JP2014185158A - 胃腸の障害、炎症、癌および他の障害の処置に有用なグアニル酸シクラーゼのアゴニスト - Google Patents
胃腸の障害、炎症、癌および他の障害の処置に有用なグアニル酸シクラーゼのアゴニスト Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明は、新規グアニル酸シクラーゼ−Cアゴニストペプチド、および胃腸の障害、炎症または癌(例えば、胃腸癌)をはじめとしたヒト疾患の処置におけるそれらの使用を提供する。本ペプチドは、単独で投与され得るか、またはcGMP依存性ホスホジエステラーゼのインヒビターとともに投与され得る。その胃腸の障害は、過敏性腸症候群、便秘または過剰酸性などに分類され得る。その胃腸の疾患は、炎症性腸疾患または他のGI状態(クローン病および潰瘍性大腸炎を含む)のいずれかおよび癌に分類され得る。
【選択図】図5
Description
この出願は、2007年6月4日に出願された米国仮出願第60/933,194号(この内容は、その全体が参考として本明細書に援用される)に対する優先権の利益を主張する。
本発明は、cGMPの細胞内産生を増大させるための手段としての、グアニル酸シクラーゼC(GC−C)アゴニストの治療的な使用に関する。このアゴニストは、特に消化管および肺の、炎症、癌ならびに他の障害を予防するためか、または処置するために、単独で使用され得るか、またはcGMP特異的ホスホジエステラーゼのインヒビターとともに使用され得る。
ウログアニリン(Uroguanylin)、グアニリン(guanylin)および細菌STペプチドは、グアニル酸シクラーゼレセプターに結合し、かつ環状グアノシン一リン酸(cGMP)の細胞内産生を刺激する、構造的に関連したペプチドである(1−6)。これは、腸管を裏打ちしている腸細胞からの塩化物の流出のための頂端膜チャネルである嚢胞性線維症膜コンダクタンス制御因子(CFTR)の活性化をもたらす(1−6)。CFTRの活性化、およびその後の塩化物の経上皮の分泌の増大によって、腸管内腔へのナトリウムおよび水の分泌が刺激される。ゆえに、cGMPレセプターアゴニストは、CFTR活性のパラクリン制御因子として機能することによって、消化管における体液および電解質の輸送を制御する(1−6;特許文献1)。このように、CFTRのcGMP媒介性の活性化および下流のシグナル伝達は、腸の生理機能の正常な機能において重要な役割を果たす。それゆえ、このプロセスにおける任意の異常は、潜在的に胃腸の障害(例えば、過敏性腸症候群、炎症性腸疾患、過剰酸性および癌)をもたらし得る(25,26)。
本発明は、グアニル酸シクラーゼレセプターのアゴニストの開発に基づいている。このアゴニストは、ウログアニリンおよび細菌STペプチドのアナログであり、優れた特性、例えば、N末端およびC末端において、カルボキシペプチダーゼならびに/または刺激されたヒト腸液中およびヒト胃液中に存在する他のタンパク分解性酵素による分解に対する強い抵抗性を有する。
本発明の好ましい実施形態では、例えば以下が提供される:
(項目1)
配列番号2〜54および57〜98のいずれか1つのアミノ酸配列から本質的になる、ペプチド。
(項目2)
治療有効量で存在するNO:2〜54および56〜94のいずれか1つの配列を有するグアニル酸シクラーゼレセプターアゴニストペプチド、および薬学的キャリア、賦形剤または希釈剤を含む、単位用量での薬学的組成物。
(項目3)
前記ペプチドが、配列番号8、9、10、58または59である、項目1に記載のペプチド。
(項目4)
前記ペプチドが、配列番号8、9、10、58または59である、項目2に記載の薬学的組成物。
(項目5)
前記ペプチドが、配列番号45〜54であり、該ペプチドが、細胞におけるcGMP産生を増加させ、該ペプチドが、配列番号1ではない、項目1に記載のペプチド。
(項目6)
前記ペプチドが、配列番号45〜54であり、該ペプチドが、細胞におけるcGMP産生を増加させ、該ペプチドが、配列番号1ではない、項目2に記載の薬学的組成物。
(項目7)
前記ペプチドが、配列番号87〜98であり、該ペプチドが、細胞におけるcGMP産生を増加させ、該ペプチドが、配列番号55でも56でもない、項目1に記載のペプチド。
(項目8)
前記ペプチドが、配列番号87〜98であり、該ペプチドが、細胞におけるcGMP産生を増加させ、該ペプチドが、配列番号55でも56でもない、項目2に記載の薬学的組成物。
(項目9)
前記単位用量の形態が、錠剤、カプセル、溶液または吸入製剤からなる群から選択される、項目2、4、6または8のいずれか1項に記載の薬学的組成物。
(項目10)
潰瘍性大腸炎、過敏性腸症候群(IBS)、非潰瘍性消化不良、慢性偽性腸閉塞症、機能性消化不良、偽性結腸閉塞、十二指腸胃逆流、オピエート鎮痛剤の使用に関連する便秘、胃食道逆流性疾患(GERD)、術後便秘、胃不全麻痺、神経因性障害に関連する便秘、胸焼け、不良な胃腸運動、うっ血性心不全、高血圧症、良性前立腺肥大(BPH)、結腸癌、肺癌、膀胱癌、肝臓癌、唾液腺癌または皮膚癌、気管支炎、組織炎症、器官炎症、呼吸器炎症、喘息、COPDからなる群から選択される状態を予防するためか、または処置するための方法であって、その必要のある患者に、NO:2〜54および56〜94のいずれか1つの配列を有する、有効な投薬量のグアニル酸シクラーゼレセプターアゴニストを投与する工程を包含する、方法。
(項目11)
前記ペプチドが、配列番号8、9、10、58または59である、項目10に記載の方法。
(項目12)
有効な用量のcGMP特異的ホスホジエステラーゼのインヒビターを投与する工程をさらに包含する、項目11または12に記載の方法。
(項目13)
有効な用量のcGMP依存性ホスホジエステラーゼのインヒビターを、前記グアニル酸シクラーゼレセプターアゴニストと同時または連続的に、前記患者に投与する工程をさらに包含する、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記cGMP依存性ホスホジエステラーゼインヒビターが、スルジナクスルホン、ザプリナストおよびモタピゾン、バルデナフィルおよびシルデナフィル(suldenifil)からなる群から選択される、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目15)
有効な用量の少なくとも1つの抗炎症剤を投与する工程をさらに包含する、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目16)
抗炎症剤が、ステロイド系抗炎症薬または非ステロイド系抗炎症薬(NISAIDS)である、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目17)
ヒト疾患を処置するための薬物を製造する際の、配列番号2〜54および56〜94のいずれか1つの配列を有するペプチドのいずれか1つの使用。
(項目18)
前記ペプチドが、配列番号8、9、10、58または59である、項目17に記載の使用。
(項目19)
細胞におけるcGMP産生を増加させる方法であって、配列番号2〜54および57〜98のアミノ酸配列からなる群から選択されるペプチドと、該細胞を接触させる工程を包含する、方法。
(項目20)
前記細胞をホスホジエステラーゼインヒビターと接触させる工程をさらに包含する、項目19に記載の方法。
(項目21)
前記cGMP依存性ホスホジエステラーゼインヒビターが、スルジナクスルホン、ザプリナストおよびモタピゾン、バルデナフィルおよびシルデナフィルからなる群から選択される、項目20に記載の方法。
本発明は、グアニル酸シクラーゼ−C(GC−C)のアゴニストの開発に基づいている。そのアゴニストは、ウログアニリンおよび細菌STペプチドのアナログであり、優れた特性、例えば、N末端およびC末端において、カルボキシペプチダーゼならびに/または他のタンパク分解性酵素(例えば、刺激されたヒト腸液中およびヒト胃液中に存在するタンパク分解性酵素)による分解に対して強い抵抗性を有する。
1つの局面において、本発明は、GCRAペプチドを提供する。GCRAペプチドは、アナログウログアニリンおよび細菌STペプチドである。用語「ペプチド」によって、特定の長さが意味されない。いくつかの実施形態において、GCRAペプチドは、25アミノ酸長未満、例えば、20、15、14、13、12、11、10または5アミノ酸長以下である。
Biochemistry of the Amino Acids,Barrett,Chapman and Hall,1985を参照のこと)。例えば、芳香族アミノ酸は、3,4−ジヒドロキシ−L−フェニルアラニン、3−ヨード−L−チロシン、トリヨードチロニン、L−チロキシン、フェニルグリシン(Phg)またはノル−チロシン(norTyr)によって置換され得る。PhgおよびnorTyr、ならびにPheおよびTyrを含む他のアミノ酸は、例えば、ハロゲン、−CH3、−OH、−CH2NH3、−C(O)H、−CH2CH3、−CN、−CH2CH2CH3、−SHまたは別の基によって置換され得る。任意のアミノ酸は、そのアミノ酸のD型によって置換され得る。
Protein Chem,39:51−124(1988)を参照のこと。様々な局面において、GCRAペプチドは、[4,12;7,15]二環である。
GCRAペプチドは、現代のクローニング手法を用いて容易に調製されるか、または固体法もしくは部位特異的突然変異誘発によって合成され得る。GCRAペプチドは、ポリペプチドのドミナントネガティブ型を包含し得る。
Press,1979);Bodansky and Bodansky,“The Practice of Peptide Synthesis,”2d ed.(Springer Verlag,1994)を参照のこと)。さらに、中間体の精製および段階的なスケールアップが可能である。当業者は、溶液合成では、主鎖および側鎖の保護基ならびに活性化方法を考慮する必要があることを認識しているだろう。さらに、セグメント縮合中のラセミ化を最小限にするために、慎重なセグメント選択が必要である。溶解性を考慮することも、1つの因子である。固相ペプチド合成は、有機合成中、支持体として不溶性ポリマーを使用する。ポリマーで支持されたペプチド鎖は、中間工程における面倒な精製の代わりに、簡便な洗浄工程および濾過工程を使用することができる。固相ペプチド合成は、一般に、Merrifieldら、J.Am.Chem.Soc,1963,85:2149の方法に従って行われ得、この方法は、保護されたアミノ酸を用いて樹脂支持体上で線状ペプチド鎖をアセンブルすることを含む。固相ペプチド合成は、代表的には、BocまたはFmocストラテジーのいずれかを利用し、それらは、当該分野で周知である。
本発明は、障害のリスクがある(または障害を受けやすい)被験体、またはグアニル酸シクラーゼレセプターアゴニストによって媒介される、関連する障害を有する被験体を処置する、予防的な方法と治療的な方法の両方を提供する。グアニル酸シクラーゼレセプターアゴニストによって媒介される障害としては、胃腸の障害、炎症性障害、肺障害、癌、心障害、眼障害、口の障害、血液障害、肝臓障害、皮膚障害、前立腺障害、内分泌障害、強い胃腸の運動性および肥満症が挙げられる。胃腸の障害としては、例えば、過敏性腸症候群(IBS)、非潰瘍性消化不良、慢性偽性腸閉塞症、機能性消化不良、偽性結腸閉塞、十二指腸胃逆流、胃食道逆流性疾患(GERD)イレウス(例えば、術後イレウス)、胃不全麻痺、胸焼け(消化管における強い酸性)、便秘(例えば、薬剤(例えば、オピオイド類、変形性関節症薬、骨粗鬆症薬)の使用に関連する便秘;術後便秘、神経因性障害に関連する便秘)が挙げられる。炎症性障害としては、組織および器官の炎症(例えば、腎臓の炎症(例えば、腎炎)、胃腸系の炎症(例えば、クローン病および潰瘍性大腸炎);膵臓の炎症(例えば、膵炎)、肺の炎症(例えば、気管支炎または喘息)または皮膚の炎症(例えば、乾癬、湿疹)が挙げられる。肺障害としては、例えば、慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)および線維症が挙げられる。癌としては、転移を含む組織および器官の発癌、例えば、消化器癌(例えば、胃癌、食道癌、膵癌、直腸結腸癌、腸管の癌、肛門癌、肝臓癌、胆嚢癌または結腸癌);肺癌;甲状腺癌;皮膚癌(例えば、メラノーマ);口腔癌;尿路癌(例えば、膀胱癌または腎臓癌);血液癌(例えば、ミエローマまたは白血病)または前立腺癌が挙げられる。心障害としては、例えば、うっ血性心不全、気管噴門高血圧症、高コレステロールまたは高トリグリセリドが挙げられる。肝臓障害としては、例えば、肝硬変および線維症が挙げられる。眼障害としては、例えば、眼内圧上昇、緑内障、ドライアイ、網膜変性、涙腺の障害または眼の炎症が挙げられる。皮膚障害としては、例えば、乾燥症が挙げられる。口の障害としては、例えば、口渇(口腔乾燥症)、シェーグレン症候群、歯肉疾患(例えば、歯周病)または唾液腺管の閉塞もしくは機能不全が挙げられる。前立腺障害としては、例えば、良性前立腺肥大(BPH)が挙げられる。内分泌障害としては、例えば、真性糖尿病、甲状腺機能亢進症、甲状腺機能低下および嚢胞性線維症が挙げられる。
Co.,Piano,TX USA)、発熱性二酸化ケイ素(CAB−O−SIL、Cabot Co.,Boston,MA USA)またはそれらの混合物、抗ケーキング剤:ケイ酸カルシウム、ケイ酸マグネシウム、二酸化ケイ素、コロイド状二酸化ケイ素、タルクまたはそれらの混合物、抗菌剤:塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩化ベンゼトニウム、安息香酸、ベンジルアルコール、ブチルパラベン、塩化セチルピリジニウム、クレゾール、クロロブタノール、デヒドロ酢酸、エチルパラベン、メチルパラベン、フェノール、フェニルエチルアルコール、フェノキシエタノール、酢酸フェニル水銀、硝酸フェニル水銀、ソルビン酸カリウム、プロピルパラベン、安息香酸ナトリウム、デヒドロ酢酸ナトリウム、プロピオン酸ナトリウム、ソルビン酸、チメロサール(thimersol)、チモ(thymo)またはそれらの混合物、およびコーティング剤:カルボキシルメチルセルロースナトリウム、セルロースアセテートフタレート、エチルセルロース、ゼラチン、薬学的グラッシ(glaze)、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース(ヒプロメロース)、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースフタレート、メチルセルロース、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリビニルアセテートフタレート、シェラック、スクロース、二酸化チタン、カルナウバろう、マイクロクリスタリンワックス、ジェランガム(gellan gum)、マルトデキストリン、メタクリレート、微結晶性セルロースおよびカラギナン、またはそれらの混合物)が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
and Blanco−Prieto 2005 Molecule 10:65−80)は、ポリマーの微小粒子と組み合わされる。1つ以上の徐放性埋没物が、大腸、小腸またはその両方に留置され得る。U.S.6,011,01およびWO94/06452には、ポリエチレングリコール(すなわちPEG300およびPEG400)またはトリアセチンのいずれかを提供する徐放性製剤が記載されている。WO03/053401には、消化管内でのその薬剤のバイオアベイラビリティを高め得、かつ放出制御をもたらし得る製剤が記載されている。さらなる放出制御製剤は、WO02/38129、EP326151、U.S.5,236,704、WO02/30398、WO98/13029;U.S.20030064105、U.S.20030138488A1、U.S.20030216307A1、U.S.6,667,060、WO01/49249、WO01/49311、WO01/49249、WO01/49311およびU.S.5,877,224に記載されており、WO04041195に記載されているものを含み得る材料(その中に記載されているシールおよび腸溶コーティングを含む)ならびにUS4,910,021およびWO9001329に記載されているものを含む、結腸における送達を達成するpH感受性コーティング。US4910021には、カプセルをコーティングするためのpH感受性材料の使用が記載されている。WO9001329には、酸を含むビーズ上でのpH感受性コーティングの使用が記載されており、ここで、そのビーズの中心における酸は、pH感受性コーティングの溶解を延長する。米国特許第5,175,003号には、薬物送達系において使用するための、pH感受性の腸溶性材料、および腸溶性材料に透過性を付与することができるフィルム形成可塑剤から構成される二重機構ポリマー混合物;薬物で浸透されており、時折薬学的に中性の核を被覆している二重機構ポリマー混合物から構成されるマトリックスペレット;同じ組成または異なる組成の二重機構ポリマー混合物エンベロープでコーティングされたマトリックスペレットを含む膜コーティングされたペレット;およびマトリックスペレットを含む薬学的剤形が開示されている。そのマトリックスペレットは、酸pHにおいて拡散することによって、および名目上約5.0またはそれ以上のpHレベルにおける崩壊によって、酸可溶性薬物を放出する。
鎮痛剤
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、鎮痛剤、例えば、鎮痛性化合物または鎮痛性ポリペプチドとの併用療法において使用され得る。これらのポリペプチドおよび化合物は、本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドとともに(同時または連続的に)投与され得る。また、必要に応じて、それらを本明細書中に記載される薬剤と共有結合的に結合するか、または付着することにより、治療結合体を作製することができる。有用な鎮痛剤は:Caチャネルブロッカー、5HTレセプターアンタゴニスト(例えば、5HT3、5HT4および5HT1レセプターアンタゴニスト)、オピオイドレセプターアゴニスト(ロペラミド、フェドトジン(fedotozine)およびフェンタニール)、NK1レセプターアンタゴニスト、CCKレセプターアゴニスト(例えば、ロキシグルミド(loxiglumide))、NK1レセプターアンタゴニスト、NK3レセプターアンタゴニスト、ノルエピネフリン−セロトニン再取り込みインヒビター(NSRI)、バニロイドレセプターアゴニストおよびカンナビノイド(cannabanoid)レセプターアゴニストならびにシアロルフィン(sialorphin)である。様々なクラスの鎮痛薬は、文献に記載されている。
胃腸および他の障害を処置するさらなる治療薬の例としては、便秘を処置する薬剤(例えば、塩素イオンチャネルアクチベーター、例えば、二環式(bicylic)脂肪酸、ルビプロストン(Lubiprostone)(以前にSPI−0211として知られた;Sucampo Pharmaceuticals,Inc.;Bethesda,MD)、下剤(例えば、増量性下剤(例えば、非デンプン多糖類、コロネル(Colonel)錠剤(ポリカルボフィルカルシウム)、Plantago Ovata(登録商標)、Equalactin(登録商標)(カルシウムポリカルボフィル))、繊維(例えば、FIBERCON(登録商標)(カルシウムポリカルボフィル)、浸透圧性下剤、刺激性下剤(例えば、ジフェニルメタン(例えば、ビサコジル)、アントラキノン(例えば、カスカラ、センナ))および界面活性下剤(例えば、ひまし油、ドキュセート)、軟化薬/滑沢剤(例えば、鉱油、グリセリンおよびドキュセート)、MiraLax(Braintree Laboratories,Braintree MA)、デキスロキシグルミド(Forest Laboratories,CR2017 Rottapharm(Rotta Research Laboratorium SpA)としても知られる)、食塩水下剤、浣腸、坐剤およびCR3700(Rottapharm(Rotta Research Laboratorium SpA));酸減少剤(例えば、プロトンポンプインヒビター、例えば、オメプラゾール(Prilosec(登録商標))、エソメプラゾール(Nexium(登録商標))、ランソプラゾール(Prevacid(登録商標))、パントプラゾール(Protonix(登録商標))およびラベプラゾール(Aciphex(登録商標))ならびにヒスタミンH2−レセプターアンタゴニスト(シメチジン、ラニチジン、ファモチジンおよびニザチジンをはじめとしたH2レセプターブロッカーとしても知られる));イトプリド、オクトレオチド、ベタネコール、メトクロプラミド(Reglan(登録商標))、ドンペリドン(Motilium(登録商標))、エリスロマイシン(およびその誘導体)またはシサプリド(propulsid(登録商標))を含む消化管運動改善薬;プロキネチシン(Prokineticin)ポリペプチドホモログ、それらのバリアントおよびキメラ(US7,052,674に記載されているものを含み、それらは本明細書中に記載されるポリペプチドとともに使用され得るか、それらに結合され得る);運動促進剤(pro−motility agents)、例えば、バソスタチン(vasostatin)由来ポリペプチド、クロモグラニンA(4−16)(例えば、Ghiaら、2004 Regulatory polypeptides 121:31を参照のこと)またはモチリンアゴニスト(例えば、GM−611またはミテムシナール(mitemcinal)フマレエート)またはノシセプチン(nociceptin)/オルファニン(Orphanin)FQレセプター調節因子(US20050169917);US20050287067に記載されているものを含む、GC−Cに結合し得、かつ/またはGC−Cを活性化し得る他のペプチド;完全または部分5HT(例えば、5HT1、5HT2、5HT3、5HT4)レセプターアゴニストまたはアンタゴニスト(5HT1Aアンタゴニスト(例えば、AGI−OOl(AGI therapeutics)、5HT2Bアンタゴニスト(例えば、PGN1091およびPGNl164(Pharmagene Laboratories Limited)および5HT4レセプターアゴニスト(例えば、テガセロッド(ZELNORM(登録商標))、プルカロプリド(prucalopride)、モサプリド、メトクロプラミド、ザコプリド、シサプリド、レンザプリド、ベンゾイミダゾロン誘導体(例えば、BIMU1およびBIMU8)およびリレキサプリドを含む)(そのようなアゴニスト/調節因子は:EP1321142A1、WO03/053432A1、EP505322A1、EP505322B1、US5,510,353、EP507672A1、EP507672B1、US5,273,983およびUS6,951,867)に記載されている);MKC−733などの5HT3レセプターアゴニスト;および5HT3レセプターアンタゴニスト、例えば、DDP−225(MCI−225;Dynogen Pharmaceuticals,Inc.)、シランセトロン(cilansetron)(Calmactin(登録商標))、アロセトロン(alosetron)(Lotronex(登録商標))、オンダンセトロンHCl(Zofran(登録商標))、ドラセトロン(ANZEMET(登録商標))、パロノセトロン(palonosetron)(Aloxi(登録商標))、グラニセトロン(Kytril(登録商標))、YM060(ラモセトロン;Astellas Pharma Inc.;ラモセトロンは、EP01588707に記載されているように0.002〜0.02mgという1日量として投与され得る)およびATI−7000(Aryx Therapeutics,Santa Clara CA);ムスカリンレセプターアゴニスト;抗炎症剤;鎮痙薬(抗コリン薬(例えば、ジサイクロミン(例えば、Colimex(登録商標)、Formulex(登録商標)、Lomine(登録商標)、Protylol(登録商標)、Visceral(登録商標)、Spasmoban(登録商標)、Bentyl(登録商標)、Bentylol(登録商標))、ヒヨスチアミン(例えば、IB−Stat(登録商標)、Nulev(登録商標)、Levsin(登録商標)、Levbid(登録商標)、Levsinex Timecaps(登録商標)、Levsin/SL(登録商標)、Anaspaz(登録商標)、A−Spas S/L(登録商標)、Cystospaz(登録商標)、Cystospaz−M(登録商標)、Donnamar(登録商標)、Colidrops Liquid Pediatric(登録商標)、Gastrosed(登録商標)、Hyco Elixir(登録商標)、Hyosol(登録商標)、Hyospaz(登録商標)、Hyosyne(登録商標)、Losamine(登録商標)、Medispaz(登録商標)、Neosol(登録商標)、Spacol(登録商標)、Spasdel(登録商標)、Symax(登録商標)、Symax SL(登録商標))、ドナタル(Donnatal)(例えば、Donnatal Extentabs(登録商標))、クリジニウム(例えば、クアルザン(Quarzan)、リブリウム(Librium)=リブラックス(Librax)と併用される)、メタンテリン(例えば、バンサイン(Banthine))、メペンゾレート(例えば、カンチル(Cantil))、ホマトロピン(例えば、ヒコダン(hycodan)、ホマピン(Homapin))、臭化プロパンテリン(例えば、プロ・バンサイン)、グリコピロレート(例えば、Robinul(登録商標)、Robinul Forte(登録商標))、スコポラミン(例えば、Transderm−Scop(登録商標)、Transderm−V(登録商標))、ヒオスシン(hyosine)−N−ブチルブロミド(例えば、Buscopan(登録商標))、ピレンゼピン(例えば、Gastrozepin(登録商標))臭化プロパンテリン(例えば、Propanthel(登録商標))、ジシクロベリン(例えば、Merbentyl(登録商標))、臭化グリコピロニウム(例えば、Glycopyrrolate(登録商標))、臭化水素酸ヒオスシン、ヒオスシンメトブロミド、メタンテリニウム(methanthelinium)およびオクタトロピン(octatropine))が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);ペパーミント油;および直接平滑筋弛緩剤、例えば、臭化シメトロピウム、メベベリン(DUSPATAL(登録商標)、DUSPATALIN(登録商標)、COLOFAC MR(登録商標)、COLOTAL(登録商標))、臭化オチロニウム(オクチロニウム(octilonium))、ピナベリウム(例えば、Dicetel(登録商標)(臭化ピナベリウム;Solvay S.A.))、Spasfon(登録商標)(水和フロログルシノールおよびトリメチルフロログルシノール)およびトリメブチン(マレイン酸トリメブチン(Modulon(登録商標)を含む);抗うつ薬(本明細書中に列挙されるもの、ならびに三環式抗うつ薬、例えば、アミトリプチリン(Elavil(登録商標))、デシプラミン(Norpramin(登録商標))、イミプラミン(Tofranil(登録商標))、アモキサピン(Asendin(登録商標))、ノルトリプチリンが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);選択的セロトニン再取り込みインヒビター(SSRT)、例えば、パロキセチン(Paxil(登録商標))、フルオキセチン(Prozac(登録商標))、セルトラリン(Zoloft(登録商標))およびシタロプラム(citralopram)(Celexa(登録商標));ならびに他のもの、例えば、ドキセピン(Sinequan(登録商標))およびトラゾドン(Desyrel(登録商標));中枢作用鎮痛剤、例えば、オピオイドレセプターアゴニスト、オピオイドレセプターアンタゴニスト(例えば、ナルトレキソン);炎症性腸疾患を処置するための薬剤;クローン病および/または潰瘍性大腸炎を処置するための薬剤(例えば、アレケール(alequel)(Enzo Biochem,Inc.;Farmingsale,NY)、抗炎症性ポリペプチドRDP58(Genzyme,Inc.;Cambridge,MA)およびTRAFICET−ENTM(ChemoCentryx,Inc.;San Carlos,CA);胃腸痛または内臓痛を処置する薬剤;cGMPレベルを上昇させる薬剤(US20040121994に記載されているような)、例えば、アドレナリンレセプターアンタゴニスト、ドーパミンレセプターアゴニストおよびPDE(ホスホジエステラーゼ)インヒビター(本明細書中に開示されるものが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);腸に体液を出させる瀉下薬(例えば、VISICOL(登録商標)、リン酸ナトリウム一塩基一水和物とリン酸ナトリウム二塩基性無水物との組み合わせ);コルチコトロピン放出因子(CRF)レセプターアンタゴニスト(NBI−34041(Neurocrine Biosciences,San Diego,CA)、CRH9−41、アストレシン、R121919(Janssen Pharmaceutica)、CP154,526、NBI−27914、アンタラルミン(Antalarmin)、DMP696(Bristol−Myers Squibb)CP−316,311(Pfizer,Inc.)、SB723620(GSK)、GW876008(Neurocrine/Glaxo Smith Kline)、ONO−2333Ms(Ono Pharmaceuticals)、TS−041(Janssen)、AAG561(Novartis)ならびにUS5,063,245、US5,861,398、US20040224964、US20040198726、US20040176400、US20040171607、US20040110815、US20040006066およびUS20050209253に開示されているものを含む);グルカゴン様ポリペプチド(glp−1)およびそのアナログ(エキセンディン(exendin)−4およびGTP−010(Gastrotech Pharma A)を含む)ならびにDPP−IVのインヒビター(DPP−IVは、glp−1の不活性化を媒介する);
トフィソパム、鏡像異性的に純粋なR−トフィソパムおよびその薬学的に許容可能な塩(US20040229867);ジベンゾチアゼピンタイプの三環式抗うつ薬(Dextofisopam(登録商標)(Vela Pharmaceuticals)、チアネプチン(tianeptine)(Stablon(登録商標))およびUS6,683,072に記載されている他の薬剤が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);(E)−4(1,3ビス(シクロヘキシルメチル)−1,2,34,−テトラヒドロ−2,6−ジオノ−9H−プリン−8−イル)桂皮酸ノナエチレングリコールメチルエーテルエステルおよびWO02/067942に記載されている関連化合物;胃腸の障害の処置に有用な微生物を含んでいる生菌のPROBACTRIX(登録商標)(The BioBalance Corporation;New York,NY);止瀉薬(ロペラミド(イモジウム(Imodium)、ペプトジアレア(Pepto Diarrhea))、アトロピンを含むジフェノキシレート(ロモチル(Lomotil)、ロモコット(Lomocot))、コレスチラミン(クエストラン(Questran)、コリバル(Cholybar))、アトロピン(コ・フェノトロープ(Co−Phenotrope)、ジアルセド(Diarsed)、ジフェノキシレート、ロフェン(Lofene)、ロゲン(Logen)、ロノクス(Lonox)、ビ−アトロ(Vi−Atro)、硫酸アトロピン注射)およびXifaxan(登録商標)(リファキシミン;Salix Pharmaceuticals Ltd)、TZP−201(Tranzyme Pharma Inc.)、神経アセチルコリンレセプター(nACh(登録商標))ブロッカーAGI−004(AGI therapeutics)および次サリチル酸ビスマス(Pepto−bismol)が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);抗不安薬(アチバン(Ativan)(ロラゼパム)、アルプラゾラム(Xanax(登録商標))、クロルジアゼポキシド/クリジニウム(Librium(登録商標)、Librax(登録商標))、クロナゼパム(Klonopin(登録商標))、クロラゼペート(Tranxene(登録商標))、ジアゼパム(Valium(登録商標))、エスタゾラム(ProSom(登録商標))、フルラゼパム(Dalmane(登録商標))、オキサゼパム(Serax(登録商標))、プラゼパム(Centrax(登録商標))、テマゼパム(Restoril(登録商標))、トリアゾラム(Halcion(登録商標);Bedelix(登録商標)(モンモリロナイトベイデリチック(montmorillonite beidellitic);Ipsen Ltd)、Solvay SLV332(ArQuIe Inc)、YKP(SK Pharma)、アシマドリン(Asimadoline)(Tioga Pharmaceuticals/Merck)、AGI−003(AGI Therapeutics)が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);US20060040950に記載されているものを含むニューロキニンアンタゴニスト;US7,002,015に記載されているものを含むカリウムチャネル調節因子;セロトニン調節因子AZD7371(AstraZeneca PIc);M3ムスカリンレセプターアンタゴニスト、例えば、ダリフェナシン(エナブレックス(Enablex);Novartis AGおよびザミフェナシン(zamifenacin)(Pfizer);ハーブおよび天然の治療薬(乳酸菌、カモミールティー、月見草油、ウイキョウの種子、ヨモギ、コンフリーおよびUS6923992におけるようなBao−Ji−Wanの化合物(マグノロール、ホオノキオール、インペラトリン(imperatorin)およびイソインペラトリン(isoimperatorin))が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);およびEPO1550443に記載されているような過敏性腸症候群を処置するためのリシンおよび抗ストレス剤を含む組成物が挙げられる。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、霊長類、げっ歯類またはウサギのインスリンを含む、インスリンおよび関連化合物(その生物学的に活性なバリアント(対立遺伝子バリアントを含む)を含む)、より好ましくは、組換え型で利用可能なヒトインスリンとの併用療法において使用され得る。ヒトインスリンの供給源は、HumulinTM(ヒトインスリンrDNA起源)としてEli Lilly(Indianapolis,Ind.46285)から入手可能なものなどの、薬学的に許容可能かつ滅菌された製剤を包含する。THE PHYSICIAN’S DESK REFERENCE,55.sup.th Ed.(2001)Medical Economics,Thomson Healthcare(他の適当なヒトインスリンを開示している)を参照のこと。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、術後イレウスおよび他の障害を処置するために使用される薬剤(例えば、EnteregTM(アルビモパン;以前、ado lor/ADL8−2698と呼ばれていた)、コニバプタンおよびUS6,645,959に記載されている関連薬剤)との併用療法においても使用され得る。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、降圧剤との併用療法において使用され得、その血圧降下薬としては:(1)利尿薬、例えば、クロルタリドン、クロルチアジド(chlorthiazide)、ジクロロフェナミド(dichlorophenamide)、ヒドロフルメチアジド(hydroflumethiazide)、インダパミド(indapamide)、ポリチアジドおよびヒドロクロロチアジドを含むチアジド系;ループ利尿薬、例えば、ブメタニド、エタクリン酸、フロセミドおよびトルセミド(torsemide);カリウム保持剤、例えば、アミロライドおよびトリアムテレン;炭酸脱水酵素インヒビター、浸透圧剤(osmotics)、例えば、グリセリン)およびアルドステロンアンタゴニスト(例えば、スピロノラクトン、エプレレノン(epirenone)など;(2)ベータ−アドレナリンブロッカー、例えば、アセブトロール、アテノロール、ベタキソロール、ベバントロール(bevantolol)、ビソプロロール(bisoprolol)、ボピンドロール(bopindolol)、カルテオロール(carteolol)、カルベジロール、セリプロロール(celiprolol)、エスモロール、インデノロール(indenolol)、メトプロロール(metaprolol)、ナドロール(nadolol)、ネビボロール(nebivolol)、ペンブトロール(penbutolol)、ピンドロール、プロパノロール(propanolol)、ソタロール(sotalol)、テルタトロール(tertatolol)、チリソロール(tilisolol)およびチモロールなど;(3)カルシウムチャネルブロッカー、例えば、アムロジピン、アラニジピン(aranidipine)、アゼルニジピン(azelnidipine)、バルニジピン(barnidipine)、ベニジピン(benidipine)、ベプリジル(bepridil)、シナルジピン(cinaldipine)、クレビジピン(clevidipine)、ジルチアゼム、エホニジピン、フェロジピン、ガロパミル(gallopamil)、イスラジピン、ラシジピン(lacidipine)、レミルジピン(lemildipine)、レルカニジピン(lercanidipine)、ニカルジピン、ニフェジピン、ニルバジピン(nilvadipine)、ニモジピン(nimodepine)、ニソルジピン、ニトレンジピン、マニジピン、プラニジピン(pranidipine)およびベラパミルなど;(4)アンギオテンシン変換酵素(ACE)インヒビター、例えば、ベナゼプリル(benazepril);カプトプリル;セラナプリル(ceranapril);シラザプリル(cilazapril);デラプリル;エナラプリル;エナロプリル(enalopril);フォシノプリル(fosinopril);イミダプリル(imidapril);リシノプリル;ロシノプリル(losinopril);モエキシプリル(moexipril);キナプリル(quinapril);キナプリラート(quinaprilat);ラミプリル(ramipril);ペリンドプリル(perindopril);ペリンドプリル(perindropril);クアニプリル(quanipril);スピラプリル(spirapril);テモカプリル(tenocapril);トランドラプリル(trandolapril)およびゾフェノプリル(zofenopril)など;(5)中性エンドペプチダーゼインヒビター、例えば、オマパトリラト(omapatrilat)、カンドキサトリル(cadoxatril)およびエカドトリル(ecadotril)、ファシドトリル(fosidotril)、サンパトリラット(sampatrilat)、AVE7688、ER4030など);(6)エンドセリンアンタゴニスト(例えば、テゾセンタン(tezosentan)、A308165およびYM62899など;(7)血管拡張薬、例えば、ヒドララジン、クロニジン、ミノキシジルおよびニコチニルアルコールなど;(8)アンギオテンシンIIレセプターアンタゴニスト、例えば、エプロサルタン(aprosartan)、カンデサルタン(candesartan)、エプロサルタン、イルベサルタン、ロサルタン、オルメサルタン(olmesartan)、プラトサルタン(pratosartan)、タソサルタン(tasosartan)、テルミサルタン(telmisartan)、バルサルタンおよびEXP−3137、FI6828KおよびRNH6270など;(9)α/βアドレナリンブロッカー、例えば、ニプラジロール(nipradilol)、アロチノロール(arotinolol)およびアモスラロール(amosulalol)など;(10)アルファ1ブロッカー、例えば、テラゾシン、ウラピジル、プラゾシン、タムスロシン、ブナゾシン(bunazosin)、トリマゾシン(trimazosin)、ドキサゾシン、ナフトピジル(naftopidil)、インドラミン、WHP164およびXENOlOなど;(11)アルファ2アゴニスト、例えば、ロフェキシジン(lofexidine)、チアメニジン(tiamenidine)、モクソニジン(moxonidine)、リルメニジン(rilmenidine)およびグアナベンズ(guanobenz)など;(12)アルドステロンインヒビターなど;および(13)アンジオポエチン−2−結合剤、例えば、WO03/030833に開示されているものが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。本明細書中に記載されるポリペプチドおよびアゴニストと組み合わせて使用され得る特定の降圧剤としては:利尿薬、例えば、チアジド系(例えば、クロルタリドン、シクロチアジド(CAS RN2259−96−3)、シクロチアジド(CAS RN72956−09−3、US2809194に開示されているように調製され得る)、ジクロロフェナミド、ヒドロフルメチアジド、インダパミド、ポリチアジド、ベンドロフルメチアジド(bendroflumethazide)、メチクロチアジド(methyclothazide)、ポリチアジド、トリクロルメタジド(trichlormethazide)、クロルタリドン、インダパミド、メトラゾン、キネサゾン、アルチアジド(althiazide)(CAS RN5588−16−9、英国特許第902,658号に開示されているように調製され得る)、ベンズチアジド(CAS RN91−33−8、US3108097に開示されているように調製され得る)、ブチアジド(buthiazide)(英国特許第861,367号に開示されているように調製され得る)およびヒドロクロロチアジド)、ループ利尿薬(例えば、ブメタニド、エタクリン酸、フロセミドおよびトラセミド(torasemide))、カリウム保持剤(例えば、アミロライドおよびトリアムテレン(CAS番号396−01−O))およびアルドステロンアンタゴニスト(例えば、スピロノラクトン(CAS番号52−01−7)、エプレレノン(epirenone)など);β−アドレナリンブロッカー、例えば、アミオダロン(コルダロン(Cordarone)、パセロン(Pacerone))、塩酸ブノロール(bunolol hydrochloride)(CAS RN31969−05−8、Parke−Davis)、アセブトロール(±N−[3−アセチル−4−[2−ヒドロキシ−3−[(lメチルエチル)アミノ]プロポキシ]フェニル]−ブタンアミドまたは(±)−3’−アセチル−4’−[2−ヒドロキシ−3−(イソプロピルアミノ)プロポキシ]ブチルアニリド)、塩酸アセブトロール(例えば、Sectral(登録商標),Wyeth−Ayerst)、塩酸アルプレノロール(CAS RN13707−88−5、オランダ特許出願番号6,605,692を参照のこと)、アテノロール(例えば、Tenormin(登録商標)、AstraZeneca)、塩酸カルテオロール(例えば、Cartrol(登録商標)Filmtab(登録商標),Abbott)、塩酸セリプロロール(CAS RN57470−78−7、US4034009もまた参照のこと)、塩酸セタモロール(cetamolol hydrochloride)(CAS RN77590−95−5、US4059622もまた参照のこと)、塩酸ラベタロール(例えば、Normodyne(登録商標),Schering)、塩酸エスモロール(例えば、Brevibloc(登録商標),Baxter)、塩酸レボベタキソロール(levobetaxolol hydrochloride)(例えば、BetaxonTM Ophthalmic Suspension,Alcon)、塩酸レボブノロール(例えば、C CAP(登録商標)Compliance CapとともにBetagan(登録商標)Liquifilm(登録商標),Allergan)、ナドロール(例えば、Nadolol,Mylan)、プラクトロール(CAS RN6673−35−4、US3408387もまた参照のこと)、塩酸プロプラノロール(CAS RN318−98−9)、塩酸ソタロール(例えば、Betapace AFTM,Berlex)、チモロール(2−プロパノール,1−[(1,1−ジメチルエチル)アミノ]−3−[[4−4(4−モルホリニル)−1,2,5−チアジアゾール−3−イル]オキシ]−,半水和物,(S)−,CAS RN91524−16−2)、マレイン酸チモロール(S)−1−[(1,1−ジメチルエチル)アミノ]−3−[[4−(4−モルホリニル)−1,2,5−チアジアゾール−3−イル]オキシ]−2−プロパノール(Z)−2−ブテンジオエート(1:1)塩、CAS RN26921−17−5)、ビソプロロール(2−プロパノール,1−[4−[[2−(1−メチルエトキシ)エトキシ]−メチル]フェノキシル]−3−[(1−メト−イルエチル)アミノ]−,(±),CAS RN66722−44−9)、フマル酸ビソプロロール(例えば、(±)−1−[4−[[2−(1−メチルエトキシ)エトキシ]メチル]フェノキシ]−3−[(1−メチルエチル)アミノ]−2−プロパノール(E)−2−ブテンジオエート(2:1)(塩)、例えば、ZebetaTM,Lederle Consumer)、ネビボロール(nebivalol)(2H−1−ベンゾピラン−2−メタノール、αα’−[イミノビス(メチレン)]ビス[6−フルオロ−3,4−ジヒドロ−,CAS RN99200−09−6、米国特許第4,654,362号もまた参照のこと)、塩酸シクロプロロール(cicloprolol hydrochloride)、そのような2−プロパノール、1−[4−[2−(シクロプロピルメトキシ)エトキシ]フェノキシ]−3−[1−メチルエチル)アミノ]−,ハイドロクロライド,
A.A.S.RN 63686−79−3)、塩酸デキスプロプラノロール(dexpropranolol hydrochloride)(2−プロパノール,1−[1−メチルエチ)−アミノ]−3−(1−ナフタレニルオキシ)−ハイドロクロライド(CAS RN13071−11−9)、塩酸ジアセトロール(diacetolol hydrochloride)(アセトアミド,N−[3−アセチル−4−[2−ヒドロキシ−3−[(1−メチル−エチル)アミノ]プロポキシ][フェニル]−,モノハイドロクロライド CAS RN69796−04−9)、塩酸ジレバロール(dilevalol hydrochloride)(ベンズアミド,2−ヒドロキシ−5−[1−ヒドロキシ−2−[1−メチル−3−フェニルプロピル)アミノ]エチル]−,モノハイドロクロライド、CAS RN75659−08−4)、塩酸エキサプロロール(exaprolol hydrochloride)(2−プロパノール,1−(2−シクロヘキシルフェノキシ)−3−[(1−メチルエチル)アミノ]−,ハイドロクロライド CAS RN59333−90−3)、硫酸フレストロール(flestolol sulfate)(安息香酸,2−フルオロ(fluro)−,3−[[2−[アミノカルボニル)アミノ]−−ジメチルエチル]アミノ]−2−ヒドロキシプロピルエステル,(+)−スルフェート(1:1)(塩)、CAS RN88844−73−9;塩酸メタロール(metalol hydrochloride)(メタンスルホンアミド,N−[4−[1−ヒドロキシ−2−(メチルアミノ)プロピル]フェニル]−,モノハイドロクロライドCAS RN7701−65−7)、メトプロロール2−プロパノール,1−[4−(2−メトキシエチル)フェノキシ]−3−[1−メチルエチル)アミノ]−;CAS RN37350−58−6)、酒石酸メトプロロール(例えば、2−プロパノール,1−[4−(2−メトキシエチル)フェノキシ]−3−[(1−メチルエチル)アミノ]−,例えば、Lopressor(登録商標),Novartis)、硫酸パマトロール(pamatolol sulfate)(カルバミン酸,[2−[4−[2−ヒドロキシ−3−[(1−メチルエチル)アミノ]プロポキシル]フェニル]−エチル]−,メチルエステル,(±)スルフェート(塩)(2:1)、CAS RN59954−01−7)、硫酸ペンブトロール(2−プロパノール、1−(2−シクロペンチルフェノキシ)−3−[1,1−ジメチルエチル(dimethyle−thyl))アミノ]1,(S)−,スルフェート(2:1)(塩)、CAS RN38363−32−5)、プラクトロール(アセトアミド,N−[4−[2−ヒドロキシ−3−[(1−メチルエチル)アミノ]−プロポキシ]フェニル]−,CAS RN6673−35−4;)塩酸チプレノール(プロパノール,1−[(1−メチルエチル)アミノ]−3−[2−(メチルチオ)−フェノキシ]−,ハイドロクロライド,(±),CAS RN39832−43−4)、トラモロール(tolamolol)(ベンズアミド,4−[2−[[2−ヒドロキシ−3−(2−メチルフェノキシ)−プロピル]アミノ]エトキシル]−,CAS RN38103−61−6)、ボピンドロール、インデノロール、ピンドロール、プロパノロール、テルタトロールおよびチリソロールなど;カルシウムチャネルブロッカー、例えば、アムロジピンのベシル酸塩(例えば、3−エチル−5−メチル−2−(2−アミノエトキシメチル)−4−(2−クロロフェニル)−1,4−ジヒドロ−6−メチル−3,5−ピリジンジカルボキシレートベンゼンスルホネート、例えば、Norvasc(登録商標),Pfizer)、マレイン酸クレンチアゼム(clentiazem maleate)(1,5−ベンゾチアゼピン−4(5H)−オン,3−(アセチルオキシ)−8−クロロ−5−[2−(ジメチルアミノ)エチル]−2,3−ジヒドロ−2−(4−メトキシフェニル)−(2S−cis)−,(Z)−2−ブテンジオエート(1:1)、US4567195もまた参照のこと)、イスラジピン(3,5−ピリジンジカルボン酸,4−(4−ベンゾフラザニル)−1,4−ジヒドロ−2,6−ジメチル−,メチル1−メチルエチルエステル,(±)−4(4−ベンゾフラザニル)−1,4−ジヒドロ−2,6−ジメチル−3,5−ピリジンジカルボキシレート、US4466972もまた参照のこと);ニモジピン(例えば、イソプロピル(2−メトキシエチル)1,4−ジヒドロ−2,6−ジメチル−4−(3−ニトロフェニル)−3,5−ピリジン−ジカルボキシレート、例えば、Nimotop(登録商標),Bayer)、フェロジピン(例えば、エチルメチル4−(2,3−ジクロロフェニル)−1,4−ジヒドロ−2,6−ジメチル−3,5−ピリジンジカルボキシレート−,例えば、Plendil(登録商標)Extended−Release,AstraZeneca LP)、ニルバジピン(3,5−ピリジンジカルボン酸,2−シアノ−1,4−ジヒドロ−6−メチル−4−(3−ニトロフェニル)−,3−メチル5−(1−メチルエチル)エステル、US3799934もまた参照のこと)、ニフェジピン(例えば、3,5−ピリジンジカルボン酸,1,4−ジヒドロ−2,6−ジメチル−4−(2−ニトロフェニル)−,ジメチルエステル、例えば、Procardia XL(登録商標)Extended Release Tablets,Pfizer)、塩酸ジルチアゼムジルチアゼム(例えば、1,5−ベンゾチアゼピン−4(5H)−オン,3−(アセチルオキシ)−5[2−(ジメチルアミノ)エチル]−2,−3−ジヒドロ−2(4−メトキシフェニル)−,モノハイドロクロライド,(+)−cis.,例えば、Tiazac(登録商標),Forest)、塩酸ベラパミル(例えば、ベンゼンアセトロニトリル,(アルファ)−[[3−[[2−(3,4−ジメトキシフェニル)エチル]メチルアミノ]プロピル]−3,4−ジメトキシ−(アルファ)−(1−メチルエチル)ハイドロクロライド、例えば、Isoptin(登録商標)SR,Knoll Labs)、塩酸テルジピン(teludipine hydrochloride)(3,5−ピリジンジカルボン酸,2−[(ジメチルアミノ)メチル]4−[2−[(1E)−3−(1,1−ジメチルエトキシ)−3−オキソ−1−プロペニル]フェニル]−1,4−ジヒドロ−6−メチル−,ジエチルエステル,モノハイドロクロライド)CAS RN108700−03−4)、ベルホスジル(belfosdil)(ホスホン酸,[2−(2−フェノキシエチル)−1,3−プロパン−ジイル]ビス−,テトラブチルエステル CAS RN103486−79−9)、ホストジル(fostedil)(ホスホン酸,[[4−(2−ベンゾチアゾリル)フェニル]メチル]−,ジエチルエステル CAS RN75889−62−2)、アラニジピン、アゼルニジピン、バルニジピン、ベニジピン、ベプリジル、シナルジピン、クレビジピン、エホニジピン、ガロパミル、ラシジピン、レミルジピン、レルカニジピン、マレイン酸モナテピル(monatepil maleate)(1−ピペラジンブタンアミド,N−(6,11−ジヒドロジベンゾ(b,e)チエピン−11−イル)4−(4−フルオロフェニル)−,(+)−,(Z)−2−ブテンジオエート(1:1)(±)−N−(6,11−ジヒドロジベンゾ(b,e)チエピン(thiep−in)−11−イル)−4−(p−フルオロフェニル)−1−ピペラジンブチルアミドマレエート(1:1)CAS RN132046−06−1)、ニカルジピン、ニソルジピン、ニトレンジピン、マニジピン、プラニジピンなど;T−チャネルカルシウムアンタゴニスト、例えば、ミベフラジル;アンギオテンシン変換酵素(ACE)インヒビター、例えば、ベナゼプリル、塩酸ベナゼプリル(例えば、3−[[1−(エトキシカルボニル)−3−フェニル−(1S)−プロピル]アミノ]−2,3,4,5−テトラヒドロ−2−オキソ−1H−1−(3S)−ベンザゼピン−1−酢酸モノハイドロクロライド、例えば、Lotrel(登録商標),Novartis)、カプトプリル(例えば、1−[(2S)−3−メルカプト−2−メチルプロピオニル]−L−プロリン、例えば、Captopril,Mylan、CAS RN62571−86−2およびUS4046889に開示されているその他のもの)、セラナプリル(およびUS4452790に開示されているその他のもの)、セタプリル(cetapril)(アラセプリル(alacepril)、DainipponがEur.Therap.Res.39:671(1986);40:543(1986)に開示した)、J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.9:39(1987)において開示されたシラザプリル(Hoffman−LaRoche)、インダラプリル(indalapril)(塩酸デラプリル(2H−1,2,4−ベンゾチアジアジン−7−スルホンアミド,3−ビシクロ[2.2.1]ヘプト−5−エン−2−イル−6−クロロ−3,4−ジヒドロ−,1,1−ジオキシド CAS RN2259−96−3);US4385051に開示されている)、エナラプリル(およびUS4374829に開示されているその他のもの)、エナロプリル、エナラプリラート(enaloprilat)、フォシノプリル,((例えば、L−プロリン,4−シクロヘキシル−1−[[[2−メチル−1−(1−オキソプロポキシ)プロポキシ](4−フェニルブチル)ホスフィニル]アセチル]−,ナトリウム塩、例えば、モノプリル(Monopril),Bristol−Myers SquibbおよびUS4168267に開示されているその他のもの)、フォシノプリルナトリウム(L−プロリン,4−シクロヘキシル−1−[[(R)−[(1S)−2−メチル−1−(1−オキソプロポキシ(ox−opropoxy))プロポキス(propox),イミダプリル、インドラプリル(indolapril)(Schering,J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.5:643,655(1983)に開示されている)、リシノプリル(Merck)、ロシノプリル、モエキシプリル、塩酸モエキシプリル(3−イソキノリンカルボン酸,2−[(2S)−2−[[(1S)−1−(エトキシカルボニル)−3−フェニルプロピル]アミノ]−1−オキソプロピル]−1,−2,3,4−テトラヒドロ−6,7−ジメトキシ−,モノハイドロクロライド,(3S)−CAS RN82586−52−5)、キナプリル、キナプリラート、EP79022およびCurr.Ther.Res.40:74(1986)に開示されているラミプリル(Hoechsst)、ペリンドプリルエルブミン(perindopril erbumine)(例えば、2S,3aS,7aS−1−[(S)−N−[(S)−1−カルボキシブチルjアラニルjヘキサヒドロ^−インドリンカルボン酸,1−エチルエステル,tert−ブチルアミンを有する化合物(1:1)、例えば、Aceon(登録商標),Solvay)、ペリンドプリル(Servier,Eur.J.clin.Pharmacol.31:519(1987)に開示されている)、クアニプリル(US4344949に開示されている)、スピラプリル(Schering,Acta.Pharmacol.Toxicol.59(Supp.5):173(1986)に開示されている)、テモカプリル、トランドラプリル、ゾフェノプリル(およびUS4316906に開示されているその他のもの)、レンチアプリル(rentiapril)(フェンチアプリル(fentiapril)、Clin.Exp.Pharmacol.Physiol.10:131(1983)に開示されている)、ピボプリル(pivopril)、YS980、テプロチド(ブラジキニン増強剤BPP9a CAS RN35115−60
−7)、BRL36,378(Smith Kline Beecham,EP80822およびEP60668を参照のこと)、MC−838(Chugai,CA.102:72588vおよびJap.J.Pharmacol.40:373(1986)を参照のこと、CGS14824(Ciba−Geigy,3−([1−エトキシカルボニル−3−フェニル−(1S)−プロピル]アミノ)−2,3,4,5−テトラヒドロ−2−オキソ(ox−o)−1−(3S)−ベンザゼピン−l酢酸HCl、英国特許第2103614号を参照のこと)、CGS16,617(Ciba−Geigy,3(S)−[[(1S)−5−アミノ−1−カルボキシペンチル]アミノ]−2,3,4,−5−テトラヒドロ−2−オキソ−1H−1−ベンザゼピン−1−エタン酸、US4473575を参照のこと)、Ru44570(Hoechst,Arzneimittelforschung 34:1254(1985)を参照のこと)、
R31−2201(Hoffman−LaRoche FEBS Lett.165:201(1984))、CI925(Pharmacologist 26:243,266(1984))、WY−44221(Wyeth,J.Med.Chem.26:394(1983)を参照のこと)およびUS2003006922(パラグラフ28)、US4337201、US4432971に開示されているもの(ホスホンアミデート);中性エンドペプチダーゼインヒビター、例えば、オマパトリラト(Vanlev(登録商標))、CGS30440、カンドキサトリルおよびエカドトリル、ファシドトリル(fasidotril)(アラドトリル(aladotril)またはアラトリオプリル(alatriopril)としても知られる)、サンパトリラット、ミキサンプリル(mixanpril)およびゲモパトリラト(gemopatrilat)、AVE7688、ER4030、およびUS5362727、US5366973、US5225401、US4722810、US5223516、US4749688、US5552397、US5504080、US5612359、US5525723、EP0599444、EP0481522、EP0599444、EP0595610、EP0534363、EP534396、EP534492、EP0629627に開示されているもの;エンドセリンアンタゴニスト、例えば、テゾセンタン、A308165およびYM62899など;血管拡張薬、例えば、ヒドララジン(アプレソリン(apresoline))、クロニジン(塩酸クロニジン(1H−イミダゾール−2−アミン,N−(2,6−ジクロロフェニル)4,5−ジヒドロ−,モノハイドロクロライド CAS RN4205−91−8)、カタプレス(catapres)、ミノキシジル(ロニテン(loniten))、ニコチニルアルコール(ロニアコール(roniacol))、塩酸ジルチアゼム(例えば、1,5−ベンゾチアゼピン−4(5H)−オン,3−(アセチルオキシ)−5[2−(ジメチルアミノ)エチル]−2,−3−ジヒドロ−2(4−メトキシフェニル)−,モノハイドロクロライド,(+)−cis、例えば、Tiazac(登録商標),Forest)、イソソルビドジニトレート(例えば、1,4:3,6−ジアンヒドロ−D−グルシトール2,5−ジニトレート 例えば、Isordil(登録商標)Titradose(登録商標),Wyeth−Ayerst)、一硝酸イソソルビド(sosorbide mononitrate)(例えば、1,4:3,6−ジアンヒドロ−D−グルシト(glucito)−1,5−ニトレート,有機硝酸塩、例えば、Ismo(登録商標),Wyeth−Ayerst)、ニトログリセリン(例えば、2,3プロパントリオールトリニトレート、例えば、Nitrostat(登録商標)Parke−Davis)、塩酸ベラパミル(例えば、ベンゼンアセトニトリル,(±)−(アルファ)[3−[[2−(3,4ジメトキシフェニル)エチル]メチルアミノ]プロピル]−3,4−ジメトキシ−(アルファ)−(1−メチルエチル)ハイドロクロライド、例えば、Covera HS(登録商標)Extended−Release,Searle)、クロモナール(chromonar)(US3282938に開示されているように調製され得る)、クロニテート(clonitate)(Annalen 1870 155)、ドロプレニルアミン(droprenilamine)(DE2521113に開示されているように調製され得る)、リドフラジン(US3267104に開示されているように調製され得る);プレニラミン(US3152173に開示されているように調製され得る)、硝酸プロパチル(仏国特許第1,103,113号に開示されているように調製され得る)、塩酸ミオフラジン(mioflazine hydrochloride)(1−ピペラジンアセトアミド,3−(アミノカルボニル)4−[4,4−ビス(4−フルオロフェニル)ブチル]−N−(2,6−ジクロロフェニル)−,ジハイドロクロライド CAS RN83898−67−3)、ミキシジン(mixidine)(ベンゼンエタンアミン,3,4−ジメトキシ−N−(1−メチル−2−ピロリジニリデン)−ピロリジン,2−[(3,4−ジメトキシフェネチル)イミノ]−1−メチル−1−メチル−2−[(3,4−ジメトキシフェネチル)イミノ]ピロリジン CAS RN27737−38−8)、モルシドミン(molsidomine)(1,2,3−オキサジアゾリウム,5−[(エトキシカルボニル)アミノ]−3−(4−モルホリニル)−,分子内塩 CAS RN25717−80−0)、イソソルビドモノニトレート(D−グルシトール、1,4:3,6−ジアンヒドロ−,5−ニトレート CAS RN16051−77−7)、四硝酸エリトリチル(1,2,3,4−ブタンテトラオール,テトラニトレート,(2R,3S)−rel−CAS RN7297−25−8)、クロニトレート(clonitrate)(1,2−プロパンジオール,3−クロロ−,ジニトレート(7CI、8CI、9CI)CAS RN2612−33−1)、ジピリダモールエタノール,2,2’,2”,2”’−[(4,8−ジ−1−ピペリジニルピリミド[5,4−d]ピリミジン−2,6−ジイル)ジニトリロ]テトラキス−CAS RN58−32−2)、ニコランジル(nicorandil)(CAS RN65141−46−0 3−)、ピリジンカルボキサミド(N−[2−(ニトロオキシ)エチル]−ニソルジピン3,5−ピリジンジカルボン酸,1,4−ジヒドロ−2,6−ジメチル−4−(2−ニトロフェニル)−,メチル2−メチルプロピルエステルCAS RN63675−72−9)、ニフェジピン3,5−ピリジンジカルボン酸,1,4−ジヒドロ−2,6−ジメチル−4−(2−ニトロフェニル)−,ジメチルエステルCAS RN21829−25−4)、マレイン酸ペルヘキシリン(ピペリジン,2−(2,2−ジシクロヘキシルエチル)−,(2Z)−2−ブテンジオエート(1:1)CAS RN6724−53−4)、塩酸オクスプレノロール(2−プロパノール,1−[(1−メチルエチル)アミノ]−3−[2−(2−プロペニルオキシ)フェノキシ]−,ハイドロクロライド CAS RN6452−73−9)、ペントリニトロール(pentrinitrol)(1,3−プロパンジオール,2,2−ビス[(ニトロオキシ)メチル]−,モノニトレート(エステル)CAS RN1607−17−6)、ベラパミル(ベンゼンアセトニトリル,α−[3−[[2−(3,4−ジメトキシフェニル)エチル]−メチルアミノ]プロピル]−3,4−ジメトキシ−α−(1−メチルエチル)−CAS RN52−53−9)など;アンギオテンシンIIレセプターアンタゴニスト、例えば、エプロサルタン、ゾラサルタン(zolasartan)、オルメサルタン、プラトサルタン、FI6828K、RNH6270、カンデサルタン(1H−ベンズイミダゾール−7−カルボン酸,2−エトキシ−1−[[2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)[1,1’−ビフェニル]4−イル]メチル]−CAS RN139481−59−7)、カンデサルタンシレキセチル((+/−)−1−(シクロヘキシルカルボニルオキシ)エチル−2−エトキシ−1−[[2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル]−1H−ベンズイミダゾールカルボキシレート、CAS RN145040−37−5、US5703110およびUS5196444)、エプロサルタン(3−[1−4−カルボキシフェニルメチル)−2−n−ブチル−イミダゾール−5−イル]−(2−チエニルメチル)プロペン酸、US5185351およびUS5650650)、イルベサルタン(2−n−ブチル−3−[[2’−(1h−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル]メチル]1,3−ジアザズスピロ(diazazspiro)[4,4]ノン−1−エン−4−オン、US5270317およびUS5352788)、ロサルタン(2−N−ブチル−4−クロロ−5−ヒドロキシメチル−1−[(2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル)−メチル]イミダゾール,カリウム塩、US5138069、US5153197およびUS5128355)、タソサルタン(5,8−ジヒドロ−2,4−ジメチル−8−[(2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)[1,r−ビフェニル]4−イル)メチル]−ピリド[2,3−d]ピリミジン−7(6H)−オン、US5149699)、テルミサルタン(4’−[(1,4−ジメチル−2’−プロピル−(2,6’−ビ−1H−ベンズイミダゾール)−r−イル)]−[1,1’−ビフェニル]−2−カルボン酸、CAS RN144701−48−4、US5591762)、ミルファサルタン(milfasartan)、アビテサルタン(abitesartan)、バルサルタン(Diovan(登録商標)(Novartis),(S)−N−バレリル−N−[[2’−(lH−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル)メチル]バリン、US5399578)、EXP−3137(2−N−ブチル−4−クロロ−1−[(2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル)−メチル]イミダゾール−5−カルボン酸、US5138069、US5153197およびUS5128355)、3−(2’−(テトラゾール−5−イル)−1,r−ビフェン−4−イル)メチル−5,7−ジメチル−2−エチル−3H−イミダゾ[4,5−b]ピリジン、4’[2−エチル−4−メチル−6−(5,6,7,8−テトラヒドロイミダゾ[1,2−a]ピリジン−2−イル]−ベンズイミダゾール−1−イル]−メチル]−1,r−ビフェニル]−2−カルボン酸、2−ブチル−6−(1−メトキシ−1−メチルエチル)−2−[2’−)1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イルメチル]グイナゾリン(guinazolin)−4(3H)−オン、3−[2’−カルボキシビフェニル−4−イル)メチル]−2−シクロプロピル−7−メチル−3H−イミダゾ[4,5−b]ピリジン、2−ブチル−4−クロロ−1−[(2’−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル)メチル]イミダゾール−カルボン酸、2−ブチル−4−クロロ−1−[[2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)[1,1’−ビフェニル]−4−イル]メチル]−1H−イミダゾール−5−カルボン酸−1−(エトキシカルボニル−オキシ)エチルエステルカリウム塩、二カリウム2−ブチル−4−(メチルチオ)−1−[[2−[[[(プロピルアミノ)カルボニル]アミノ]−スルホニル](1,1’−ビフェニル)−4−イル]メチル]−1H−イミダゾール−5−カルボキシレート、メチル−2−[[4−ブチル−2−メチル−6−オキソ−5−[[2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)−[1,1’−ビフェニル]−4−イル]メチル]−1−(6H)−ピリミジニル]メチル]−3−チオフェンカルボキシレート、5−[(3,5−ジブチル−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)メチル]−2−[2−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イルフェニル)]ピリジン、6−ブチル−2−(2−フェニルエチル)−5[[2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)[1,1’−ビフェニル]−4−メチル]ピリミジン−4−(3H)−オンD,Lリシン塩、5−メチル−7−n−プロピル−8−[[2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル]メチル]−[1,2,4]−トリアゾロ[1,5−c]ピリミジン−2(3H)−オン、2,7−ジエチル−5−[[2’−(5−テトラゾリ)ビフェニル−4−イル]メチル]−5H−ピラゾロ[1,5−b][1,2,4]トリアゾールカリウム塩、
2−[2−ブチル−4,5−ジヒドロ−4−オキソ−3−[2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)−4−ビフェニルメチル]−3H−イミダゾール[4,5−c]ピリジン−5−イルメチル]安息香酸、エチルエステル、カリウム塩、3−メトキシ−2,6−ジメチル−4−[[2’(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)−1,1’−ビフェニル−4−イル]メトキシ]ピリジン、2−エトキシ−1−[[2’−(5−オキソ−2,5−ジヒドロ−1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−3−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル]メチル]−1H−ベンズイミダゾール−7−カルボン酸、1−[N−(2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル−メチル)−N−バレロリルアミノメチル(valerolylaminomethyl))シクロペンタン−1−カルボン酸、7−メチル−2n−プロピル−3−[[2’1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル]メチル]−3H−イミダゾ[4,5−6]ピリジン、2−[5−[(2−エチル−5,7−ジメチル−3H−イミダゾ[4,5−b]ピリジン−3−イル)メチル]−2−キノリニル]安息香酸ナトリウム、2−ブチル−6−クロロ−4−ヒドロキシメチル−5−メチル−3−[[2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル]メチル]ピリジン、2−[[[2−ブチル−1−[(4−カルボキシフェニル)メチル]−1H−イミダゾール−5−イル]メチル]アミノ]安息香酸テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル]メチル]ピリミジン−6−オン、4(S)−[4−(カルボキシメチル)フェノキシ]−N−[2(R)−[4−(2−スルホベンズアミド)イミダゾール−1−イル]オクタノイル]−L−プロリン、1−(2,6−ジメチルフェニル)−4−ブチル−1,3−ジヒドロ−3−[[6−[2−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)フェニル]−3−ピリジニル]メチル]−2H−イミダゾール−2−オン、5,8−エタノ−5,8−ジメチル−2−n−プロピル−5,6,7,8−テトラヒドロ−1−[[2’(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル]メチル]−1H,4H−1,3,4a,8a−テトラアザシクロペンタナフタレン(tetrazacyclopentanaphthalene)−9−オン、4−[1−[2’−(1,2,3,4−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェン−4−イル)メチルアミノ]−5,6,7,8−テトラヒドロ−2−トリフィルキナゾリン(trifylquinazoline)、2−(2−クロロベンゾイル)イミノ−5−エチル−3−[2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル)メチル−1,3,4−チアジアゾリン,2−[5−エチル−3−[2−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル]メチル−1,3,4−チアゾリン−2−イリデン]アミノカルボニル−1−シクロペンテンカルボン酸二カリウム塩および2−ブチル−4−[N−メチル−N−(3−メチルクロトノイル)アミノ]−1−[[2’−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)ビフェニル−4−イル]メチル]−1H−イミダゾール(imidzole)−5−カルボン酸1−エトキシカルボニルオキシエチルエステル、特許公報EP475206、EP497150、EP539086、EP539713、EP535463、EP535465、EP542059、EP497121、EP535420、EP407342、EP415886、EP424317、EP435827、EP433983、EP475898、EP490820、EP528762、EP324377、EP323841、EP420237、EP500297、EP426021、EP480204、EP429257、EP430709、EP434249、EP446062、EP505954、EP524217、EP514197、EP514198、EP514193、EP514192、EP450566、EP468372、EP485929、EP503162、EP533058、EP467207
EP399731、EP399732、EP412848、EP453210、EP456442、EP470794、EP470795、EP495626、EP495627、EP499414、EP499416、EP499415、EP511791、EP516392、EP520723、EP520724、EP539066、EP438869、EP505893、EP530702、EP400835、EP400974、EP401030、EP407102、EP411766、EP409332、EP412594、EP419048、EP480659、EP481614、EP490587、EP467715、EP479479、EP502725、EP503838、EP505098、EP505111 EP513,979 EP507594、EP510812、EP511767、EP512675、EP512676、EP512870、EP517357、EP537937、EP534706、EP527534、EP540356、EP461040、EP540039、EP465368、EP498723、EP498722、EP498721、EP515265、EP503785、EP501892、EP519831、EP532410、EP498361、EP432737、EP504888、EP508393、EP508445、EP403159、EP403158、EP425211、EP427463、EP437103、EP481448、EP488532、EP501269、EP500409、EP540400、EP005528、EP028834、EP028833、EP411507、EP425921、EP430300、EP434038、EP442473、EP443568、EP445811、EP459136、EP483683、EP518033、EP520423、EP531876、EP531874、EP392317、EP468470、EP470543、EP502314、EP529253、EP543263、EP540209、EP449699、EP465323、EP521768、EP415594、WO92/14468、WO93/08171、WO93/08169、WO91/00277、WO91/00281、WO91/14367、WO92/00067、WO92/00977、WO92/20342、WO93/04045、WO93/04046、WO91/15206、WO92/14714、WO92/09600、WO92/16552、WO93/05025、WO93/03018、WO91/07404、WO92/02508、WO92/13853、WO91/19697、WO91/11909、WO91/12001、WO91/11999、WO91/15209、WO91/15479、WO92/20687、WO92/20662、WO92/20661、WO93/01177、WO91/14679、WO91/13063、WO92/13564、WO91/17148、WO91/18888、WO91/19715、WO92/02257、WO92/04335、WO92/05161、WO92/07852、WO92/15577、WO93/03033、WO91/16313、WO92/00068、WO92/02510、WO92/09278、WO9210179、WO92/10180、WO92/10186、WO92/10181、WO92/10097、WO92/10183、WO92/10182、WO92/10187、WO92/10184、WO92/10188、WO92/10180、WO92/10185、WO92/20651、WO93/03722、WO93/06828、WO93/03040、WO92/19211、WO92/22533、WO92/06081、WO92/05784、WO93/00341、WO92/04343、WO92/04059、US5104877、US5187168、US5149699、US5185340、US4880804、US5138069、US4916129、US5153197、US5173494、US5137906、US5155126、US5140037、US5137902、US5157026、US5053329、US5132216、US5057522、US5066586、US5089626、US5049565、US5087702、US5124335、US5102880、US5128327、US5151435、US5202322、US5187159、US5198438、US5182288、US5036048、US5140036、US5087634、US5196537、US5153347、US5191086、US5190942、US5177097、US5212177、US5208234、US5208235、US5212195、US5130439、US5045540、US5041152およびUS5210204に開示されているものならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩およびエステル;α/βアドレナリンブロッカー、例えば、ニプラジロール、アロチノロール、アモスラロール、ブレチリウムトシレート(CAS RN:61−75−6)、メシル酸ジヒドロエルゴタミン(dihydroergtamine mesylate)(例えば、エルゴタマン−3’、6’,18−トリオン,9,−10−ジヒドロ−12’−ヒドロキシ−2’−メチル−5’−(フェニルメチル)−,(5’(α))−,モノメタンスルホネート、例えば、DHE 45(登録商標)Injection,Novartis)、カルベジロール(例えば、(±)−1−(カルバゾール−4−イルオキシ)−3−[[2−(o−メトキシフェノキシ)エチル]アミノ]−2−プロパノール、例えば、Coreg(登録商標),SmithKline Beecham)、ラベタロール(例えば、5−[1−ヒドロキシ−2−[(1−メチル−3−フェニルプロピル)アミノ]エチルjサリチルアミドモノハイドロクロライド、例えば、Normodyne(登録商標),Schering)、ブレチリウムトシレート(4−メチルベンゼンスルホン酸とのベンゼンメタンアミニウム,2−ブロモ−N−エチル−N,N−ジメチル−,塩(1:1)CAS RN61−75−6)、フェントラミンメシレート(フェノール,3−[[(4,5−ジヒドロ−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)メチル](4−メチルフェニル)アミノ]−,モノメタンスルホネート(塩)CAS RN65−28−1)、酒石酸ソリペルチン(solypertine tartrate)(5H−1,3−ジオキソロ[4,5−f]インドール,7−[2−[4−(2−メトキシフェニル)−1−ピペラジニル]エチル]−,(2R,3R)−2,3−ジヒドロキシブタンジオエート(1:1)CAS RN5591−43−5)、塩酸ゾレルチン(zolertine hydrochloride)(ピペラジン,1−フェニル4−[2−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)エチル]−,モノハイドロクロライド(8Cl、9Cl)CAS RN7241−94−3)など;αアドレナリンレセプターブロッカー、例えば、アルフゾシン(alfuzosin)(CAS RN:81403−68−1)、テラゾシン、ウラピジル、プラゾシン(Minipress(登録商標))、タムスロシン、ブナゾシン、トリマゾシン、ドキサゾシン、ナフトピジル、インドラミン、WHP164、XENOlO、塩酸フェンスピリド(fenspiride hydrochloride)(US3399192に開示されているように調製され得る)、プロロキサン(proroxan)(CAS RN33743−96−3)および塩酸ラベタロールならびにそれらの組み合わせ;α2アゴニスト、例えば、メチルドパ、メチルドパHCL、ロフェキシジン、チアメニジン、モクソニジン、リルメニジン、グアナベンズなど;アルドステロンインヒビターなど;
アリスキレン(Aliskiren)(SPPlOO;Novartis/Speedel)を含むレニンインヒビター;アンジオポエチン−2−結合剤、例えば、WO03/030833に開示されているもの;抗アンギナ剤、例えば、ラノラジン(ranolazine)(ハイドロクロライド1−ピペラジンアセトアミド,N−(2,6−ジメチルフェニル)−4−[2−ヒドロキシ−3−(2−メトキシフェノキシ)プロピル]−,ジハイドロクロライド CAS RN95635−56−6)、塩酸ベタキソロール(2−プロパノール,1−[4−[2(シクロプロピルメトキシ)エチル]フェノキシ]−3−[(1−メチルエチル)アミノ]−,ハイドロクロライド CAS RN63659−19−8)、塩酸ブトプロジン(butoprozine hydrochloride)(メタノン,[4−[3(ジブチルアミノ)プロポキシ]フェニル](2−エチル−3−インドリジニル)−,モノハイドロクロライド CAS RN62134−34−3)、マレイン酸シネパゼト(cinepazet maleatel)−ピペラジン酢酸,4−[1−オキソ−3−(3,4,5−トリメトキシフェニル)−2−プロペニル]−,エチルエステル,(2Z)−2−ブテンジオエート(1:1)CAS RN50679−07−7)、トシフェン(tosifen)(ベンゼンスルホンアミド、4−メチル−N−[[[(1S)−1−メチル−2−フェニルエチル]アミノ]カルボニル]−CAS RN32295−184)、塩酸ベラパミル(verapamil hydrochloride)(ベンゼンアセトニトリル,α−[3−[[2−(3,4−ジメトキシフェニル)エチル]メチルアミノ]プロピル]−3,4−ジメトキシ−α−(1−メチルエチル)−,モノハイドロクロライド CAS RN152−114)、モルシドミン(1,2,3−オキサジアゾリウム,5−[(エトキシカルボニル)アミノ]−3−(4−モルホリニル)−,分子内塩 CAS RN25717−80−0)および塩酸ラノラジン(1−ピペラジンアセトアミド,N−(2,6−ジメチルフェニル)4−[2−ヒドロキシ−3−(2−メト−オキシフェノキシ)プロピル]−,ジハイドロクロライド CAS RN95635−56−6));トシフェン(ベンゼンスルホンアミド,4−メチル−N−[[[(1S)−1−メチル−2−フェニルエチル]アミノ]カルボニル]−CAS RN32295−184);アドレナリン刺激剤(例えば、塩酸グアンファシン(guanfacine hydrochloride)(例えば、N−アミジノ−2−(2,6−ジクロロフェニル)アセトアミドハイドロクロライド、例えば、Robinsから入手可能なTenex(登録商標)Tablets);ヒドロクロロチアジドと組み合わされるメチルドパ−ヒドロクロロチアジド(例えば、レボ−3−(3,4−ジヒドロキシフェニル)−2−メチルアラニン)(例えば、6−クロロ−3,4−ジヒドロ−2H−1,2,4−ベンゾチアジアジン−7−スルホンアミド1,1−ジオキシド、例えば、Merckから入手可能なAldoril(登録商標)Tabletsとしての組み合わせ)、メチルドパ−シクロチアジド(例えば、6−クロロ−2H−1,2,4−ベンゾチアジアジン−7−スルホンアミド1,1−ジオキシドおよび上に記載されたようなメチルドパ、例えば、Aldoclor(登録商標),Merck)、塩酸クロニジン(例えば、2−(2,6−ジクロロフェニルアミノ)−2−イミダゾリンハイドロクロライドおよびクロルタリドン(例えば、2−クロロ−5−(1−ヒドロキシ−3−オキソ−1−イソインドリニル)ベンゼンスルホンアミド)、例えば、Combipres(登録商標),Boehringer Ingelheim)、塩酸クロニジン(例えば、2−(2,6−ジクロロフェニルアミノ)−2−イミダゾリンハイドロクロライド、例えば、Catapres(登録商標),Boehringer Ingelheim)、クロニジン(1H−イミダゾール−2−アミン,N−(2,6−ジクロロフェニル)4,5−ジヒドロ−CAS RN4205−90−7)、Hyzaar(Merck;ロサルタンとヒドロクロロチアジドとの組み合わせ)、Co−Diovan(Novartis;バルサルタンとヒドロクロロチアジドとの組み合わせ、Lotrel(Novartis;ベナゼプリルとアムロジピンとの組み合わせ)およびCaduet(Pfizer;アムロジピンとアトルバスタチンとの組み合わせ)、ならびにUS20030069221に開示されている薬剤が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、呼吸器障害および他の障害の処置に有用な以下の薬剤のうちの1つ以上との併用療法において使用され得、それらとしては:(1)β−アゴニスト:アルブテロール(PRO VENTIL(登録商標)、SALBUT AMOl(登録商標)、VENTOLIN(登録商標))、バンブテロール(bambuterol)、ビトルテロール(bitoterol)、クレンブテロール、フェノテロール、フォルモテロール(formoterol)、イソエタリン(isoetharine)(BRONKOSOL(登録商標)、BRONKOMETER(登録商標))、メタプロテレノール(ALUPENT(登録商標)、METAPREL(登録商標))、ピルブテロール(MAXAIR(登録商標))、レプロテロール(reproterol)、リミテロール(rimiterol)、サルメテロール、テルブタリン(BRETHAIRE(登録商標)、BRETHINE(登録商標)、BRICANYL(登録商標))、アドレナリン、イソプロテレノール(ISUPREL(登録商標))、酒石酸水素エピネフリン(epinephrine bitartrate)(PRIMATENE(登録商標))、エフェドリン、オルシプレナリン(orciprenline)、フェノテロールおよびイソエタリンが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない;(2)ステロイド類(ベクロメタゾン、ジプロピオン酸ベクロメタゾン、ベタメタゾン、ブデソニド(budesonide)、ブネドシド(bunedoside)、ブチキソコルト(butixocort)、デキサメタゾン、フルニソリド、フルオコルチン(fluocortin)、フルチカゾン、ヒドロコルチゾン、メチルプレドニゾン、モメタゾン(mometasone)、プレドニソロン、プレドニソン、チプレダン(tipredane)、チキソコルトール(tixocortal)、トリアムシノロンおよびトリアムシノロンアセトニドが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);(3)β2−アゴニスト−コルチコステロイドの組み合わせ[例えば、サルメテロール−フルチカゾン(AD V AIR(登録商標))、フォルモテロール−ブデソニド(SYMBICORT(登録商標))];(4)ロイコトリエンD4レセプターアンタゴニスト/ロイコトリエンアンタゴニスト/LTD4アンタゴニスト(すなわち、ロイコトリエンとCys LTIレセプターとの相互作用を阻止することができるか、阻害することができるか、減少することができるか、または別途妨害することができる任意の化合物):ザフヒウカスト(zafhiukast)、モンテルカスト、モンテルカストナトリウム(SINGULAIR(登録商標))、プランルカスト(pranlukast)、イラルカスト(iralukast)、ポビルカスト(pobilukast)、SKB−106,203および米国特許第5,565,473号に記載されているLTD4拮抗活性を有すると記載されている化合物が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない;(5)5−リポキシゲナーゼインヒビターおよび/またはロイコトリエン生合成インヒビター[例えば、ジロートン(zileuton)およびBAY1005(CA registry 128253−31−6)];(6)ヒスタミンH1レセプターアンタゴニスト/抗ヒスタミン剤(すなわち、ヒスタミンとそのレセプター相互作用を阻止することができるか、阻害することができるか、減少することができるか、または別途妨害することができる任意の化合物):アステミゾール、アクリバスチン(acrivastine)、アンタゾリン、アザタジン、アゼラスチン(azelastine)、アステミゾール(astamizole)、ブロムフェニラミン、マレイン酸ブロムフェニラミン、カルビノキサミン、カレバスチン(carebastine)、セチリジン、クロルフェニラミン、マレイン酸クロロフェニラミン、シメチジンクレマスチン(cimetidine clemastine)、シクリジン、シプロヘプタジン、デスカルボエトキシロラタジン(descarboethoxyloratadine)、デクスクロルフェニラミン、ジメチンデン、ジフェンヒドラミン、ジフェニルピラリン、コハク酸ドキシラミン、ドキシラルニン(doxylarnine)、エバスチン(ebastine)、エフレチリジン(efletirizine)、エピナスチン(epinastine)、ファモチジン、フェキソフェナジン、ヒドロキシジン、ヒドロキシジン、ケトチフェン、レボカバスチン、レボセチリジン(levocetirizine)、レボセチリジン、ロラタジン、メクリジン、メピラミン、メキタジン、メトジラジン、ミアンセリン、ミゾラスチン(mizolastine)、ノベラスチン(noberastine)、ノルアステルニゾール(norasternizole)、ノルアズテミゾール(noraztemizole)、フェニンダミン、フェニラミン、ピクマスト(picumast)、プロメタジン、ピンラミン(pynlamine)、ピリラミン、ラニチジン、テメラスチン(temelastine)、テルフェナジン、トリメプラジン、トリペレナミン(tripelenamine)およびトリプロリジンが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない;(7)抗コリン薬:アトロピン、ベンズトロピン、ビペリデン、フルトロピウム(flutropium)、ヒヨスチアミン(例えば、Levsin(登録商標);Levbid(登録商標);Levsin/SL(登録商標)、Anaspaz(登録商標)、Levsinex timecaps(登録商標)、NuLev(登録商標))、フルトロピウム(ilutropium)、イプラトロピウム、臭化イプラトロピウム、メトスコポラミン、オキシブチニン(oxybutinin)、リスペンゼピン(rispenzepine)、スコポラミンおよびチオトロピウムが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない;(8)鎮咳薬:デキストロメトルファン、コデインおよびヒドロモルホンが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない;(9)うっ血除去薬:プソイドエフェドリンおよびフェニルプロパノールアミンが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない;(10)去痰薬:グアイフェネシン(guafenesin)、グアイコールスルフェート(guaicolsulfate)、テルピン、塩化アンモニウム、グリセロールグアイコレート(glycerol guaicolate)およびヨウ化グリセロールが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない;(11)気管支拡張薬:テオフィリンおよびアミノフィリンが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない;(12)抗炎症剤:フルリビプロフェン(fluribiprofen)、ジクロフェナク(diclophenac)、インドメタシン、ケトプロフェン、S−ケトロプロフェン(ketroprophen)、テノキシカムが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない;(13)PDE(ホスホジエステラーゼ)インヒビター(本明細書中に開示されるものが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);(14)組換えヒト化モノクローナル抗体[例えば、ゾーレア(xolair)(オマリズマブ(omalizumab)とも呼ばれる)、rhuMabおよびタリズマブ(talizumab)];(15)組換え型の界面活性物質タンパク質SP−B、SP−CまたはSP−D[例えば、SURFAXIN(登録商標)、以前はdsc−104(Discovery Laboratories)として知られた]を含むヒト化肺界面活性物質、(16)上皮ナトリウムチャネル(ENaC)を阻害する薬剤、例えば、アミロライドおよび関連化合物;(17)肺の感染症を処置するために使用される抗菌剤、例えば、アシクロビル、アミカシン、アモキシシリン、ドキシサイクリン、トリメトプリム(trimethoprin)−スルファメトキサゾール、アンホテリシンB、アジスロマイシン、クラリスロマイシン、ロキシスロマイシン、クラリスロマイシン、セファロスポリン(セフォキシチン(ceffoxitin)、セフメタゾールなど)、シプロフロキサシン、エタンブトール、ゲンチマイシン(gentimycin)、ガンシクロビル、イミペネム、イソニアジド、イトラコナゾール、ペニシリン、リバビリン、リファンピン、リファブチン、アマンタジン、リマンチジン(rimantidine)、ストレプトマイシン、トブラマイシンおよびバンコマイシン;(18)Ca++依存性塩素イオンチャネルを通過する塩素イオン分泌を活性化する薬剤(例えば、プリンレセプター(P2Y(2)アゴニスト);(19)痰の粘度を低下させる薬剤、例えば、ヒト組換えDNアーゼ1(Pulmozyme(登録商標));(20)非ステロイド系抗炎症剤(アセメタシン、アセトアミノフェン、アセチルサリチル酸、アルクロフェナク、アルミノプロフェン、アパゾン、アスピリン、ベノキサプロフェン、ベズピペリロン(bezpiperylon)、ブクロクス酸、カルプロフェン、クリダナク、ジクロフェナク、ジクロフェナク、ジフルニサル、ジフルシナル(diflusinal)、エトドラク、フェンブフェン、フェンブフェン、フェンクロフェナク、フェンクロズ酸、フェノプロフェン、フェンチアザク、フェプラゾン、フルフェナム酸、フルフェニサール、フルフェニサール、フルプロフェン(fluprofen)、フルルビプロフェン、フルルビプロフェン、フロフェナク(furofenac)、イブフェナク、イブプロフェン、インドメタシン、インドメタシン、インドプロフェン、イソキセパク、イソキシカム、ケトプロフェン、ケトプロフェン、ケトロラク、メクロフェナム酸、メクロフェナム酸、メフェナム酸、メフェナム酸、ミロプロフェン、モフェブタゾン、ナブメトンオキサプロジン、ナプロキセン、ナプロキセン、ニフルム酸、オキサプロジン、オキスピナク(oxpinac)、オキシフェンブタゾン、フェナセチン、フェニルブタゾン、フェニルブタゾン、ピロキシカム、ピロキシカム、ピルプロフェン、プラノプロフェン、スドキシカム(sudoxicam)、テノキシカム(tenoxican)、スルファサラジン、スリンダク、スリンダク、スプロフェン、チアプロフェン酸、チオピナク(tiopinac)、チオキサプロフェン(tioxaprofen)、トルフェナム酸、トルメチン、トルメチン、ジドメタシン(zidometacin)、ゾメピラクおよびゾメピラク);および(21)S−ニトロソグルタチオンなどのエアロゾル化された抗酸化治療薬が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、抗肥満症剤との併用療法において使用され得る。適当なそのような薬剤としては:11βHSD−I(11−ベータヒドロキシステロイドデヒドロゲナーゼタイプ1)インヒビター(例えば、BVT3498、BVT2733、3−(1−アダマンチル)−4−エチル−5−(エチルチオ)−4H−1,2,4−トリアゾール、3−(1−アダマンチル)−5−(3,4,5−トリメトキシフェニル)−4−メチル−4H−1,2,4−トリアゾール、3−アダマンタニル−4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,3a−デカヒドロ−1,2,4−トリアゾロ[4,3−a][11]アヌレン、ならびにWO01/90091、WOO1/90090、WOO1/90092およびWO02/072084に開示されている化合物);5HTアンタゴニスト(例えば、WO03/037871、WO03/037887などにおけるもの);5HTIa調節因子(例えば、カルビドパ、ベンセラジドおよびUS6207699、WO03/031439に開示されているものなど);5HT2c(セロトニンレセプター2c)アゴニスト(例えば、BVT933、DPCA37215、IK264、PNU22394、WAY161503、R−1065、SB243213(Glaxo Smith Kline)およびYM348、ならびにUS3914250、WO00/77010、WO02/36596、WO02/48124、WO02/10169、WO01/66548、WO02/44152、WO02/51844、WO02/40456およびWO02/40457に開示されているもの);5HT6レセプター調節因子(例えば、WO03/030901、WO03/035061、WO03/039547におけるものなど);アシル−エストロゲン(例えば、del Mar−Grasa、M.ら、Obesity Research,9:202−9(2001)および日本特許出願番号JP2000256190に開示されているオレオイル−エストロン);食欲低下二環式化合物(例えば、1426(Aventis)および1954(Aventis)、ならびにWO00/18749、WO01/32638、WO01/62746、WO01/62747およびWO03/015769に開示されている化合物);CB1(カンナビノイド−1レセプター)アンタゴニスト/インバースアゴニスト(例えば、リモナバン(rimonabant)(Acomplia;Sanofi)、SR−147778(Sanofi)、SR−141716(Sanofi)、BAY65−2520(Bayer)およびSLV 319(Solvay)、ならびに特許公報US4973587、US5013837、US5081122、US5112820、US5292736、US5532237、US5624941、US6028084、US6509367、US6509367、WO96/33159、WO97/29079、WO98/31227、WO98/33765、WO98/37061、WO98/41519、WO98/43635、WO98/43636、WO99/02499、WO00/10967、WO00/10968、WO01/09120、WO01/58869、WO01/64632、WO01/64633、WO01/64634、WO01/70700、WO01/96330、WO02/076949、WO03/006007、WO03/007887、WO03/020217、WO03/026647、WO03/026648、WO03/027069、WO03/027076、WO03/027114、WO03/037332、WO03/040107、WO03/086940、WO03/084943およびEP658546に開示されているもの);CCK−A(コレシストキニン−A)アゴニスト(例えば、AR−R15849、GI181771(GSK)、JMV−180、A−71378、A−71623およびSR146131(Sanofi)ならびにUS5739106に記載されているもの);CNTF(毛様体神経栄養因子)(例えば、GI−181771(Glaxo−SmithKline)、SRl46131(Sanofi Synthelabo)、ブタビンジド(butabindide)、PD170,292およびPD149164(Pfizer));CNTF誘導体(例えば、Axokine(登録商標)(Regeneron)およびWO94/09134、WO98/22128およびWO99/43813に開示されているもの);ジペプチジルペプチダーゼIV(DP−IV)インヒビター、例えば、イソロイシンチアゾリジド(isoleucine thiazolidide)、バリンピロリジド(valine pyrrolidide)、NVP−DPP728、LAF237、P93/01、P3298、TSL225(トリプトフィル−1,2,3,4−テトラヒドロイソキノリン−3−カルボン酸;Yamadaら、Bioorg.& Med.Chem.Lett.8(1998)1537−1540によって開示された)、TMC−2A/2B/2C、CD26インヒビター(inhibtors)、FE999011、P9310/K364、VIP0177、SDZ274−444、2−シアノピロリジドおよび4−シアノピロリジド(Ashworthら、Bioorg.& Med.Chem.Lett.,Vol.6,No.22,pp 1163−1166および2745−2748(1996)によって開示されたような)および特許公報WO99/38501、WO99/46272、WO99/67279(Probiodrug)、WO99/67278(Probiodrug)、WO99/61431(Probiodrug)、WO02/083128、WO02/062764、WO03/000180、WO03/000181、WO03/000250、WO03/002530、WO03/002531、WO03/002553、WO03/002593、WO03/004498、WO03/004496/WO03/017936、WO03/024942、WO03/024965、WO03/033524、WO03/037327およびEP1258476に開示されている化合物;成長ホルモン分泌促進物質レセプターアゴニスト/アンタゴニスト(例えば、NN703、ヘキサレリン(hexarelin)、MK−0677(Merck)、SM−130686、CP−424391(Pfizer)、LY444,711(Eli Lilly)、L−692,429およびL−163,255ならびに(例えば、USSN09/662448、US仮出願60/203335、US6358951、US2002049196、US2002/022637、WO01/56592およびWO02/32888に開示されているもの));H3(ヒスタミンH3)アンタゴニスト/インバースアゴニスト(例えば、チオペラミド(thioperamide)、3−(1H−イミダゾール−4−イル)プロピルN−(4−ペンテニル)カルバメート)、クロベンプロピット(clobenpropit)、ヨードフェンプロピット(iodophenpropit)、イモプロキシファン(imoproxifan)、GT2394(Gliatech)およびA331440、O−[3−(1H−イミダゾール−4−イル)プロパノール]カルバメート(Kiec−Kononowicz,K.ら、Pharmazie,55:349−55(2000))、ピペリジン含有ヒスタミンH3−レセプターアンタゴニスト(Lazewska,D.ら、Pharmazie,56:927−32(2001)、ベンゾフェノン誘導体および関連化合物(Sasse,A.ら、Arch.Pharm.(Weinheim)334:45−52(2001))、置換N−フェニルカルバメート(Reidemeister,S.ら、Pharmazie,55:83−6(2000))およびプロキシファン(proxifan)誘導体(Sasse,A.ら、J.Med.Chem..43:3335−43(2000))およびヒスタミンH3レセプター調節因子(例えば、WO02/15905、WO03/024928およびWO03/024929に開示されているもの));レプチン誘導体(例えば、US5552524、US5552523、US5552522、US5521283、WO96/23513、WO96/23514、WO96/23515、WO96/23516、WO96/23517、WO96/23518、WO96/23519およびWO96/23520に開示されているもの);組換えヒトレプチン(PEG−OB、Hoffman La Roche)および組換えメチオニルヒトレプチン(Amgen)を含むレプチン;リパーゼインヒビター(例えば、テトラヒドロリプスタチン(tetrahydrolipstatin)(オーリスタット/Xenical(登録商標))、Triton WRl339、RHC80267、リプスタチン(lipstatin)、テアサポニン(teasaponin)、リン酸ジエチルウンベリフェリル(diethylumbelliferyl phosphate)、FL−386、WAY−121898、Bay−N−3176、バリラクトン(valilactone)、エステラシン(esteracin)、エベラクトン(ebelactone)A、エベラクトンBおよびRHC80267、ならびに特許公報WO01/77094、US4598089、US4452813、USUS5512565、US5391571、US5602151、US4405644、US4189438およびUS4242453に開示されているもの);脂質代謝調節因子(例えば、マスリン酸(maslinic acid)、エリトロジオール(erythrodiol)、ウルソル酸ウバオール(uvaol)、ベツリン酸、ベツリンなどおよびWO03/011267に開示されている化合物);Mc4r(メラノコルチン(melanocortin)4レセプター)アゴニスト(例えば、CHIR86036(Chiron)、ME−10142、ME−10145およびHS−131(Melacure)、ならびにPCT公開番号WO99/64002、WO00/74679、WOO1/991752、WOO1/25192、WOO1/52880、WOO1/74844、WOO1/70708、WO01/70337、WO01/91752、WO02/059095、WO02/059107、WO02/059108、WO02/059117、WO02/06276、WO02/12166、WO02/11715、WO02/12178、WO02/15909、WO02/38544、WO02/068387、WO02/068388、WO02/067869、WO02/081430、WO03/06604、WO03/007949、WO03/009847、WO03/009850、WO03/013509およびWO03/031410に開示されているもの);Mc5r(メラノコルチン5レセプター)調節因子(例えば、WO97/19952、WO00/15826、WO00/15790、US20030092041に開示されているもの);メラニン凝集ホルモン1レセプター(MCHR)アンタゴニスト(例えば、T−226296(Takeda)、SB568849、SNP−7941(Synaptic)、ならびに特許公報WOO1/21169、WO01/82925、WO01/87834、WO02/051809、WO02/06245、WO02/076929、WO02/076947、WO02/04433、WO02/51809、WO02/083134、WO02/094799、WO03/004027、WO03/13574、WO03/15769、WO03/028641、WO03/035624、WO03/033476、WO03/033480、
JP13226269およびJP1437059に開示されているもの);mGluR5調節因子(例えば、WO03/029210、WO03/047581、WO03/048137、WO03/051315、WO03/051833、WO03/053922、WO03/059904などに開示されているもの);セロトニン作動剤(例えば、フェンフルラミン(例えば、Pondimin(登録商標)(ベンゼンエタンアミン、N−エチル−アルファ−メチル−3−(トリフルオロメチル)−,ハイドロクロライド)、Robbins)、デクスフェンフルラミン(dexfenfluramine)(例えば、Redux(登録商標)(ベンゼンエタンアミン、N−エチル−アルファ−メチル−3−(トリフルオロメチル)−,ハイドロクロライド)、Interneuron)およびシブトラミン((Meridia(登録商標)、Knoll/ReductilTM)(ラセミ混合物、光学的に純粋な異性体(+)および(−)として、ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩、溶媒、水和物、クラスレートおよびプロドラッグを含む)(その塩酸シブトラミン一水和物塩ならびにUS4746680、US4806570およびUS5436272、US20020006964、WOO1/27068およびWOO1/62341に開示されている化合物を含む));NE(ノルエピネフリン)輸送インヒビター(例えば、GW320659、デシプラミン(despiramine)、タルスプラム(talsupram)およびノミフェンシン);NPY1アンタゴニスト(例えば、BIBP3226、J−115814、BIBO3304、LY−357897、CP−671906、GI−264879AならびにUS6001836、WO96/14307、WO01/23387、WO99/51600、WO01/85690、WO01/85098、WO01/85173およびWO01/89528に開示されているもの);NPY5(神経ペプチドYY5)アンタゴニスト(例えば、152,804、GW−569180A、GW−594884A、GW−587081X、GW−548118X、FR235208、FR226928、FR240662、FR252384、1229U91、GI−264879A、CGP71683A、LY−377897、LY−366377、PD−160170、SR−120562A、SR−120819A、JCF−104およびH409/22、ならびに特許公報US6140354、US6191160、US6218408、US6258837、US6313298、US6326375、US6329395、US6335345、US6337332、US6329395、US6340683、EP01010691、EP−01044970、WO97/19682、WO97/20820、WO97/20821、WO97/20822、WO97/20823、WO98/27063、WO00/107409、WO00/185714、WO00/185730、WO00/64880、WO00/68197、WO00/69849、WO/0113917、WO01/09120、WO01/14376、WO01/85714、WO01/85730、WO01/07409、WO01/02379、WO01/23388、WO01/23389、WOO1/44201、WO01/62737、WO01/62738、WO01/09120、WO02/20488、WO02/22592、WO02/48152、WO02/49648、WO02/051806、WO02/094789、WO03/009845、WO03/014083、WO03/022849、WO03/028726およびNormanら、J.Med.Chem.43:4288−4312(2000)に開示されている化合物);オピオイドアンタゴニスト(例えば、ナルメフェン(nalmefene)(REVEX(登録商標))、3−メトキシナルトレキソン(methoxynaltrexone)、メチルナルトレキソン(methylnaltrexone)、ナロキソンおよびナルトレキソン(例えば、PT901;Pain Therapeutics,Inc.)、ならびにUS20050004155およびWO00/21509に開示されているもの);オレキシンアンタゴニスト(例えば、SB−334867−A、ならびに特許公報WO01/96302、WO01/68609、WO02/44172、WO02/51232、WO02/51838、WO02/089800、WO02/090355、WO03/023561、WO03/032991およびWO03/037847に開示されているもの);PDEインヒビター(例えば、ホスホジエステラーゼの阻害によって、環状AMP(cAMP)および/または環状GMP(cGMP)の分解を遅延させ、それにより、cAMPおよびcGMPの細胞内濃度を相対的に上昇させ得る化合物);あり得るPDEインヒビターは、第一に、PDE3インヒビターからなるクラス、PDE4インヒビターからなるクラスおよび/またはPDE5インヒビターからなるクラスのうちでナンバリングされる物質、特に、PDE3/4インヒビターの混合タイプまたはPDE3/4/5インヒビターの混合タイプと命名され得る物質)(例えば、特許公報DE1470341、DE2108438、DE2123328、DE2305339、DE2305575、DE2315801、DE2402908、DE2413935、DE2451417、DE2459090、DE2646469、DE2727481、DE2825048、DE2837161、DE2845220、DE2847621、DE2934747、DE3021792、DE3038166、DE3044568、EP000718、EP0008408、EP0010759、EP0059948、EP0075436、EP0096517、EPO112987、EPO116948、EP0150937、EP0158380、EP0161632、EP0161918、EP0167121、EP0199127、EP0220044、EP0247725、EP0258191、EP0272910、EP0272914、EP0294647、EP0300726、EP0335386、EP0357788、EP0389282、EP0406958、EP0426180、EP0428302、EP0435811、EP0470805、EP0482208、EP0490823、EP0506194、EP0511865、EP0527117、EP0626939、EP0664289、EP0671389、EP0685474、EP0685475、EP0685479、JP92234389、JP94329652、JP95010875、US4963561、US5141931、WO9117991、WO9200968、WO9212961、WO9307146、WO9315044、WO9315045、WO9318024、WO9319068、WO9319720、WO9319747、WO9319749、WO9319751、WO9325517、WO9402465、WO9406423、WO9412461、WO9420455、WO9422852、WO9425437、WO9427947、WO9500516、WO9501980、WO9503794、WO9504045、WO9504046、WO9505386、WO9508534、WO9509623、WO9509624、WO9509627、WO9509836、WO9514667、WO9514680、WO9514681、WO9517392、WO9517399、WO9519362、WO9522520、WO9524381、WO9527692、WO9528926、WO9535281、WO9535282、WO9600218、WO9601825、WO9602541、WO9611917、DE3142982、DE1116676、DE2162096、EP0293063、EP0463756、EP0482208、EP0579496、EP0667345 US6331543、US20050004222(式I〜XIIIおよびパラグラフ37〜39、85〜0545および557〜577に開示されているものを含む)、WO9307124、EP0163965、EP0393500、EP0510562、EP0553174、WO9501338およびWO9603399に開示されているもの)、ならびにPDE5インヒビター(例えば、RX−RA−69、SCH−51866、KT−734、ベスナリノン(vesnarinone)、ザプリナスト、SKF−96231、ER−21355、BF/GP−385、NM−702およびシルデナフィル(ViagraTM))、PDE4インヒビター(例えば、エタゾレート(etazolate)、ICI63197、RP73401、イミダゾリジノン(imazolidinone)(RO−20−1724)、MEM1414(R1533/R1500;Pharmacia Roche)、デンブフィリン(denbufylline)、ロリプラム(rolipram)、オキサグレラート(oxagrelate)、ニトラクアゾン(nitraquazone)、Y−590、DH−6471、SKF−94120、モタピゾン、リキサジノン(lixazinone)、インドリダン(indolidan)、オルプリノン、アチゾラム(atizoram)、KS−506−G、ジパムフィリン(dipamfylline)、BMY−43351、アチゾラム、アロフィリン(arofylline)、フィラミナスト(filaminast)、PDB−093、UCB−29646、CDP−840、SKF−107806、ピクラミラスト(piclamilast)、RS−17597、RS−25344−000、SB−207499、TIBENELAST、SB−210667、SB−211572、SB−211600、SB−212066、SB−212179、GW−3600、CDP−840、モピダモール(mopidamol)、アナグレリド、イブジラスト、アムリノン、ピモベンダン、シロスタゾール、クアジノン(quazinone)およびN−(3,5−ジクロロピリド−4−イル)−3−シクロプロピルメトキシ4−ジフルオロメトキシベンズアミド)、PDE3インヒビター(例えば、ICI153、100、ベモランダン(bemorandane)(RWJ22867)、MCI−154、UD−CG212、スルマゾール(sulmazole)、アンピゾン(ampizone)、シロスタミド(cilostamide)、カルバゼラン(carbazeran)、ピロキシモン(piroximone)、イマゾダン(imazodan)、CI−930、シグアゾダン(siguazodan)、アジベンダン(adibendan)、サテリノン(saterinone)、SKF−95654、SDZ−MKS−492、349−U−85、エモラダン(emoradan)、EMD−53998、EMD−57033、NSP−306、NSP−307、レビジノン(revizinone)、NM−702、WIN−62582およびWIN−63291、エノキシモン(enoximone)およびミルリノン)、PDE3/4インヒビター(例えば、ベナフェントリン(benafentrine)、トレキンシン(trequinsin)、ORG−30029、ザルダベリン(zardaverine)、L−686398、SDZ−ISQ−844、ORG−20241、EMD−54622およびトラフェントリン(tolafentrine))および他のPDEインヒビター(例えば、ビンポセチン(vinpocetin)、パパベリン、エンプロフィリン(enprofylline)、シロミラスト(cilomilast)、
フェノキシモン(fenoximone)、ペントキシフィリン、ロフルミラスト(roflumilast)、タダラフィル(Cialis(登録商標))、テオフィリンおよびバルデナフィル(Levitra(登録商標)))であり;神経ペプチドY2(NPY2)アゴニストは:ポリペプチドYYならびにそのフラグメントおよびバリアント(例えば、YY3−36(PYY3−36)(N.Engl.J.Med.349:941,2003;IKPEAPGE DASPEELNRY YASLRHYLNL VTRQRY(配列番号XXX))およびPYYアゴニスト(例えば、WO02/47712、WO03/026591、WO03/057235およびWO03/027637に開示されているもの);セロトニン再取り込みインヒビター(例えば、パロキセチン、フルオキセチン(ProzacTM)、フルボキサミン、セルトラリン、シタロプラムおよびイミプラミン、ならびにUS6162805、US6365633、WO03/00663、WO01/27060およびWO01/162341に開示されているもの);甲状腺ホルモンβアゴニスト(例えば、KB−2611(KaroBioBMS)ならびにWO02/15845、WO97/21993、WO99/00353、GB98/284425、米国仮出願番号60/183,223および日本特許出願番号JP2000256190に開示されているもの);UCP−I(脱共役タンパク質−1)、2または3活性化因子(例えば、フィタン酸、4−[(E)−2−(5,6,7,8−テトラヒドロ−5,5,8,8−テトラメチル−2−ナフタレニル(napthalenyl))−1−プロペニル]安息香酸(TTNPB)、レチノイン酸およびWO99/00123に開示されているもの);β3(ベータアドレナリンレセプター3)アゴニスト(例えば、AJ9677/TAK677(Dainippon/Takeda)、L750355(Merck)、CP331648(Pfizer)、CL−316,243、SB418790、BRL−37344、L−796568、BMS−196085、BRL−35135A、CGP12177A、BTA−243、GW427353、トレカドリン(Trecadrine)、Zeneca D7114、N−5984(Nisshin Kyorin)、LY−377604(Lilly)、SR59119AおよびUS5541204、US5770615、US5491134、US5776983、US488064、US5705515、US5451677、WO94/18161、WO95/29159、WO97/46556、WO98/04526およびWO98/32753、WO01/74782、WO02/32897、WO03/014113、WO03/016276、WO03/016307、WO03/024948、WO03/024953およびWO03/037881に開示されているもの)が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);ノルアドレナリン作用薬(ジエチルプロピオン(例えば、Tenuate(登録商標)(1−プロパノン,2−(ジエチルアミノ)−1−フェニル−,ハイドロクロライド),Merrell)、デキストロアンフェタミン(硫酸デキストロアンフェタミン、デキサンフェタミン、デキセドリン(dexedrine)、デキサンペックス(Dexampex)、フェルンデックス(Ferndex)、オキシデス(Oxydess)II、ロベス(Robese)、スパンキャップ(Spancap)#1としても知られる)、マジンドール((または5−(p−クロロフェニル)−2,5−ジヒドロ−3H−イミダゾ[2,1−a]イソインドール−5−オール)例えば、Sanorex(登録商標),NovartisまたはMazanor(登録商標),Wyeth Ayerst)、フェニルプロパノールアミン(またはベンゼンメタノール,アルファ−(1−アミノエチル)−,ハイドロクロライド)、フェンテルミン((またはフェノール、3−[[4,5−ジヒドロ(duhydro)−1H−イミダゾール−2−イル)エチル](4−メチルフェニル(methylpheny−l))アミノ],モノハイドロクロライド)、例えば、Adipex−P(登録商標),Lemmon、FASTIN(登録商標),Smith−Kline BeechamおよびIonamin(登録商標),Medeva)、フェンジメトラジン((または(2S,3S)−3,4−ジメチル−2フェニルモルホリンL−(+)−タルトレート(1:1))、例えば、Metra(登録商標)(Forest)、Plegine(登録商標)(Wyeth−Ay erst)、Prelu−2(登録商標)(Boehringer Ingelheim)およびStatobex(登録商標)(Lemmon)、酒石酸フェンダミン(phendamine tartrate)(例えば、Thephorin(登録商標)(2,3,4,9−テトラヒドロ−2−メチル−9−フェニル−1H−インデノール[2,1−c]ピリジンL−(+)−タルトレート(1:1)),Hoffmann−LaRoche)、メタンフェタミン(例えば、Desoxyn(登録商標)、Abbot((S)−N,(アルファ)−ジメチルベンゼンエタンアミンハイドロクロライド))および酒石酸フェンジメトラジン(例えば、Bontril(登録商標)Slow−Release Capsules、アマリン(Amarin)(−3,4−ジメチル−2−フェニルモルホリンタルトレート)が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);脂肪酸酸化アップレギュレーター/インデューサー(例えば、Famoxin(登録商標)(Genset));モノアミンオキシダーゼインヒビター(ベフロキサトン(befloxatone)、モクロベミド(moclobemide)、ブロファロミン(brofaromine)、フェノキサチン(phenoxathine)、エスプロン(esuprone)、ベフォール(befol)、トロキサトン(toloxatone)、ピルリンドール(pirlindol)、アミフラミン(amiflamine)、セルクロレミン(sercloremine)、バジナプリン(bazinaprine)、ラザベミド(lazabemide)、ミラセミド(milacemide)、カロキサゾン(caroxazone)およびWO01/12176によって開示されているような他のある特定の化合物が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない);および他の抗肥満症剤、例えば、5HT−2アゴニスト、ACC(アセチル−CoAカルボキシラーゼ)インヒビター(例えば、WO03/072197に記載されているもの)、アルファ−リポ酸(アルファ−LA)、AOD9604、食欲抑制剤(例えば、WO03/40107におけるもの)、ATL−962(Alizyme PLC)、ベンゾカイン、塩酸ベンズフェタミン(Didrex)、ブラダーラック(bladderwrack)(focus vesiculosus)、BRS3(ボンベシンレセプターサブタイプ3)アゴニスト、ブプロピオン、カフェイン、CCKアゴニスト、キトサン、クロム、結合体化リノール酸、コルチコトロピン放出ホルモンアゴニスト、デヒドロエピアンドロステロン、DGATl(ジアシルグリセロールアシルトランスフェラーゼ1)インヒビター、DGAT2(ジアシルグリセロールアシルトランスフェラーゼ2)インヒビター、ジカルボキシレートトランスポーターインヒビター、マオウ、エキセンディン−4(glp−1のインヒビター)FAS(脂肪酸シンターゼ)インヒビター(例えば、セルレニン(Cerulenin)およびC75)、脂肪再吸収インヒビター(例えば、WO03/053451におけるものなど)、脂肪酸トランスポーターインヒビター、天然の水溶性繊維(例えば、オオバコ(psyllium)、シャゼンソウ(plantago)、グアー、カラスムギ、ペクチン)、ガラニンアンタゴニスト、ガレガ(galega)(Goat’s Rue,French Lilac)、garcinia cambogia、ニガクサ(germander)(teucrium chamaedrys)、グレリン抗体およびグレリンアンタゴニスト(例えば、WO01/87335およびWO02/08250に開示されているもの)、島細胞分泌に影響を及ぼすそれらのポリペプチドホルモンおよびバリアント、例えば、セクレチン/胃抑制ポリペプチド(GIP)/血管作動性腸管ポリペプチド(VIP)/下垂体アデニル酸シクラーゼ活性化ポリペプチド(PACAP)/グルカゴン様ポリペプチドII(GLP−II)/グリセンチン/グルカゴン遺伝子ファミリーのホルモンおよび/またはアドレノメデュリン/アミリン/カルシトニン遺伝子関連ポリペプチド(CGRP)遺伝子ファミリーのホルモン(そのC末端がカルボキシル化された型もしくはアミド化された型の、または改変されたGLP−1ポリペプチドおよびその改変されたもの(US20050130891のパラグラフ17〜44に記載されているものを含む)としての、GLP−1(グルカゴン様ポリペプチド1)アゴニスト(例えば、(1)エキセンディン−4、(2)US20050130891に記載されているそれらのGLP−1分子(GLP−1(7−34)、GLP−1(7−35)、GLP−1(7−36)またはGLP−1(7−37)を含む))ならびにGLP−1−(7−34)COOHおよび対応する酸アミドから得られる誘導体を含む)(以下の一般式:R−NH−HAEGTFTSDVSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVK−CONH2(ここで、R=H、または1〜10個の炭素原子を有する有機化合物)を有する)が使用される。好ましくは、Rは、カルボン酸の残基である。特に好ましいのは、以下のカルボン酸残基:ホルミル、アセチル、プロピオニル、イソプロピオニル、メチル、エチル、プロピル、イソプロピル、n−ブチル、sec−ブチル、tert−ブチルである)およびglp−1(グルカゴン様ポリペプチド−1)、糖質コルチコイドアンタゴニスト、グルコーストランスポーターインヒビター、成長ホルモン分泌促進物質(例えば、US5536716に開示されているものおよびそれに明示的に記載されているもの)、インターロイキン−6(IL−6)およびその調節因子(WO03/057237におけるものなど)、L−カルニチン、Mc3r(メラノコルチン3レセプター)アゴニスト、MCH2R(メラニン凝集ホルモン2R)アゴニスト/アンタゴニスト、メラニン凝集ホルモンアンタゴニスト、メラノコルチンアゴニスト(例えば、メラノタン(Melanotan)IIまたはWO99/64002およびWO00/74679に記載されているもの)、nomame herba、リン酸トランスポーターインヒビター、フィトファーム(phytopharm)化合物57(CP644,673)、ピルベート、SCD−I(ステアロイル−CoAデサチュラーゼ−1)インヒビター、T71(Tularik,Inc.,Boulder CO)、トピラメート(Topimax(登録商標)、体重減少を高めることが示されている抗痙攣薬と表示されている)、転写因子調節因子(例えば、WO03/026576に開示されているもの)、β−ヒドロキシステロイドデヒドロゲナーゼ−1インヒビター(β−HSD−I)、β−ヒドロキシ−β−メチルブチレート、p57(Pfizer)、ゾニサミド(Zonisamide)(ZonegranTM、体重減少をもたらすことが示されている抗てんかん薬と表示されている)、およびUS20030119428のパラグラフ20〜26に開示されている薬剤が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、1つ以上の抗糖尿病剤との治療上の組み合わせにおいて使用され得、それらとしては:PPARγアゴニスト、例えば、グリタゾン類(例えば、WAY−120,744、AD 5075、バラグリタゾン(balaglitazone)、シグリタゾン(ciglitazone)、ダルグリタゾン(darglitazone)(CP−86325,Pfizer)、エングリタゾン(englitazone)(CP−68722,Pfizer)、イサグリタゾン(isaglitazone)(MIT/J&J)、MCC−555(US5594016において開示されているMitsibishi)、ピオグリタゾン(例えば例えば、ActosTMピオグリタゾン;Takeda)、ロシグリタゾン(AvandiaTM;Smith Kline Beecham)、マレイン酸ロシグリタゾン、トログリタゾン(Rezulin(登録商標)、US4572912に開示されている)、リボグリタゾン(rivoglitazone)(CS−Ol1,Sankyo)、GL−262570(Glaxo Welcome)、BRL49653(WO98/05331に開示されている)、CLX−0921、5−BTZD、GW−0207、LG−100641、JJT−501(JPNT/P&U)、L−895645(Merck)、R−119702(Sankyo/Pfizer)、NN−2344(Dr.Reddy/NN)、YM−440(Yamanouchi)、LY−300512、LY−519818、R483(Roche)、T131(Tularik)など、ならびにUS4687777、US5002953、US5741803、US5965584、US6150383、US6150384、US6166042、US6166043、US6172090、US6211205、US6271243、US6288095、US6303640、US6329404、US5994554、W097/10813、WO97/27857、WO97/28115、WO97/28137、WO97/27847、WO00/76488、WO03/000685、WO03/027112、WO03/035602、WO03/048130、WO03/055867に開示されている化合物およびそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩;ビグアナイド類、例えば、塩酸メトホルミン(N,N−ジメチルイミドジカルボンイミド酸ジアミドハイドロクロライド、例えば、GlucophageTM,Bristol−Myers Squibb);グリブリドを含む塩酸メトホルミン(例えば、GlucovanceTM,Bristol−Myers Squibb);ブホルミン(イミドジカルボンイミド酸ジアミド、N−ブチル−);エトホルミン(etoformine)(1−ブチル−2−エチルビグアニド,Schering A.G.);他のメトホルミン塩の形態(塩は、酢酸塩、安息香酸塩、クエン酸塩、フマル酸塩(ftimarate)、エンボン酸塩(embonate)、クロロフェノキシ酢酸塩、グリコール酸塩、パルモ酸塩(palmoate)、アスパラギン酸塩、メタンスルホン酸塩、マレイン酸塩、パラクロロフェノキシイソ酪酸塩、ギ酸塩、乳酸塩、コハク酸塩、硫酸塩、酒石酸塩、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸塩、ヘキサン酸塩、オクタン酸塩、デカン酸塩、ヘキサデカン酸塩、オクトデカン酸塩、ベンゼンスルホン酸塩、トリメトキシ安息香酸塩、パラトルエンスルホン酸塩、アダマンタンカルボン酸塩、グリコキシル酸塩、グルタミン酸塩、ピロリドンカルボン酸塩、ナフタレンスルホン酸塩、1−グルコースリン酸塩、硝酸塩、亜硫酸塩、ジチオン酸塩およびリン酸塩の群から選択されるものを含む)およびフェンホルミン;タンパク質チロシンホスファターゼ−IB(PTP−IB)インヒビター(例えば、A−401,674、KR 61639、OC−060062、OC−83839、OC−297962、MC52445、MC52453、ISIS113715、ならびにWO99/585521、WO99/58518、WO99/58522、WO99/61435、WO03/032916、WO03/032982、WO03/041729、WO03/055883、WO02/26707、WO02/26743、JP2002114768に開示されているもの、ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩およびエステル);スルホニル尿素、例えば、アセトヘキサミド(例えば、Dymelor,Eli Lilly)、カルブタミド、クロルプロパミド(例えば、Diabinese(登録商標),Pfizer)、グリアミリド(gliamilide)(Pfizer)、グリクラジド(例えば、ジアミクロン(Diamcron),ervier Canada Inc)、グリメピリド(例えば、US4379785に開示されているもの、(例えば、アマリール(Amaryl),Aventis))、グリペンチド(glipentide)、グリピジド(例えば、グルコトロール(Glucotrol)またはグルコトロールXL持続放出(Extended Release),Pfizer)、グリキドン(gliquidone)、グリソールアミド(glisolamide)、グリブリド/グリベンクラミド(例えば、ミクロナーゼ(Micronase)またはグリナーゼプレスタブ(Glynase Prestab),Pharmacia & Upjohn and Diabeta,Aventis)、トラザミド(例えば、トリナーゼ(Tolinase))およびトルブタミド(例えば、オリナーゼ(Orinase))ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩およびエステル;メグリチニド(meglitinides)(例えば、レパグリニド(例えば、Pranidin(登録商標),Novo Nordisk)、KAD 1229(PF/Kissei)およびナテグリニド(例えば、Starlix(登録商標),Novartis)ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩およびエステル);αグルコシド加水分解酵素インヒビター(またはグルコシドインヒビター)(例えば、アカルボース(例えば、US4904769に開示されているPrecoseTM,Bayer)、ミグリトール(miglitol)(例えば、US4639436に開示されているGLYSETTM,Pharmacia & Upjohn)、カミグリボース(camiglibose)(メチル6−デオキシ−6−[(2R,3R,4R,5S)−3,4,5−トリヒドロキシ−2−(ヒドロキシメチル)ピペリジノ]−アルファ−D−グルコピラノシド,Marion Merrell Dow)、ボグリボース(Takeda)、アジポシン(adiposine)、エミグリテート(emiglitate)、プラディマイシン(pradimicin)−Q、サルボスタチン(salbostatin)、CKD−711、MDL−25,637、MDL−73,945およびMOR14、ならびにUS4062950、US4174439、US4254256、US4701559、US4639436、US5192772、US4634765、US5157116、US5504078、US5091418、US5217877、US51091およびWOO1/47528に開示されている化合物(ポリアミン類));α−アミラーゼインヒビター(例えば、テンダミスタット(tendamistat)、トレスタチン(trestatin)およびAl−3688、ならびにUS4451455、US4623714およびUS4273765に開示されている化合物);SGLT2インヒビター(US6414126およびUS6515117に開示されているものを含む);aP2インヒビター(例えば、US6548529に開示されているもの);インスリン分泌促進物質(secreatagogues)(例えば、リノグリリド(linogliride)、A−4166、フォルスコリン(forskilin)、ジブチル(dibutyrl)cAMP、イソブチルメチルキサンチン(IBMX)、ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩およびエステル);脂肪酸酸化インヒビター(例えば、クロモキシル(clomoxir)およびエトモキシル(etomoxir)、ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩およびエステル);A2アンタゴニスト(例えば、ミダグリゾール(midaglizole)、イサグリドール(isaglidole)、デリグリドール(deriglidole)、イダゾキサン(idazoxan)、エアロキサン(earoxan)およびフルパロキサン(fluparoxan)、ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩およびエステル);インスリンおよび関連化合物(例えば、インスリン模倣物)、例えば、ビオータ(biota)、LP−100、ノバラピド(novarapid)、インスリンデテミール(insulin detemir)、インスリンリスプロ(insulin lispro)、インスリングラルギン(insulin glargine)、インスリン亜鉛懸濁液(レンテ(lente)およびウルトラレンテ)、Lys−Proインスリン、GLP−I(1−36)アミド、GLP−I(73−7)(US5614492に開示されているインスリントロピン(insulintropin))、LY−315902(Lilly)、GLP−I(7−36)−NH2)、AL−401(自己免疫性)、US4579730、US4849405、US4963526、US5642868、US5763396、US5824638、US5843866、US6153632、US6191105およびWO85/05029に開示されているようなある特定の組成物、ならびに霊長類、げっ歯類またはウサギのインスリン(対立遺伝子バリアントを含む、それらの生物学的に活性なバリアントを含む)、より好ましくは、組換え型で利用可能なヒトインスリン(ヒトインスリンの供給源は、薬学的に許容可能かつ滅菌された製剤(例えば、HumulinTM(ヒトインスリンrDNA起源)としてEli Lilly(Indianapolis,Ind.46285)から入手可能なもの)が挙げられ、THE PHYSICIAN’S DESK REFERENCE,55.sup.th Ed.(2001)Medical Economics,Thomson Healthcare(他の適当なヒトインスリンを開示している)もまた参照のこと;非チアゾリジンジオン類(例えば、JT−501およびファルグリタザル(farglitazar)(GW−2570/GI−262579)、ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩およびエステル);PPARα/γ二重アゴニスト(例えば、AR−HO39242(Aztrazeneca)、GW−409544(Glaxo−Wellcome)、BVT−142、CLX−0940、GW−1536、GW−1929、GW−2433、KRP−297(Kyorin Merck;5−[(2,4−ジオキソチアゾリジニル)メチル]メトキシ−N−[[4−(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル]メチルjベンズアミド)、L−796449、LR−90、MK−0767(Merck/Kyorin/Banyu)、SB219994、ムラグリタザル(muraglitazar)(BMS)、テサグリタザル(tesaglitzar)(Astrazeneca)、レグリタザル(reglitazar)(JTT−501)およびWO99/16758、WO99/19313、WO99/20614、WO99/38850、WO00/23415、WO00/23417、WO00/23445、WO00/50414、WO01/00579、WO01/79150、WO02/062799、WO03/004458、WO03/016265、WO03/018010、WO03/033481、WO03/033450、
WO03/033453、WO03/043985、WO031053976、2000年9月18日出願の米国出願番号09/664,598、Murakamiら、Diabetes 47,1841−1847(1998)に開示されているもの、ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩およびエステル);他のインスリン感作薬;VPAC2レセプターアゴニスト;GLK調節因子(例えば、WO03/015774に開示されているもの);レチノイド調節因子(例えば、WO03/000249に開示されているもの);GSK3β/GSK3インヒビター(例えば、4−[2−(2−ブロモフェニル)−4−(4−フルオロフェニル−lH−イミダゾール−5−イル]ピリジン、およびWO03/024447、WO03/037869、WO03/037877、WO03/037891、WO03/068773、EP1295884、EP1295885に開示されている化合物など);グリコーゲンホスホリラーゼ(HGLPa)インヒビター(例えば、CP−368,296、CP−316,819、BAYR3401、およびWOO1/94300、WO02/20530、WO03/037864に開示されている化合物、ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩またはエステル);ATP消費促進剤(例えば、WO03/007990に開示されているもの);TRB3インヒビター;バニロイドレセプターリガンド(例えば、WO03/049702に開示されているもの);血糖降下剤(例えば、WO03/015781およびWO03/040114に開示されているもの);グリコーゲンシンターゼキナーゼ3インヒビター(例えば、WO03/035663に開示されているもの、WO99/51225、US20030134890、WO01/24786およびWO03/059870に開示されている薬剤);WO03/057827などに開示されているようなインスリン応答性DNA結合タンパク質−1(IRDBP−1);アデノシンA2アンタゴニスト(例えば、WO03/035639、WO03/035640などに開示されているもの);PPARδアゴニスト(例えば、GW501516、GW590735ならびにJP10237049およびWO02/14291に開示されている化合物);ジペプチジルペプチダーゼIV(DP−IV)インヒビター、例えば、イソロイシンチアゾリジド、NVP−DPP728A(Hughesら、Biochemistry,38(36),11597−11603,1999によって開示されている1−[[[2−[(5−シアノピリジン−2−イル)アミノ]エチル]アミノ]アセチル]−2−シアノ−(S)−ピロリジン)、P32/98、NVP−LAF−237、P3298、TSL225(Yamadaら、Bioorg.& Med.Chem.Lett.8(1998)1537−1540によって開示されているトリプトフィル−1,2,3,4−テトラヒドロ−イソキノリン−3−カルボン酸)、バリンピロリジド、TMC−2A/2B/2C、CD−26インヒビター、FE999011、P9310/K364、VIP0177、DPP4、SDZ274−444、Ashworthら、Bioorg.& Med.Chem.Lett.,Vol.6,No.22,pp 1163−1166および2745−2748(1996)によって開示されているような2−シアノピロリジドおよび4−シアノピロリジド、ならびにUS6395767、US6573287、US6395767(開示されている化合物には、BMS−477118、BMS−471211およびBMS538,305が含まれる)、WO99/38501、WO99/46272、WO99/67279、WO99/67278、WO99/61431WO03/004498、WO03/004496、EP1258476、WO02/083128、WO02/062764、WO03/000250、WO03/002530、WO03/002531、WO03/002553、WO03/002593、WO03/000180およびWO03/000181に開示されている化合物;GLP−Iアゴニスト(例えば、エキセンディン−3およびエキセンディン−4(Exenatide(登録商標)と呼ばれる39aaポリペプチド合成エキセンディン−4を含む)ならびにUS2003087821およびNZ504256に開示されている化合物、ならびにそれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩およびエステル);アムリンチド(amlintide)およびSymlin(登録商標)(酢酸プラムリンチド)を含むペプチド;およびグルコキナーゼ(glycokinase)活性化因子(例えば、US2002103199(縮合複素環式芳香族化合物)およびWO02/48106(イソインドリン−1−オン−置換プロピオンアミド化合物)に開示されているもの)が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、ホスホジエステラーゼインヒビターとの併用療法において使用され得る。PDEインヒビターは、上記ホスホジエステラーゼの阻害によって、環状AMP(cAMP)および/または環状GMP(cGMP)の分解を遅延させ、それにより、cAMPおよび/またはcGMPの細胞内濃度を相対的に上昇させ得る化合物である。あり得るPDEインヒビターは、第一に、PDE3インヒビターからなるクラス、PDE4インヒビターからなるクラスおよび/またはPDE5インヒビターからなるクラスのうちでナンバリングされる物質、特に、PDE3/4インヒビターの混合タイプまたはPDE3/4/5インヒビターの混合タイプと命名され得る物質である。それらのPDEインヒビターの例としては、以下の特許公報および特許:DE1470341、DE2108438、DE2123328、DE2305339、DE2305575、DE2315801、DE2402908、DE2413935、DE2451417、DE2459090、DE2646469、DE2727481、DE2825048、DE2837161、DE2845220、DE2847621、DE2934747、DE3021792、DE3038166、DE3044568、EP000718、EP0008408、EP0010759、EP0059948、EP0075436、EP0096517、EPO112987、EPO116948、EP0150937、EP0158380、EP0161632、EP0161918、EP0167121、EP0199127、EP0220044、EP0247725、EP0258191、EP0272910、EP0272914、EP0294647、EP0300726、EP0335386、EP0357788、EP0389282、EP0406958、EP0426180、EP0428302、EP0435811、EP0470805、EP0482208、EP0490823、EP0506194、EP0511865、EP0527117、EP0626939、EP0664289、EP0671389、EP0685474、EP0685475、EP0685479、JP92234389、JP94329652、JP95010875、米国特許第4,963,561号、同第5,141,931号、WO9117991、WO9200968、WO9212961、WO9307146、WO9315044、WO9315045、WO9318024、WO9319068、WO9319720、WO9319747、WO9319749、WO9319751、WO9325517、WO9402465、WO9406423、WO9412461、WO9420455、WO9422852、WO9425437、WO9427947、WO9500516、WO9501980、WO9503794、WO9504045、WO9504046、WO9505386、WO9508534、WO9509623、WO9509624、WO9509627、WO9509836、WO9514667、WO9514680、WO9514681、WO9517392、WO9517399、WO9519362、WO9522520、WO9524381、WO9527692、WO9528926、WO9535281、WO9535282、WO9600218、WO9601825、WO9602541、WO9611917、DE3142982、DEl116676、DE2162096、EP0293063、EP0463756、EP0482208、EP0579496、EP0667345、US6,331,543、US20050004222(式I〜XIIIならびにパラグラフ37〜39、85〜0545および557〜577に開示されているものを含む)およびWO9307124、EP0163965、EP0393500、EP0510562、EP0553174、WO9501338およびWO9603399に記載されており、そして/または特許請求されているものなどが言及され得る。例として言及され得るPDE5インヒビターは、RX−RA−69、SCH−51866、KT−734、ベスナリノン、ザプリナスト、SKF−96231、ER−21355、BF/GP−385、NM−702およびシルデナフィル(Viagra(登録商標))である。例として言及され得るPDE4インヒビターは、RO−20−1724、MEM1414(R1533/R1500;Pharmacia Roche)、DENBUFYLLINE、ROLIPRAM、OXAGRELATE、NITRAQUAZONE、Y−590、DH−6471、SKF−94120、MOTAPIZONE、LIXAZINONE、INDOLIDAN、OLPRINONE、ATIZORAM、KS−506−G、DIPAMFYLLINE、BMY−43351、ATIZORAM、AROFYLLINE、FILAMINAST、PDB−093、UCB−29646、CDP−840、SKF−107806、PICLAMILAST、RS−17597、RS−25344−000、SB−207499、TIBENELAST、SB−210667、SB−211572、SB−211600、SB−212066、SB−212179、GW−3600、CDP−840、MOPIDAMOL、ANAGRELIDE、IBUDILAST、AMRINONE、PIMOBENDAN、CILOSTAZOL、QUAZINONEおよびN−(3,5−ジクロロピリド−4−イル)−3−シクロプロピルメトキシ4−ジフルオロメトキシベンズアミドである。例として言及され得るPDE3インヒビターは、SULMAZOLE、AMPIZONE、CILOSTAMIDE、CARBAZERAN、PIROXIMONE、IMAZODAN、CI−930、SIGUAZODAN、ADIBENDAN、SATERINONE、SKF−95654、SDZ−MKS−492、349−U−85、EMORADAN、EMD−53998、EMD−57033、NSP−306、NSP−307、REVIZINONE、NM−702、WIN−62582およびWIN−63291、ENOXIMONEおよびMILRINONEである。例として言及され得るPDE3/4インヒビターは、BENAFENTRINE、TREQUINSIN、ORG−30029、ZARDAVERINE、L−686398、SDZ−ISQ−844、ORG−20241、EMD−54622およびTOLAFENTRINEである。他のPDEインヒビターとしては:シロミラスト、ペントキシフィリン、ロフルミラスト、タダラフィル(Cialis(登録商標))、テオフィリンおよびバルデナフィル(Levitra(登録商標))、ザプリナスト(PDE5特異的)が挙げられる。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、子宮収縮抑制剤(ベータ−アドレナリン作用薬、硫酸マグネシウム、プロスタグランジンインヒビターおよびカルシウムチャネルブロッカーが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない)との併用療法において使用され得る(例えば、子宮の収縮を減少させるか、または阻害するために)。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、抗悪性腫瘍剤(アルキル化剤、エピポドフィロトキシン、ニトロソ尿素、代謝拮抗物質、ビンカアルカロイド、アントラサイクリン抗生物質、ナイトロジェンマスタード剤などが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない)との併用療法において使用され得る。特定の抗腫瘍剤としては、タモキシフェン、タキソール、エトポシドおよび5−フルオロウラシルが挙げられ得る。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、Dooleyら(The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,283 (2):735−741,1997)によって記載されているノシセプチンレセプターORL1の部分的アゴニストとの併用療法において(例えば、うっ血性心不全の予防/処置または本明細書中に記載される別の方法において)使用され得る。そのアゴニストは、アミノ酸配列Ac−RYY(RK)(WI)(RK)−NH2(“Dooleyポリペプチド”)を有するヘキサペプチドであり、ここで、括弧は、アミノ酸残基の許容可能なバリエーションを示す。したがって、Dooleyポリペプチドとしては、KYYRWR、RYYRWR、KWRYYR、RYYRWK、RYYRWK(すべてDアミノ酸(amin acids))、RYYRIK、RYYRIR、RYYKIK、RYYKIR、RYYKWR、RYYKWK、RYYRWR、RYYRWK、RYYRIK、RYYKWR、RYYKWK、RYYRWKおよびKYYRWKが挙げられ得るがこれらに限定されず、ここで、これらのアミノ酸残基は、別段示されない限り、L型である。本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドは、WO0198324に記載されているDooleyポリペプチドのポリペプチド結合体化改変物との併用療法においても使用され得る。
被験体において、特に、炎症または疾患領域の部位および部位周囲において、本化合物の一過性または持続性の濃度を達成するために、ならびに所望の反応をもたらすために、薬学的組成物中の活性成分の投薬レベルもまた変動し得る。所望の効果を達成するのに必要な用量よりも低いレベルの化合物の用量から開始し、そして所望の効果が達成されるまでその投薬量を徐々に上げていくことは、十分に当該分野の技術範囲内である。任意の特定の被験体に対する特定の用量レベルが、体重、全般的な健康状態、食餌、疾患の自然史、投与の経路およびスケジューリング、1つ以上の他の薬物との併用、ならびに疾患の重症度をはじめとした、種々の因子に依存することが理解されるだろう。
固相ペプチド合成のための標準的な方法を用いて、GCRAペプチドを合成した。生成されるペプチドのスケールに応じて、Boc/BzlまたはFmoc/tBu保護基のいずれかのストラテジーを選択した。少量の場合、Fmoc/tBuプロトコルを用いて所望の生成物を得ることが可能であるが、大量(1g以上)の場合、Boc/Bzlのほうが良い。
各合成サイクルは、DMF中の20%ピペリジンを用いる脱保護からなるものであった。樹脂の洗浄は、DMFとIpOH(それぞれ樹脂を膨らませ、縮ませる)とを交互に使用することによって達成された。ペプチド合成は、C末端からN末端にその鎖を伸ばした。各アミノ酸に対する活性化化学は、45分間にわたる4倍過剰なHBTU/DIEAを用いるものであった。自動化された化学では、カップリング効率を最大にするために、各アミノ酸を二重カップリングした(double coupled)。ジスルフィド結合の正確な位置を保証するために、Cys残基をCys(Acm)として15位および7位に導入した。Cys(Trt)は、Cys4およびCys12に位置した。この保護基ストラテジーによって、正確なトポイソマーが主要な生成物として(75:25)得られる(エンテロトキシンアナログの場合、第3のジスルフィド結合保護基(Mob)を利用した)。
MerrifieldもしくはPamで予め負荷された樹脂において、またはC末端がアミドとして生成されるペプチドの場合はmBHAを用いて、ペプチド合成が開始される。各合成サイクルは、MeCL2中の50%TFAを用いる脱保護工程からなる。その樹脂をMeCl2およびMeOHで繰り返し洗浄する。形成されたTFA塩を、MeCl2中の10%TEAの塩基洗浄液を用いて中和する。その樹脂をMeCl2およびMeOHで洗浄し、最後にDMFで洗浄した後、カップリング工程を行う。脱保護を確かめるために、比色試験を行う。各カップリングは、HOBTとともにジイソプロピルカルボジイミドで媒介されることにより、活性なエステルを形成する。各カップリングは、RTにおいて2時間、または困難なカップリングに対しては一晩、継続させる。再カップリングは、遊離第1級アミンに対して陰性の比色試験が得られるまで、ウランまたはホスホニウム試薬のいずれかを用いて行われる。次いで、その樹脂をDMF、MeCl2およびMeOHで洗浄し、次の固相工程のために調製する。Cys保護は、7位および15位においてCys(Acm)を利用し、Cys4およびCys12においてCys(MeB)を利用する。
刺激された胃液(SGF)の存在下におけるSP−304の安定性を測定した。SP−304(最終濃度8.5mg/ml)を、SGF(PBS中の、プロテオースペプトン(8.3g/リットル;Difco)、D−グルコース(3.5g/リットル;Sigma)、NaCl(2.05g/リットル;Sigma)、KH2PO4(0.6g/リットル;Sigma)、CaCl2(0.11g/リットル)、KCl(0.37g/リットル;Sigma)、PBS中のブタ胆汁(最終1×濃度0.05g/リットル;Sigma)、PBS中のリゾチーム(最終1×濃度0.10g/リットル;Sigma)、ペプシン(最終1×濃度0.0133g/リットル;Sigma))中でインキュベートした。SGFは、実験の日に調製し、必要に応じてHClまたはNaOHを用いてpHを2.0±0.1に調整した。pHを調整した後、0.22μmメンブランフィルターを用いてSGFを濾過滅菌する。SP−304(最終濃度8.5mg/ml)を、3つ組のアリコートで、それぞれ0、15、30、45、60および120分間、37℃のSGF中でインキュベートした。インキュベートした後、サンプルをドライアイス中で急凍し、次いで、2つ組でアッセイするまで、−80℃の冷凍庫内で保存した。
SP−304の安定性を、刺激された腸液(SIF)とのインキュベート後にも評価した。United States Pharmacopoeia,24th edition,p2236に記載されているような方法によってSIF溶液を調製した。SIF溶液を調製するための処方箋は、以下に記載するとおりであった。SIF溶液は、NaCl(2.05g/リットル;Sigma)、KH2PO4(0.6g/リットル;Sigma)、CaCl2(0.11g/リットル)、KCl(0.37g/リットル;Sigma)およびパンクレアチン(Pacreatin)10mg/mlを含んでいた。pHを6に調整し、その溶液を濾過滅菌した。SP−304の溶液(8.5mg/ml)を37℃のSGF中、3つ組のアリコートで、それぞれ0、30、60、90、120、150および300分間にわたってインキュベートした。インキュベート後、サンプルを取り出し、ドライアイスで急凍し、2つ組でアッセイするまで、−80℃の冷凍庫内で保存した。図2Aは、記載されているとおりの時間にわたってSIFとインキュベートした後の、SP−304がT84細胞においてcGMP合成を刺激する能力を示している棒グラフである。0分におけるcGMP刺激活性を100%とした。このデータは、3つ組の平均値±SDである。このデータは、SP−304の生物学的活性が、SIFによる消化後に30%減少していることを示した。これは、このペプチドの分解に起因し得る。それゆえ、SIFでの消化後のサンプルをHPLCによってさらに解析した。
腸管のGC−Cレセプターに結合し、それを活性化するGCRAペプチドの能力を、T84ヒト結腸癌細胞株を用いることによって試験した。ヒトT84結腸癌細胞は、American Type Culture Collectionから入手した。10%ウシ胎児血清、100Uペニシリン/mlおよび100μg/mlストレプトマイシンが補充された、Ham’s F−12培地と、ダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(DMEM)との1:1混合物中で、細胞を生育した。その細胞に3日に1回、新鮮培地を与え、約80%のコンフルエンスにおいて分割した。
消化性プロテアーゼによる消化に対してペプチドをより抵抗性にするためのさらなるストラテジーは、そのペプチドをN末端およびC末端においてペグ化することである。C末端(SP−347)もしくはN末端(SP−350)または両方の末端(SP−343)において、アミノエチルオキシ−エチルオキシ−酢酸(Aeea)基を用いて、ペプチドSP−333をペグ化した。T84細胞における環状GMP合成を上に記載したような方法によって測定した。
環状ヌクレオチド(すなわち、cAMPおよびcGMP)の細胞内濃度の制御、そして、これらのセカンドメッセンジャーを介するシグナル伝達は、一般に、それらの細胞内の破壊の速度に対する産生の速度によって、支配されると考えられている。したがって、組織内および器官内のcGMPのレベルもまた、一般に癌および炎症性疾患において過剰発現されるcGMP特異的ホスホジエステラーゼ(cGMP−PDE)の発現レベルによって制御され得る。ゆえに、cGMP−PDEのインヒビターとともにGC−Cのアゴニストからなる併用は、標的組織および標的器官におけるcGMPのレベルに対して相乗効果をもたらし得る。
Chemical,Ann Arbor,MI)を用いて、可溶化物において細胞内のcGMPレベルを測定した。サンプルを3つ組でELISA試験した。
本研究の目的は、カニクイザルへの単回の経口強制(oral gavage)投与後に、本発明に記載のGRCAペプチドの毒性を測定すること、および最低7日間の観察/休薬期間後の任意の変化に関する可逆性の評価を可能にすることである。本発明に記載の各GRCAペプチドを、2つの異なる用量レベルで投与する。
被験物(例えば、本発明に記載のGRCAペプチド)およびコントロール/ビヒクル物を、観察期間として最低7日間離した3つのフェーズにおいて投与する。各フェーズは、以下の表に記載されるような、雌カニクイザルへの単回の経口強制投与からなる:
フェーズ1:
8頭の非未処置雌カニクイザルをITR Spare Monkey留置所から移し、以下のとおり4つの投薬群に割り当てる:
フェーズ1において先に使用したのと同じ8頭の非未処置雌カニクイザルをITR Spare Monkey留置所から移し、以下のとおり4つの投与群に割り当てる:
経口の投与経路が、ヒトにおいて好ましい治療上の経路であるので、経口の投与経路を選択する。
被験物およびコントロール/ビヒクル物は、冷蒸留水(氷水浴中で維持)中で、投薬日に新しく調製する。所望の濃度を達成するために、十分量の被験物の粉末を、適切な量の蒸留水に加える。投薬製剤を単純に反転させることによって混合する。
その製剤中の被験物の濃度および安定性の可能な確認のために、以下に記載されるように、各群の投薬の初日に、コントロール/ビヒクル物を含む各濃度の中央から代表的なサンプルを採取する。1日目において調製の直後にサンプルを回収し、そしてその日の投薬が完了した後に再度サンプルを回収し、20mLスクリューキャップバイアルにおいて凍結保存する(名目上約80℃)。そして、投薬が完了した後できるだけ速やかに、残存している投薬製剤バイアルをPharmacy Departmentに返す。
種/系統:カニクイザル(Macaca Fasicularis)
起源: orldwide Primates Inc.,
P.O.Box 971279
Miami,Florida,33187,USA
および
Covance Research Products Inc.
P.O.Box 549
Alice,Texas,78333,USA
研究におけるサルの総数:8頭の非未処置雌
体重の範囲: 処置開始時において2〜4kg開始時の年齢の範囲: 処置開始時において若年成体
順化期間: これらの動物はITRの予備のサル用留置所から移される。そして、それらは、その実験室の環境に十分に慣れると考えられる。
被験物およびコントロール/ビヒクル物を、観察/休薬期間として最低7日間離した3つのフェーズにおいて、注射器に取り付けられた栄養管を用いて、経口強制投与によって投与する。各投薬セッションは、単回の経口強制投与からなる。すべての投薬体積を動物に確実に送達するために、投薬製剤を投与した直後に、その栄養管に3mLの逆浸透水を流す。投薬体積は、コントロールを含むすべての動物に対して10mL/kgである。各フェーズの1日目に各サルに実際に投与する体積は、各フェーズの1日目の体重を用いて算出される。
詳細な臨床実験日を除いて、以下に記載されるようにケージサイド(Cage−side)臨床的徴候(健康障害、行動の変化など)を記録するが、朝のケージサイド臨床的徴候は、詳細な臨床検査(DCE)によって置き換えられる。定期的なケージサイド臨床的徴候および詳細な検査中は、排泄される糞便の量、糞便の描写などに関して、糞便に対して特別な注意を払う。
前処理期間中および7日間(最低)の観察期間中:1日3回(各回の間は最低3時間)。
腸管の分泌の授乳期マウスモデルを用いて、本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドが腸管の分泌を増加させる能力についてGCRAペプチドを試験し得る。このモデルでは、GCRAペプチドを7〜9日齢の授乳期マウスに投与する。それらのマウスを屠殺した後、胃から盲腸までの消化管を切開する(「腸」)。残りの部分(「死体」)ならびにその腸の重量を測定し、腸と死体との重量の比を計算する。その比が0.09を超える場合、被験化合物は、腸管の分泌を増加させると結論づけることができる。このアッセイに対するコントロールとしては、野生型SP−304,STポリペプチドおよびZelnorm(登録商標)が挙げられ得る。フェニルベンゾキノン誘発性ライジングモデル PBQ誘導性ライジングモデルを用いることにより、本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドの疼痛調節活性を評価することができる。このモデルは、Siegmundらによって報告されたものである(1957 Proc.Soc.Exp.Bio.Med.95:729−731)。簡潔には、被験化合物、例えば、GCRAペプチド、モルヒネまたはビヒクルを経口投薬した1時間後に、0.02%フェニルベンゾキノン(PBQ)溶液(12.5mL/kg)を腹腔内経路によってそのマウスに注射する。ストレッチおよびライジングの回数をPBQ注射の5分後から10分後に記録し、35〜40分後および60〜65分後にも数えることにより、速度論的評価が提供され得る。それらの結果は、ストレッチおよびライジングの回数(平均値±SEM)ならびにビヒクル処置群の平均値から計算される侵害受容性閾値の変分に関するパーセンテージとして表わされる。処置群とコントロール群との間の任意の差異の統計的有意性は、SigmaStatソフトウェアを使用して、1元配置分散分析(P<0.05)後の残差分散を用いるDunnett検定によって判定される。
曝露されたマウス(本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドを経口的または静脈内に投薬されたマウス)およびコントロールマウスの全血から血清サンプルを抽出し、次いで、さらに処理することなく、インライン固相抽出(SPE)カラム(Waters Oasis HLB 25μmカラム,2.0×15mm直接接続)上に直接注射する(10mL)。そのSPEカラム上のサンプルを5%メタノール、95%dH2O溶液で洗浄し(2.1mL/分,1.0分)、次いで、分析用カラム(Waters Xterra MS C8 5μm ISカラム,2.1×20mm)上の逆転した流路にそのSPEカラムを設置させるバルブスイッチを用いて、0分析用カラム上に負荷する。逆相勾配(移動相A:dH2O中の10mM水酸化アンモニウム、移動相B:80%アセトニトリルおよび20%メタノール中の10mM水酸化アンモニウム;最初の3分間は20%B、次いで、4分間にわたって95%Bまで増加させ、そして25分間にわたって保持、すべて0.4mL/分という流速)を用いて、上記サンプルを分析用カラムから溶出する。9.1分において、1分間にわたって勾配を20%Bの初期条件に戻す。ポリペプチドを、分析用カラムから溶出し、トリプル四重極(triple−quadrapole)質量分析(MRM,764(+2電荷状態)>182(+1電荷状態)Da;コーン電圧=30V;衝突=20eV;親分解能(parent resolution)=基準ピークにおける2Da;娘分解能(daughter resolution)=基準ピークにおける2Da)によって検出する。調製された既知量の化学合成ポリペプチドを用い、同じ手順を用いてマウス血漿に注射された検量線と比較することによって、機械の反応を濃度単位に変換する。
本明細書中に記載されるGCRAペプチドの、利尿およびナトリウム排泄増加に対する効果は、WO06/001931(実施例6(p.42)および8(p.45))に記載されている方法と同様の方法を用いて測定され得る。簡潔には、本明細書中に記載されるポリペプチド/アゴニスト(180pmol)を5つの麻酔下のマウスまたは霊長類の群に60分間にわたって注入する。推定されるラット血漿体積を10mLと仮定すると、注入速度は、約3pmol/mL/分である。注入前の約40分間、注入中および注入後の約50分間にわたって、血圧、尿産生およびナトリウム排出をモニターすることにより、利尿およびナトリウム排泄増加に対するGCRAペプチドの効果を測定する。比較のために、5匹のラットのコントロール群に通例の食塩水を注入する。尿およびナトリウムの排出を評価し得る。投薬の反応もまた測定し得る。本明細書中に記載されるポリペプチド/GC−Cアゴニストをマウスまたは霊長類に60分間にわたって静脈内注入する。ポリペプチド/GC−Cアゴニスト注入が終了した後、最大180分まで30分間隔で尿を回収し、各回収間隔について、尿の体積、ナトリウム排出およびカリウム排出を測定する。血圧を連続的にモニターする。各用量について、尿の体積、ナトリウムおよびカリウムの排出に対する用量反応の関連性を判定し得る。そのポリペプチド/GC−アゴニストの血漿濃度もまた、iv注入の前および後において測定する。
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