92/13564, WO91/17148, WO91/18888, WO91/19715, WO92/02257, WO92/04335, WO92/05161, WO92/07852, WO92/15577, WO93/03033, WO91/16313, WO92/00068, WO92/02510, WO92/09278, WO9210179, WO92/10180, WO92/10186, WO92/10181, WO92/10097, WO92/10183, WO92/10182, WO92/10187, WO92/10184, WO92/10188, WO92/10180, WO92/10185, WO92/20651, WO93/03722, WO93/06828, WO93/03040, WO92/19211, WO92/22533, WO92/06081, WO92/05784, WO93/00341, WO92/04343, WO92/04059, US5104877, US5187168, US5149699, US5185340, US4880804, US5138069, US4916129, US5153197, US5173494, US5137906,
55 US5155126, US5140037, US5137902, US5157026, US5053329, US5132216, US5057522, US5066586, US5089626, US5049565, US5087702, US5124335, US5102880, US5128327, US5151435, US5202322, US5187159, US5198438, US5182288, US5036048, US5140036, US5087634, US5196537, US5153347, US5191086, US5190942, US5177097, US5212177, US5208234, US5208235, US5212195, US5130439, US5045540, US5041152, y US5210204, y sales y ésteres de los mismos farmacéuticamente aceptables; bloqueadores / adrenérgicos tales como nipradilol, arotinolol, amosulalol, tosilato de bretilio (NR CAS: 61-75-6), mesilato de dihidroergtamina (tales como ergotaman-3’,6’,18-triona, 9,-10-dihidro-12’-hidroxi-2’-metil-5’-(fenilmetil),(5’(a))-, monometanosulfonato, por ejemplo inyección de DHE 45®, Novartis), carvedilol (tales como ()-1-(carbazol4-iloxi)-3-[[2-(o-metoxifenoxi)etil]amino]-2-propanol, por ejemplo Coreg®, SmithKline Beecham), labetalol (tal como monoclorhidrato de 5-[1-hidroxi-2-[(1-metil-3-fenilpropil) amino]etilsalicilamida, por ejemplo Normodyne®, Schering),
65 tosilato de bretilio (bencenometanaminio, 2-bromo-N-etil-N,N-dimetil-, sal con ácido 4-metilbencenosulfónico (1:1) NR CAS 61-75-6), mesilato de fentolamina (fenol, 3-[[(4,5-dihidro-1H-imidazol-2-il)metil](4-metilfenil)amino]-,
32
ácidos grasos, fibras hidrosolubles naturales (tales como psilio, plantago, guar, avena, pectina), antagonistas de galanina, galega (Goat’s Rue, French Lilac), Garcinia cambogia, camedrio (Teucrium chamaedrys), anticuerpos anti grelina y antagonistas de grelina (tales como los desvelados en los documentos WO01/87335 y WO02/08250), hormonas polipeptídicas y sus variantes que afectan a la secreción de las células de los islotes, tales como las 5 hormonas del polipéptido inhibidor de secretina/gástrico (GIP)/polipéptido intestinal vasoactivo (VIP)/polipéptido activador de la adenilato ciclasa de pituitaria (PACAP)/polipéptido II similar a glucacón (GLP-II)/glicentina/familia de genes de glucagón y/o los de la familia de genes de polipéptidos relacionados con el gen de adrenomedulina/amilina/calcitonina (CGRP) que incluyen agonistas de GLP-1 (polipéptido 1 similar a glucagón (por ejemplo, (1) exendina-4, (2) las moléculas de GLP-1 descritas en el documento US20050130891 incluyendo GLP1(7-34), GLP-1(7-35), GLP-1 (7-36) o GLP-1(7-37) y su forma carboxilada o amidada en el extremo C o como polipéptidos GLP-1 modificados y sus modificaciones que incluyen los descritos en los párrafos 17-44 del documento US20050130891 y se emplean derivados de GLP-1-(7-34)COOH y el aminoácido correspondiente que tienen la siguiente fórmula general: R-NH-HAEGTFTDTVSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVK-CONH2 (SEC ID Nº: 108) en la que R=H o un compuesto orgánico que tiene de 1 a 10 átomos de carbono. Preferentemente, R es el resto de un ácido 15 carboxílico. Se prefieren particularmente los siguientes restos de ácido carboxílico: formilo, acetilo, propionilo, isopropionilo, metilo, etilo, propilo, isopropilo, n-butilo, sec-butilo, terc-butilo) y glp-1 (polipéptido 1 similar a glucagón), antagonistas de glucocorticoides, inhibidores de transportadores de glucosa, secretagogos de la hormona del crecimiento (tales como los desvelados y específicamente descritos en el documento US5536716), interleucina-6 (IL-6) y sus moduladores (como los del documento WO03/057237, y similares), L-carnitina, agonistas de Mc3r (receptor de melanocortina 3), agonistas/antagonistas de MCH2R (hormona 2R concentradora de melanina), antagonistas de la hormona concentradora de melanina, agonistas de melanocortina (tales como Melanotan II o los descritos en los documentos WO 99/64002 y WO 00/74679), hierba nomame, inhibidores de transportadores de fosfato, compuestos fitofarm 57 (CP 644,673), piruvato, inhibidores de SCD-1 (estearoil-CoA desaturasa-1), T71 (Tularik, Inc., Boulder CO), Topiramato (Topimax®, indicado como un anticonvulsivo que se ha demostrado que
25 aumenta la pérdida de peso), moduladores de factores de transcripción (tales como los desvelados en el documento WO03/026576), inhibidores de la -hidroxiesteroide deshidrogenasa-1 (-HDT-I), -hidroxi--metilbutirato, p57 (Pfizer), Zonisamida (Zonegran™, indicado como un antiepiléptico que se ha demostrado que conduce a la pérdida de peso) y los agentes desvelados en el documento US20030119428 en los párrafos 20-26.
Agentes antidiabéticos
Los péptidos GCRA descritos en el presente documento pueden usarse en combinación terapéutica con uno o más agentes antidiabéticos, incluyendo, pero sin limitación: agonistas de PPAR tales como glitazonas (por ejemplo, WAY-120,744, AD 5075, balaglitazona, ciglitazona, darglitazona (CP-86325, Pfizer), englitazona (CP-68722, Pfizer), 35 isaglitazona (MIT/J&J), MCC-555 (Mitsibishi desvelado en el documento US5594016), pioglitazona (tales como Actos™ pioglitazona; Takeda), rosiglitazona (Avandia™;Smith Kline Beecham), maleato de rosiglitazona, troglitazona (Rezulin®, desvelado en el documento US4572912), rivoglitazona (CS-O11, Sankyo), GL-262570 (Glaxo Welcome), BRL49653 (desvelado en el documento WO98/05331), CLX-0921, 5-BTZD, GW-0207, LG100641, JJT-501 (JPNT/P&U), L-895645 (Merck), R-119702 (Sankyo/Pfizer), NN-2344 (Dr. Reddy/NN), YM-440 (Yamanouchi), LY-300512, LY-519818, R483 (Roche), T131 (Tularik), y similares y compuestos desvelados en los documentos US4687777, US5002953, US5741803, US5965584, US6150383, US6150384, US6166042, US6166043, US6172090, US6211205, US6271243, US6288095, US6303640, US6329404, US5994554, WO97/10813, WO97/27857, WO97/28115,WO97/28137,WO97/27847, WO00/76488, WO03/000685, WO03/027112, WO03/035602, WO03/048130, WO03/055867, y sales farmacéuticamente aceptables de los mismos; biguanidas 45 tales como clorhidrato de metformina (clorhidrato de diamida N,N-dimetilimidodicarbonimidíca, tal como Glucophage™, Bristol-Myers Squibb); clorhidrato de metformina con gliburida, tales como Glucovance™, Bristol-Myers Squibb); buformina (N-butil-diamida imidodicarbonimídica); etoformina (1-butil-2-etilbiguanida, Schering A. G.); otras formas salinas de metformina (incluyendo cuando la sal se selecciona del grupo de, acetato, benzoato, citrato, timarato, embonato, clorofenoxiacetato, glicolato, palmoato, aspartato, metanosulfonato, maleato, paraclorofenoxiisobutirato, formato, lactato, succinato, sulfato, tartrato, ciclohexanecarboxilato, hexanoato, octanoato, decanoato, hexadecanoato, octodecanoato, bencenosulfonato, trimetoxibenzoato, paratoluenosulfonato, adamantanocarboxilato, glucoxilato, glutarnato, pirrolidonocarboxilato, naftalenosulfonato, 1-glucosefosfato, nitrato, sulfito, ditionato y fosfato), y fenformina; inhibidores de la proteína tirosina fosfatasa-1B (PTP-1B), tales como A401,674, KR 61639, OC-060062, OC-83839, OC-297962, MC52445, MC52453, ISIS 113715, y los desvelados en 55 los documentos WO99/585521, WO99/58518, WO99/58522, WO99/61435, WO03/032916, WO03/032982, WO03/041729, WO03/055883, WO02/26707, WO02/26743, JP2002114768, y sales y ésteres de los mismos farmacéuticamente aceptables; sulfonilureas tales como acetohexamida (por ejemplo, Dymelor, Eli Lilly), carbutamida, clorpropamida (por ejemplo, Diabinese®, Pfizer), gliamilida (Pfizer), gliclazida (por ejemplo, Diamcron, Servier Canada Inc), glimepirida (por ejemplo, desvelada en el documento US4379785, tales como Amaryl, Aventis), glipentida, glipizida (por ejemplo, Glucotrol o Glucotrol XL Liberación Prolongada, Pfizer), gliquidona, glisolamida, gliburida/glibenclamida (por ejemplo, Micronasa o Glinasa Prestab, Pharmacia & Upjohn and Diabeta, Aventis), tolazamida (por ejemplo, Tolinasa), y tolbutamida (por ejemplo, Orinasa) y sales y esteres de los mismos farmacéuticamente aceptables; meglitinidas tales como repaglinida (por ejemplo, Pranidin®, Novo Nordisk), KAD1229 (PF/Kissei), y nateglinida (por ejemplo, Starlix®, Novartis) y sales y ésteres de los mismos 65 farmacéuticamente aceptables; inhibidores de la glucósido hidrolasa (o inhibidores de glucósidos) tales como acarbosa (por ejemplo, Precose™, Bayer desvelado en el documento US4904769), miglitol (tal como GLYSET™,
37
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