CN101374714B - 用于列车的行程优化系统及方法 - Google Patents

用于列车的行程优化系统及方法 Download PDF

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CN101374714B
CN101374714B CN2007800000724A CN200780000072A CN101374714B CN 101374714 B CN101374714 B CN 101374714B CN 2007800000724 A CN2007800000724 A CN 2007800000724A CN 200780000072 A CN200780000072 A CN 200780000072A CN 101374714 B CN101374714 B CN 101374714B
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阿吉斯·K·库玛
格伦·R·谢弗
保罗·K·豪普特
伯纳多·A·莫夫西乔夫
戴维·S·K·钱
苏克鲁·A·埃克
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B13/00Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion
    • G05B13/02Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric
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Abstract

一种用于运行具有一个或多个机车组的列车的系统,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车,该系统包括用来确定列车的位置的定位器部件;用来提供有关轨道的信息的轨道特征化部件;用来测定机车组的运行状况的传感器;可操作用来从定位器部件、轨道特征化部件和传感器接收信息的处理器;以及在具有对该信息的访问权的处理器内实现的算法,用来根据列车的一个或多个运行标准而创建优化机车组的性能的行程计划。

Description

用于列车的行程优化系统及方法
技术领域
本发明的领域涉及优化列车运行,并且更具体地,涉及监控和控制列车的运行,以便在满足时间表约束的同时提高效率。
背景技术
机车(locomotive)是具有大量子系统的复杂系统,其中,每个子系统与其它子系统相互独立。操作员在列车上,以确保机车的适当运行及其关联的运载车厢的负载。除了确保机车的适当运行之外,操作员还负责确定列车的运行速度、以及机车作为其一部分的列车内的力。为执行此功能。通常,操作员必须具有在特定地形上操作机车和各种列车的大量经验。此知识需要与可规定的运行速度相符,其中,运行速度可能随着列车沿着轨道的位置而变化。此外,操作员还负责保证列车内(in-train)的力保持在可接受的限度内。
然而,即使具有保证安全运行的知识,操作员通常也不能操作机车使得对于每次行程而使燃料消耗最小。例如,必须考虑的其它因素可包括排放输出(emission output)、例如噪声/震动的操作员的环境状况、燃料消耗和排放输出的加权组合等。例如,由于列车的大小和负载变化、机车及其燃料/排放特性不同、以及天气和交通状况变化,其难以完成。如果向操作员提供用来确定在给定日子驾驶列车的最佳方式的手段、以便不管可变性的来源如何而均在使用尽可能少的燃料的同时满足所需时间表(到达时间),则操作员可更有效率地操作列车。
发明内容
本发明的实施例公开了用于运行具有一个或多个机车组(locomotiveconsist)的列车的系统,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车。在一个示例性实施例中,该系统包括用来确定列车的位置的定位器部件。还提供了用来提供有关轨道的信息的轨道特征化部件。该系统还具有可操作用来从定位器部件以及轨道特征化部件接收信息的处理器。还提供了在具有对该信息的访问权的处理器内实现的算法,用来根据列车的一个或多个运行标准而创建优化机车组的性能的行程计划。
本发明的一个示例性实施例还公开了用于运行具有一个或多个机车组的列车的方法,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车。该方法包括:确定列车在轨道上的位置。该方法还确定轨道的特征。该方法还根据列车的至少一个运行标准,基于列车的位置、轨道的特征、以及机车组的运行状况创建行程计划。
本发明的一个示例性实施例还公开了用于运行列车的计算机软件代码,其中,该列车具有计算机处理器、以及一个或多个机车组,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车。该计算机软件代码包括用于根据列车的至少一个运行标准、基于列车的位置、轨道的特征、以及机车组的运行状况而创建行程计划的软件模块。
本发明的一个示例性实施例还公开了用于运行具有一个或多个机车组的列车的方法,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车,其中已为该列车设计了行程计划。该方法包括:基于该行程计划,确定用于机车组的功率设置。该方法还以该功率设置运行机车组。收集列车实际速度、机车组的实际功率设置、以及/或者列车的位置。将列车实际速度、机车组的实际功率设置、以及/或者列车的位置与该功率设置相比较。
本发明的另一个示例性实施例还公开了用于运行具有一个或多个机车组的列车的方法,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车,其中已基于列车和/或机车组的假定运行参数而为该列车设计了行程计划。该方法包括:估计列车运行参数和/或机车组运行参数。该方法还包括:将所估计的列车运行参数和/或机车组运行参数与假定列车运行参数和/或机车组运行参数相比较。
本发明的另一个示例性实施例还公开了用于运行具有一个或多个机车组的列车的方法,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车,其中已基于期望的参数而为该列车设计了行程计划。该方法包括:确定列车和/或机车组的运行参数;基于所确定的运行参数而确定期望的参数;以及将确定的参数与运行参数相比较。如果通过将所确定的参数与运行参数相比较而存在差异,则该方法还包括:调节该行程计划。
本发明的一个示例性实施例还公开了用于运行具有一个或多个机车组的铁路系统的方法,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车。该方法包括:确定列车在轨道上的位置;以及确定轨道的特征。该方法还包括:基于铁路系统的位置、轨道的特征、以及/或者机车组的运行状况,而生成用于机车中的至少一个的驾驶计划,以便使该铁路系统的燃料消耗最小化。
本发明的另一个示例性实施例还公开了用于运行具有一个或多个机车组的铁路系统的方法,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车。为此,该方法包括:确定列车在轨道上的位置;以及确定轨道的特征。该方法还包括:提供针对机车组的推进控制,以便使该铁路系统的燃料消耗最小化。
附图说明
将通过参照在附图中图解的本发明的特定实施例,而说明在上面简要描述的本发明的例子的更具体的描述。应理解,这些图仅绘出了本发明的典型实施例,并且因此,不被认为是对其范围的限制,将通过使用附图,而在具有附加特例和细节的情况下描述和解释本发明,附图中:
图1绘出了本发明的示例实施例的流程图的示例图示;
图2绘出了可被采用的列车的简化模型;
图3绘出了本发明的示例实施例的部件的示例实施例;
图4绘出了燃料使用/行进时间曲线的示例实施例;
图5绘出了行程计划的分段分解的示例实施例;
图6绘出了分段例子的示例实施例;
图7绘出了本发明的示例实施例的示例流程图;
图8绘出了供操作员使用的动态显示的示例图示;
图9绘出了供操作员使用的动态显示的另一个示例图示;以及
图10绘出了供操作员使用的动态显示的另一个示例图示。
具体实施方式
现在,将对遵循本发明的实施例做出详细参照,在附图中图解了其例子。只要可能,在所有附图中使用的相同附图标记表示相同或相似的部分。
本发明的示例实施例通过提供用于确定并实现具有机车组的列车的驾驶策略的系统、方法、以及计算及实现的方法,而解决了现有技术中的问题,其中,该驾驶策略确定监控和控制列车运行的方法,以在满足时间表和速度约束的同时改善特定的目标运行标准参数需求。在此公开中,使用了术语“本发明”或“发明”。即使术语“示例实施例”并非紧随上述术语,“本发明”或“发明”的含义也被理解为意味着“本发明的示例实施例”。在机车组处于分布式功率运行方式时,本发明也是可行的。本领域的技术人员将认识到,可将包括CPU、存储器、I/O、程序存储装置、连接总线、以及其它适当组件的诸如数据处理系统的设备编程、或者设计用来帮助本发明的方法的实践。这样的系统可包括用于执行本发明的方法的适当程序部件。
并且,用于数据处理系统的诸如预记录盘或其它类似计算机程序产品的制品可包括存储介质、以及记录在其上的用于引导数据处理系统帮助本发明的方法的实践的程序部件。这样的设备和制品也落在本发明的精神和范围内。
一般地说,技术效果在于确定并实现具有机车组的列车的驾驶策略,其中,该驾驶策略确定监控和控制列车的运行的方法,以在满足时间表和速度约束的同时改善特定目标运行标准参数需求。为帮助理解本发明,下文中,通过参照本发明的特定实现而描述本发明。在例如由计算机执行的程序模块的计算机可执行指令的一般性上下文中描述本发明。通常,程序模块包括执行特定任务或实现特定的抽象数据类型的例程、程序、对象、组件、数据结构等。例如,可以不同的语言对构成本发明的基础的软件程序编码,以用于不同的平台。在下面的描述中,在采用网络浏览器的网络入口(web portal)的上下文中描述本发明的例子。然而,将理解,也可利用其它类型的计算机软件技术来实现构成本发明的基础的原理。
此外,本领域的技术人员将理解,可利用包括手持式装置、多处理器系统、基于微处理器或可编程的消费类电子产品、微型计算机、大型计算机等的其它计算机系统配置来实现本发明。还可在分布式计算环境中实现本发明,其中,通过经由通信网络而链接的远程处理装置来执行任务。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块可位于包括存储器型存储装置的本地和远程计算机存储介质中。可在组中的机车或相邻机车内、或者在使用无线通信的路边或中心站的车外(off-board)完整地包含这些本地和远程计算环境。
在此文档中,使用了术语“机车组”。如在这里所使用的,可将机车组描述为具有一个或连续的多个机车,其被连接在一起,以便提供监控和/或制动能力。机车被连接在一起,其中,在机车之间无列车车厢。列车的组成部分可具有多于一个组。具体地,可能存在前导组(lead consist)、以及多于一个的远程组,如在一列车厢的中间、以及在列车末尾的另一个远程组。每个机车组可具有第一机车和末尾机车。尽管通常将组视为连续的机车,但本领域的技术人员将容易地认识到,即使在至少一个车厢隔开机车时,例如在针对分布式功率运行而配置组时(其中,通过无线电链路或物理线缆,将油门和制动命令从引导机车转发到远程的末尾(trail)),也可将机车的组群视为组。对此,在讨论同一列车内的多个机车时,术语“机车组”不应被视为限制因素。
现在将参照附图描述本发明的实施例。可以多种方式来实现本发明,包括将本发明实现为系统(包括计算机处理系统)、方法(包括计算机化的方法)、设备、计算机可读介质、计算机程序产品、图形用户界面(包括网络入口)、或在计算机可读存储器中有形地固定的数据结构。下面讨论本发明的一些实施例。
图1绘出了本发明的流程图的示例图示。如所图解的,在车上、或从例如调度中心(dispatch center)的远程位置输入针对于计划行程的指令。这样的输入信息包括但不限于:列车位置、组描述(如机车型号)、机车功率描述、机车牵引力传输的性能、作为输出功率的函数的发动机燃料消耗、冷却特性、意图的行程路线(作为里程标记(milepost)的函数的有效轨道坡度(grade)和曲率、或用来遵循标准铁路惯例来反映曲率的“有效坡度”分量)、通过车厢装配和负载连同有效牵引系数而表示的列车、行程期望参数,其中,行程期望参数包括但不限于开始时间和位置、结束位置、期望的行进时间、乘务员(用户和/或操作员)标识、乘务员换班到期时间、以及路线。
可以多种方式将此数据提供给机车42,例如(但不限于),操作员通过车载显示器将此数据手动输入到机车42,将包含该数据的诸如硬件卡和/或USB驱动器的存储装置插入到机车上的插座,以及将该信息经由无线通信而从中心或路边位置41(如轨道信令装置、以及/或者路边装置)传送到机车42。机车42和列车31负载特性(例如,牵引)还可随着路线而改变(例如,根据铁路和铁路车厢的高度、环境温度和状况),并且,可通过上面讨论的任意方法、以及/或者通过机车/列车状况的实时自主收集,根据需要而更新计划,以反映这样的改变。例如,这包括通过在机车上或机车下的监控设备来检测机车或列车特性的改变。
轨道信号灯系统(signal system)确定可允许的列车的速度。可能存在很多类型的轨道信号灯系统、以及与每个信号灯(signal)相关联的运行规则。例如,某些信号具有单个灯(开/关)、某些信号灯具有有着多种颜色的单个透镜,而某些信号灯具有多个灯和颜色。这些信号灯可指示:轨道是干净的,并且,列车可以最大可允许速度行进。它们还可指示:需要减速或停车。可能需要立即、或在特定位置(例如,在下一个信号灯或交叉口之前)实现这种减速。
通过各种方式,将信号灯状态传递给列车和/或操作员。一些系统在轨道中具有电路,并在机车上具有感应拾取线圈。其它系统具有无线通信系统。信号灯系统可以还需要操作员可视化地检查信号灯,并采取适当的行动。
信令系统(signaling system)可与车载信号灯系统对接,并根据输入和适当的运行规则而调节机车速度。对于需要操作员可视化地检查信号灯状态的信号灯系统来说,操作员屏幕将基于列车的位置而呈现用于操作员的适当的信号灯选项以便输入。可将信号灯系统的类型、以及作为位置的函数的运行规则存储在车载数据库63中。
基于输入到本发明的规范数据,计算最优计划,以产生行程简档12,其中,该最优计划使燃料使用/排放最小,同时该燃料使用/排放在期望的开始和结束时间的情况下符合沿着路线的速度限制约束。该简档包含表示为距离和/或时间的函数的、列车要遵循的最优速度和功率(档位(notch))设置、以及这样的列车运行限制(包括但不限于,最大档位功率和制动设置、以及作为位置的函数的速度限制)、以及预期使用的燃料和所生成的排放。在示例实施例中,每10至30秒选择用于档位设置的值一次,以得到油门改变决定。本领域的技术人员将容易地认识到,如果需要和/或期望遵循最优速度简档,则可在更长或更短的时间期间发生油门改变决定。在更广的含义上说,对于本领域的技术人员来说明显的是,该简档在列车级别、组级别和/或个体列车级别上提供用于列车的功率设置。功率包括制动功率、电机功率、以及空气制动功率。在另一个优选实施例中,与在传统的离散档位功率设置上的操作不同,本发明能够选择作为针对所选简档的优化确定的连续功率设置。由此,例如,如果最优简档指定6.8的档位设置,而不是在档位设置7上运行,则机车42可在6.8上运行。允许这样的中间功率设置,如下所述,可带来附加的效率利益。
如下面总结的那样,用来计算最优简档的过程可为:用于计算驱动列车31以使燃料和/或排放最小、同时遵循机车运行和时间表约束的功率序列的任意数目的方法。在一些情况下,由于列车配置、路线和环境状况的相似性,所需的最优简档可能足够接近于先前确定的简档。在这些情况下,在数据库63内查找驾驶轨迹、并尝试遵循它可能就足够了。当先前计算的计划均不适用时,用来计算新计划的方法包括、但不限于:使用近似列车的运动物理性质的差分方程模型来直接计算最优简档。该设置包括量化目标函数的选择,其通常为与燃料消耗率和排放生成相对应的模型变量加上用来限制(penalize)过度油门变化的项的加权和(积分)。
将最优控制方程式设置为使遵循约束的量化目标函数最小,所述约束包括但不限于速度限制、以及最小和最大功率(油门)设置。取决于在任意时间的计划目标,可灵活地处理该问题,以使燃料最小,同时遵循对排放和速度限制的约束,或者,使排放最小,同时遵循燃料使用和到达时间的约束。例如,还有可能设置目标,以使总行进时间最小,而不对总排放或燃料使用施加约束,其中对于该任务,可能会允许或需要这样的约束释放。
在数学上,可更精确地表述要解决的问题。通过以下方程来表示基本物理性质:
dx dt = v ; x ( 0 ) = 0.0 ; x ( T f ) = D
dv dt = T e ( u , v ) - G a ( x ) - R ( v ) ; v ( 0 ) = 0.0 ; v ( T f ) = 0.0
其中,x为列车的位置,v为其速度,并且,t为时间(根据情况,以英里、每小时英里数、以及分钟或小时为单位),并且,u为档位(油门)命令输入。此外,D表示要行进的距离,Tf为沿轨道的距离D的期望到达时间,Te为机车组产生的牵引力,Ga为取决于列车长度、列车装配、以及列车所处的地形的重力牵引,R为机车组和列车组合的依赖于净速度的牵引。还可指定初始和最终速度,但不失一般性地,在这里取其为0(列车在起点和终点停止)。最后,容易地将该模型修改为包括其它重要的动态特性,如油门改变u和所得到的牵引力或制动之间的滞后。通过使用此模型,设置最优控制方程式,以使遵循约束的量化目标函数最小,所述约束包括但不限于速度限制、以及最小和最大功率(油门)设置。取决于在任意时间的计划目标,可灵活地处理该问题,以使燃料最小化,同时遵循对排放和速度限制的约束,或者,使排放最小化,同时遵循燃料使用和到达时间的约束。
例如,还有可能设置目标,以使总行进时间最小,而不对总排放或燃料使用施加约束,其中对于该任务,可能会允许或需要这样的约束释放。可将所有这些性能措施表示为以下任意项的线性组合:
min u ( t ) ∫ 0 T f F ( u ( t ) ) dt
———最小化总燃料消耗
min u ( t ) T f
———最小化行进时间
min n i Σ i = 2 n d ( u i - u i - 1 ) 2
———最小化档位操纵(分段恒定输入)
min u ( t ) ∫ 0 T f ( du / dt ) 2 dt
———最小化档位操纵(连续输入)
4.将(1)中的燃料项F替换为与排放产生相对应的项。
由此,通常使用且具有代表性的目标函数为:
min u ( t ) α 1 ∫ 0 T f F ( u ( t ) ) dt + α 3 T f + α 2 ∫ 0 T f ( du / dt ) 2 dt
线性组合的系数将取决于为每一项给出的重要性(权重)。注意,在方程(OP)中,u(t)为作为连续档位位置的最优化变量。如果需要离散档位,例如,用于较早的机车,则方程(OP)的解将被离散化,其将导致较少的燃料节约。通过发现使用最小时间解(α1和α2被设置为0)来找到下界,优选实施例用于在α3被设置为0的情况下针对Tf的各个值而求解方程(OP)。对于熟悉求解这样的最优问题的人来说,可能有必要附加约束,例如,沿着路径的速度限制:
0≤v≤SL(X)
或者,当使用最小时间作为目标、即必须保持终点约束时,例如,通过以下方程使消耗的总燃料必须小于燃料箱中的燃料:
0 < &Integral; 0 T f F ( u ( t ) ) dt &le; W F
其中,WF为在Tf时的燃料箱中剩余的燃料。本领域的技术人员将容易地认识到,方程(OP)还可为其它形式,并且,上面所呈现的是用于本发明的示例方程。
在本发明的上下文中对排放的引用实际上针对于以氮氧化物(NOx)、未燃碳氢化合物和微粒的形式产生的累积排放。通过设计,每一个机车必须遵循用于制动特定的排放的EPA标准,并且由此,当在本发明中优化了排放时,这可能是这样的任务,即现今没有针对其的规范的总排放。运行将一直遵循联邦EPA要求。如果在行程任务期间的关键目标是减小排放,则将修改最优控制方程式,即方程(OP),以考虑此行程目标。在优化设置中的关键灵活性在于,行程目标中的任一个或全部可被地理区域或任务而改变。例如,对于高优先级列车,最小时间可能是一条路线上的仅有的目标,因为其为高优先级交通。在另一个例子中,排放输出可沿着计划的列车路线而逐个状态变化。
为解决所产生的优化问题,在示例实施例中,本发明将在时域中的动态优化控制问题转化为具有N个决定变量的等价静态数学编程问题,其中,数目“N”取决于作出油门和制动调节的频率、以及行程的持续时间。对于典型的问题,这个N可在数千的量级。例如,在示例实施例中,假定列车正在美国西南部的172英里的轨道延伸上行进。利用本发明,当将使用本发明而确定并遵循的行程与由操作员确定行程的实际的驾驶员油门/速度历史相比,可实现所使用燃料的示例性的7.6%的节约。实现了改进的节约,这是因为,与操作员的行程计划相比,通过使用本发明而实现的优化产生具有较小的牵引损失、以及几乎或完全没有制动损失的驾驶策略。
为进行在计算上易处理的上述优化,可采用如图2所示的列车的简化模型、以及上面讨论的方程。通过驱动具有所生成的优化功率序列的更详细的模型、以测试是否违反了其它热、电和机械约束,而产生对优化简档的关键改进,从而产生具有速度对距离关系的修改的简档,其中,所述速度对距离关系最接近于可在不损害机车或列车设备(即,满足附加隐含的约束,如热和有关机车和列车中的车厢间的力的电力限制)的情况下实现的运行。
回来参照图1,一旦开始行程(12),便生成功率命令(14),以启动该计划。取决于本发明的运行设置,一个命令用于机车,以遵循优化的功率命令(16),以便实现最优速度。本发明从列车的机车组得到实际速度和功率信息(18)。由于用于优化的模型中不可避免的近似,得到对优化功率的校正的闭环计算,以跟踪期望的最优速度。可自动地、或由一直对列车具有最终控制的操作员进行列车运行限制的这种校正。
在某些情况下,在优化中使用的模型可与实际列车显著不同。这可由于很多原因而发生,所述原因包括但不限于:额外荷重搭载或布置、在路线中出故障的机车、以及初始数据库63或操作员输入的数据条目中的错误。对于这些原因,监控系统处于适当的位置,其使用实时列车数据来实时估计机车和/或列车参数(20)。随后,将估计的参数与在初始创建行程时假定的参数相比较(22)。基于假定和估计的值中的任何差异,如果可从新计划产生足够大的节约,则可重新计划该行程(24)。
可重新计划行程的其它原因包括来自远程位置(如调度和/或操作员)的指示(directive),其请求目标的改变,以与更全局化的移动计划目标相一致。更全局化的移动计划目标可包括、但不限于:其它列车时间表、允许排气从隧道消散、维护操作等。另一个原因可以是由于车上的部件故障。如在下面更详细地讨论的那样,取决于中断的严重性,用于重新计划的策略可被分组为递增和主要调节。通常,必须从对上述优化问题方程(OP)的解导出“新”计划,但如在这里描述的,可找到经常是更快近似的解。
在运行中,机车42将不断地监控系统效率,并且,基于所测定的实际效率而不断地更新行程计划,只要这样的更新会提高行程性能即可。可全部在机车内执行重新计划计算,或将其完全或部分地移动到远程位置,如调度或路边处理设施,其中,使用了无线技术来将计划传递到机车42。本发明还可生成效率趋势,其可用来开发与效率传递函数有关的机车车队数据。车队范围的数据可在确定初始行程计划时被使用,或可用于在考虑到多个列车的位置时的网络范围的优化折衷。例如,如图4所示的行进时间燃料使用折衷曲线反映出:根据针对很多相似列车在相同路线上收集的总体平均而更新的、在当前时间的特定路线上的列车的能力。由此,来自很多机车的、如同图4的中央调度设施收集曲线可使用该信息来更佳地调整总体列车移动,以实现在燃料使用或吞吐量方面的系统范围的优点。
日常运行中的很多事件可导致对生成或修改当前执行的计划的需要,其中,对于在列车未按照所计划的相遇或经过另一辆列车的时间表、并且需要补偿时间的时候,期望保持相同的行程目标。使用机车的实际速度、功率、以及位置,在所计划的到达时间和当前估计(预测)的到达时间之间作出比较(25)。基于所述时间的差、以及参数(由调度或操作员检测或改变)的差,而调节该计划(26)。可遵循铁道公司对于应如何处理与计划的这种偏差(departure)的期望,而自动地进行此调节,或者,可对于车上的操作员、以及调度员而提出替代方案,以联合决定回到计划上的最佳方式,从而人工地进行此调节。每当更新了计划、但原始目标(例如但不限于到达时间)保持相同时,可同时将附加改变(例如,新的将来的速度限制改变)计算在内(factor in),这能可影响曾经恢复原始计划的可行性。在这样的实例中,如果不能维持原始行程计划,或者,换句话说,如果列车不能满足原始的行程计划目标,那么,如在这里讨论的,可向操作员和/或远程设施、或调度站呈现其它行程计划。
当期望改变原始目标时,还可进行重新计划。可在固定的预先计划的时间、根据操作员或调度员的判断而人工地、或在超过了例如列车运行限制的预定义的限制时自主地完成这样的重新计划。例如,如果当前的计划执行正在进行要晚点到比特定的阈值(例如,三十分钟)更多,则本发明可重新计划该行程,以如上所述、在增加燃料的代价下适应该延迟,或者,向操作员和调度员通知可总计补偿多少时间(即,最少要前进多少时间、或可在时间约束之内最多节省多少燃料)。可基于所消耗的燃料或电源组的良好程度,而想到用于重新计划的其它触发条件,其包括但不限于到达时间、由于设备故障和/或设备暂时故障(如过热或过冷运行)而造成的马力损失、以及/或者例如在假定的列车负载中的粗略设置误差的检测。也就是说,如果该改变反映了对于当前行程的机车性能的损害,则可将其计算到在优化中使用的模型和/或方程中。
还可从调整事件的需要而产生计划目标的改变,其中,用于一个列车的计划与另一列车的能力折衷,以满足不同级别的目标和判优(arbitration),例如,需要调度办公室。例如,还可通过列车到列车的通信而进一步优化相遇(meet)和经过(pass)的调整。由此,例如,如果列车知道在到达相遇和/或经过的位置时其落后了,则来自其它列车的通信可通知晚点的列车(和/或调度站)。随后,操作员可将属于晚点的信息输入到本发明,其中,本发明将重新计算列车的行程计划。还可在高级别或网络级别上使用本发明,以在可能不满足所计划的相遇和/或经过时间约束的情况下允许调度站确定哪个列车应减速或加速。如在这里讨论的,这通过列车将数据传送到调度站、以将每个列车应如何改变其计划目标区分优先次序(prioritize)来实现。根据情形,选择可取决于时间表或燃料节省效益。
对于人工或自动启动的重新计划中的任一个,本发明可向操作员呈现多于一个的行程计划。在示例实施例中,本发明将向操作员呈现不同的简档(profile),从而允许操作员选择到达时间,并理解对应的燃料和/或排放影响。还可为了相似的考虑而将这样的信息提供给调度站,作为替代方案的简单列表、或作为例如如图4所示的多条折衷曲线。
本发明具有学习和适应于列车和电源组中的关键改变的能力,其中,可将所述关键改变合并在当前计划中和/或用于将来的计划。例如,上面讨论的一种触发条件为马力的损失。当在马力损失之后、或在开始行程时,基于时间而增强马力时,利用变换逻辑来确定在何时实现期望的马力。可将此信息保存在机车数据库61中,以供在再次出现马力损失的情况下、在优化将来的行程或当前的行程中使用。
图3绘出了本发明的部件的示例实施例。提供了用来确定列车31的位置的定位器(locator)部件30。定位器部件30可为确定列车31的位置的GPS传感器、或传感器系统。这样的其它系统的例子可包括但不限于路边装置,如射频自动设备识别(RF AEI)标志、调度站、以及/或者视频确定。另一个系统可包括在机车上的测速表、以及从参考点起的距离计算装置。如前所述,还可提供无线通信系统47,以允许列车之间以及/或者列车与例如调度站的远程位置之间的通信。可从其它列车传送有关行进位置的信息。
轨道特征化部件33提供有关轨道的信息,主要是坡度和高度,还提供了曲率信息。轨道特征化部件33可包括车载轨道完整性数据库。使用传感器38来测定机车组42所牵拉的牵引力40、机车组42的油门设置、机车组42配置信息、机车组42的速度、各个机车配置、各个机车能力等。在示例实施例中,可在不使用传感器38、而是通过上述其它方法输入机车组42配置信息的情况下,加载机车组42配置信息。此外,还可考虑组中的机车的良好状况。例如,如果组中的一个机车不能在功率档位级别5以上运行,则在优化行程计划时使用此信息。
还可使用来自定位器部件的信息来确定列车31的适合的到达时间。例如,如果存在沿着轨道34而朝向目的地移动的列车31、且其后面没有跟随着列车、并且该列车没有要坚持的固定的到达期限,则可使用定位器部件(其包括但不限于射频自动设备识别(RF AEI)标志、调度站、以及/或者视频确定装置)来计量列车31的确切位置。此外,可使用来自这些信令系统的输入来调节列车速度。通过使用如下所述的车载轨道数据库、以及例如GPS的定位器部件,本发明可调节操作员界面,以反映在给定机车位置上的信令系统状态。在信号状态指示前方的速度限制的情形中,计划器可选择将列车减速,以节约燃料消耗。
还可使用来自定位器部件30的信息来改变作为到目的地的距离的函数的计划目标。例如,由于有关沿着路线的拥堵的不可避免的不确定性,可采用路线的早期部分上的“较快的”时间目标,作为针对之后以统计方式出现的延迟的阻碍(hedge)。如果碰巧遇到未出现延迟的特定行程,则可修改旅程的较后部分的目标,以利用较早储存(bank)的内置缓速时间(slack time),并由此恢复一些燃料效率。可针对于排放限制目标(例如,接近城区)而调用类似的策略。
作为阻碍策略的例子,如果计划了从纽约到芝加哥的行程,则该系统可具有使列车在行程的开头、或在行程的中间、或在行程的末尾较慢地运行的选项。本发明可优化行程计划,以允许在行程的末尾较慢运行,这是由于,在行程期间,例如但不限于天气状况、轨道维护等的未知的约束可能会发展并变为已知。作为另一种考虑,如果已知传统上拥堵的区域,则发展出具有在这些传统上拥堵的区域周围有着更多的灵活性的选项的计划。因此,本发明还可考虑作为到将来的时间/距离的函数、以及/或者基于已知/过去的经验的加权/惩罚(penalty)。本领域的技术人员将容易地认识到,可以在行程期间的任意时刻考虑到用来考虑天气状况、轨道状况、轨道上的其它列车等的这样的计划和重新计划,其中,相应地调节行程计划。
图3还公开了可作为本发明的一部分的其它部件。提供了处理器44,其可操作用来从定位器部件30、轨道特征化部件33、以及传感器38接收信息。算法46在处理器44内操作。使用算法46来如上所述基于包括机车42、列车31、轨道34、以及任务的目标的参数而计算优化行程计划。在示例实施例中,作为从具有在该算法中提供的简化假定的物理性质导出的非线性差分方程的解,基于用于列车31沿着轨道34移动的列车行为的模型而建立行程计划。算法46具有对来自定位器部件30、轨道特征化部件33、以及/或者传感器38的信息的访问权,以创建使机车组42的燃料消耗最小化、使机车组42的排放最小化、建立期望行程时间、以及/或者确保机车组42上的适当乘务员工作时间的行程计划。在示例实施例中,还提供了驱动器或控制器部件51。如在这里讨论的,控制器部件51用于随着列车遵循行程计划而控制列车。在这里进一步讨论的示例实施例中,控制器部件51自主地进行列车运行判定。在另一个示例实施例中,操作员可参与指示列车遵循行程计划。
本发明的要求是初始创建并在运行中(on the fly)迅速修改正在执行的计划。这包括:由于计划优化算法的复杂度,在涉及较长的距离时创建初始计划。当行程简档(profile)的总长度超过了给定距离时,可使用算法46来分割任务,其中,可通过路途点(waypoint)来划分任务。尽管仅讨论了单个算法46,但本领域的技术人员将容易地认识到,可使用多于一个的算法,其中,可将算法连接在一起。路途点可包括列车31停止的自然位置,例如但不限于:计划在单轨铁路上发生的与对面的交通相遇、或经过当前列车之后的列车的旁轨,或者,要挂接车厢并出发的调车场旁轨或工厂;以及所计划的工作的位置。在这样的路途点上,可能需要列车31在计划的时间处于该位置,并停止或以指定范围内的速度移动。从在路途点上到达至离开的持续时间被称为停留时间。
在示例实施例中,本发明能够以特定的系统方式,将较长的行程分解为较小的段。在某种程度上,每段的长度可以是任意的,但通常取在诸如车站或显著速度限制的自然位置,或者在限定与其他路线的交叉点的关键里程标志。给定以此方式选择的部分或段,作为取为独立变量的行进时间的函数,而为轨道的每段创建驱动简档,例如,如图4所示。可在列车31到达轨道的每个段之前,计算与该段相关联的所使用的燃料/行进时间折衷。可根据为每段创建的驱动简档而创建总行程计划。本发明以优化的方式在行程的所有段之中分布行进时间,以便满足所需要的总行程时间,并使在所有段上消耗的总燃料尽可能的小。在图6中公开并在下面讨论了示例的3段行程。然而,本领域的技术人员将认识到,尽管讨论了多个段,但行程计划可包括代表完整行程的单个段。
图4绘出了燃料使用/行进时间曲线的示例实施例。如前所述,在为每个段的各个行进时间创建优化行程简档时创建这样的曲线50。也就是说,对于给定的行进时间49,所使用燃料53是如上所述而计算的详细的驱动简档的结果。一旦分配了用于每段的行进时间,便根据先前计算的解而为每段确定功率/速度计划。如果在段之间存在针对速度的任何路途点约束(例如但不限于速度限制的改变),则在创建优化行程简档期间匹配它们。如果仅在单个段中改变了速度限制,则仅需要对改变的段重新计算燃料使用/行进时间曲线50。这减小了用于必须重新计算行程的更多部分或段的时间。如果机车组或列车沿着路线而显著改变,例如,来自机车的损耗、或车厢的挂取或出发,那么,必须重新计算用于所有后续段的驱动简档,从而创建曲线50的新实例。随后,可按照新的时间表目标来使用这些新曲线50,以计划剩余行程。
一旦如上所述而创建了行程计划,便使用速度和功率对距离的轨迹,以在所需的行程时间、利用最小的燃料和/或排放到达目的地。存在用来执行行程计划的几种方式。如在下面更详细地提供的,在一个示例实施例中,在训练模式中,本发明向操作员显示信息,以使操作员遵循,以便实现根据优化行程计划而确定的所需功率和速度。在此模式中,操作信息提示了操作员应当使用的操作条件。在另一个示例实施例中,通过本发明来执行加速、以及维持恒定速度。然而,当列车31必须减速时,操作员负责应用制动系统52。在另一个示例实施例中,本发明根据需要而命令功率和制动,以遵循期望的速度-距离路径。
使用反馈控制策略来提供对简档中的功率控制序列的校正,以针对于这样的事件进行校正,所述事件例如但不限于由波动的顶风和/或顺风引起的列车负载变化。可能由于例如但不限于与优化行程计划中的假定相比的列车质量和/或牵引力的列车参数的误差,而引起另一个这样的误差。可根据在轨道数据库36中包含的信息而出现第三类误差。另一种可能的误差可涉及由于机车发动机、牵引电机热耗散和/或其它因素而造成的未建模的性能差异。反馈控制策略将作为位置的函数的实际速度与期望的优化简档中的速度相比较。基于此差异,添加对优化功率简档的校正,以朝向优化简档而驱动实际速度。为确保稳定的调整,可提供补偿算法,其对进入功率校正的反馈速度进行滤波,以确保保证闭合性能稳定性。补偿可包括:如由控制系统设计的领域中的技术人员所使用的标准动态补偿,用来满足性能目标。
本发明允许最简单并且因此最快的手段来适应行程目标的改变,本发明是铁路运行的规则、而不是例外。在沿路存在车站的情况下用来确定从点A到点B的燃料优化行程、以及用于一旦开始行程便针对剩余行程而更新该行程的示例实施例中,次最优分解方法可用于查找最优行程简档。通过使用建模方法,该计算方法可找到具有特定行进时间、以及初始和最终速度的行程计划,以便在有车站时,满足所有速度限制和机车能力约束。尽管下面的讨论针对于优化燃料使用,但还可将其应用于优化其它因素,例如但不限于排放、时间表、乘务员舒适度、以及负载影响。可在开发行程计划的最初使用该方法,并且更重要地,使用该方法来适应在启动行程之后的目标的改变。
如在这里讨论的,本发明可采用如图5所示的示例流程图、以及在图6中详细绘出的示例3段例子中图解的设置。如所示出的,可将行程分解为两个或更多段,即T1、T2和T3。尽管如在这里讨论,有可能作为单个段来考虑行程。如在这里讨论的,段边界不可能产生相等的段。作为代替,这些段使用自然或任务特定的边界。为每段预先计算最优行程计划。如果燃料使用对行程时间是要满足的行程目标,则为每段构造燃料对行程时间曲线。如在这里讨论的,所述曲线可基于其它因素,其中,所述因素是要根据行程计划而满足的目标。当行程时间是被确定的参数时,在满足总体行程时间约束的同时计算用于每段的行程时间。图6图解了用于示例3段200英里行程的速度限制(97)。此外,图解了200英里行程上的坡度改变(98)。还示出了图解在行进时间上使用的燃料的行程的每段的曲线的组合表格99。
通过使用先前描述的最优控制设置,本计算方法可找到具有特定行进时间、以及初始和最终速度的行程计划,以便在有车站时,满足所有速度限制和机车能力约束。
尽管下面的详细讨论针对于优化燃料使用,但还可将其应用于优化在这里讨论的其它因素,例如但不限于排放。关键的灵活性在于,适应在车站的期望停留时间,并考虑到可能需要的对在一个位置上的最早到达和离开的约束,例如,在进入或到达旁轨的时间至关重要的单轨运行的情况中。
本发明找到了从距离D0至DM、在时间T中行进、在D1、...、DM-1处具有M-1个中间车站、且具有通过如下方程约束的在这些车站的到达和离开时间的燃料优化行程
tmin(i)≤tarr(Di)≤tmax(i)-Δti
tarr(Di)+Δti≤tdep(Di)≤tmax(i)i=1,...,M-1
其中,tarr(Di)、tdep(Di)、以及Δti分别为在第i车站处的到达、离开、以及最小停止时间。假定燃料最优性意味着使停止时间最小化,因此,tdep(Di)=tarr(Di)+Δti,其消除了上面的第二个不等式。假设对于每个i=1、...、M,已知针对从Di-1至Di、对于行进时间t、Tmin(i)≤t≤Tmax(i)的燃料最优行程。令Fi(t)为与此行程相对应的燃料使用。如果将从Dj-1至Dj的行进时间表示为Tj,那么,通过如下方程而给出在Di的到达时间:
t arr ( D i ) = &Sigma; j = 1 i ( T j + &Delta;t j - 1 )
其中,定义Δt0为0。随后,通过找到使如下项最小的Ti(i=1、...、M),而得到针对行进时间T的、从D0至DM的燃料最优行程:
&Sigma; i = 1 M F i ( T i ) , T min ( i ) &le; T i &le; T max ( i )
其服从:
t min ( i ) &le; &Sigma; j = 1 i ( T j + &Delta;t j - 1 ) &le; t max ( i ) - &Delta; t i , i = 1 , . . . , M - 1
&Sigma; j = 1 M ( T j + &Delta; t j - 1 ) = T
一旦进行了行程,则随着行程行进,问题在于重新确定用于剩余行程(原始为在时间T中、从D0至DM)的燃料最优解,但是其中,干扰排除了以下燃料最优解。令当前距离和速度分别为x和v,其中,Di-1<x≤Di。并且,令从行程开始起的当前时间为tact。随后,通过找到使如下项最小的
Figure G07800072420070817D000174
Tj(j=i+1、...M),而得到保持在DM处的原始到达时间的、针对于从x至DM的其余行程的燃料最优解:
F ~ i ( T ~ i , x , v ) + &Sigma; j = i + 1 M F j ( T j )
其服从:
t min ( i ) &le; t act + T ~ i &le; t max ( i ) - &Delta;t i
t min ( k ) &le; t act + T ~ i + &Sigma; j = i + 1 k ( T j + &Delta; t j - 1 ) &le; t max ( k ) - &Delta; t k , k = i + 1 , . . . , M - 1
t act + T ~ i + &Sigma; j = i + 1 M ( T j + &Delta;t j - 1 ) = T
这里,
Figure G07800072420070817D000179
为从x至Di、在时间t中行进、具有在x处的初始速度v的最优行程的所使用的燃料。
如上所述,用来允许更有效率的重新计划的示例方式为,从被分区的段构建用于车站到车站的行程的最优解。对于具有行进时间Ti的、从Di-1至Di的行程,选择一组中间点Dij,其中,j=1、......Ni-1。令Di0=Di-1,且 D iN i = D i . 则将用于从Di-1至Di的最优行程表示为:
F i ( t ) = &Sigma; j = 1 N i f ij ( t ij - t i , j - 1 , v i , j - 1 , v ij )
其中,fij(t,vi,j-1,vij)为用于从Di,j-1至Dij、在时间为t中行进、具有初始和最终速度vi,j-1和vij的最优行程的燃料使用。此外,tij为与距离Dij相对应的最优行程中的时间。通过定义, t iN i - t i 0 = T i . 由于列车在Di0
Figure G07800072420070817D0001713
处停止,所以,
v i 0 = v iN i = 0 .
上面的表达式使得能够通过首先确定函数fij(·)(1≤j≤Ni)、随后找到使如下项最小的τij(1≤j≤Ni)以及vij(1≤j≤Ni),而交替地确定函数Fi(t):
F i ( t ) = &Sigma; j = 1 N i f ij ( &tau; ij , v i , j - 1 , v ij )
其服从:
&Sigma; j = 1 N i &tau; ij = T i
vmin(i,j)≤vij≤vmax(i,j)j=1,...,Ni-1
v i 0 = v iN i = 0
通过选择Dij(例如,在速度限制或相遇点),可使vmax(i,j)-vmin(i,j)最小化,由此,最小化需要获知fij()的区域。
基于上面的划分,比上面描述的方法更简单的次优化重新计划方法是,将重新计划约束在当列车处于距离点Dij(1≤j≤M、1≤j≤Ni)时的次数(times)。在点Dij,可通过找到使如下项最小化的τik(j<k≤Ni)、vik(j<k<Ni)以及τmn(i<m≤M、1≤n≤Nm)、vmn(i<m≤M、1≤n<Nm),而确定从Dij至DM的新的最优行程:
&Sigma; k = j + 1 N i f ik ( &tau; ik , v i , k - 1 , v ik ) + &Sigma; m = i + 1 M &Sigma; n = 1 N m f mn ( &tau; mn , v m , n - 1 , v mn )
其服从:
t min ( i ) &le; t act + &Sigma; k = j + 1 N i &tau; ik &le; t max ( i ) - &Delta; t i
t min ( n ) &le; t act + &Sigma; k = j + 1 N i &tau; ik + &Sigma; m = i + 1 n ( T m + &Delta;t m - 1 ) &le; t max ( n ) - &Delta;t n , n = i + 1 , . . . , M - 1
t act + &Sigma; k = j + 1 N i &tau; ik + &Sigma; m = i + 1 M ( T m + &Delta;t m - 1 ) = T
其中,
T m = &Sigma; n = 1 N m &tau; mn
通过等待Tm(i<m≤M)的重新计算、直到到达距离点Di为止,而得到进一步的简化。这样,在Di-1和Di之间的点Dij上,仅需要在τik(j<k≤Ni)、vik(j<k<Ni)上执行上面的最小化。Ti根据需要而增大,以适应比所计划的更长的从Di-1到Dij的实际行进时间。如果可能的话,之后通过重新计算距离点Di上的Tm(i<m≤M)而补偿此增大。
对于上述闭环配置,将列车31从点A移动到点B所需要的总输入能量由四个分量的和构成,具体为,点A和点B之间的动能的差;点A和点B之间的势能的差;由于摩擦和其它牵引损失而造成的能量损失;以及由于制动的应用而耗散的能量。假定起始和结束速度相等(例如,固定的),则第一分量为0。此外,第二份量独立于驾驶策略。由此,使后两个分量的和最小化就足够了。
遵循恒定速度简档使牵引损失最小化。在不需要制动来维持恒定速度时,遵循恒定速度简档还使总能量输入最小化。然而,如果需要制动来维持恒定速度,则应用制动以正好维持恒定速度将最有可能增大总共所需能量,这是由于,需要补充制动所耗散的能量。存在这样的可能性,即,如果通过减小速度变化、附加的制动损失多于制动所引起的牵引损失中所产生的减小造成的偏移,则一些制动可能实际上减小总能量使用。
在完成了如上所述的根据事件的收集的重新计划之后,可使用这里描述的闭环控制而跟随新的最优档位/速度计划。然而,在一些情形中,可能不具有足够的时间来执行上述段分解计划,并且,尤其是在存在必须考虑的关键性速度限制时,需要替代方案。本发明通过被称为“智能巡航控制”的算法来实现它。智能巡航控制算法为在运行中生成用于在已知地形上驱动列车31的能量-效率(由此的燃料-效率)次最优指示的有效的方式。此算法假定一直知晓列车31沿着轨道34的位置、并知晓轨道对位置的坡度和曲率。该方法依赖于用于列车31的移动的点质量模型,可根据如前所述的列车运动的在线测定而自适应地估计该模型的参数。
智能巡航控制算法具有三个基本组件,具体为:修改的速度限制简档,其用作围绕速度限制减小的能量-效率向导;理想的油门或动态制动设置简档,其尝试在使速度变化最小化和制动之间平衡;以及用于组合后两个组件来产生档位命令的机制,其采用速度反馈环路来补偿在与理想参数相比时的建模的参数的失配。智能巡航控制可适应本发明中的策略,其不采取主动制动(即,向驾驶员发信号,并设想其提供必须的制动)、或导致进行主动制动的变化。
对于不控制动态制动的巡航控制算法,三个示例组件为:修改的速度限制简档,其用作围绕速度限制减小的能量-效率向导;通知信号,其在应当应用制动时被发出,以通知操作员;理想的油门简档,其尝试在使速度变化最小化和通知操作员应用制动之间进行平衡;以及采用反馈环路来补偿模型参数与实际参数的失配的机制。
本发明中还包括了用来识别列车31的关键参数值的方法。例如,对于估计列车质量,可利用卡尔曼滤波器和递归最小二乘法,来检测可能随着时间而发展的误差。
图7绘出了本发明的示例流程图。如前所述,例如调度站60的远程设施可向本发明提供信息。如所示出的,将这样的信息提供到执行控制部件62。还向执行控制部件62提供机车建模信息数据库63、来自轨道数据库36的信息(例如但不限于轨道坡度信息和速度限制信息)、估计的列车参数(例如但不限于列车重量和牵引系数)、以及来自燃料比率估计器64的燃料比率表。执行控制部件62将信息提供到计划器12,这在图1中被更详细地公开。一旦已计算了行程计划,便将该计划提供到驾驶顾问器(driving advisor)、驱动器(driver)或控制器部件51。还将行程计划提供到执行控制部件62,以便其可在提供了其它新数据时比较该行程。
如上所述,驾驶顾问器51可自动地设置档位功率,即,预先建立的档位设置、或最优连续档位功率。除了将速度命令提供到机车31之外,还提供了显示器68,以便操作员可查看已推荐了何种计划器。操作员还具有对控制面板69的访问权。通过控制面板69,操作员可决定是否应用所推荐的档位功率。为实现此点,操作也可限制目标或推荐的功率。也就是说,在任意时间,操作员总是具有机车组将在何种功率设置上运行的最终权限。如果行程计划推荐使列车31减速,则其包括决定是否应用制动。例如,如果在较暗的地域运行、或来自路边设备的信息不能以电子方式将信息传送到列车,而操作员查看到来自路边设备的可视信号,则操作员基于在轨道数据库和来自路边设备的可视信号中包含的信息而输入命令。基于列车31如何工作,将有关燃料测定的信息提供到燃料比率估计器64。由于在机车组中一般不能利用燃料流的直接测定,所以,使用例如在开发最优计划时使用的物理模型的校准的物理模型,而执行有关遵循最优计划的在行程内迄今为止、以及到将来的前景(projection)中消耗的燃料的全部信息。例如,这样的预测可包括但不限于所测定的总马力、以及已知的燃料特性的使用,以导出累积的所使用的燃料。
如上所述,列车31还具有定位器装置30,如GPS传感器。将信息提供到列车参数估计器65。这样的信息可包括但不限于GPS传感器数据、牵引/制动力数据、制动状态数据、速度和速度数据中的任何改变。利用有关坡度的信息和速度限制信息,将列车重量和牵引系数信息提供到执行控制部件62。
本发明还可允许在优化计划以及闭环控制实现的整个过程中使用连续可变的功率。在传统的机车中,一般地将功率量化为8个离散的级别。现代的机车可实现马力的连续变化,可将其并入先前描述的优化方法。利用连续的功率,机车42还可例如通过使辅助负载和功率传送损失最小化、并精细地调节最优效率的发动机马力区域或到增大的排放容限的点,而优化运行状况。例子包括但不限于使冷却系统损失最小化、调节交流发电机电压、调节发动机转速、以及减小驱动轴的数目。此外,机车42可使用车载轨道数据库36、以及预测的性能需求,以使辅助负载和功率传送损失最小化,从而提供用于目标燃料消耗/排放的最优效率。例子包括但不限于在平坦地形上减小驱动轴的数目、以及在进入隧道之前对机车发动机进行预冷却。
本发明还使用车载轨道数据库36、以及预测的性能,以调节机车性能,例如,以确保列车在接近山丘和/或隧道时具有足够的速度。例如,这可被表示为:成为通过求解方程(OP)而创建的最优计划生成的一部分的、在特定位置上的速度限制。另外,本发明可并入列车操纵规则,例如但不限于牵引力斜坡率、最大制动力斜坡率。这些可直接并入用于最优行程简档的公式,或者可替换地,并入用来控制功率应用以实现目标速度的闭环调节器。
在优选实施例中,仅在列车组的引导机车上安装本发明。尽管本发明不依赖于与其它机车的数据或交互,但其可与如在美国专利第6691957号、以及专利申请第10/429596号中所公开的(所述专利和专利申请为本受让人所有,并均通过引用而被合并于此)组管理器、用来改善效率的功能部件和/或组优化器功能部件整合。如在这里描述的对两个“独立优化”的列车进行判优的调度站的例子所示出的,不排除与多个列车的交互。
具有分布式功率系统的列车可以不同的模式运行。一种模式为,列车中的所有机车在相同的档位命令上运行。于是,如果引导机车正在命令致动(motoring)-N8,则将命令列车中的所有单元生成致动-N8功率。另一种运行模式为“独立”控制。在此模式中,机车或遍及列车而分布的机车组可在不同的致动或制动功率下运行。例如,在列车到达山顶的顶部时,可将引导机车(在山的下坡)置于制动,而位于列车的中间或末尾(在山的上坡)的机车可处于致动。这被进行用来使连接铁路车厢和机车的机械耦接器上的拉力最小。传统上,以“独立”模式操作分布式功率系统需要操作员经由引导机车中的显示器而手动地命令每个远程机车或机车组。通过使用基于物理的计划模型、列车设置信息、车载轨道数据库、车载运行规则、位置确定系统、实时闭环功率/制动控制、以及传感器反馈,该系统将以“独立”模式自动地操作分布式功率系统。
当以分布式功率方式运行时,引导机车中的操作员可经由例如分布式功率控制部件的控制系统,而控制在远程组中的远程机车的运行功能。由此,当以分布式功率运行时,该操作员可命令每个机车组在不同的档位功率级别上运行(或者,一个组可处于致动,而另一个组可处于制动),其中,机车组中的每个单独的机车在相同的档位功率上运行。在示例实施例中,利用优选与分布式功率控制部件通信的、安装在列车上的本发明,当如优化的行程计划所推荐的、期望用于远程机车组的档位功率级别时,本发明将把此功率设置传递到远程机车组以便实现。如下所述,在制动方面也是这样。
可在机车不连续的组(例如,列车的前面有1个或多个机车,其它机车在列车的中间和后面)中使用本发明。这样的配置被称为分布式功率,其中,通过用来外部链接机车的无线电链路或辅助线缆而替代机车之间的标准连接。当以分布式功率运行时,引导机车中的操作员可经由例如分布式功率控制部件的控制系统,控制该组中的远程机车的运行功能。具体地,当以分布式功率运行时,该操作员可命令每个机车组在不同的档位功率级别上运行(或者,一个组可处于致动,而另一个组可处于制动),其中,机车组中的每个个体在相同的档位功率上运行。
在示例实施例中,利用优选地与分布式功率控制部件通信的安装在列车上的本发明,当如优化的行程计划所推荐的那样期望用于远程机车组的档位功率级别时,本发明将把此功率设置传递到远程机车组以便实现。如下所述,在制动方面也是这样。当以分布式功率运行时,可增强先前描述的优化问题,以允许附加的自由度,这是由于,可与前导单元相独立地控制每个远程单元。其价值在于,可将涉及列车内的力的附加目标或约束并入性能函数,假定也包括了用来反映列车内的力的模型。由此,本发明可包括多个油门控制的使用,以更佳地管理列车内的力以及燃料消耗和排放。
在利用组管理器的列车中,机车组中的引导机车可在与该组中的其它机车不同的档位功率设置上运行。该组中的其它机车在相同的档位功率设置上运行。可与组管理器结合地利用本发明,以命令用于该组中的机车的档位功率设置。由此,基于本发明,由于组管理器将机车组划分为两组(即,引导机车和末尾单元),所以,将命令引导机车在特定的档位功率上运行,并命令末尾机车在另一个特定的档位功率上运行。在示例实施例中,分布式功率控制部件可为含有此操作的系统和/或设备。
同样地,当组优化器用于机车组时,可与组优化器相结合地使用本发明,以确定用于机车组中的每个机车的档位功率。例如,假设行程计划推荐用于机车组的档位功率设置4。基于列车的位置,组优化器将取得此信息,并随后确定用于该组中的每个机车的档位功率设置。在此实现中,改善了在列车内的通信信道上设置档位功率设置的效率。此外,如上所述,可利用分布式控制系统来执行此配置的实现。
此外,如前所述,本发明可用于针对当列车组基于其中该组中的每个机车需要不同的制动选项的即将到来的感兴趣项(例如但不限于铁路交叉、坡度改变、接近旁轨、接近车库、以及接近燃料站),而使用制动时的连续校正和重新计划。例如,如果列车正在爬过小山,则引导机车可能必须进入制动状态,而尚未到达山顶的远程机车可能必须保持在致动状态。
图8、9和10绘出了供操作员使用的动态显示的示例图示。如所提供的,图8提供了行程简档72。在该简档内,提供了机车的位置73。提供了例如列车长度105和列车中的车厢的数目106的信息。还提供了有关轨道坡度107、曲率和路边部件108、包括桥位置109、以及列车速度110的元件。显示68允许操作员查看这样的信息,并且还看到列车处于沿着路线的何处。提供了关于到达诸如交叉口112、信号灯114、速度改变116、地标118和目的地120的位置的距离和/或估计时间的信息。还提供了到达时间管理工具125,以允许用户确定在行程中正在实现的燃料节省。操作员具有改变到达时间127、以及见证这如何影响燃料节省的能力。如在这里讨论的,本领域的技术人员将认识到,燃料节省是可通过管理工具看到的仅仅一个目标的示例性的例子。为此,取决于正在查看的参数,可通过操作员可见的管理工具来查看并评估在这里讨论的其它参数。还向操作员提供有关乘务人员已操作列车多久的信息。在示例实施例中,还可将时间和距离信息图解为直到特定事件和/或位置为止的时间和/或距离,或者其可提供总的经过时间。
如图9所示,示例性的显示提供了有关组数据130、事件和情形图形132、到达时间管理工具134、以及动作密钥(action keys)136的信息。还在此显示中提供了与如上所述类似的信息。此显示68还提供了用来允许操作员重新计划的动作密钥138、以及用来解除本发明的动作密钥140。
图10绘出了该显示的另一个示例实施例。可看到现代机车的典型数据,其包括空气制动状态72、具有嵌入数字的模拟速度表74、以及有关以磅力(或用于DC机车的牵引安培数(amps))为单位的牵引力的信息。提供了指示器74,以示出正在执行的计划中的当前最优速度、以及用来补充以英里每小时/分钟为单位的读出(readout)的加速计图形。用于最优计划执行的重要的新数据处于屏幕的中央,其包括滚动带图形76,其具有与这些变量的当前历史相比的、最优速度和“档位设置对(versus)距离”。在此示例实施例中,使用定位器部件来导出列车的位置。如所示出的,通过识别列车离其最终目的地有多远、绝对位置、初始目的地、中间点和/或操作员输入,而提供该位置。
带状图表提供了遵循最优计划所需的速度改变的提前预测,其在手动控制中是有用的,并在自动控制期间监控“计划对(versus)实际”。如在这里讨论的,例如,当处于训练模式中时,操作员可遵循本发明所建议的档位或速度。垂直条给出了期望和实际档位的图形,其也在带状图下面被数字化地显示。当利用连续的档位功率时,如上所述,该显示将简单地取整到最接近的离散等量,该显示可为模拟显示,以便显示模拟等量或百分比、或实际马力功率/牵引力。
在屏幕上显示了有关行程状态的关键信息,并示出了列车(引导机车、沿着列车的其它位置、或列车长度的平均)正在遇到的当前坡度88。还公开了在计划中迄今为止行进的距离90、累积所使用的燃料92、计划的离下一车站的位置或距离94、当前和预期的到达时间96(预计处于下一车站的时间)。该显示68还示出了在所计算的计划可用的情况下到达可能的目的地的最大可能时间。如果需要晚点到达,则将执行重新计划。增量(delta)计划数据示出了燃料的状态、以及用于当前最优计划之前或之后的时间表。负数意味着与计划相比更少的燃料或更早,正数意味着与计划相比更多的燃料或更晚,并且,一般在相反方向进行折衷(减速以节省燃料使列车晚点,并且,反之亦然)。
在所有时间,这些显示68向操作员给出其相对于当前制定的驾驶计划而处于何处的快照。此显示仅用于说明性的目的,这是由于,存在将此信息显示/传达给操作员和/或调度站的很多其它方式。为此,可将上面公开的信息混合,以提供与所公开的显示不同的显示。
可能在本发明中包括的其它特征包括但不限于允许生成数据日志和报告。可将此信息存储在列车上,并在某个时间点将其下载到车下的系统。可经由手动和/或无线传送而发生所述下载。还可通过机车显示器而由操作员查看到此信息。该数据可包括这样的信息,例如但不限于操作员输入、可选的时间系统、节省的燃料、列车中的机车之间的燃料不平衡、列车偏离旅程、系统诊断问题(例如,GPS传感器是否有故障)。
由于行程计划必须还考虑到可允许的乘务员工作时间,所以,本发明可在计划行程时考虑这样的信息。例如,如果乘务员可以工作的最大时间是8个小时,则应将行程制订为包括停车位置,以便新乘务员替换现有的乘务员。这样的指定的停车位置可包括但不限于铁路车场、相遇/经过位置等。如果随着行程的进行,可能超过行程时间,则操作员可越过本发明,以满足操作员所确定的标准。最终,与列车的运行状况(例如但不限于高负载、低速、列车伸展状况等)无关地,操作员保持对命令列车的速度和/或运行状况的控制。
通过使用本发明,列车可以多种运行方式运行。在一个运行概念中,本发明可提供用于命令推进、动态制动的命令。随后,操作员处理所有其它列车功能。在另一个运行概念中,本发明可提供仅用于命令推进的命令。随后,操作员处理动态制动和所有其它列车功能。在另一个运行概念中,本发明可提供用于命令推进、动态制动和空气制动的应用的命令。随后,操作员处理所有其它列车功能。
还可通过向操作员通知即将到来的要采取的感兴趣的动作项。具体地,通过本发明的预测逻辑、对优化的行程计划的连续校正和重新计划、轨道数据库,可向操作员通知即将到来的交叉口、信号灯、坡度改变、制动动作、旁轨、铁路车场、燃料站等。可有声地、以及/或者通过操作员界面出现此通知。
通过具体地使用基于物理的计划模型、列车设置信息、车载轨道数据库、车载运行规则、位置确定系统、实时闭环功率/制动控制、以及传感器反馈,该系统将呈现和/或通知所需动作的操作员。该通知可为可视化的、以及/或者有声的。例子包括:需要操作员激活机车喇叭和/或铃的交叉口的通知、不需要操作员激活机车喇叭或铃的“静音”交叉口的通知。
在另一个示例实施例中,通过使用上述基于物理的计划模型、列车设置信息、车载轨道数据库、车载运行规则、位置确定系统、实时闭环功率/制动控制、以及传感器反馈,本发明可以呈现操作员信息(例如,显示上的量表),如图9所示,其允许操作员看到列车将在何时到达各个位置。该系统将允许操作员调节行程计划(目标到达时间)。还可将此信息(实际估计的到达时间或需要在车下导出的信息)传递到调度中心,以允许调度员或调度系统调节目标到达时间。这允许该系统针对适当的目标功能(例如,对速度和燃料使用进行折衷),而进行快速地调节并优化。
基于上面提供的信息,可使用本发明的示例实施例来确定列车31在轨道上的位置(步骤18)。例如,还可通过使用列车参数估计器65而完成轨道特性的确定。可基于列车的位置、轨道的特征、以及列车的至少一个机车的运行状况,而创建行程计划。此外,可将最优功率需求传递到列车,其中,例如通过无线通信系统47,可根据最优功率,引导列车操作员对机车、机车组和/或列车进行操作。在另一个例子中,不引导列车操作员,而可基于最优功率设置自动地操作列车31、机车组18、以及/或者机车。
另外,一种方法还可包括:基于行程计划,确定用于机车组18的功率设置、或功率命令14。随后,在该功率设置上运行机车组18。可收集列车和/或机车组的运行参数,例如但不限于列车的实际速度、机车组的实际功率设置、以及列车的位置。可将这些参数中的至少一个与命令机车组在其上运行的功率设置相比较。
在另一个实施例中,一种方法可包括:确定列车和/或机车组的运行参数62。基于所确定的运行参数而确定期望的运行参数。将所确定的参数与该运行参数相比较。如果检测到差异,则调节行程计划(步骤24)。
另一个实施例可能需要一种方法,其中,确定列车31在轨道34上的位置。还确定轨道34的特性。开发或生成行程计划或驾驶计划,以便使燃料消耗最小化。可基于列车的位置、轨道的特征、以及/或者机车组18和/或列车31的运行状况,而生成行程计划。在类似的方法中,一旦确定了列车在轨道上的位置,并获知了轨道的特征,则提供推进控制和/或档位命令,以便使燃料消耗最小化。

Claims (74)

1.一种用于运行具有一个或多个机车组的列车的系统,其中,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车,该系统包括:
定位器部件,用来确定列车的位置;
轨道特征化部件,用来提供有关轨道的信息;
处理器,可操作用来从定位器部件和轨道特征化部件接收信息;以及
在具有对该信息的访问权的处理器内实现的算法,用来根据列车的一个或多个运行标准而创建优化机车组的性能的行程计划。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括传感器,用于测定机车组的运行状况。
3.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中,该处理器可操作用来从该传感器接收信息。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括控制器部件,用于自主地引导列车遵循行程计划。
5.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中,操作员引导列车遵循行程计划。
6.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中,随着列车按照行程行进,该算法自主地更新行程计划。
7.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中,该轨道特征化部件包括有关沿着轨道的速度限制的改变、轨道坡度的改变、轨道曲率的改变、以及轨道上的交通型式的改变中的至少一个的信息。
8.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中,该轨道特征化部件还包括车载轨道数据库。
9.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括连接到该处理器的用户界面部件。
10.如权利要求9所述的系统,其中,该用户界面部件允许用户进行以下中的至少一个:随着机车组通过行程行进,监控该行程;修改行程计划;以及接收即将到来的感兴趣项和要采取的动作中的至少一个的通知。
11.如权利要求9所述的系统,其中,该用户界面部件显示在行程期间已经使用的燃料和在行程期间的将来预测的燃料使用、以及机车性能数据中的至少一个。
12.如权利要求9所述的系统,其中,该用户界面部件可操作用来允许用户输入列车运行限制。
13.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中,该算法基于用户所输入的运行限制而更新行程计划。
14.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中,机车组功率设置是连续的、而不是离散的预定义的档位设置,其中基于从行程计划导出的需求而建立该机车组功率设置。
15.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括与该处理器通信的输入装置,用于将信息传送到该处理器。
16.如权利要求15所述的系统,其中,该输入装置包括由远程位置、路旁装置、以及用户中的至少一个提供的信息。
17.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中该定位器部件包括GPS定位器传感器、转速表、路边装置、视频确定、以及用户输入位置信息中的至少一个。
18.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括外部通信系统,用于在远程路边装置中的至少一个和另一个列车之间通信。
19.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括组管理器系统,其与该处理器通信,以便命令与机车组中的第一机车相比唯一的、用于该机车组中的所有尾部机车的档位功率设置,以优化行程计划。
20.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括组优化器系统,其与该处理器通信,以便命令用于机车组中的每个机车的档位功率设置,其中,用于每个机车的档位功率设置可不同于该机车组中的其它机车的其它档位功率设置,以便允许机车组在优化的行程计划的边界内工作。
21.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括分布式功率系统,其与该处理器通信,以便命令用于远程机车组的档位功率设置。
22.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括与该处理器通信的数据库,其具有有关列车的信息、来自至少先前行程计划和当前行程计划的有关列车的优化、以及机车建模信息中的至少一个。
23.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括用于基于预定的计划参数而更新行程计划的第二算法。
24.如权利要求23所述的系统,其中,预定的计划参数包括轨道的状况、调度站的请求、机车的状况的改变、轨道速度限制、以及操作员输入中的至少一个。
25.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括到达时间管理部件。
26.如权利要求25所述的系统,其中,该到达时间管理部件允许将时间与被优化的行程目标相比较。
27.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括通信部件,用于将与行程计划和更新的行程计划中的至少一个相关的信息传递到操作员。
28.如权利要求27所述的系统,其中,利用该通信部件,将组数据、事件数据、情形数据、动作密钥、机车组运行状况、列车运行状况、时间管理数据、指示与行程计划的偏差的信息、有关重新计划的行程计划的标记、机车组和列车中的至少一个相对于行程计划的性能、代表用于机车组和列车中的至少一个的最优运行速度的标记中的至少一个传递到该操作员。
29.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括用于记入机车相对于行程计划的性能的数据库。
30.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中使用行程计划来训练机车的操作员。
31.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中,将最优功率需求传递到机车组、列车以及操作员中的至少一个,以便根据最优功率而运行机车、机车组、以及列车中的至少一个。
32.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中,将最优功率需求传递到机车组、列车以及操作员中的至少一个,以便引导操作员根据最优功率而运行机车、机车组、以及列车中的至少一个。
33.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中,传递最优功率需求,以便自主地根据最优油门设置而自动地运行机车、机车组、以及列车中的至少一个。
34.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中,显示最优档位设置,以便根据最优档位设置而运行机车、机车组、以及列车中的至少一个。
35.一种用于运行具有一个或多个机车组的列车的方法,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车,该方法包括:
确定列车在轨道上的位置;
确定轨道的特征;
根据列车的至少一个运行标准,基于列车的位置、轨道的特征、以及机车组的运行状况而创建行程计划。
36.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括:基于在行程期间接收到的新信息,修订行程计划。
37.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括:手动地限制列车的速度。
38.如权利要求35所述的方法,其中,创建行程计划还包括:创建行程计划,其中将该行程计划分为多段行程,并基于多段行程而确定行程计划。
39.如权利要求36所述的方法,还包括:列车在行程期间,将行程计划与当前运行信息相比较,并基于在行程期间接收到的新信息调节行程计划。
40.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中,创建行程计划还包括:通过组合每个行程段的行程计划优化而创建行程计划。
41.如权利要求39所述的方法,其中创建行程计划和调整行程计划还包括考虑环境状况、机车组良好状况、以及对列车操纵的约束中的至少一个。
42.如权利要求39所述的方法,还包括:设置通过行程计划和调整的行程计划中的至少一个所确定的连续功率级别,其中,该功率级别不受离散的预定义档位设置的限制。
43.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中为每个行程段创建燃料使用相对于时间的比较。
44.如权利要求43所述的方法,其中,基于为每个行程段确定的燃料使用对时间,而在全体段上分配行程的行进时间,使得总行进时间实现燃料和排放中的至少一个的最小化使用。
45.如权利要求35所述的方法,其中,运行列车还包括:优化机车组的燃料使用、机车组的排放、列车行进时间表、车上用户运行时间、以及负载影响中的至少一个。
46.如权利要求45所述的方法,还包括:使辅助负载和功率传输损失中的至少一个最小化,以进一步优化机车组的燃料使用、机车组的排放、列车行进时间表、车上用户运行时间、以及负载影响中的至少一个。
47.如权利要求46所述的方法,其中,使辅助负载和功率传输损失中的至少一个最小化包括:通过与预测的性能需求通信而利用车载轨道数据库,从而帮助最小化。
48.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括:实现列车操纵规则,以进行以下中的至少一个:确定最优行程计划;以及控制机车组的功率设置,从而实现目标速度。
49.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括:其中,当多个机车包含至少一个机车组时,为机车组中的每个机车确定功率设置,以基于行程计划和列车的位置来优化列车速度。
50.如权利要求35所述的方法,其中,为用户提供多个行程计划,以确定要执行的行程计划。
51.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括:基于在行程计划中出现非计划的延迟的置信度和概率中的至少一个,而在优化的行程计划内包括缓速时间周期。
52.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括:监控列车的效率,并基于实际测定的效率而更新行程计划。
53.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括:其中,当多个机车包含至少一个机车组时,为机车组中的第一机车确定第一功率设置,为机车组中的末尾机车确定第二功率设置,以基于行程计划和列车的位置来优化列车速度。
54.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:基于预定义的计划参数而更新行程计划。
55.如权利要求54所述的方法,其中,预定的计划参数包括轨道的状况、调度站的请求、机车的状况的改变、轨道速度限制、以及操作员输入中的至少一个。
56.如权利要求35所述的方法,其中,创建行程计划的步骤包括到达时间管理的步骤。
57.如权利要求54所述的方法,其中,更新行程计划的步骤包括到达时间管理的步骤。
58.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括步骤:将与行程计划或更新的行程计划中相关的信息传递到操作员。
59.如权利要求58所述的方法,还包括步骤:显示组数据。
60.如权利要求58所述的方法,还包括步骤:显示事件和情形数据。
61.如权利要求58所述的方法,还包括步骤:显示到达时间管理数据。
62.如权利要求58所述的方法,还包括步骤:显示动作密钥。
63.如权利要求58所述的方法,还包括步骤:显示代表机车组和列车运行状况中的至少一个的标记。
64.如权利要求58所述的方法,还包括步骤:显示代表机车组和列车中的至少一个的最优运行速度的标记。
65.如权利要求58所述的方法,还包括:显示指示与行程计划的偏差的信息。
66.如权利要求58所述的方法,还包括:显示指示重新计划信息的信息。
67.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:报告机车对行程计划的性能。
68.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:记入机车对行程计划的性能。
69.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:使用行程计划来训练机车的操作员。
70.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:
传递最优功率需求;以及
根据最优功率而运行机车、机车组、以及列车中的至少一个。
71.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:
传递最优功率需求;以及
引导操作员根据最优功率运行机车、机车组、以及列车中的至少一个。
72.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:
传递最优油门设置;以及
根据最优油门设置自动地运行机车、机车组、以及列车中的至少一个。
73.如权利要求35所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:
传递最优档位设置;以及
根据最优档位设置而运行机车、机车组、以及列车中的至少一个。
74.一种用于运行具有一个或多个机车组的铁路系统的方法,每个机车组包括一个或多个机车,该方法包括:
确定列车在轨道上的位置;
确定轨道的特征;以及
基于铁路系统的位置、轨道的特征、以及机车组的运行状况中的至少一个,而生成用于机车中的至少一个的驾驶计划,以便使该铁路系统的燃料消耗最小化。
CN2007800000724A 2006-03-20 2007-01-18 用于列车的行程优化系统及方法 Active CN101374714B (zh)

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