JP5005170B2 - 超高品質シリコン含有化合物層の形成方法 - Google Patents
超高品質シリコン含有化合物層の形成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5005170B2 JP5005170B2 JP2004523521A JP2004523521A JP5005170B2 JP 5005170 B2 JP5005170 B2 JP 5005170B2 JP 2004523521 A JP2004523521 A JP 2004523521A JP 2004523521 A JP2004523521 A JP 2004523521A JP 5005170 B2 JP5005170 B2 JP 5005170B2
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- silicon
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- silicon layer
- deposition
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 158
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 title claims description 83
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 182
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 180
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 178
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 133
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 97
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 96
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 96
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- VEDJZFSRVVQBIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisilane Chemical compound [SiH3][SiH2][SiH3] VEDJZFSRVVQBIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
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- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 3
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- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 2
- LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ge] Chemical compound [Si].[Ge] LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- JUINSXZKUKVTMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen azide Chemical compound N=[N+]=[N-] JUINSXZKUKVTMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
- C23C16/45523—Pulsed gas flow or change of composition over time
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/24—Deposition of silicon only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/34—Nitrides
- C23C16/345—Silicon nitride
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
- C23C16/45523—Pulsed gas flow or change of composition over time
- C23C16/45525—Atomic layer deposition [ALD]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/56—After-treatment
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02109—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates
- H01L21/02112—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer
- H01L21/02123—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon
- H01L21/0217—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon the material being a silicon nitride not containing oxygen, e.g. SixNy or SixByNz
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02225—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer
- H01L21/02227—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a process other than a deposition process
- H01L21/02247—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a process other than a deposition process formation by nitridation, e.g. nitridation of the substrate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02225—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer
- H01L21/02227—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a process other than a deposition process
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Description
好ましい実施形態の詳細な説明
好ましい反応器
好ましい実施態様は、単一基板、水平流コールドウォール反応器(horizontal flow cold−wall reactor)のコンテクストにおいて示されるが、本発明の特定の側面は、当該技術分野において公知の様々なタイプの反応器への適用を有し、本発明はそのような反応器に限定されないことが理解される。例えば、バッチリアクター(batch reactors)が使用され得、複数のウェハを同時に処理する能力によって、向上した処理能力を有利に可能なものとする。好適なバッチリアクターは、オランダのASM International,N.V.から、商品名A412TMの下で商業的に入手できる。
マイクロ電子デバイスの製造は、シリコン含有化合物膜を堆積するために、CVDプロセスにおいてシラン(SiH4)を長く使用してきた。それにもかかわらず、以下に議論されるように、多数の欠点を有することが見出された。
以下により詳細に記載されるように、シリコン含有化合物層の形成において、薄いシリコン層は、望ましくは、シリコン前駆体、好ましくはトリシランに基板を最初に暴露することによって基板に堆積される。シリコン層は、別の前駆体と反応されてシリコン含有化合物層を形成し得る。好ましい実施形態において、他の前駆体は、窒素供給源である。窒素供給源は、シリコン層を窒化するために反応チャンバー中に導入され、シリコンナイトライドを形成する。窒化は、シリコン層中のシリコンが窒素供給源由来の窒素と反応する場合に生じて、シリコンナイトライドを生成する。窒化は、好ましくは、基板の表面のシリコン層に限定され、そして有利には、窒素供給源とのシリコン層の反応において実質的に完全な化学量論を生じる。このような完全な反応は、不純物があまり組み込まれないこと、より密度が高い膜、ならびに改善された厚み制御およびステップカバレッジを可能にする。さらに、以下に議論されるように、堆積された層は、絶縁特性を改善し、従来の絶縁薄膜よりもより厚くされ得、拡散バリアとしてこれらの堆積層の効果を増加する。
・Si3H8パルス
・Si3H8除去
・窒化
・窒素供給源除去
サイクル360によるシリコンナイトライド層の形成後、ゲート電極は、当該分野で公知の方法によって形成され得る370。
望ましくは、好ましい実施形態に従う好ましいシリコン含有化合物膜は、膜の表面に渡って、非常に均一な厚さを有する。膜厚の均一性は、好ましくは、マルチポイント(multiple−point)厚さ測定を行うこと(例えば、偏光解析法又は断面法(cross−sectioning)、様々な厚さ測定値を平均することにより平均厚さを決定すること、及び、rms変動性(variability)を測定すること)によって決定される。所定の表面積での比較を可能にするために、結果は、rms厚さ変動性を平均厚さで割り、そしてその結果をパーセンテージとして表すために100をかけることによって計算された不均一性のパーセント(percent non−uniformity)として表現され得る。好ましくは、その厚さ不均一性は、約20%以下、より好ましくは約10%以下、更により好ましくは約5%以下、最も好ましくは約2%以下である。
シリコンナイトライド層を、ASM America, Inc. of Phoenix, AZからの単一基板Epsilon(登録商標)リアクター中で形成した。ウェハを、反応チャンバー中へ装入し(loaded)、そして、トリシラン堆積のための準備を行った。トリシランを、6秒間、63sccmにて、反応チャンバー中へ流し込んだ。反応チャンバーを、10秒間、窒素ガスでパージした。原子状窒素を、窒素ガスを6slmにてマイクロ波ラジカルジェネレーター(MRG)へ流し込むことによって生成し、そして、145秒間、反応チャンバーへ流し込んだ。次いで、反応チャンバーを、10秒間、窒素ガスでパージした。約5Åのシリコンナイトライドをサイクルごとに堆積し、そして、8サイクルを実行して約40Åの厚さのシリコンナイトライド層を形成した。各サイクルの各ステップを、650℃にて等温で且つ3Torrにて等圧で行った。
Claims (33)
- 集積回路におけるシリコン含有化合物層の形成方法であって、該方法が、複数のサイクルを含み、各サイクルが、以下:
物質輸送による制限がなされた400℃以上の成膜条件で基板をトリシランに暴露することによって、基板とトリシランとを接触させて、トリシランを基板で、トリシランをプロセスチャンバー内に導入している間に熱分解させ、プロセスチャンバー内においてシリコン層を堆積すること;
その後、プロセスチャンバーからトリシランを除去すること;
シリコン層を反応種(reactive species)に暴露することによって、およそ5%以下の厚さ不均一性と、およそ80%以上のステップカバレッジと、を有するシリコン含有化合物層を形成すること;及び
その後、プロセスチャンバーから反応種を除去すること
を含む方法。 - プロセス反応チャンバーが、単一基板層流反応チャンバー(single substrate laminar flow reaction chamber)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- プロセス反応チャンバーがバッチリアクターである、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- シリコン層の堆積が、化学気相成長を含む、請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の方法。
- シリコン層の堆積が、1を超えるシリコンの原子層を形成することを含む、請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 反応種が窒素種を含み、シリコン含有化合物層がシリコンナイトライドを含む、請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- シリコンナイトライド層が、シランを用いた化学気相成長法によって堆積された実質的に同様な厚さのシリコンナイトライド層に比べてより均一である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- シリコンナイトライド層が、インターフェーシャル・レイヤー上に形成される、請求項6又は7に記載の方法。
- インターフェーシャル・レイヤーが、以下:
基板をトリシランに暴露することによって基板上にシリコン層を堆積すること;及び
シリコン層を酸素種に暴露することによってインターフェーシャル・レイヤーを形成すること
を含むプロセスによって形成される、請求項8に記載の方法。 - 酸素種が、原子状酸素、水、オゾン、酸素、一酸化窒素及び亜酸化窒素からなる群より選択される1以上のオキシダントを含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 実質的なトリシランの除去が、プロセスチャンバーを排気すること及び不活性ガスでプロセスチャンバーをパージすることからなる群より選択される除去プロセスを含む、請求項1から10のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 実質的な反応種の除去が、反応種を排気すること及び不活性ガスでプロセスチャンバーをパージすることからなる群より選択される除去プロセスを含む、請求項1から11のいずれかに記載の方法。
- サイクルの第1の実行(performance)において堆積される第1シリコン層の堆積のための第1基板温度が、およそ525℃未満である、請求項1から12のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 第1シリコン層を反応させるための第2基板温度が、第1基板温度より高い、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 第1シリコン層の反応後、後のシリコン層の堆積及び反応が等温的に行われる、請求項13又は14に記載の方法。
- 第1シリコン層の反応後、後のシリコン層の堆積及び反応のための第3基板温度が、およそ400〜650℃である、請求項13から15のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 第3基板温度が第1基板温度よりも高い、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 反応チャンバーにおける複数の化学気相成長サイクルを行うことによる、集積回路用に所望の厚さを有する、絶縁シリコン化合物の、層の形成方法であって、各サイクルが以下:
第1に、物質輸送による制限がなされた400℃以上の成膜条件でシリコン供給源に基板を暴露することによって、基板とシリコン供給源とを接触させて、シリコン供給源を基板で、シリコン供給源をプロセスチャンバー内に導入している間に熱分解させ、基板上におよそ3Å〜25Åの厚さのシリコン層を堆積させること;及び
第2に、絶縁シリコン化合物の層を部分的に形成するためにシリコン層を反応させること
(ここで、トリシランが、複数のサイクルのうち、サイクルの第1の実行(performance)において、基板上に第1のシリコン層を堆積するために使用されるシリコン供給源である)
を含む、およそ5%以下の厚さ不均一性と、およそ80%以上のステップカバレッジと、を有する層の形成方法。 - 反応が窒化を含み、該絶縁シリコン化合物がシリコンナイトライドである、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 絶縁シリコン化合物の層が、56窒素原子に対し、およそ43シリコン原子の化学量論(stoichiometry)を有する、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 反応が、酸化を含み、絶縁シリコン化合物がシリコンオキサイドである、請求項18から20のいずれかに記載の方法。
- トリシランが、第1シリコン層を堆積するために使用されるシリコン供給源である、請求項18から21のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 第1シリコン層の堆積の後、後のシリコン層を堆積するためのシリコン供給源が、シラン化学式、SinH2n+2(式中、n=1〜4)を有するシラン及びハロシラン化学式R4−XSiHX(式中、R=Cl、Br又はI及びX=0〜3)を有するハロシランからなる群より選択されるシリコン化合物を含む、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 反応温度が、およそ650℃未満である、請求項18から23のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 第1シリコン層の堆積のための第1基板温度が、およそ525℃未満である、請求項18から24のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 第1基板温度が、およそ475℃未満である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 第1シリコン層を反応させるための第2基板温度が、第1基板温度より高い、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 第1シリコン層の反応後、後のシリコン層の堆積及び反応が等温的に行われる、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 第1シリコン層の反応後、後のシリコン層の堆積及び反応のための第3基板温度が、およそ400〜650℃である、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 第3基板温度が第1基板温度よりも高い、請求項29に記載の方法。
- さらに、第1シリコン層を反応させる前に、少なくともおよそ10秒間、反応チャンバーを排気することを含む、請求項18から30のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 反応温度及び持続時間が、シリコン層下の基板を反応させることを抑制するように選択される、請求項18から31のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 基板上の第1シリコン層の厚さが、窒化飽和深度よりも大きいか、又はほぼ等しい、請求項18から32のいずれかに記載の方法。
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Cited By (1)
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US11605536B2 (en) | 2020-09-19 | 2023-03-14 | Tokyo Electron Limited | Cyclic low temperature film growth processes |
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US20080038936A1 (en) | 2008-02-14 |
JP2010283357A (ja) | 2010-12-16 |
US7964513B2 (en) | 2011-06-21 |
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US7651953B2 (en) | 2010-01-26 |
US20090311857A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
WO2004009861A8 (en) | 2004-05-27 |
US7297641B2 (en) | 2007-11-20 |
WO2004009861A2 (en) | 2004-01-29 |
WO2004009861A3 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
US20050118837A1 (en) | 2005-06-02 |
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