ES2398674T3 - Instrumentos quirúrgicos mejorados - Google Patents
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- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N7/00—Ultrasound therapy
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- A61B17/32—Surgical cutting instruments
- A61B17/320068—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic
- A61B17/320092—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic with additional movable means for clamping or cutting tissue, e.g. with a pivoting jaw
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- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B2017/00017—Electrical control of surgical instruments
- A61B2017/00022—Sensing or detecting at the treatment site
- A61B2017/00084—Temperature
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B2017/00017—Electrical control of surgical instruments
- A61B2017/00022—Sensing or detecting at the treatment site
- A61B2017/00106—Sensing or detecting at the treatment site ultrasonic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
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- A61B2017/00017—Electrical control of surgical instruments
- A61B2017/00115—Electrical control of surgical instruments with audible or visual output
- A61B2017/00128—Electrical control of surgical instruments with audible or visual output related to intensity or progress of surgical action
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/00234—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery
- A61B2017/00353—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery one mechanical instrument performing multiple functions, e.g. cutting and grasping
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/32—Surgical cutting instruments
- A61B17/320068—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic
- A61B2017/320069—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic for ablating tissue
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/32—Surgical cutting instruments
- A61B17/320068—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic
- A61B2017/320071—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic with articulating means for working tip
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/32—Surgical cutting instruments
- A61B17/320068—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic
- A61B2017/320089—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic node location
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/32—Surgical cutting instruments
- A61B17/320068—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic
- A61B17/320092—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic with additional movable means for clamping or cutting tissue, e.g. with a pivoting jaw
- A61B2017/320094—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic with additional movable means for clamping or cutting tissue, e.g. with a pivoting jaw additional movable means performing clamping operation
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/32—Surgical cutting instruments
- A61B17/320068—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic
- A61B17/320092—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic with additional movable means for clamping or cutting tissue, e.g. with a pivoting jaw
- A61B2017/320095—Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic with additional movable means for clamping or cutting tissue, e.g. with a pivoting jaw with sealing or cauterizing means
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00571—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for achieving a particular surgical effect
- A61B2018/00607—Coagulation and cutting with the same instrument
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00642—Sensing and controlling the application of energy with feedback, i.e. closed loop control
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00773—Sensed parameters
- A61B2018/00791—Temperature
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Abstract
Un dispositivo quirúrgico (1000) que comprende: un transductor (1006) para recibir una señal eléctrica procedente de un generador (1004) y paraproporcionar vibraciones; un efector terminal (1008) acoplado al transductor (1006) y que se extiende desde el transductor (1006) a lolargo del eje longitudinal; y un circuito (1002) de control adaptado para modificar una amplitud de corriente de la señal eléctrica enrespuesta a un cambio en una frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal; caracterizado porque: el circuito (1002) de control está adaptado para modificar la amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctricapara mantener una frecuencia de vibración sustancialmente constante del efector terminal (1008).
Description
Instrumentos quirúrgicos mejorados
Antecedentes
Los instrumentos ultrasónicos, incluyendo los instrumentos tanto de núcleo hueco como de núcleo macizo, son utilizados para el tratamiento seguro y eficaz de muchas afecciones médicas. Los instrumentos ultrasónicos son ventajosos porque pueden ser utilizados para cortar y/o coagular tejido orgánico utilizando energía en forma de vibraciones mecánicas transmitidas a un efector terminal quirúrgico a frecuencias ultrasónicas. Las vibraciones ultrasónicas, cuando son transmitidas al tejido orgánico a niveles adecuados de energía y utilizando un efector terminal adecuado, pueden ser utilizadas para cortar, disecar, elevar o cauterizar tejido o para separar tejido muscular del hueso. Tales instrumentos pueden ser utilizados para procedimientos abiertos o procedimientos mínimamente invasivos, tales como procedimientos endoscópicos o laparoscópicos, en los que se pasa el efector terminal a través de un trócar para alcanzar el sitio quirúrgico.
La activación o excitación del efector terminal (por ejemplo, hoja de corte) de tales instrumentos a frecuencias ultrasónicas induce un movimiento vibratorio longitudinal que genera calor localizado en el tejido adyacente, facilitando tanto el corte como la coagulación. Debido a la naturaleza de los instrumentos ultrasónicos, se puede diseñar un efector terminal particular accionado ultrasónicamente para llevar a cabo numerosas funciones, incluyendo, por ejemplo, el corte y la coagulación.
La vibración ultrasónica es inducida en el efector terminal quirúrgico al excitar eléctricamente un transductor, por ejemplo. El transductor puede estar construido de uno o más elementos piezoeléctricos o magnetoestrictivos en la empuñadura del instrumento. Las vibraciones generadas por la sección del transductor son transmitidas al efector terminal quirúrgico por medio de un guiaondas ultrasónico que se extiende desde la sección del transductor hasta el efector terminal quirúrgico. Los guiaondas y los efectores terminales están diseñados para resonar a la misma frecuencia que el transductor. Por lo tanto, cuando un efector terminal está fijado a un transductor la frecuencia del sistema en su conjunto es la misma frecuencia que la del propio transductor.
La amplitud de cero a pico de la vibración ultrasónica longitudinal en la punta, d, del efector terminal se comporta como una sinusoide sencilla en la frecuencia resonante dada por:
en la que:
∀ = la frecuencia angular, que es igual a 2# veces la frecuencia cíclica, f; y
A = la amplitud de cero a pico.
La carrera longitudinal está definida como la amplitud de pico a pico (p-t-p), que es justo el doble de la amplitud de la onda sinusoidal o 2A.
Los instrumentos quirúrgicos ultrasónicos pueden ser divididos en dos tipos, dispositivos de efector terminal de un único elemento y dispositivos de efector terminal de múltiples elementos. Los dispositivos de efector terminal de un único elemento incluyen instrumentos tales como bisturís y coaguladores esféricos. Los instrumentos de efector terminal de un único elemento tienen una capacidad limitada para aplicar una presión entre la hoja y el tejido cuando el tejido es blando y está soportado sin apretar. A veces, puede ser necesaria una presión sustancial para acoplar de forma eficaz la energía ultrasónica al tejido. Esta incapacidad para agarrar el tejido tiene como resultado una incapacidad adicional para coaptar completamente superficies de tejido mientras que se aplica una energía ultrasónica, lo que da lugar a una unión del tejido y a una hemostasia inferiores a las deseadas. En estos casos, se pueden utilizar efectores terminales de múltiples elementos. Los dispositivos de efector terminal de múltiples elementos, tales como coaguladores de apriete, incluyen un mecanismo para presionar tejido contra una hoja ultrasónica que puede superar estos defectos.
Aunque los instrumentos quirúrgicos ultrasónicos son utilizados de forma generalizada en muchas aplicaciones quirúrgicas, su utilidad está limitada por su incapacidad para reaccionar a condiciones del tejido y del efector terminal. Por ejemplo, según se utiliza el efector terminal de un instrumento ultrasónico para coagular y/o cortar tejido, se calienta a menudo. Esto puede provocar incoherencias en el rendimiento del instrumento. Además, no existe forma de que un clínico que utilice el instrumento sepa cuándo el instrumento ha comenzado a coagular el tejido, cuándo el instrumento ha comenzado a cortar tejido, o cualquier otra información acerca del tejido.
Otro conjunto de inconvenientes de los instrumentos ultrasónicos surge de los diseños existentes de efectores terminales. En los diseños existentes, solo la punta del efector terminal (por ejemplo, la hoja) es ultrasónicamente activa. En consecuencia, puede que el tejido que hace contacto con la hoja más de una fracción de una longitud de onda desde la punta no se vea afectado en absoluto. Además, debido a que las ondas deben propagarse desde el
transductor hasta la punta del efector terminal, los efectores terminales existentes no son muy flexibles, limitando por consiguiente su capacidad para articular y limitar su utilidad en aplicaciones quirúrgicas laparoscópicas y endoscópicas.
En el documento EP 1 199 044 se da a conocer un dispositivo quirúrgico según el preámbulo de la reivindicación 1.
Resumen
En un aspecto general, las diversas realizaciones están dirigidas a un dispositivo quirúrgico. El dispositivo quirúrgico comprende un transductor para recibir una señal eléctrica procedente de un generador y para proporcionar vibraciones, un efector terminal acoplado al transductor y que se extiende desde el transductor a lo largo del eje longitudinal y un circuito de control adaptado para modificar la amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctrica en respuesta a un cambio en una frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal. El circuito de control está adaptado para modificar la amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctrica para mantener una frecuencia sustancialmente constante de vibración del efector terminal.
Figuras
Las características novedosas de las diversas realizaciones se definen con particularidad en las reivindicaciones
adjuntas. Sin embargo, se pueden comprender mejor las diversas realizaciones, tanto en cuanto a la organización
como en cuanto a los procedimientos de operación, junto con objetos y ventajas adicionales de las mismas, por
referencia a la siguiente descripción, tomada en conjunto con los dibujos adjuntos como siguen.
La FIG. 1 ilustra una realización de un sistema quirúrgico que incluye un instrumento quirúrgico y un generador
ultrasónico.
La FIG. 2 ilustra una realización del instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1.
La FIG. 3 ilustra una vista despiezada de una realización del instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1.
La FIG. 4 ilustra una realización de un mecanismo de apriete que puede ser utilizado con el instrumento quirúrgico
mostrado en la FIG. 1.
La FIG. 5 ilustra una vista recortada de una realización del instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1.
La FIG. 6 ilustra diversos componentes internos de una realización del instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1.
La FIG. 7 ilustra una realización de un yugo de accionamiento del instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1.
La FIG. 8 ilustra una realización de un collar de accionamiento del instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1.
La FIG. 9 ilustra una realización de un sistema quirúrgico que incluye un instrumento quirúrgico que tiene un efector
terminal de un único elemento.
La FIG. 10 ilustra un diagrama de bloques de una realización de un dispositivo quirúrgico.
La FIG. 11 muestra un gráfico que ilustra los resultados de una prueba ejemplar de un dispositivo quirúrgico.
La FIG. 12 muestra un gráfico que ilustra una relación entre la frecuencia del efector terminal y la temperatura del
efector terminal.
La FIG. 13 ilustra un diagrama de bloques de una realización de un dispositivo quirúrgico.
La FIG. 14 muestra un gráfico que ilustra un coeficiente de curva de desnaturalización del colágeno.
La FIG. 15 muestra un gráfico que ilustra un coeficiente de curva de desnaturalización del colágeno.
La FIG. 16 muestra una serie de curvas que ilustran relaciones entre un valor normalizado de una primera región de
un coeficiente de curva de desnaturalización del colágeno y la fuerza de apriete, nivel de potencia, diámetro externo
y grosor de la pared.
La FIG. 17 ilustra una realización de un efector terminal para un dispositivo quirúrgico que incluye transductores de
modo radial.
La FIG. 18 ilustra una realización del efector terminal de la FIG. 17 instalado en un instrumento quirúrgico que
incluye un brazo de apriete.
La FIG. 19 ilustra una realización del efector terminal de la FIG. 17 que incluye un miembro central flexible.
La FIG. 20 ilustra una realización del efector terminal de la FIG. 17 que incluye un transductor que define una concavidad.
La FIG. 21 ilustra una realización del efector terminal de la FIG. 20.
Descripción
Antes de explicar las diversas realizaciones con detalle, se debería hacer notar que las realizaciones no están limitadas en aplicación o uso a los detalles de construcción y a la disposición de las piezas ilustradas en los dibujos adjuntos y en la descripción. Las realizaciones ilustrativas pueden ser implementadas o incorporadas en otras realizaciones, variaciones y modificaciones, y pueden ser puestas en práctica o llevadas a cabo de diversas formas. Por ejemplo, las configuraciones de los instrumentos quirúrgicos y de la hoja dadas a continuación son únicamente ilustrativas y no se pretende que limiten el alcance ni la aplicación de los mismos. Además, los diseños de la hoja y del efector terminal descritos a continuación en el presente documento pueden ser utilizados junto con cualquier dispositivo adecuado. Además, a no ser que se indique lo contrario, los términos y expresiones empleados en el presente documento han sido escogidos con el fin de describir las realizaciones ilustrativas para la comodidad del lector y no para limitar el alcance del presente documento.
En las patentes U.S. nos 5.322.055 y 5.954.736, 6.309.400 B2, 6.278.218 B1, 6.283.981 B1 y 6.325.811 B1 se dan a conocer ejemplos de instrumentos y hojas quirúrgicas ultrasónicas. Estas referencias dan a conocer diseños de instrumentos quirúrgicos ultrasónicos y diseños de hojas en los que se excita un modo longitudinal de la hoja. El resultado es una onda estacionaria longitudinal en el instrumento. En consecuencia, el instrumento tiene nodos, en los que el movimiento transversal es igual a cero, y antinodos, en los que el movimiento transversal se encuentra en su máximo. A menudo, el efector terminal de tejido del instrumento está colocado en un antinodo para maximizar su movimiento longitudinal.
Se describirán ahora diversas realizaciones para proporcionar una comprensión general de los principios de la estructura, la función, la fabricación, y el uso de los dispositivos y de los procedimientos dados a conocer en el presente documento. En los dibujos adjuntos se ilustran uno o más ejemplos de estas realizaciones. Las personas con un nivel normal de dominio de la técnica comprenderán que los dispositivos y los procedimientos descritos específicamente en el presente documento e ilustrados en los dibujos adjuntos son realizaciones no limitantes y que el alcance de las diversas realizaciones solo está definido por las reivindicaciones. Las características ilustradas o descritas en conexión con una realización pueden combinarse con las características de otras realizaciones. Se pretende que tales modificaciones y variaciones estén incluidas dentro del alcance de las reivindicaciones.
Se apreciará que en el presente documento los términos “proximal” y “distal” se utilizan con referencia a un clínico que agarra un dispositivo quirúrgico en su conjunto de empuñadura, u otra pieza comparable. Por lo tanto, el efector terminal es distal con respecto al conjunto de empuñadura más proximal. Además, se apreciará que, en aras de la conveniencia y de la claridad, también se utilizan en el presente documento términos espaciales tales como “superior” e “inferior” con respecto al clínico que agarra el conjunto de empuñadura, o pieza comparable. Sin embargo, se utilizan instrumentos quirúrgicos en muchas orientaciones y posiciones, y no se pretende que estos términos sean limitantes ni absolutos.
La FIG. 1 ilustra una realización de un sistema quirúrgico que incluye un instrumento quirúrgico y un generador ultrasónico. La FIG. 2 ilustra una realización del aparato mostrado en la FIG. 1. En la realización ilustrada en las FIGURAS 1-2, el sistema quirúrgico 10 incluye un instrumento ultrasónico coagulador 120 de apriete y un generador ultrasónico 30. El instrumento quirúrgico 120 incluye una unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico. Como se describirá adicionalmente, un transductor ultrasónico de la unidad 50 de accionamiento, y un efector terminal ultrasónico 180 del instrumento 120 de apriete proporcionan conjuntamente un conjunto acústico del sistema quirúrgico 10, proporcionando el conjunto acústico energía ultrasónica para procedimientos quirúrgicos cuando es alimentado por el generador 30. Se debe hacer notar que, en algunas aplicaciones, la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico es denominada “conjunto de empuñadura” debido a que el instrumento quirúrgico 120 del sistema quirúrgico 10 está configurado de forma que un clínico agarra y manipula la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico durante diversos procedimientos y operaciones. El instrumento 120 puede incluir una disposición de agarre similar a la de unas tijeras, lo que facilita la colocación y la manipulación del instrumento 120 además de la manipulación de la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico.
El generador 30 del sistema quirúrgico 10 envía una señal eléctrica a través de un cable 32 en una carrera, una frecuencia y una fase seleccionadas determinadas por un sistema de control del generador 30. Como se describirá adicionalmente, la señal provoca que uno o más elementos piezoeléctricos del conjunto acústico del instrumento quirúrgico 120 se expandan y contraigan a lo largo de un eje longitudinal, convirtiendo de ese modo la energía eléctrica en movimiento mecánico. El movimiento mecánico tiene como resultado ondas longitudinales de energía ultrasónica que se propagan a través del conjunto acústico en una onda estacionaria acústica para hacer vibrar el conjunto acústico con una frecuencia y una carrera seleccionadas. Se coloca el efector terminal 180 en contacto con el tejido del paciente para transmitir la energía ultrasónica al tejido. Por ejemplo, se puede poner una porción distal de la hoja 180’ del efector terminal en contacto con el tejido. Como se describe adicionalmente a continuación, se
puede utilizar una herramienta quirúrgica, tal como, un mecanismo de mordaza o de apriete, para presionar el tejido contra la hoja 180’.
Según se acopla el efector terminal 180 con el tejido, se genera energía térmica o calor como resultado del rozamiento, de la absorción acústica, y de pérdidas viscosas en el tejido. El calor es suficiente para romper enlaces proteínicos de hidrógeno, haciendo que la proteína altamente estructurada (por ejemplo, colágeno y proteína muscular) se desnaturalice (por ejemplo, se vuelva menos organizada). Según se desnaturalizan las proteínas, se forma un coágulo viscoso para sellar o coagular vasos sanguíneos pequeños. Se obtiene una coagulación profunda de vasos sanguíneos mayores cuando se prolonga el efecto.
La transferencia de la energía ultrasónica al tejido provoca otros efectos incluyendo desgarro mecánico, corte, cavitación, disrupción celular, y emulsificación. La cantidad de corte, al igual que el grado de coagulación obtenido, varía con la carrera del efector terminal 180, la frecuencia de vibración, la cantidad de presión aplicada por el usuario, lo afilado del efector terminal 180, y el acoplamiento entre el efector terminal 180 y el tejido.
En la realización ilustrada en la FIG. 1, el generador 30 incluye un sistema de control integral con el generador 30, un interruptor 34 de alimentación, y un mecanismo 36 de activación. El interruptor 34 de alimentación controla la energía eléctrica al generador 30, y cuando está activado por el mecanismo 36 de activación, el generador 30 proporciona energía para accionar el conjunto acústico de frecuencia del sistema quirúrgico 10 y para accionar el efector terminal 180 con un nivel predeterminado de carrera. El generador 30 acciona o excita el conjunto acústico a cualquier frecuencia resonante adecuada del conjunto acústico.
Cuando se activa el generador 30 por medio del mecanismo 36 de activación, se aplica continuamente energía eléctrica por medio del generador 30 a un conjunto o pila 40 de transductores del conjunto acústico. Un bucle bloqueado por fase en el sistema de control del generador 30 monitoriza la realimentación del conjunto acústico. El bucle bloqueado por fase ajusta la frecuencia de la energía eléctrica enviada por el generador 30 para igualar la frecuencia resonante del modo longitudinal seleccionado de vibración del conjunto acústico. Además, un segundo bucle de realimentación en el sistema de control mantiene la corriente eléctrica suministrada al conjunto acústico en un nivel constante preseleccionado para conseguir una carrera sustancialmente constante en el efector terminal 180 del conjunto acústico.
La señal eléctrica suministrada al conjunto acústico provocará que el extremo distal del efector terminal 180, por ejemplo, la hoja 180’, vibre longitudinalmente en el intervalo, por ejemplo, aproximadamente desde 20 kHz hasta 250 kHz. Según diversas realizaciones, la hoja 180’ puede vibrar en el intervalo desde aproximadamente 54 kHz hasta 56 kHz, por ejemplo, a aproximadamente 55,5 kHz. En otras realizaciones, la hoja 180’ puede vibrar a otras frecuencias incluyendo, por ejemplo, aproximadamente 31 kHz o aproximadamente 80 kHz. Se puede controlar la carrera de las vibraciones en la hoja, por ejemplo, al controlar la amplitud de la señal eléctrica aplicada al conjunto 40 de transductores del conjunto acústico por medio del generador 30.
Como se ha hecho notar anteriormente, el mecanismo 36 de activación del generador 30 permite que un usuario active el generador 30, de forma que se pueda suministrar continuamente energía eléctrica al conjunto acústico. El mecanismo 36 de activación puede comprender un interruptor de activación de pedal que está acoplado o fijado de forma desmontable al generador 30 por medio de un cable o conductor flexible. De forma alternativa, el mecanismo de activación puede estar configurado como un interruptor de mano incorporado en la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico para permitir que el generador 30 sea activado por un usuario.
El generador 30 también tiene una línea 38 de alimentación para su inserción en una unidad electroquirúrgica o en un enchufe eléctrico convencional. Se contempla que el generador 30 también pueda estar alimentado por una fuente de corriente continua (CC), tal como una batería. El generador 30 puede comprender cualquier generador adecuado, tal como el modelo nº GEN04, disponible en Ethicon Endo Surgery, Inc.
En la realización ilustrada en las FIGURAS 1 y 3, la unidad quirúrgica 50 de accionamiento del instrumento quirúrgico incluye un alojamiento 52 de múltiples piezas adaptado para aislar al operario de las vibraciones del conjunto acústico. El alojamiento 52 de la unidad de accionamiento puede estar formado para ser sujetado por un usuario de forma convencional, pero se contempla que el presente instrumento coagulador 120 de apriete sea agarrado y manipulado principalmente por medio de una disposición similar a la de unas tijeras proporcionada por un alojamiento del aparato, como se describirá. Aunque se ilustra el alojamiento 52 de múltiples piezas, el alojamiento 52 puede comprender un componente único o unitario.
El alojamiento 52 de la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico incluye, en general, un extremo proximal, un extremo distal, y una cavidad que se extiende longitudinalmente en el mismo. El extremo distal del alojamiento 52 incluye una abertura 60 configurada para permitir que el conjunto acústico del sistema quirúrgico 10 se extienda a través de la misma, y el extremo proximal del alojamiento 52 está acoplado al generador 32 por medio del cable 32. El cable 32 puede incluir conductos o respiraderos 62 para permitir que se introduzca aire u otros fluidos en el alojamiento 52 de la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico para enfriar el conjunto 40 de transductores del conjunto acústico.
El alojamiento 52 de la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico puede estar construido a partir de un plástico resistente, tal como ULTEM®. También se contempla que el alojamiento 52 pueda estar fabricado, de forma alterna, de una variedad de materiales incluyendo otros plásticos (por ejemplo, polímero de cristal líquido (LCP), nailon, o policarbonato) y/o metales (por ejemplo, aluminio, acero, etc.). Una unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico es el modelo nº HP054, disponible en Ethicon Endo Surgery, Inc.
El conjunto acústico del instrumento quirúrgico incluye una primera porción acústica y una segunda porción acústica. La primera porción acústica puede ser portada por la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico, y la segunda porción acústica (en forma de un efector terminal 180, como se describirá) es portada por el coagulador ultrasónico 120 de apriete. El extremo distal de la primera porción acústica está acoplado de forma operativa al extremo proximal de la segunda porción acústica, preferentemente por medio de una conexión roscada.
En la realización ilustrada en la FIG. 2, la primera porción acústica incluye el conjunto o pila 40 de transductores y un dispositivo 84 de montaje, y la segunda porción acústica incluye el efector terminal 180. El efector terminal 180 puede comprender, a su vez, un componente de transmisión, o guiaondas 181 (FIG. 3), al igual que una porción distal, u hoja 180’, para hacer contacto con el tejido.
Los componentes del conjunto acústico pueden estar sintonizados acústicamente, de forma que la longitud de cada componente sea un número entero de la mitad de las longitudes de onda (n∃/2), siendo la longitud de onda ∃ la longitud de onda de una frecuencia de vibración longitudinal operativa o preseleccionada f0 del conjunto acústico, y n es cualquier número entero no negativo. También se contempla que el conjunto acústico puede incorporar cualquier disposición adecuada de elementos acústicos.
El conjunto 40 de transductores del conjunto acústico convierte la señal eléctrica procedente del generador 30 en energía mecánica que tiene como resultado un movimiento vibratorio longitudinal del efector terminal 180 a frecuencias ultrasónicas. Cuando se energiza el conjunto acústico, se genera una onda estacionaria de movimiento vibratorio a través del conjunto acústico. La carrera del movimiento vibratorio en cualquier punto a lo largo del conjunto acústico depende de la ubicación a lo largo del conjunto acústico en el que se mide el movimiento vibratorio. Un cruce mínimo o nulo en la onda estacionaria de movimiento vibratorio es denominado, en general, un nodo (por ejemplo, cuando el movimiento es normalmente mínimo), y un valor absoluto local máximo o pico en la onda estacionaria es denominado, en general, antinodo. La distancia entre un antinodo y su nodo más cercano es un cuarto de la longitud de onda (∃/4).
En la realización ilustrada en la FIG. 2, el conjunto de transductores del conjunto acústico, que es también conocido como una “pila de Langevin”, incluye, en general, una porción 90 de transducción, un primer resonador 92, y un segundo resonador 94. El conjunto 40 de transductores puede tener una longitud de un número entero de semilongitudes de onda (n∃/2) del sistema. Se debe comprender que otras realizaciones del conjunto 40 de transductores pueden comprender un transductor magnetoestrictivo, electromagnético o electrostático.
El extremo distal del primer resonador 92 está conectado al extremo proximal de la sección 90 de transducción, y el extremo proximal del segundo resonador 94 está conectado al extremo distal de la porción 90 de transducción. Los resonadores primero y segundo 92 y 94 pueden estar fabricados de titanio, aluminio, acero, o cualquier otro material adecuado, y más preferentemente, el primer resonador 92 está fabricado de acero inoxidable 303 y el segundo resonador 94 está fabricado de aluminio 7075-T651. Los resonadores primero y segundo 92 y 94 tienen una longitud determinada por un número de variables, incluyendo la longitud de la sección 90 de transducción, la velocidad del sonido en el material utilizado en los resonadores 92 y 94, y la frecuencia fundamental deseada f0 del conjunto 40 de transductores. El segundo resonador 94 puede estar ahusado hacia dentro desde su extremo proximal hasta su extremo distal para funcionar como un transformador de velocidad y amplificar la carrera de la vibración ultrasónica.
La porción 90 de transducción del conjunto 40 de transductores puede comprender una sección piezoeléctrica de electrodos positivos 96 y electrodos negativos 98 alternantes, con los elementos piezoeléctricos 100 alternantes entre los electrodos 96 y 98. Los elementos piezoeléctricos 100 pueden estar fabricados de cualquier material adecuado, tal como, por ejemplo, titanato y zirconato de plomo, metaniobato de plomo, titanato de plomo, u otro material piezoeléctrico. Cada uno de los electrodos positivos 96, de los electrodos negativos 98, y de los elementos piezoeléctricos 100 tiene un orificio que se extiende a través del centro. Los electrodos positivos y negativos 96 y 98 están acoplados eléctricamente a hilos 102, y 104, respectivamente. Los hilos 102 y 104 transmiten la señal eléctrica desde el generador 30 hasta los electrodos 96 y 98.
Los elementos piezoeléctricos 100 pueden ser mantenidos en compresión entre los resonadores primero y segundo 92 y 94 por medio de un tornillo 106. El tornillo 106 puede tener una cabeza, un cuerpo, y un extremo distal roscado. El tornillo 106 puede ser insertado desde el extremo proximal del primer resonador 92 a través de los orificios del primer resonador 92, de los electrodos 96 y 98, y de los elementos piezoeléctricos 100. El extremo distal roscado del tornillo 106 es atornillado en un orificio roscado en el extremo proximal del segundo resonador 94. El tornillo 106 puede estar fabricado de acero, titanio, aluminio, u otro material adecuado. Por ejemplo, el tornillo 106 puede estar fabricado de titanio Ti-6A1-4V, o de acero bajo en carbono aleado 4037.
Los elementos piezoeléctricos 100 pueden ser energizados en respuesta a la señal eléctrica suministrada desde el generador 30 para producir una onda estacionaria acústica en el conjunto acústico. La señal eléctrica provoca un campo electromagnético a través de los elementos piezoeléctricos 100, provocando que los elementos piezoeléctricos 100 se expandan y contraigan de forma continua a lo largo del eje longitudinal del gradiente de tensión, produciendo ondas longitudinales de alta frecuencia de energía ultrasónica. La energía ultrasónica es transmitida al efector terminal 180 a través del conjunto acústico.
El dispositivo 84 de montaje del conjunto acústico tiene un extremo proximal, un extremo distal, y puede tener una longitud sustancialmente igual a un número entero de semilongitudes de onda (n∃/2) del sistema. El extremo proximal del dispositivo 84 de montaje puede estar alineado de forma axial y acoplado al extremo distal del segundo resonador 94 por medio de una conexión roscada interna cerca de un antinodo. También se contempla que el dispositivo 84 de montaje puede estar fijado al segundo resonador 94 mediante cualquier medio adecuado, y el segundo resonador 94 y el dispositivo 84 de montaje pueden estar formados como un componente único o unitario.
El dispositivo 84 de montaje está acoplado al alojamiento 52 de la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico cerca de un nodo. El dispositivo 84 de montaje puede incluir un reborde integral 108 de montaje dispuesto en torno a su periferia. El reborde 108 de montaje puede estar dispuesto en una muesca anular 110 formada en el alojamiento 52 de la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico para acoplar el dispositivo 84 de montaje al alojamiento 52. Puede haber colocado un miembro o material compatible 112, tal como un par de juntas tóricas de caucho de silicona fijadas por medio de separadores, entre la muesca anular 110 del alojamiento 52 y el reborde integral 108 del dispositivo 86 de montaje para reducir la transmisión de una vibración ultrasónica, o evitar que se transmita la misma, desde el dispositivo 84 de montaje al alojamiento 52.
El dispositivo 84 de montaje puede estar fijado en una posición axial predeterminada por medio de una pluralidad de pasadores 114, por ejemplo, cuatro. Los pasadores 114 están dispuestos en una dirección longitudinal separados noventa (90) grados entre sí en torno a la periferia externa del dispositivo 84 de montaje. Los pasadores 114 están acoplados al alojamiento 52 de la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico y están dispuestos a través de cortes en el reborde acústico 108 de montaje del dispositivo 84 de montaje. Los pasadores 114 pueden estar fabricados de acero inoxidable. Según diversas realizaciones, los pasadores 114 pueden estar formados como componentes integrales del alojamiento 52.
El dispositivo 84 de montaje puede estar configurado para amplificar la carrera de la vibración ultrasónica que es transmitida a través del conjunto acústico hasta el extremo distal del efector terminal 180. En una realización, el dispositivo 84 de montaje comprende una bocina ahusada maciza. Según se transmite energía ultrasónica a través del dispositivo 84 de montaje, se amplifica la velocidad de la onda acústica transmitida a través del dispositivo 84 de montaje. Se contempla que el dispositivo 84 de montaje esté configurado como cualquier forma adecuada, tal como, por ejemplo, una bocina escalonada, una bocina cónica, una bocina exponencial, una bocina de ganancia unitaria, o similar.
El dispositivo 84 de montaje puede estar acoplado acústicamente a la segunda porción acústica del instrumento coagulador ultrasónico 120 de apriete. El extremo distal del dispositivo 84 de montaje puede estar acoplado al extremo proximal de la segunda porción acústica por medio de una conexión roscada interna cerca de un antinodo, pero se pueden emplear disposiciones alternativas de acoplamiento.
La FIG. 3 ilustra una vista despiezada de una realización del instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1. Preferentemente, el extremo proximal del instrumento coagulador ultrasónico 120 de apriete recibe el extremo distal, y está encajado en el mismo, de la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico por medio de la inserción de la unidad 50 de accionamiento en el alojamiento 52, como se muestra en la FIG. 2. El instrumento coagulador ultrasónico 120 de apriete puede estar fijado a la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico, y puede ser extraído de la misma como una unidad. El coagulador ultrasónico 120 de apriete puede ser desechado después de un único uso.
El instrumento coagulador ultrasónico 120 de apriete puede incluir un conjunto de mango o un alojamiento 130, que puede comprender porciones 131, 132 de acoplamiento del alojamiento, y una porción alargada o endoscópica 150. Cuando el presente aparato está configurado para un uso endoscópico, la construcción puede estar dimensionada de forma que la porción 150 tenga un diámetro externo de aproximadamente 5,5 mm. La porción alargada 150 del instrumento coagulador ultrasónico 120 de apriete puede extenderse de forma sustancialmente ortogonal desde el alojamiento 130 del aparato. La porción alargada 150 puede ser girada de forma selectiva con respecto al alojamiento 130, como se describe a continuación. La porción alargada 150 puede incluir un miembro tubular externo o vaina 160, un miembro tubular interno 170 de accionamiento, y la segunda porción acústica del sistema acústico en forma de un efector terminal 180, incluyendo una hoja 180’. Como se describirá, la vaina externa 160, el miembro 170 de accionamiento, y el efector terminal 180 pueden estar unidos entre sí para una rotación indexada como una unidad (junto con la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico) con respecto al alojamiento 130.
El extremo proximal del efector terminal 180 de la segunda porción acústica puede estar acoplado de forma desmontable al dispositivo 84 de montaje de la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico cerca de un antinodo, como se ha descrito anteriormente. El efector terminal 180 puede tener una longitud sustancialmente igual a un número
entero de semilongitudes onda (n∃/2) del sistema. El efector terminal 180 puede estar fabricado de un eje de núcleo macizo construido de material que propaga energía ultrasónica de forma eficaz, tal como una aleación de titanio (por ejemplo, Ti-6A1-4V) o una aleación de aluminio. Se contempla que el efector terminal 180 puede estar fabricado, de forma alternativa, de cualquier otro material adecuado.
Como se describe, el efector terminal 180 puede incluir un guiaondas 181. El guiaondas 181 puede ser sustancialmente semiflexible. Se reconocerá que, el guiaondas 181 puede ser, de forma alternativa, sustancialmente rígido o puede comprender un hilo flexible. El guiaondas 181 puede estar configurado para amplificar las vibraciones mecánicas transmitidas a través del guiaondas a la hoja, como es bien conocido en la técnica. El guiaondas 181 puede tener, además, características para controlar la ganancia de la vibración longitudinal a lo largo del guiaondas 181 y características para sintonizar el guiaondas a la frecuencia de resonancia del sistema.
Se reconocerá que el efector terminal 180 puede tener cualquier dimensión adecuada en corte transversal. Por ejemplo, el efector terminal 180 puede tener un corte transversal sustancialmente uniforme o el efector terminal 180 puede estar ahusado en diversas secciones o puede estar ahusado a lo largo de toda su longitud.
Con referencia ahora a la FIG. 3, se muestra que la porción de guiaondas 181 del efector terminal 180 comprende una primera sección 182, una segunda sección 184, y una tercera sección. La primera sección 182 puede extenderse de forma distal desde el extremo proximal del efector terminal 180, y tiene una dimensión sustancialmente continua en corte transversal. La primera sección 182 puede incluir al menos un agujero o abertura radial 188 que se extiende diametralmente a través de la misma, sustancialmente perpendicular al eje del efector terminal 180. La abertura 188 puede estar colocada en un nodo, pero puede ser colocada de otra manera. Se reconocerá que la abertura 188 puede tener cualquier profundidad adecuada y puede tener cualquier forma adecuada. La abertura 188 está configurada para recibir un miembro pasador de conexión que conecta entre sí el guiaondas 181, el miembro tubular 170 de accionamiento, y la vaina externa tubular 160 para una rotación conjunta indexada con respecto al alojamiento 130 del aparato.
La segunda sección 184 del guiaondas 181 se extiende distalmente desde la primera sección 182. Preferentemente, la segunda sección 184 también tiene un corte transversal sustancialmente continuo. El diámetro de la segunda sección 184 puede ser menor que el diámetro de la primera sección 182 y mayor que el diámetro de la tercera sección 186. Según pasa energía ultrasónica desde la primera sección 182 del efector terminal 180 hasta la segunda sección 184, el estrechamiento de la segunda sección 184 tendrá como resultado una mayor amplitud de la energía ultrasónica que pasa a través de la misma.
La tercera sección 186 se extiende distalmente desde el extremo distal de la segunda sección 184. La tercera sección 186 también tiene un corte transversal sustancialmente continuo. La tercera sección 186 también puede incluir pequeños cambios de diámetro a lo largo de su longitud. Según diversas realizaciones, la transición desde la segunda sección 184 hasta la tercera sección 186 puede colocarse en un antinodo, de forma que el cambio de diámetro en la tercera sección no provoca un aumento en la amplitud de la vibración.
La tercera sección 186 puede tener una pluralidad de muescas o cortes (no mostrados) formados en su circunferencia externa. Las muescas pueden estar ubicadas en nodos del efector terminal 180 para actuar como indicadores de alineación para la instalación de una vaina de amortiguamiento (no mostrada) y anillos estabilizadores de silicona o soportes compatibles durante la fabricación. Se puede proporcionar una junta en el nodo más distal, más cercano a la hoja 180’, para reducir el paso de tejido, sangre u otro material en la región entre el guiaondas y el miembro 170 de accionamiento.
La hoja 180’ del efector terminal 180 puede ser integral con el mismo y pueden estar formados como una única unidad. De forma alternativa, la hoja 180’ puede estar conectada por medio de una conexión roscada, o por medio de una unión soldada. Según diversas realizaciones, la hoja 180’ puede ser mecánicamente afilada o mecánicamente roma. El extremo distal de la hoja 180’ está dispuesto cerca de un antinodo para sintonizar el conjunto acústico a una frecuencia de resonancia preferente f0 cuando el conjunto acústico no está cargado con tejido. Cuando el conjunto de transductores está energizado, el extremo distal de la hoja 180’ está configurado para moverse longitudinalmente en el intervalo, por ejemplo, de aproximadamente 10-500 micrómetros de pico a pico, y preferentemente en el intervalo desde aproximadamente 10 hasta aproximadamente 100 micrómetros a una frecuencia de vibración f0 predeterminada.
Según la realización ilustrada, la hoja 180’ puede ser cilíndrica para cooperar con el mecanismo de apriete asociado del coagulador 120 de apriete. El efector terminal 180 puede recibir un tratamiento superficial adecuado, como es conocido en la técnica.
La FIG. 4 ilustra una realización de un mecanismo de apriete que puede ser utilizado con el instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1. El mecanismo de apriete puede estar configurado para una acción cooperativa con la hoja 180’ del efector terminal 180. El mecanismo de apriete incluye un brazo 190 de apriete amovible de forma pivotante, que está conectado de forma pivotante en el extremo distal del mismo al extremo distal de la vaina tubular externa
160. El brazo 190 de apriete incluye una almohadilla 192 del brazo de apriete del tejido, formado preferentemente de
TEFLON® u otro material adecuado de bajo rozamiento, que está montado para cooperar con la hoja 180’, 8
colocando con un movimiento pivotante del brazo 190 de apriete la almohadilla 192 de apriete en una relación sustancialmente paralela a la hoja 180’, y en contacto con la misma. Mediante esta construcción, el tejido que va a ser apretado es agarrado entre la almohadilla 192 del tejido y la hoja 180’. La almohadilla 192 del tejido puede estar dotado de una configuración similar a dientes de sierra que incluye una pluralidad de dientes 197 de agarre separados axialmente que se extienden de forma proximal para mejorar el agarre del tejido en cooperación con la hoja 180’.
El movimiento pivotante del brazo 190 de apriete con respecto a la hoja 180’ es efectuado por la provisión de al menos una porción 193 de palanca, y preferentemente un par de ellas, del brazo 190 de apriete en el extremo proximal del mismo. Las porciones 193 de palanca están colocadas en lados opuestos respectivos del efector terminal 180 y de la hoja 180’, y están acopladas de forma operativa con una porción 194 de accionamiento del miembro 170 de accionamiento de vaivén. El movimiento de vaivén del miembro 170 de accionamiento, con respecto a la vaina tubular externa 160 y al efector terminal 180, efectúa de ese modo un movimiento pivotante del brazo 190 de apriete con respecto a la hoja 180’. Las porciones 193 de palanca pueden ser colocadas respectivamente en un par de aberturas definidas por la porción 194 de accionamiento, o pueden estar acopladas mecánicamente, si no, de forma adecuada con la misma, por lo que un movimiento recíproco del miembro 170 de accionamiento actúa a través de la porción 194 de accionamiento y de las porciones 193 de palanca para pivotar el brazo 190 de apriete.
La FIG. 5 ilustra una vista recortada de una realización del instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1, mientras que la FIG. 6 ilustra diversos componentes internos de una realización del instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1. La FIG. 7 ilustra una realización de un yugo de accionamiento, y la FIG. 8 ilustra una realización de un collar de accionamiento del instrumento quirúrgico mostrado en la FIG. 1. En la realización ilustrada en las FIGURAS 3 y 5-8, se efectúa un movimiento recíproco del miembro 170 de accionamiento por medio de la provisión de un collar 200 de accionamiento montado en el extremo proximal del miembro 170 de accionamiento para una rotación conjunta. El collar 200 de accionamiento puede incluir un par de brazos diametralmente opuestos 202 que se extienden de forma axial, teniendo cada uno una orejeta 204 de accionamiento, estando empujadas las orejetas 204 de accionamiento por medio de los brazos 202 hasta acoplarse con aberturas adecuadas 206 definidas por la porción proximal del miembro tubular 170 de accionamiento. La rotación del collar 200 de accionamiento junto con el miembro 170 de accionamiento es efectuada además por la provisión de un par de chavetas 208 diametralmente acoplables con aberturas adecuadas 210 definidas por el extremo proximal del miembro 170 de accionamiento. Una muesca circunferencial 211 en el miembro 170 de accionamiento recibe una junta tórica 211’ (FIG. 3) para un acoplamiento con la superficie interna de la vaina externa 160.
La rotación del miembro 170 de accionamiento junto con la vaina externa tubular 160 y el efector terminal interno 180 está proporcionada por medio de un pasador 212 de conexión que se extiende a través de estos componentes del instrumento 120. El miembro tubular 170 de accionamiento define una ranura alargada 214 a través de la cual se extiende el pasador 212 de conexión para acomodar un movimiento de vaivén del miembro de accionamiento con respecto a la vaina tubular externa y al guiaondas interno.
Un mando 216 de rotación montado en la vaina tubular externa facilita la colocación rotativa de la porción alargada 150 con respecto al alojamiento 130 del instrumento coagulador 120 de apriete. Preferentemente, el pasador 212 de conexión une al mando 216 junto con la vaina 160, el miembro 170, y el efector terminal 180 para que giren como una unidad con respecto al alojamiento 130. En la realización, la porción 216’ de cubo del mando 216 de rotación actúa para montar de forma giratoria la vaina externa 160, el miembro 170 de accionamiento, y el efector terminal 180 (como una unidad con el mando 216), en el alojamiento 130.
El collar 200 de accionamiento proporciona una porción del mecanismo de accionamiento de apriete del instrumento 120, que efectúa un movimiento pivotante del brazo 190 de apriete mediante el vaivén del miembro 170 de accionamiento. El mecanismo de accionamiento de apriete incluye, además, un yugo 220 de accionamiento que está conectado de forma operativa con un palanca 222 de operación, interconectada así la palanca de operación, por lo tanto, con el miembro 170 de accionamiento de vaivén por medio del yugo 220 de accionamiento y del collar 200 de accionamiento. La palanca 222 de operación está conectada de forma pivotante al alojamiento 130 del aparato (por medio de una montura 223 de pivote) para cooperar de forma similar a unas tijeras con una porción 224 de empuñadura del alojamiento. El movimiento de la palanca 222 hacia la porción 224 de empuñadura traslada el miembro 170 de accionamiento de forma proximal, pivotando de ese modo el brazo 190 de apriete hacia la hoja 180’.
La conexión operativa del yugo 220 de accionamiento con la palanca 222 de operación está proporcionada por un resorte 226, que preferentemente comprende un resorte helicoidal 226 de compresión. El resorte 226 encaja dentro de la ranura 228 de resorte definido por el yugo 220 de accionamiento, que a su vez está colocado entre un par de rebordes 230 de retención del resorte de la palanca 222 de operación. El yugo 220 de accionamiento es amovible de forma pivotante con respecto a los rebordes 230 del resorte (en torno a la montura 223 de pivote del alojamiento 130) en oposición al resorte helicoidal de compresión, que se apoya contra las superficies de las ranuras de resorte definidas por cada uno de los rebordes 230 del resorte. De esta forma, la fuerza que puede ser aplicada sobre el miembro 170 de accionamiento, por medio del movimiento pivotante de la palanca 222 de operación que actúa a
través del yugo 220 de accionamiento y del collar 200 de accionamiento, está limitada por la fuerza con la que el resorte 226 se apoya en los rebordes 230 del resorte de la palanca 222 de operación en oposición al resorte 226. Las porciones de tope del alojamiento 130 limitan el recorrido de la palanca 222 de operación para evitar una compresión excesiva del resorte 226. En diversas realizaciones, se puede limitar la fuerza aplicada sobre el miembro 170 de accionamiento por medio de uno o más resortes (no mostrados) colocados de forma operativa entre el collar 200 de accionamiento y el miembro 170. Por ejemplo, se pueden utilizar uno o más resortes cilíndricos, tales como resortes ondulados. En la patente U.S. nº 6.458.142, que está incorporada en el presente documento por referencia, se describe una realización ejemplar que utiliza un resorte ondulado de esta forma.
Se puede proporcionar una colocación rotativa indexada de la porción alargada 150 del presente instrumento coagulador 120 de apriete por medio de la provisión de un mecanismo de retén incorporado en el mecanismo de accionamiento de apriete del instrumento 120. Específicamente, el collar 200 de accionamiento puede incluir un par de rebordes 232 de accionamiento separados de forma axial. Se puede proporcionar una superficie de recepción del retén entre los rebordes 232 de accionamiento, y puede definir una pluralidad de dientes 234 separados de forma circunferencial. Los dientes 234 pueden definir depresiones de recepción de retenes generalmente en torno a la periferia del collar 200 de accionamiento. En la realización ilustrada en la FIG. 7, se proporcionan doce (12) de los dientes 234, proporcionando de ese modo una colocación indexada de la porción alargada 150 del aparato con intervalos de 30% con respecto al alojamiento 130 del aparato.
Se puede conseguir, además, un movimiento rotativo indexado mediante la provisión de al menos uno, y preferentemente un par, de retenes 236 diametralmente opuestos proporcionados respectivamente en los brazos 238 del yugo en voladizo del yugo 220 de accionamiento. Por medio de esta disposición, los brazos 238 del yugo están colocados entre los rebordes 232 de accionamiento para acoplarse con las superficies opuestas de los mismos, y empujan a los retenes 236 hasta acoplarse con el collar 200 de accionamiento. De esta manera, se consigue una rotación relativa indexada, cooperando los retenes 236 de los brazos 238 del yugo con los rebordes 238 de accionamiento para efectuar un vaivén del miembro 170 de accionamiento. Según diversas realizaciones, el yugo 220 de accionamiento puede estar formado de un material polimérico adecuado, actuando la fuerza de empuje creada por los brazos 238 del yugo sobre los retenes 236 del mismo cooperando con las depresiones radiales definidas por el collar de accionamiento para resistir un par giratorio relativo inferior a aproximadamente desde 3,5·10-2 hasta 1,4·10-1 Nm. En consecuencia, se mantiene la porción alargada 150 del instrumento coagulador 120 de apriete en cualquiera de sus posiciones indexadas de rotación seleccionadas, con respecto al alojamiento 130, a no ser que se aplique un par (tal como por medio del mando 216 de rotación) que supere este nivel predeterminado de par. De esta manera, se proporciona una acción de indexado de tipo rápido.
La rotación de la porción alargada 150 del presente instrumento coagulador 120 de apriete puede ser efectuada junto con el movimiento rotativo relativo de la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico con respecto al alojamiento
130. Para unir la porción alargada 150 con la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico en una relación de transmisión ultrasónica, la porción proximal de la vaina tubular externa 160 puede estar dotada de partes planas 240 para una llave (FIG. 3). Las partes planas para una llave permiten que se aplique un par por medio de una llave dinamométrica adecuada o similar para permitir, de ese modo, que el efector terminal 180 sea unido a la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico. Por lo tanto, la unidad 50 de accionamiento ultrasónico, al igual que la porción alargada 150, es girable, como una unidad, mediante una manipulación adecuada del mando 216 de rotación, con respecto al alojamiento 130 del aparato. El interior del alojamiento 130 está dimensionado para acomodar tal rotación relativa de la unidad 50 de accionamiento.
La FIG. 9 ilustra una realización de un sistema quirúrgico 250 que incluye un instrumento quirúrgico 251 que tiene un efector terminal 256 de un único elemento. El sistema 250 puede incluir un conjunto 252 de transductores acoplado al efector terminal 256 y una vaina 254 colocada en torno a las porciones proximales del efector terminal 256, como se muestra. El conjunto 252 de transductores y el efector terminal 256 pueden operar de forma similar a la del conjunto 50 de transductores y del efector terminal 180 descrita anteriormente para producir energía ultrasónica que puede ser transmitida al tejido por medio de una hoja 256’.
La FIG. 10 ilustra un diagrama de bloques de una realización de un dispositivo quirúrgico 1000, que puede estar configurado con una funcionalidad de realimentación de la temperatura. Por ejemplo, el circuito 1002 de control puede ajustar una amplitud de la corriente de una señal eléctrica proporcionada por el generador 1004 al transductor 1006 en respuesta a cambios en una frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal 1008. Según diversas realizaciones, cuando se reduce la frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal 1008, se puede reducir la amplitud de la señal eléctrica. Esto puede permitir al dispositivo quirúrgico 1000 mantener el efector terminal 1008 a una temperatura relativamente constante y, de esta manera proporcionar al dispositivo 1000 un rendimiento más uniforme.
Durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos, el efector terminal 1008 puede ser puesto en contacto con el tejido y puede hacerse que vibre para cortar y/o coagular el tejido, como se ha descrito anteriormente. Cuando esto ocurre, el rozamiento entre el efector terminal 1008 y el tejido puede provocar que aumente la temperatura del efector terminal 1008. Según aumenta la temperatura del efector terminal 1008, sus propiedades materiales pueden cambiar, provocando cambios en el dispositivo 1000 en su conjunto. Por ejemplo, según aumenta la temperatura del efector
terminal 1008, la relación entre el desplazamiento del efector terminal 1008 y la amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctrica puede cambiar, de forma que el desplazamiento del efector terminal 1008 aumenta sin un aumento correspondiente en la amplitud de la corriente. Además, según aumenta la temperatura del efector terminal 1008, se puede reducir la frecuencia resonante de vibración del efector terminal 1008. Por ejemplo, las propiedades materiales cambiadas del efector terminal 1008 pueden reducir la frecuencia de resonancia del dispositivo 1000. Como resultado, el generador 1004 puede reducir la frecuencia de la señal eléctrica de excitación provoca una reducción paralela en la frecuencia de vibración de accionamiento del efector terminal 1008.
El circuito 1002 de control puede monitorizar la señal eléctrica proporcionada por el generador 1004. Como se describe, una disminución en la frecuencia de la señal eléctrica puede indicar un aumento en la temperatura del efector terminal 1008, al igual que un aumento en su desplazamiento. Cuando el circuito 1002 de control detecta una disminución en la frecuencia de la señal eléctrica puede ordenar que el generador 1004 reduzca la amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctrica. Se puede reducir la amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctrica en una cantidad adecuada para mantener la frecuencia del efector terminal 1008 sustancialmente constante, lo que tiene como resultado una temperatura sustancialmente constante del efector terminal 1008. Se puede determinar la cantidad de cambio de amplitud de la corriente necesaria para compensar un cambio dado de frecuencia por medio de un procedimiento experimental o teórico adecuado.
Se apreciará que el dispositivo 1000 puede estar implementado físicamente como cualquier dispositivo o sistema ultrasónico adecuado incluyendo, por ejemplo, los sistemas 10 y 250 descritos anteriormente. El circuito 1002 de control puede estar implementado como cualquier circuito analógico o digital adecuado. Por ejemplo, el circuito 1002 de control puede comprender un procesador, por ejemplo, un procesador de señales digitales (DSP).
Además de la funcionalidad de realimentación de la temperatura, o en vez de la misma, descrita anteriormente, una realización del dispositivo 1000 mostrado en la FIG. 10 puede estar configurada para detectar una cavitación, transfiriéndose la señal acústica de cavitación desde el tejido hasta el efector terminal 1008. Esto puede proporcionar al clínico información acerca del estado del tejido. Por ejemplo, antes de que se deseque el tejido, se puede eliminar sustancialmente toda el agua presente en el tejido, bien mediante evaporación o bien mediante ebullición. Según se evapora o hierve el agua, puede generar cavitaciones en el tejido. La detección de la presente de estas cavitaciones puede permitir al dispositivo 1000 proporcionar al clínico una indicación de que el tejido está desecado, o está a punto de estarlo. Se pueden indicar otras transiciones de tejido que se producen durante un corte y/o una coagulación por medio de otras diversas cavitaciones.
Las cavitaciones del tejido que se originan a partir del tejido en contacto con el efector terminal 1008 (y/o a partir de fluido incluido en el tejido) pueden afectar a la vibración del efector terminal 1008 y, en consecuencia, la señal eléctrica entre el generador 1004 y el transductor 1006. Como se ha descrito anteriormente, los elementos piezoeléctricos (no mostrados) pueden generar un movimiento en respuesta a una carga eléctrica. Además, los elementos piezoeléctricos pueden funcionar inversamente y generar y/o modificar una carga eléctrica en respuesta a un movimiento. En consecuencia, las cavitaciones del tejido transferidas al efector terminal 1008 pueden ser, a su vez, transferidas a los elementos piezoeléctricos del transductor 1006. Esto puede provocar que los elementos piezoeléctricos generen cargas que modifiquen la señal eléctrica entre el generador 1004 y el transductor 1006 de forma proporcional a las cavitaciones del tejido. El aislamiento de la porción de la señal eléctrica debido a las cavitaciones de tejido puede indicar la presencia de cavitaciones del tejido, al igual que su frecuencia o sus frecuencias dominantes, y otra información.
La porción de la señal eléctrica debido a la cavitación del tejido puede ser aislada de cualquier forma adecuada. Por ejemplo, el circuito 1002 de control puede incluir un circuito (no mostrado) de filtro para filtrar la frecuencia de accionamiento y cualquier armónico de la misma de la señal eléctrica. Los componentes restantes de la señal eléctrica pueden ser debidos a la cavitación del tejido. El circuito de filtro puede comprender cualquier filtro analógico
o digital adecuado.
Muchas cavitaciones del tejido tienen una duración relativamente breve y, por lo tanto, un contenido relativamente amplio de frecuencia. En consecuencia, las cavitaciones del tejido pueden no ser evidentes a ninguna frecuencia diferenciada y pueden servir, en cambio, para excitar el efector terminal 1008 en su frecuencia de resonancia (por ejemplo, la frecuencia de vibración) y los armónicos de la misma. Para gestionar este escenario, el circuito 1002 de control puede incluir un procesador u otra funcionalidad para comparar la señal eléctrica con una señal eléctrica de comparación medida cuando el efector terminal 1008 está sin carga, o no hace contacto con el tejido. La diferencia entre la señal eléctrica medida y la señal eléctrica de comparación puede indicar la presencia de cavitaciones del tejido. Cuando el circuito 1002 de control detecta la presencia de cavitaciones del tejido, puede comunicarlo al clínico mediante cualquier procedimiento adecuado incluyendo, por ejemplo, utilizando una luz, un medio de visualización y/o una señal audible.
La FIG. 11 muestra un gráfico 1100 que ilustra los resultados de una prueba ejemplar de una realización de un dispositivo quirúrgico. En la prueba ejemplar, las cavitaciones externas son identificadas al analizar el contenido de frecuencia de una señal eléctrica entre un transductor y un efector terminal. En la prueba, se utilizó un efector terminal LCS 14C junto con un transductor HP054 y un generador GEN 300 operado con una frecuencia nominal de
accionamiento de 55,5 kHz. Todos estos componentes están disponibles en Ethicon Endo Surgery, Inc. Se llevó a cabo un ensayo de control al energizar el efector terminal en el aire con una configuración de potencia de nivel 5 durante un periodo de 100 milisegundos. Durante este tiempo, la señal eléctrica entre el transductor y el generador fue monitorizada con un osciloscopio AGILENT modelo 5483D. Para cada ensayo experimental, se colocó el efector terminal en un vaso de precipitación de plástico lleno con 400 cm3 de agua dulce de grifo. Entonces, se energizó el efector terminal con un nivel dado de potencia durante un periodo de 100 milisegundos mientras que se monitorizó la señal eléctrica entre el transductor y el generador con el osciloscopio. Se realizan tres ensayos experimentales con configuraciones del generador 1, 3 y 5, respectivamente.
El gráfico 1100 ilustra las amplitudes de picos de bajo Q en la señal eléctrica observadas durante los ensayos de control y experimentales a la frecuencia de accionamiento y en los armónicos de la frecuencia de accionamiento. La línea 1102 ilustra la frecuencia de accionamiento de 55,5 kHz, la línea 1104 ilustra un primer armónico a 45 kHz, y la línea 1106 ilustra un segundo armónico a 63 kHz. Puede verse que la amplitud del pico de bajo Q a la frecuencia de accionamiento fue considerablemente mayor durante los ensayos experimentales que durante el ensayo de control. Asimismo, la amplitud de los picos de bajo Q en los armónicos fue mayor durante los ensayos experimentales. Se cree que estas mayores amplitudes a la frecuencia 1102 de accionamiento y los armónicos 1104, 1106 fueron debidas a cavitaciones provocadas cuando se liberó el gas disuelto en el agua de grifo por medio de la vibración del efector terminal. Para apoyar esta conclusión, se debe hacer notar que cuando no se cambió el agua de grifo entre ensayos, los picos de bajo Q fueron significativamente menores, lo que sugiere que todo el gas disuelto había sido liberado. Cuando el efector terminal encuentra cavitaciones de tejido, serían evidentes efectos similares en los picos de bajo Q en las frecuencias de accionamiento y los armónicos del dispositivo.
Además de la funcionalidad descrita anteriormente, o en vez de ella, el dispositivo 1000 mostrado en la FIG. 10 puede tener una funcionalidad para monitorizar cambios en la frecuencia del efector terminal 1008. Por ejemplo, el circuito 1002 de control puede monitorizar la frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal para detectar cambios. Los cambios en la frecuencia del efector terminal pueden indicar cambios en el tejido que hace contacto con el efector terminal. La FIG. 12 muestra un gráfico 1200 que ilustra una relación entre la frecuencia 1202 del efector terminal y la temperatura 1204 del efector terminal durante el procedimiento de coagulación y de corte. El eje horizontal 1201 representa el tiempo mientras que el eje vertical 1203 representa la temperatura con respecto a la curva 1204 y la frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal con respecto a la curva 1202. La línea vertical 1206 representa el comienzo aproximado de la coagulación del tejido (por ejemplo, la desnaturalización del colágeno descrita anteriormente). La línea vertical 1208 representa el comienzo aproximado de la desecación y la transección incipiente.
Durante el curso del procedimiento de corte/coagulación mostrado en el gráfico 1200, la curva 1204 de la temperatura aumenta. Antes del comienzo de la coagulación 1206, la curva 1204 de la temperatura aumenta bruscamente. Entre la coagulación 1206 y la desecación 1208, se reduce el aumento en la pendiente de la curva 1204 de la temperatura en función del tiempo. Después de la desecación 1208, la curva 1204 de la temperatura comienza de nuevo a aumentar más rápidamente. La curva 1202 de la frecuencia del efector terminal puede ser una imagen especular de la curva 1204 de la temperatura. Por ejemplo, la curva 1202 de la frecuencia puede disminuir rápidamente antes del comienzo de la coagulación 1206. Al principio de la coagulación 1206, la curva 1202 de la frecuencia continúa disminuyendo, pero lo hace menos rápidamente, demostrando un codo característico 1210. Aproximadamente en el inicio de la desecación 1208, la curva 1208 de la frecuencia puede comenzar a disminuir más rápidamente.
Según diversas realizaciones, el circuito 1002 de control puede estar programado para reconocer los cambios en la tasa de disminución en la curva 1202 de la frecuencia para derivar una indicación de cuándo ha comenzado a coagularse el tejido, y cuándo ha comenzado la desecación. En una realización, el circuito 1002 de control puede monitorizar la frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal 1008 al monitorizar la frecuencia de la señal eléctrica entre el generador 1004 y el transductor 1006. Se apreciará que estas dos frecuencias pueden ser la misma. Cuando el circuito 1002 de control detecta que la tasa de disminución de la frecuencia del efector terminal ha declinado (por ejemplo, la curva 1202 ha alcanzado el codo característico 1210), el circuito 1002 de control puede generar una indicación de que la coagulación ha comenzado. Cuando el circuito 1002 de control detecta que la tasa de disminución de la frecuencia del efector terminal ha aumentado de nuevo, puede indicar el comienzo de la desecación. Se pueden comunicar las diversas indicaciones al clínico por medio del dispositivo 1000 según cualquier procedimiento adecuado incluyendo, por ejemplo, una luz, un medio de visualización y una señal audible. Según diversas realizaciones, el circuito 1002 de control puede desenergizar el efector terminal 1008, o reducir su amplitud de vibración, en respuesta a una transición a la coagulación o a la desecación. Esto puede permitir que el clínico inspeccione el tejido antes de la coagulación y/o de la desecación para garantizar que el procedimiento prosigue de forma satisfactoria.
Según diversas realizaciones, el dispositivo 1000 de la FIG. 10 puede combinar una funcionalidad de cambio de frecuencia con una funcionalidad de detección de cavitación de tejido para indicar el estado del tejido en contacto con el efector terminal 1008. Por ejemplo, aunque la curva 1202 de frecuencia mostrada en la FIG. 12 ilustra un codo característico 1210 en el inicio de la coagulación 1206, su tasa de cambio de frecuencia puede cambiar más progresivamente en el inicio de la desecación 1208. En consecuencia, puede ser difícil identificar con precisión el
inicio de la desecación 1208 al monitorizar únicamente la frecuencia del efector terminal. Por otra parte, las cavitaciones de tejido son más habituales aproximadamente en el inicio de la desecación 1208. Por ejemplo, según se evacua agua del tejido, puede hervir intensamente, provocando cavitaciones. En consecuencia, el circuito 1002 de control puede estar configurado para identificar el inicio de la coagulación 1206 al identificar el codo 1210 en la curva 1202 de frecuencia del efector terminal, como se ha descrito anteriormente. Además, el circuito 1002 de control puede estar configurado para identificar el inicio de la desecación 1208 al identificar cavitaciones de tejido, por ejemplo, junto con un aumento en la tasa de reducción de la curva 1202 de frecuencia del efector terminal. De nuevo, se pueden comunicar diversas indicaciones al clínico por medio del dispositivo 1000 según cualquier procedimiento adecuado incluyendo, por ejemplo, una luz, un medio de visualización y una señal audible. Además, el dispositivo 1000 puede ser desenergizado, o se puede reducir la frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal 1008, tras una transición a la coagulación o a la desecación, como se ha descrito anteriormente.
La FIG. 13 ilustra un diagrama de bloques de una realización de un dispositivo quirúrgico 1300 configurado para derivar una realimentación del efector terminal teniendo en cuenta un coeficiente de desnaturalización del colágeno (CCD). El CCD puede representar una cantidad de rozamiento entre el efector terminal 1308 y una porción de tejido (no mostrada). El análisis de una curva de CCD tomada durante el curso de un procedimiento de corte y/o de coagulación puede proporcionar información acerca del progreso del corte y de la coagulación, al igual que información acerca de la porción de tejido incluyendo, por ejemplo, su grosor y diámetro exterior.
Según diversas realizaciones, se puede calcular el CCD como una función de variables, por ejemplo, incluyendo: (i) potencia proporcionada al efector terminal 1308; (ii) la frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal 1308; (iii) el desplazamiento del efector terminal 1308 durante un ciclo; y (iv) una fuerza de apriete aplicada a la región de tejido entre el mecanismo 1310 de apriete y el efector terminal. El propio mecanismo 1310 de apriete puede ser cualquier mecanismo adecuado para apretar o ejercer de otra manera una fuerza sobre la región de tejido contra el efector terminal. Según diversas realizaciones, el mecanismo 1310 de apriete puede ser similar al mecanismo 190 de apriete descrito anteriormente. El circuito 1302 de control del dispositivo 1300 puede hallar los valores de las anteriores variables en el tiempo. Por ejemplo, se puede hallar la potencia proporcionada al efector terminal 1308 al considerar la señal eléctrica entre el generador 1304 y el transductor 1306 mientras que el efector terminal 1308 está bajo carga (por ejemplo, en contacto con la región de tejido). El desplazamiento por ciclo del efector terminal 1308 puede ser una función de la amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctrica. Además, como se ha descrito anteriormente, la frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal 1308 puede ser sustancialmente similar a la de la señal eléctrica.
Se puede hallar la fuerza de apriete del efector terminal 1308 y del mecanismo 1310 de apriete según cualquier procedimiento adecuado. Por ejemplo, según diversas realizaciones, el mecanismo 1310 de apriete puede ser accionado por medio de un motor eléctrico. Por ejemplo, con referencia a la realización mostrada en la FIG. 2, el miembro 170 de accionamiento de vaivén puede ser trasladado de forma distal y proximal por medio del motor 1312. En esta realización, se puede derivar la fuerza de apriete entre el mecanismo 1310 de apriete y el efector terminal 1308 de un sensor 1314 en comunicación con el circuito 1302 de control. El sensor puede estar colocado en cualquier ubicación adecuada en comunicación con el efector terminal 1308, el mecanismo 1310 de apriete y/o una porción de la empuñadura (no mostrada en la FIG. 13) del dispositivo. La realización mostrada en la FIG. 4 ilustra un ejemplo de un sensor 1316 colocado entre la almohadilla 192 del tejido del brazo de apriete y el brazo 190 de apriete. Además, la realización mostrada en la FIG. 2 ilustra un sensor 1318 colocado entre una porción de la palanca 222 de operación y el collar 200 de accionamiento. En una realización, se puede considerar a la fuerza de apriete como una constante y puede ser tenida en cuenta en los cálculos de CCD como tal.
El dispositivo 1300 puede utilizar la curva de CCD para detectar cuándo la porción de tejido entra en las etapas de coagulación y de desecación. La FIG. 14 muestra un gráfico que ilustra una curva 1402 de CCD durante una transección completa de coagulación y de corte. La curva 1402 de CCD fue derivada con un instrumento ultrasónico que tenía un efector terminal de núcleo macizo alimentado por un dispositivo generador GEN03 disponible en Ethicon Endo Surgery, Inc. La potencia del generador estaba fijada en el nivel tres (3); el desplazamiento del efector terminal 1408 estaba fijado en 55 micrómetros; la frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal estaba configurada a 55,5 kHz; y se utilizó una fuerza de apriete de 8,9 N. Se puede dividir la curva 1402 en tres regiones. Una primera región 1408 puede corresponderse a momentos anteriores al inicio de la coagulación 1404 y puede tener una pendiente sustancialmente negativa. Una segunda región 1410 puede corresponderse a momentos entre el inicio de la coagulación 1404 y el inicio de la desecación 1406 y puede tener una pendiente sustancialmente neutra. Una tercera región 1412 puede corresponderse a momentos posteriores al inicio de la desecación 1406 y puede tener una pendiente sustancialmente positiva. Según diversas realizaciones, el circuito de control puede monitorizar la pendiente de la curva 1402 de CCD para determinar el estado de la porción de tejido. Las transiciones a la coagulación o a la desecación pueden ser indicadas al clínico según cualquier procedimiento adecuado incluyendo, por ejemplo, una luz, un medio de visualización y/o una señal audible. Además, según se describe, el circuito 1302 de control puede desenergizar el efector terminal 1308 en respuesta a una transición a la coagulación o a la desecación.
El circuito 1302 de control también puede utilizar la curva 1402 de CCD para determinar otras características de la porción de tejido incluyendo, por ejemplo, su grosor y diámetro exterior. Se apreciará que la porción de tejido puede
ser una porción maciza de tejido, o puede definir una luz (por ejemplo, una arteria, una vena u otro tejido tubular). La FIG. 15 muestra un gráfico que ilustra un coeficiente de curva 1502 de desnaturalización del colágeno. La curva 1502 fue derivada durante la coagulación y la desecación de una arteria carótida utilizando un instrumento ultrasónico que tenía un efector terminal de núcleo macizo alimentado por un dispositivo generador GEN03. La potencia del generador estaba fijada en el nivel cinco (5). El desplazamiento del efector terminal 1408 estaba fijada en 55 micrómetros; la frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal estaba configurada a 55,5 kHz; y se utilizó una fuerza de apriete de 8,9 N. La curva 1502 de CCD ha sido dividida en nueve regiones 1504, 1506, 1508, 1510, 1512, 1514, 1516, 1518 y 1520 que tienen una pendiente sustancialmente constante.
Diversas propiedades de cada una de las nueve regiones de la curva 1402 de CCD pueden correlacionarse con propiedades de la porción de tejido, tal como el grosor y el diámetro externo. En un experimento ejemplar, se coagularon y cortaron catorce arterias carótidas de diversos diámetros con un instrumento ultrasónico que tenía un efector terminal de núcleo macizo alimentado por un dispositivo generador GEN03. La siguiente Tabla 1 muestra el diámetro externo y el grosor de la pared de las arterias carótidas, al igual que la fuerza de apriete y el nivel de potencia utilizados. La columna de ajuste polinómico enumera el exponente del ajuste polinómico de la primera región 1504 de la curva de CCD para cada ensayo. El valor normalizado de CCD muestra el valor de CCD para cada ensayo normalizado al dividir cada valor individual de CCD por el valor de CCD al final de la primera región 1504.
Tabla 1:
- Ensayo
- Fuerza de apriete Nivel de potencia Diámetro externo (cm) Grosor de la pared (cm) Ajustepolinómico Valor normalizado de CCD
- 1
- 0,4 3 0,429 0,107 0,0181 1,2826
- 2
- 1 3 0,429 0,107 0,254 *
- 3
- 0,4 5 0,297 0,10 0,227 *
- 4
- 1 5 0,297 0,10 0,251 *
- 5
- 0,4 4 0,371 0,107 0,251 1,16738
- 6
- 1 4 0,371 0,107 0,361 1,47
- 7
- 0,4 4 0,346 0,13 0,266 1,14
- 8
- 1 4 0,346 0,13 1,231 1,23
- 9
- 0,7 3 0,239 0,114 1,765 1,05
- 10
- 0,7 5 0,239 0,114 0,744 1,35
- 11
- 0,7 3 0,396 0,114 0,15 1,1
- 12
- 0,7 5 0,396 0,114 0,214 1,49
- 13
- 0,7 4 0,302 0,089 0,791 1,27
- 14
- 0,7 4 0,302 0,089 0,295 1,23
La FIG. 16 muestra una serie de curvas 1602, 1604, 1606, 1608 que ilustran relaciones entre el valor normalizado del primer punto de la primera región de la fuerza de apriete, del nivel de potencia, del diámetro exterior y del grosor de pared de la curva de CCD para los ensayos mostrados en la Tabla 1. El grado de la pendiente de las curvas 1602, 1604, 1606, 1608 puede indicar el grado de correlación entre la variable correspondiente y el valor normalizado del primer punto de la primera región de la curva de CCD. Se puede ver que todas las curvas 1602, 1604, 1606 y 1608 tienen pendientes no nulas y, por lo tanto, se correlacionan todas sus variables correspondientes con la curva de CCD. Se puede ajustar un modelo matemático, tal como un modelo cuadrático, a los resultados de los ensayos, tales como los mostrados en la Tabla 1, para derivar una o más ecuaciones relacionadas con el valor normalizado del primer punto de la primera región de la curva de CCD, la fuerza de apriete, el nivel de potencia, el diámetro exterior y el grosor de la pared.
Con referencia de nuevo a la realización mostrada en la FIG. 13, el circuito 1302 de control puede monitorizar una curva de CCD generada según el dispositivo 1300 coagula y/o corta la porción de tejido. Tras identificar una región de la curva de CCD que tiene una pendiente sustancialmente similar, el circuito 1302 de control puede derivar una
propiedad que describe la región incluyendo, por ejemplo, una pendiente de la región, un valor normalizado de la curva en la región y/o una longitud de la primera región. Entonces, el circuito 1302 de control puede derivar una propiedad de la porción de tejido que incluye, por ejemplo un diámetro exterior de la porción de tejido o un grosor de la porción de tejido. Las propiedades del tejido pueden ser derivadas según cualquier procedimiento adecuado. Por ejemplo, se pueden desarrollar modelos matemáticos que relacionan propiedades de la región con propiedades del tejido, por ejemplo, como se ha descrito anteriormente. El circuito 1302 de control puede utilizar un modelo matemático predeterminado para relacionar la propiedad de la región y la propiedad del tejido. Además, según diversas realizaciones, se pueden generar tablas de consulta que relacionan propiedades de la región con propiedades del tejido.
La FIG. 17 ilustra una realización de un efector terminal 1700 para un dispositivo quirúrgico que incluye transductores 1702, 1704, 1706 de modo radial. Cuando son excitados por una señal eléctrica (por ejemplo, procedente de un generador), los transductores 1702, 1704, 1706 de modo radial pueden generar vibraciones ultrasónicas perpendiculares a un eje longitudinal 1710. Las vibraciones ultrasónicas pueden tener antinodos en las superficies radiales de los transductores 1702, 1704, 1706. Como resultado, toda la superficie radial del efector terminal 1700 puede estar activa para coagular y cortar el tejido. Un miembro central 1708 puede extenderse a lo largo del eje longitudinal 1710 y puede servir de electrodo para algunos de los transductores 1702, 1704, 1706 de modo radial, o para todos ellos. Además, la superficie radial externa de los transductores 1702, 1704, 1706 de modo radial puede estar recubierta con una sustancia eléctricamente conductora o, de forma alternativa, puede estar encerrada en una vaina tubular metálica, cualquiera de las cuales puede servir de electrodo. Aunque se muestran múltiples transductores 1702, 1704, 1706, se apreciará que algunas realizaciones pueden incluir únicamente un transductor de modo radial.
La FIG. 18 ilustra una realización del efector terminal 1700 de la FIG. 17 instalado en un instrumento quirúrgico 1800 que incluye un brazo 1802 de apriete. Se muestran transductores 1701 y 1703 de modo radial adicionales, aunque se apreciará que se puede utilizar cualquier número adecuado de transductores. El brazo 1802 de apriete puede ser pivotable hacia el efector terminal 1700 de forma similar a la forma en la que el brazo 190 de apriete es pivotable hacia el efector terminal 180 en la realización mostrada en la FIG. 4. Según diversas realizaciones, el miembro central 1708 del efector terminal 1700 puede ser flexible. Esto puede permitir que los diversos transductores 1702, 1704, 1706 de modo radial se flexionen entre sí. La FIG. 19 ilustra una realización del efector terminal 1700 de la FIG. 17 en la que el miembro central 1708 es flexible. La flexibilidad del miembro central 1708 puede permitir que los distintos transductores de modo radial, aquí 1706 y 1704, se flexionen entre sí, lo que da lugar a un efector terminal flexible y articulatable 1700. La articulación del efector terminal 1700 puede ser proporcionada de cualquier forma adecuada. Por ejemplo, el miembro central flexible 1708 puede definir una luz central (no mostrada). Los hilos metálicos (no mostrados) pueden discurrir en el interior del miembro central 1708 en lados opuestos de la luz central. Se puede utilizar un mando de articulación u otro implemento articulado cerca de una porción de mango del instrumento para retraer uno de los hilos metálicos. Cuando se retrae un hilo metálico, puede provocar que el miembro central flexible 1708 y, por lo tanto, el efector terminal 1700 se articulen en la dirección del hilo retraído. Por ejemplo, si se retrae un hilo en el lado derecho del miembro central 1708, entonces el efector terminal 1700 puede articularse hacia la derecha. Se apreciará que esto es únicamente un ejemplo de un mecanismo de articulación y que se puede utilizar cualquier procedimiento adecuado de articulación.
Las FIGURAS 20-21 ilustran una realización del efector terminal 1700 de la FIG. 17 que incluye un transductor 2002 que define una concavidad 2004. El transductor 2002 puede utilizar la concavidad 2004 para dirigir la energía ultrasónica al tejido que no hace contacto físico directo con el transductor 2002 ni con el efector terminal 1700. Por ejemplo, la concavidad del transductor 2002 puede servir para concentrar energía ultrasónica en los puntos 2006. Según diversas realizaciones, la concavidad 2004 puede extenderse de forma radial en torno al transductor 2002, como se muestra en la realización de la FIG. 21. En consecuencia, el punto focal 2006 se extiende de forma radial en torno al transductor 2002 formando un toroide.
Los dispositivos dados a conocer en el presente documento pueden estar diseñados para ser desechados después de un único uso, o pueden estar diseñados para ser utilizados múltiples veces. En cualquier caso, sin embargo, el dispositivo puede ser reacondicionado para ser reutilizado después de al menos un uso. El reacondicionamiento puede incluir cualquier combinación de las etapas de desmontaje del dispositivo, seguido de una limpieza o sustitución de elementos particulares, y un nuevo montaje subsiguiente. En particular, el dispositivo puede ser desmontado, y se puede sustituir o retirar cualquier número de elementos o componentes particulares del dispositivo en cualquier combinación. Tras la limpieza y/o sustitución de componentes particulares, se puede volver a montar el dispositivo para un uso subsiguiente bien en una instalación de reacondicionamiento, o bien por un equipo quirúrgico inmediatamente antes de un procedimiento quirúrgico. Los expertos en la técnica apreciarán que el reacondicionamiento de un dispositivo puede utilizar una variedad de técnicas para el desmontaje, la limpieza/sustitución, y el nuevo montaje. Tanto el uso de tales técnicas y el dispositivo reacondicionado resultante se encuentran dentro del alcance de la presente solicitud.
Preferentemente, las diversas realizaciones descritas en el presente documento serán procesadas antes de una cirugía. En primer lugar, se obtiene un instrumento nuevo o usado y si es necesario es limpiado. Entonces, se puede esterilizar el instrumento. En una técnica de esterilización, se coloca el instrumento en un recipiente cerrado y sellado, tal como una bolsa de plástico o una bolsa TYVEK®. Entonces, se colocan el recipiente y el instrumento en un campo de radiación que puede penetrar el recipiente, tal como radiación gamma, rayos X o electrones de alta energía. La radiación mata las bacterias en el instrumento y en el recipiente. Entonces, se puede almacenar el instrumento esterilizado en el recipiente estéril. El recipiente sellado mantiene al instrumento estéril hasta que es
5 abierto en la instalación médica.
Es preferente que el dispositivo sea esterilizado antes de la cirugía. Esto puede llevarse a cabo de cualquier número de formas conocidas por los expertos en la técnica, incluyendo radiación beta o gamma, óxido de etileno, vapor.
Aunque se han descrito diversas realizaciones en el presente documento, se pueden implementar muchas modificaciones y variaciones a esas realizaciones. Por ejemplo, se pueden emplear distintos tipos de efectores
10 terminales. Además, cuando se dan a conocer materiales para ciertos componentes, se pueden utilizar otros materiales. Se pretende que la anterior descripción y las siguientes reivindicaciones abarquen todas las modificaciones y las variaciones de ese tipo.
Claims (8)
- REIVINDICACIONES1. Un dispositivo quirúrgico (1000) que comprende:un transductor (1006) para recibir una señal eléctrica procedente de un generador (1004) y para proporcionar vibraciones;5 un efector terminal (1008) acoplado al transductor (1006) y que se extiende desde el transductor (1006) a lo largo del eje longitudinal; y un circuito (1002) de control adaptado para modificar una amplitud de corriente de la señal eléctrica en respuesta a un cambio en una frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal;caracterizado porque:10 el circuito (1002) de control está adaptado para modificar la amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctrica para mantener una frecuencia de vibración sustancialmente constante del efector terminal (1008).
-
- 2.
- El dispositivo quirúrgico de la reivindicación 1, en el que el circuito (1002) de control está adaptado para reducir la amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctrica en respuesta a una reducción en la frecuencia de vibración.
-
- 3.
- El dispositivo quirúrgico de la reivindicación 1, en el que el circuito (1002) de control está adaptado para
15 calcular un desplazamiento del efector terminal (1008) teniendo en cuenta la frecuencia de vibración y la amplitud de la corriente. - 4. El dispositivo quirúrgico (1000) de la reivindicación 1 que comprende un procesador (1002), en el que el procesador está programado para:monitorizar una señal eléctrica proporcionada a un transductor (1006) del instrumento quirúrgico (1000), en20 el que el transductor (1006) está acoplado a un efector terminal (1008); monitorizar una frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal (1008); y modificar una amplitud de la señal eléctrica en respuesta a un cambio en la frecuencia de vibración para mantener una frecuencia de vibración sustancialmente constante del efector terminal.
- 5. El dispositivo quirúrgico de la reivindicación 4, en el que el procesador está programado para reducir la 25 amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctrica en respuesta a una reducción en la frecuencia de vibración.
-
- 6.
- El dispositivo quirúrgico de la reivindicación 4, en el que el procesador está programado para monitorizar una frecuencia de la corriente proporcionada al transductor.
-
- 7.
- Un procedimiento, que comprende:
obtener el dispositivo quirúrgico de la reivindicación 1; y30 programar el circuito (1002) de control para modificar una amplitud de la corriente de la señal eléctrica en respuesta a un cambio en una frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal (1008), de forma que se mantenga una frecuencia de vibración sustancialmente constante del efector terminal (1008). - 8. Un medio legible por un ordenador que comprende instrucciones que cuando son ejecutadas por un procesador (1002) hacen que el procesador:35 monitorice una señal eléctrica proporcionada a un transductor (1006) de un instrumento quirúrgico (1000), en el que el transductor (1006) está acoplado a un efector terminal (1008); monitorice una frecuencia de vibración del efector terminal; modifique una amplitud de la señal eléctrica en respuesta a un cambio en la frecuencia de vibración para mantener una frecuencia de vibración sustancialmente constante del efector terminal.
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US20090036913A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
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CN101772328A (zh) | 2010-07-07 |
US20170056056A1 (en) | 2017-03-02 |
CA2695198C (en) | 2015-12-15 |
CA2695198A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
JP2010535090A (ja) | 2010-11-18 |
US20230390591A1 (en) | 2023-12-07 |
EP2386256B8 (en) | 2016-10-05 |
EP2190364A2 (en) | 2010-06-02 |
EP2190364B1 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
CN102579108B (zh) | 2015-08-05 |
ES2602110T3 (es) | 2017-02-17 |
US10420579B2 (en) | 2019-09-24 |
CN102579108A (zh) | 2012-07-18 |
DK2386256T3 (en) | 2016-09-19 |
CN101772328B (zh) | 2013-09-18 |
AU2008282150A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
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