US9205148B2 - Antibodies and other molecules that bind B7-H1 and PD-1 - Google Patents

Antibodies and other molecules that bind B7-H1 and PD-1 Download PDF

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US9205148B2
US9205148B2 US14/111,402 US201214111402A US9205148B2 US 9205148 B2 US9205148 B2 US 9205148B2 US 201214111402 A US201214111402 A US 201214111402A US 9205148 B2 US9205148 B2 US 9205148B2
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antibodies
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Solomon Langermann
Linda Liu
Shannon Marshall
Sheng Yao
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MedImmune LLC
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    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2827—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against B7 molecules, e.g. CD80, CD86
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    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
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    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/30—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
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    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
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    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2818—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD28 or CD152
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    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6854—Immunoglobulins

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to antibodies and their antigen-binding fragments and to other molecules that are capable of immunospecifically binding to B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • such molecules are additionally capable of modulating the ability of B7-H1 or B7-DC to bind to PD-1 or are capable of affecting the signaling activity of the B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • the invention additionally concerns the uses of such molecules in the diagnosis and the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
  • the immune system of humans and other mammals is responsible for providing protection against infection and disease. Such protection is provided both by a humoral immune response and by a cell-mediated immune response.
  • the humoral response results in the production of antibodies and other biomolecules that are capable of recognizing and neutralizing foreign targets (antigens).
  • the cell-mediated immune response involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), and antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by T cells, and the release of various cytokines in response to the recognition of an antigen (Dong, C. et al. (2003) “ Immune Regulation by Novel Costimulatory Molecules ,” Immunolog. Res. 28(1):39-48).
  • T cells The ability of T cells to optimally mediate an immune response against an antigen requires two distinct signaling interactions (Viglietta, V. et al. (2007) “ Modulating Co - Stimulation ,” Neurotherapeutics 4:666-675; Korman, A. J. et al. (2007) “ Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Immunotherapy ,” Adv. Immunol. 90:297-339).
  • APC antigen-presenting cells
  • TCR T cell receptor
  • a series of co-stimulatory and inhibitory signals mediated through interactions between the APC and distinct T cell surface molecules, triggers first the activation and proliferation of the T cells and ultimately their inhibition.
  • the first signal confers specificity to the immune response whereas the second signal serves to determine the nature, magnitude and duration of the response.
  • the immune system is tightly controlled by costimulatory and co-inhibitory ligands and receptors. These molecules provide the second signal for T cell activation and provide a balanced network of positive and negative signals to maximize immune responses against infection while limiting immunity to self (Wang, L. et al. (Mar. 7, 2011) “ VISTA, A Novel Mouse Ig Superfamily Ligand That Negatively Regulates T Cell Responses ,” J. Exp. Med. 10.1084/jem.20100619:1-16; Lepenies, B. et al. (2008) “ The Role Of Negative Costimulators During Parasitic Infections ,” Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders—Drug Targets 8:279-288).
  • Binding of B7.1 or of B7.2 to CD28 stimulates T cell activation; binding of B7.1 or B7.2 to CTLA-4 inhibits such activation (Dong, C. et al. (2003) “ Immune Regulation by Novel Costimulatory Molecules ,” Immunolog. Res. 28(1):39-48; Lindley, P. S. et al. (2009) “ The Clinical Utility Of Inhibiting CD 28- Mediated Costimulation ,” Immunol. Rev. 229:307-321; Greenwald, R. J. et al. (2005) “ The B 7 Family Revisited ,” Ann. Rev. Immunol. 23:515-548).
  • CD28 is constitutively expressed on the surface of T cells (Gross, J., et al.
  • CTLA4 is the higher affinity receptor (Sharpe, A. H. et al. (2002) “ The B 7- CD 28 Superfamily ,” Nature Rev. Immunol. 2:116-126), binding first initiates T cell proliferation (via CD28) and then inhibits it (via nascent expression of CTLA4), thereby dampening the effect when proliferation is no longer needed.
  • B7 Superfamily a set of related B7 molecules (the “B7 Superfamily”) (Coyle, A. J. et al. (2001) “ The Expanding B 7 Superfamily: Increasing Complexity In Costimulatory Signals Regulating T Cell Function ,” Nature Immunol. 2(3):203-209; Sharpe, A. H. et al. (2002) “ The B 7- CD 28 Superfamily ,” Nature Rev. Immunol. 2:116-126; Greenwald, R. J. et al. (2005) “ The B 7 Family Revisited ,” Ann. Rev. Immunol. 23:515-548; Collins, M. et al.
  • B7.1 CD80
  • B7.2 CD86
  • IVS-L inducible co-stimulator ligand
  • PD-L1 programmed death-1 ligand
  • PD-L2 programmed death-2 ligand
  • B7-DC programmed death-2 ligand
  • B7-H3, B7-H4 and B7-H6 Coldlins, M. et al. (2005) “ The B 7 Family Of Immune - Regulatory Ligands ,” Genome Biol. 6:223.1-223.7; Flajnik, M. F. et al.
  • B7-H1 (PD-L1, CD274) is a particularly significant member of the B7 Superfamily as it is pivotally involved in shaping the immune response to tumors (Flies, D. B. et al. (2007) “ The New B 7 s: Playing a Pivotal Role in Tumor Immunity ,” J. Immunother. 30(3):251-260; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,803,192; 7,794,710; United States Patent Application Publication Nos. 2005/0059051; 2009/0055944; 2009/0274666; 2009/0313687; PCT Publication No. WO 01/39722; WO 02/086083).
  • B7-H1 is an approximately 33 kDa type 1 transmembrane protein. It has been speculated to play a major role in suppressing the immune system during particular events such as pregnancy, tissue allografts, autoimmune disease and other disease states such as hepatitis.
  • B7-H1 is broadly expressed in different human and mouse tissues, such as heart, placenta, muscle, fetal liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus for both species as well as liver, lung, and kidney in mouse only (Martin-Orozco, N. et al. (2007) “ Inhibitory Costimulation And Anti - Tumor Immunity ,” Semin. Cancer Biol. 17(4):288-298).
  • B7-H1 protein expression has been found in human endothelial cells (Chen, Y. et al. (2005) “ Expression of B 7- H 1 in Inflammatory Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells ,” Nephron. Exp. Nephrol.
  • B7-H1 protein expression is found in heart endothelium, islets cells of the pancreas, small intestines, and placenta (Martin-Orozco, N. et al. (2007) “ Inhibitory Costimulation And Anti - Tumor Immunity ,” Semin. Cancer Biol. 17(4):288-298).
  • PD-1 Programmed Death-1
  • CTLA4 CTL-4
  • PD-1 is a receptor of B7-H1 and B7-DC.
  • PD-1 is an approximately 31 kD type I membrane protein member of the extended CD28/CTLA4 family of T cell regulators (Ishida, Y. et al. (1992) “ Induced Expression Of PD -1 , A Novel Member Of The Immunoglobulin Gene Superfamily, Upon Programmed Cell Death ,” EMBO J. 11:3887-3895; United States Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0202100; 2008/0311117; 2009/00110667; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,808,710; 7,101,550; 7,488,802; 7,635,757; 7,722,868; PCT Publication No. WO 01/14557).
  • CTLA4 PD-1 more broadly negatively regulates immune responses.
  • PD-1 is expressed on activated T cells, B cells, and monocytes (Agata, Y. et al. (1996) “ Expression Of The PD -1 Antigen On The Surface Of Stimulated Mouse T And B Lymphocytes ,” Int. Immunol. 8(5):765-772; Yamazaki, T. et al. (2002) “ Expression Of Programmed Death 1 Ligands By Murine T Cells And APC ,” J. Immunol. 169:5538-5545) and at low levels in natural killer (NK) T cells (Nishimura, H. et al. (2000) “ Facilitation Of Beta Selection And Modification Of Positive Selection In The Thymus Of PD -1- Deficient Mice ,” J. Exp. Med. 191:891-898; Martin-Orozco, N. et al. (2007) “ Inhibitory Costimulation And Anti - Tumor Immunity ,” Semin. Cancer Biol. 17(4):288-298).
  • NK natural killer
  • the extracellular region of PD-1 consists of a single immunoglobulin (Ig)V domain with 23% identity to the equivalent domain in CTLA4 (Martin-Orozco, N. et al. (2007) “ Inhibitory Costimulation And Anti - Tumor Immunity ,” Semin. Cancer Biol. 17(4):288-298).
  • the extracellular IgV domain is followed by a transmembrane region and an intracellular tail.
  • the intracellular tail contains two phosphorylation sites located in an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif, which suggests that PD-1 negatively regulates TCR signals (Ishida, Y. et al.
  • B7-H1-PD-1 interactions lead to cell cycle arrest in G0-G1 but do not increase cell death (Latchman, Y. et al. (2001) “ PD - L 2 Is A Second Ligand For PD -1 And Inhibits T Cell Activation ,” Nature Immunol. 2:261-268; Carter, L. et al. (2002) “ PD -1 :PD - L inhibitory pathway affects both CD 4(+) and CD 8(+) T cells and is overcome by IL -2,” Eur. J. Immunol. 32(3):634-643).
  • B7-H1-PD-1 complexing has the ability to antagonize the B7-CD28 signal when antigenic stimulation is weak or limiting, and plays a key role in down-regulating T-cell responses.
  • B7-H1 and PD-1 The signal transduction mediated by B7-H1 and PD-1 is complex. Both molecules additionally bind to other proteins.
  • B7-H1 is capable of binding to B7-1 (CD80) (Butte, M. J. et al. (2008) “ Interaction of PD - L 1 and B 7-1,” Molecular Immunol. 45:3567-3572);
  • PD-1 is capable of binding to B7-DC (PD-L2) (Lázár-Molnár, E. et al. (2008) “ Crystal Structure Of The Complex Between Programmed Death -1 ( PD -1) And Its Ligand PD - L 2,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 105(30):10483-10488).
  • B7-1 interacts with CD28 to deliver a co-stimulatory signal for T-cell activation that is important in the early stages of immune response (Elloso, M. M. et al. (1999) “Expression and Contribution of B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) in the Early Immune Response to Leishmania major Infection,” J. Immunol. 162:6708-6715).
  • B7-DC is a strong stimulator of T cells, enhancing T cell proliferation and IFN- ⁇ production. However, it also exhibits an inhibitory effect on the immune response via its interaction with PD-1 (Ishiwata, K. et al. (epub Jan.
  • the PD-1 pathway has also been implicated as playing a key role in the impairment of immune function during chronic infection (“T cell exhaustion”), and a blockade of PD-1 function is able to restore many T cell functions (Rodr ⁇ quez-Garc ⁇ a, M. et al. (Nov. 19, 2010) “ Expression Of PD - L 1 And PD - L 2 On Human Macrophages Is Up - Regulated By HIV -1 And Differentially Modulated By IL -10,” J. Leukocyte Biol. 89: doi:10.1189/jlb.0610327:1-9).
  • B7-H1 and PD-1 in inhibiting T cell activation and proliferation has suggested that these biomolecules might serve as therapeutic targets for treatments of inflammation and cancer.
  • anti-PD1 antibodies to treat infections and tumors and up-modulate an adaptive immune response has been proposed (see, United States Patent Application Publication Nos. 2010/0040614; 2010/0028330; 2004/0241745; 2008/0311117; 2009/0217401; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,521,051; 7,563,869; 7,595,048; PCT Publications Nos. WO 2004/056875; WO 2008/083174).
  • agents that modulate the interaction of PD-1 with B7-H1 have been suggested to have utility in up- or down-modulating the immune response (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,029,674; 7,488,802; United States Patent Application Publications Nos. 2007/0122378; 2009/0076250; 2009/0110667; 2009/0263865; 2009/0297518; PCT Publication No. WO 2006/133396).
  • the use of anti-B7-H1 antibodies to treat infections and tumors and up-modulate an adaptive immune response has been proposed (United States Patent Application Publication Nos. 2009/0055944; 2009/0274666; 2009/0317368; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,803,192; 7,794,710; PCT Publications Nos. WO 01/39722; WO 02/086083).
  • compositions capable of modulating the interaction between B7-H1 and PD-1 are directed to such compositions and their use to treat cancer and other diseases and conditions.
  • the present invention relates to antibodies and their antigen-binding fragments and to other molecules that are capable of immunospecifically binding to B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • such molecules are additionally capable of modulating the ability of B7-H1 to bind to PD-1 or are capable of affecting the signaling activity of the B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • the invention additionally concerns the uses of such molecules in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases.
  • the invention provides a molecule, comprising an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody that immunospecifically binds to B7-H1 or PD-1, and in particular human B7-H1 or human PD-1, preferably expressed on the surface of a live cell at an endogenous or transfected concentration.
  • the invention particularly concerns the embodiment of such a molecule wherein the antigen-binding fragment binds to B7-H1, and wherein the live cell is a tumor cell, a pathogen-infected cell or an Antigen Presenting Cell as well as the embodiment of such a molecule wherein the antigen-binding fragment binds to PD-1, and wherein the live cell is a T cell.
  • the present invention relates to antibodies and their antigen-binding fragments and to other molecules that are capable of immunospecifically binding to B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • such molecules are additionally capable of modulating the ability of B7-H1 to bind to PD-1 or are capable of affecting the signaling activity of the B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • the invention additionally concerns the uses of such molecules in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases.
  • the invention provides a molecule, comprising an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody that immunospecifically binds to B7-H1 or PD-1, and in particular human B7-H1 or human PD-1, preferably expressed on the surface of a live cell at an endogenous or transfected concentration.
  • the invention particularly concerns the embodiment of such a molecule wherein the antigen-binding fragment binds to B7-H1, and wherein the live cell is a tumor cell, a pathogen-infected cell or an Antigen Presenting Cell as well as the embodiment of such a molecule wherein the antigen-binding fragment binds to PD-1, and wherein the live cell is a T cell.
  • the invention further concerns the embodiment of such molecules wherein the molecule is a monoclonal antibody, a human antibody, a chimeric antibody or a humanized antibody.
  • the invention includes the embodiments wherein such antibodies are monospecific, bispecific, trispecific or multispecific.
  • the invention further concerns the embodiment of such molecules or antibodies which binds to B7-H1, and wherein the antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises six CDRs, wherein the CDRs comprise at least one consensus CDR of the CDRs of anti-B7-H1 antibodies 1E12, 1F4, 2G11, 3B6, and 3D10 with all remaining CDRs selected from:
  • the invention further concerns the embodiment of such molecules or antibodies which binds to B7-H1, and wherein the antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises six CDRs, wherein the six CDRs are:
  • the invention further concerns the embodiment of such antibodies, wherein the antibody binds to B7-H1 and comprises a variable domain of antibody h3D10 Var 1, h3D10 Var 2, h3D10 Var 3, h3D10 Var 4, h3D10 Var 5, h3D10 Var 6, h3D10 Var 7, h3D10 Var 8, h3D10 Var 9, h3D10 Var 10, h3D10 Var 11, h3D10 Var 12, h3D10 Var 13, or h3D10 Var 14.
  • the antibody binds to B7-H1 and comprises a variable domain of antibody h3D10 Var 1, h3D10 Var 2, h3D10 Var 3, h3D10 Var 4, h3D10 Var 5, h3D10 Var 6, h3D10 Var 7, h3D10 Var 8, h3D10 Var 9, h3D10 Var 10, h3D10 Var 11, h3D10 Var 12, h3D10 Var 13, or h3D10 Var 14.
  • the invention further concerns the embodiment of the above-described molecules or antibodies, wherein the molecules or antibodies bind to PD-1, and wherein the antigen-binding fragment comprises six CDRs, wherein the CDRs comprise at least one consensus CDR of the CDRs of anti-PD-1 antibodies 1E3, 1E8 and 1H3 with all remaining CDRs selected from:
  • the invention further concerns the embodiment of such antibodies, wherein the six CDRs are:
  • the invention further concerns the embodiment of such antibodies, wherein the antibody binds to PD-1 and comprises a variable domain of antibody h1H3 Var 1, h1H3 Var 2, h1H3 Var 3, h1H3 Var 4, h1H3 Var 5, h1H3 Var 6, h1H3 Var 7, h1H3 Var 8, h1H3 Var 9, h1H3 Var 10, h1H3 Var 11, h1H3 Var 12, h1H3 Var 13, or h1H3 Var 14.
  • the invention further concerns the embodiment of the above-described molecules or antibodies, wherein the molecule or antibody is detectably labeled or comprises a conjugated toxin, drug, receptor, enzyme, receptor ligand.
  • the invention further concerns the embodiment of the above-described molecules or antibodies, wherein the molecule or antibody:
  • the invention further concerns a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of any of the above-described molecules or antibodies, and a physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the invention further concerns the use of such pharmaceutical composition in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disease, infectious disease, or a disease affecting T cell number or health.
  • the invention further concerns the use of such pharmaceutical composition, wherein the treatment is prophylactic, and is provided in advance of any symptom of the cancer, the autoimmune disease, the infectious disease, or the disease affecting T cell number or health, or for the treatment of conditions incident to transplantation.
  • the invention further concerns the use of any of the above-described molecules or antibodies for diagnosing cancer, autoimmune disease (especially graft vs. host disease), infectious disease (especially a chronic viral disease), or a disease affecting T cell number or health in a subject by assaying cells of the subject for their ability to bind to B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • autoimmune disease especially graft vs. host disease
  • infectious disease especially a chronic viral disease
  • a disease affecting T cell number or health in a subject by assaying cells of the subject for their ability to bind to B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • the invention particularly concerns the embodiment of such molecules, antibodies and compositions, wherein the B7-H1 is human B7-H1 and the PD-1 is human PD-1.
  • the invention particularly concerns a method for diagnosing a disease (especially cancer) in a subject comprising assaying cells of the subject for their ability to bind to any of the above-described B7-H1 binding molecules, wherein the method provides a cytologic assay for diagnosing the presence of the disease in the subject.
  • the invention additionally concerns a method for diagnosing a disease (especially a disease affecting T cell number and/or health) in a subject comprising assaying cells of the subject for their ability to bind to a PD-1 binding molecule, wherein the method provides a cytologic assay for diagnosing the presence and/or progression of the disease in the subject, or for assessing a subject's response to treatment.
  • FIG. 1 shows the binding of tested hybridoma supernatants for antibody that bind to B7-H1.
  • Positive control PC
  • Negative control NC
  • Data is shown for binding to B7-H1-Fc and detection with anti-mouse IgG.
  • FIG. 2 shows the results of experiments for determining whether the isolated anti-B7-H1 antibodies are capable of modulating the binding of B7-H1 to PD-1.
  • Positive control clones MIH-1 and 29E.2A3 (both anti-human CD274 (B7-H1);
  • Two negative controls conditioned media from an unrelated hybridoma (random Ab) and vector control (VC).
  • FIG. 3 shows the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of tested anti-B7-H1 antibodies for binding to CHO-hB7-H1. None of the tested clones were found to cross-react with the parental CHO line, indicating that the expressed antibody was immunospecific for human B7-H1.
  • MFI median fluorescence intensity
  • FIG. 4 shows the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) result of a human B7-H1-expressing CHO cell binding assay of selected anti-human B7-H1 antibodies.
  • FIG. 5 compares the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) result of a human B7-H1-expressing CHO cell binding assay of anti-human B7-H1 antibodies 5H1 and 1E12.
  • MFI median fluorescence intensity
  • FIG. 6 shows the antigen binding and isotype of the isolated anti-human PD-1 antibodies.
  • FIGS. 7A-7B show the results of experiments indicating that several of the isolated hybridomas expressed neutralizing anti-human PD-1 antibodies.
  • FIG. 8 shows the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of tested anti-PD-1 antibodies for binding to CHO-hPD-1. None of the tested clones were found to cross-react with the parental CHO line, indicating that the expressed antibody was specific for human PD-1.
  • MFI median fluorescence intensity
  • FIG. 9 shows the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of a human PD-1-expressing CHO cell binding assay of selected anti-human PD-1 antibodies.
  • Positive control EH12 (a commercially available anti-human PD-1 antibody from BioLegend);
  • mIgG1 murine IgG negative control.
  • FIG. 10 shows the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) result of a cell-based competition assay at varying concentrations of anti-human PD-1 antibodies.
  • FIG. 11 shows the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) result of a cell-based competition assay at a concentration of 20 ⁇ g/ml anti-human PD-1 antibody.
  • FIG. 12 shows the results of an experiment in which CHO cells transfected with human full length PD-1 were pre-incubated with a saturating dose of anti-human PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or control Ig before being stained by biotin-labeled hB7-H1-FC or hB7-DC mIg.
  • mAbs anti-human PD-1 monoclonal antibodies
  • FIG. 13 Panels A-B show the comparative binding of: (A) the commercially available anti-PD-1 antibody, EH12 with (B) a murine monoclonal antibody which possesses chimeric (“ch”) murine anti-human PD-1 Fab regions and a human IgG1 Fc region.
  • FIG. 14 Panels A-B show the ability of the anti-PD-1 antibodies of the present invention to exert a blocking effect on biotinylated B7-H1-Fc and biotinylated B7-DC-Fc binding to PD-1.
  • FIG. 15 shows that a binding curve of 1H3 anti-human PD-1 chimeric antibody to CHO.hPD-1 cells, as detected by anti-hIg antibody.
  • FIGS. 16A-16B shows the results of studies of the ability of the 1H3 anti-human PD-1 chimeric antibody to bind to human primary T cells CD8+ ( FIG. 16A ) and CD4+ ( FIG. 16B ) relative to the negative control antibody (palivizumab; SYNAGIS®, Medimmune, Inc.).
  • FIG. 17 shows the ability of the antibodies of the present invention to enhance antigen specific T cell response as measured by CFSE dilution upon tetanus toxin (TT) recall.
  • FIGS. 18A-18D demonstrate the ability of the humanized 1H3 Variants (h1H3 Var 1-h1H3 Var 14 to bind to CHO.hPD1 cells.
  • FIGS. 19A-19B demonstrate the ability of humanized anti-PD-1 antibodies to block interactions between hPD-1-Fc and HEK293 cells expressing B7-H1 ( FIG. 19A ) or B7-DC ( FIG. 19B ).
  • FIG. 20 shows binding curves for h1H3 Var 1-h1H3 Var 6.
  • the present invention relates to antibodies and their antigen-binding fragments and to other molecules that are capable of immunospecifically binding to B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • such molecules are additionally capable of modulating the ability of B7-H1 or B7-DC to bind to PD-1 or are capable of affecting the signaling activity of B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • the invention additionally concerns the uses of such molecules in the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
  • a molecule is said to be able to “immunospecifically bind” a second molecule if such binding exhibits the specificity and affinity of an antibody to its cognate antigen.
  • Antibodies are said to be capable of “immunospecifically binding” to a target region or conformation (“epitope”) of an antigen (and in particular, the antigens: B7-H1 or PD-1) if such binding involves the antigen recognition site of the immunoglobulin molecule.
  • An antibody that immunospecifically binds to a particular antigen may bind to other antigens with lower affinity if the other antigen has some sequence or conformational similarity that is recognized by the antigen recognition site as determined by, e.g., immunoassays, BIACORE® assays, or other assays known in the art, but would not bind to a totally unrelated antigen. Preferably, however, antibodies (and their antigen binding fragments) will not cross-react with other antigens. Antibodies may also bind to other molecules in a way that is not immunospecific, such as to FcR receptors, by virtue of binding domains in other regions/domains of the molecule that do not involve the antigen recognition site, such as the Fc region.
  • the term “modulate” relates to a capacity to alter an effect or result.
  • the invention relates to molecules (especially antibodies or their antigen-binding fragments that immunospecifically bind human B7-H1 or human PD-1) that are capable of modulating the binding between B7-H1 and PD-1 and/or of modulating the signal transduction that occurs as a consequence of B7-H1-PD-1 binding.
  • modulation may result in attenuating or in completely blocking the ability of B7-H1 to bind to PD-1.
  • such modulation may attenuate or completely neutralize the ability of B7-H1 or PD-1 to mediate signal transduction.
  • such modulation may enhance or otherwise agonize signal transduction through B7-H1 or PD-1, either by 1) enhancing the interaction between B7-H1 and PD-1 and facilitating B7-H1-PD-1 binding or ii) directly binding to B7-H1 and PD-1 and thus mimicking the activity of the endogenous ligand, etc.
  • such modulation may alter the nature of the interaction between B7-H1 and PD-1 so as to alter the nature of the elicited signal transduction.
  • the molecules of the present invention can, by binding to B7-H1 or PD-1, alter the ability of such molecules to bind to other ligands and receptor (e.g., affecting the ability of PD-1 to bind to B7-DC or the ability of B7-H1 to bind to B7-1 (CD80)) and thereby alter their overall activity.
  • such modulation will provide at least a 10% change in a measurable immune system activity, more preferably, at least a 50% change in such activity, or at least a 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, or still more preferably, at least a 100-fold change in such activity.
  • antibody is intended to denote an immunoglobulin molecule that possesses a “variable region” antigen recognition site.
  • the term “variable region” is intended to distinguish such domain of the immunoglobulin from domains that are broadly shared by antibodies (such as an antibody Fc domain).
  • the variable region comprises a “hypervariable region” whose residues are responsible for antigen binding.
  • the hypervariable region comprises amino acid residues from a “Complementarity Determining Region” or “CDR” (i.e., typically at approximately residues 24-34 (L1), 50-56 (L2) and 89-97 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and at approximately residues 27-35 (H1), 50-65 (H2) and 95-102 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain; Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
  • CDR Constantarity Determining Region
  • “hypervariable loop” i.e., residues 26-32 (L1), 50-52 (L2) and 91-96 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and 26-32 (H1), 53-55 (H2) and 96-101 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain; Chothia, C. et al. (1987) “Canonical Structures For The Hypervariable Regions Of Immunoglobulins,” J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917).
  • “Framework Region” or “FR” residues are those variable domain residues other than the hypervariable region residues as herein defined.
  • antibody includes monoclonal antibodies, multi-specific antibodies, human antibodies, humanized antibodies, synthetic antibodies, chimeric antibodies, camelized antibodies (See e.g., Muyldermans et al., 2001 , Trends Biochem. Sci. 26:230; Nuttall et al., 2000 , Cur. Pharm. Biotech. 1:253; Reichmann and Muyldermans, 1999 , J. Immunol. Meth. 231:25; International Publication Nos. WO 94/04678 and WO 94/25591; U.S. Pat. No.
  • scFv single-chain Fvs
  • sdFv single-chain Fvs
  • intrabodies single chain antibodies
  • anti-Id antibodies including, e.g., anti-Id and anti-anti-Id antibodies to antibodies of the invention.
  • antibodies include immunoglobulin molecules of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY), class (e.g., IgG 1 , IgG 2 , IgG 3 , IgG 4 , IgA 1 and IgA 2 ) or subclass.
  • immunoglobulin molecules of any type e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY
  • class e.g., IgG 1 , IgG 2 , IgG 3 , IgG 4 , IgA 1 and IgA 2
  • the term “antigen binding fragment” of an antibody refers to one or more portions of an antibody that contain the antibody's Complementarity Determining Regions (“CDRs”) and optionally the framework residues that comprise the antibody's “variable region” antigen recognition site, and exhibit an ability to immunospecifically bind antigen.
  • CDRs Complementarity Determining Regions
  • Such fragments include Fab′, F(ab′) 2 , Fv, single chain (ScFv), and mutants thereof, naturally occurring variants, and fusion proteins comprising the antibody's “variable region” antigen recognition site and a heterologous protein (e.g., a toxin, an antigen recognition site for a different antigen, an enzyme, a receptor or receptor ligand, etc.).
  • fragment refers to a peptide or polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 15 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 20 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 25 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 40 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 50 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 60 contiguous amino residues, at least 70 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 80 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 90 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 100 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 125 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 150 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 175 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 200 contiguous amino acid residues, or at least 250 contiguous amino acid residues.
  • Human, chimeric or humanized antibodies are particularly preferred for in vivo use in humans, however, murine antibodies or antibodies of other species may be advantageously employed for many uses (for example, in vitro or in situ detection assays, acute in vivo use, etc.). Completely human antibodies are particularly desirable for therapeutic treatment of human subjects.
  • Human antibodies can be made by a variety of methods known in the art including phage display methods described above using antibody libraries derived from human immunoglobulin sequences (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,887 and 4,716,111; and International Publication Nos. WO 98/46645, WO 98/50433, WO 98/24893, WO 98/16654, WO 96/34096, WO 96/33735, and WO 91/10741). Human antibodies can be produced using transgenic mice which are incapable of expressing functional endogenous immunoglobulins, but which can express human immunoglobulin genes.
  • the human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin gene complexes may be introduced randomly or by homologous recombination into mouse embryonic stem cells.
  • the human variable region, constant region, and diversity region may be introduced into mouse embryonic stem cells in addition to the human heavy and light chain genes.
  • the mouse heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes may be rendered non-functional separately or simultaneously with the introduction of human immunoglobulin loci by homologous recombination.
  • homozygous deletion of the J H region prevents endogenous antibody production.
  • the modified embryonic stem cells are expanded and microinjected into blastocysts to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to produce homozygous offspring which express human antibodies.
  • the transgenic mice are immunized using conventional methodologies with a selected antigen, e.g., all or a portion of a polypeptide of the invention.
  • Monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen can be obtained from the immunized, transgenic mice using conventional hybridoma technology (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,771).
  • the human immunoglobulin transgenes harbored by the transgenic mice rearrange during B cell differentiation, and subsequently undergo class switching and somatic mutation.
  • Lonberg and Huszar (1995 , Int. Rev. Immunol.
  • a “chimeric antibody” is a molecule in which different portions of the antibody are derived from different immunoglobulin molecules such as antibodies having a variable region derived from a non-human antibody and a human immunoglobulin constant region.
  • Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are known in the art. See e.g., Morrison, 1985 , Science 229:1202; Oi et al., 1986 , BioTechniques 4:214; Gillies et al., 1989 , J. Immunol. Methods 125:191-202; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,311,415, 5,807,715, 4,816,567, and 4,816,397.
  • Chimeric antibodies comprising one or more CDRs from a non-human species and framework regions from a human immunoglobulin molecule can be produced using a variety of techniques known in the art including, for example, CDR-grafting (EP 239,400; International Publication No. WO 91/09967; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539, 5,530,101, and 5,585,089), veneering or resurfacing (EP 592,106; EP 519,596; Padlan, 1991 , Molecular Immunology 28(4/5):489-498; Studnicka et al., 1994 , Protein Engineering 7:805; and Roguska et al., 1994 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:969), and chain shuffling (U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332).
  • CDR-grafting EP 239,400; International Publication No. WO 91/09967; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,
  • the invention particularly concerns “humanized antibodies” (see, e.g., European Patent Nos. EP 239,400, EP 592,106, and EP 519,596; International Publication Nos. WO 91/09967 and WO 93/17105; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539, 5,530,101, 5,565,332, 5,585,089, 5,766,886, and 6,407,213; and Padlan, 1991 , Molecular Immunology 28(4/5):489-498; Studnicka et al., 1994 , Protein Engineering 7(6):805-814; Roguska et al., 1994 , PNAS 91:969-973; Tan et al., 2002 , J. Immunol.
  • humanized antibody refers to an immunoglobulin comprising a human framework region and one or more CDR's from a non-human (usually a mouse or rat) immunoglobulin.
  • the non-human immunoglobulin providing the CDR's is called the “donor” and the human immunoglobulin providing the framework is called the “acceptor.”
  • Constant regions need not be present, but if they are, they must be substantially identical to human immunoglobulin constant regions, i.e., at least about 85-90%, preferably about 95% or more identical.
  • all parts of a humanized immunoglobulin, except possibly the CDR's, are substantially identical to corresponding parts of natural human immunoglobulin sequences.
  • a humanized antibody is an antibody comprising a humanized light chain and a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin.
  • humanized antibody would not encompass a typical chimeric antibody, because, e.g., the entire variable region of a chimeric antibody is non-human.
  • the donor antibody has been “humanized,” by the process of “humanization,” because the resultant humanized antibody is expected to bind to the same antigen as the donor antibody that provides the CDR's.
  • humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which hypervariable region residues of the recipient are replaced by hypervariable region residues from a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or a non-human primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
  • Framework Region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.
  • humanized antibodies may comprise residues which are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance.
  • the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FRs are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence.
  • the humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds to a Fc ⁇ RIIB polypeptide, that has been altered by the introduction of amino acid residue substitutions, deletions or additions (i.e., mutations).
  • Fc immunoglobulin constant region
  • the antibodies used in the methods of the present invention may be monospecific. Also of interest are bispecific antibodies, trispecific antibodies or antibodies of greater multispecificity that exhibit specificity to different targets in addition to B7-H1 or PD-1. In a preferred embodiment, such multispecific antibodies would exhibit specificity to different immune cell target(s). For example, such antibodies may bind to both B7-H1 and B7-DC and thus modulate both PD-1 dependent responses. Conversely, such antibodies may bind to PD-1 and B7-1 and interfere with both B7-H1 dependent responses.
  • the multispecific antibody binds to molecules (receptors or ligands) involved in alternative immunomodulatory pathways, such as CTLA4, TIM3, TIM4, OX40, CD40, GITR, 4-1-BB, B7-H4, LIGHT or LAG3, in order to enhance the immunomodulatory effects.
  • the multispecific antibody may bind to effecter molecules such as cytokines (e.g., IL-7, IL-15, IL-12, IL-4 TGF-beta, IL-10, IL-17, IFNg, Flt3, BLys) and chemokines (e.g., CCL21), which may be particularly relevant for modulating both acute and chronic immune responses.
  • cytokines e.g., IL-7, IL-15, IL-12, IL-4 TGF-beta, IL-10, IL-17, IFNg, Flt3, BLys
  • chemokines e.g., CCL21
  • multispecific antibodies may bind to an antigen that is important for targeting the antibody to a particular cell type or tissue.
  • such antibodies that bind both PD-1 and CD27 (or B7-H1 and CD27) can help co-localize activated memory B-cells (mB Act ) and antigen presenting cells (APCs) so that the PD-1 arrayed by such APCs can interact with ligands on the surface of the mB Act B-cells to promote the survival of the mB Act B-cells. Since a loss of mB Act B-cells is a precipitating event in the progression of HIV-infection to AIDS (Titanji, K. et al.
  • antibodies that bind to PD-1 and to a macrophage-specific marker (such as CD14, CD68, CD163, TLR2 etc.) have utility in preventing HIV infection.
  • antibodies that bind to multiple markers of T cell exhaustion have utility in the treatment or diagnosis of immune responsiveness.
  • Other target antigens of interest include cancer cell markers.
  • PD-1 + CD8 + cells have anti-HIV activity (Killian, M. S. et al. (2011) “ Natural Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Is Mediated by Memory CD8 + T Cells ,” J. Virol. 85(4):1696-1705).
  • antibodies that bind to both PD-1 and CD8 have utility in, for example, an ex vivo means for isolating and producing an enriched population of such cells for ultimate use in the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS in patients.
  • markers that may be used in such anti-PD-1 or anti-B7-H1 bispecific, trispecific or multispecific antibodies include CD4, CD8, CD25 and CTLA-4 (see, De Keersmaecker, B. et al. (2011) (“ Fighting with the Enemy's Weapons? The Role of Costimulatory Molecules in HIV ,” Curr. Molec. Med. 566-5240/11: 1-25; and Sarikonda, G. (2011) “ Immunosuppressive Mechanisms During Viral Infectious Diseases ;” Methods in Molec. Biol. 677:431-447, both herein incorporated by reference).
  • CD4 T cells are required to slow the growth and spread of M. tuberculosis
  • PD-1-mediated inhibition is also required to prevent CD4 + T cells from promoting severe disease (Barber, D. L. et al. (2011) “ CD 4 T Cells Promote Rather than Control Tuberculosis in the Absence of PD -1- Mediated Inhibition ,” J. Immunol. 186:1598-1607; Sakai, S. et al. (2010) “ PD -1- PD - L 1 pathway impairs T h l immune response in the late stage of infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette - Guérin,” Intl. Immunol.
  • DNA sequences coding for preferred human acceptor framework sequences include but are not limited to FR segments from the human germline VH segment VH1-18 and JH6 and the human germline VL segment VK-A26 and JK4.
  • one or more of the CDRs are inserted within framework regions using routine recombinant DNA techniques.
  • the framework regions may be naturally occurring or consensus framework regions, and preferably human framework regions (see, e.g., Chothia et al., 1998 , J. Mol. Biol. 278: 457-479 for a listing of human framework regions).
  • a humanized or chimeric antibody of the invention may comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin (i.e., donor antibody) and all or substantially all of the framework regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence.
  • an antibody of the invention also comprises at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.
  • the constant domains of the antibodies of the invention may be selected with respect to the proposed function of the antibody, in particular the effector function which may be required.
  • the constant domains of the antibodies of the invention are (or comprise) human IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG or IgM domains.
  • human IgG constant domains, especially of the IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes are used, when the humanized antibodies of the invention is intended for therapeutic uses and antibody effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity are needed.
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
  • PD-1 is highly expressed on T cells as well as rare peripheral T cell lymphomas such as Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL).
  • Anti-PD-1 antibodies with ADCC or CDC activity are particularly relevant as therapeutic agents for treating such cancers.
  • IgG2 and IgG4 isotypes are used when the antibody of the invention is intended for therapeutic purposes and antibody effector function is not required.
  • antibody effector function is not required.
  • the invention encompasses Fc constant domains comprising one or more amino acid modifications which alter antibody effector functions such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2005/0037000 and 2005/0064514.
  • the antibody of the invention contains both the light chain as well as at least the variable domain of a heavy chain.
  • the antibody of the invention may further comprise one or more of the CH1, hinge, CH2, CH3, and CH4 regions of the heavy chain.
  • the antibody can be selected from any class of immunoglobulins, including IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA and IgE, and any isotype, including IgG 1 , IgG 2 , IgG 3 and IgG 4 .
  • the constant domain is a complement fixing constant domain where it is desired that the antibody exhibit cytotoxic activity, and the class is typically IgG 1 .
  • the constant domain may be of the IgG 2 class.
  • the antibody of the invention may comprise sequences from more than one class or isotype, and selecting particular constant domains to optimize desired effector functions is within the ordinary skill in the art.
  • the framework and CDR regions of a humanized antibody need not correspond precisely to the parental sequences, e.g., the donor CDR or the consensus framework may be mutagenized by substitution, insertion or deletion of at least one residue so that the CDR or framework residue at that site does not correspond to either the consensus or the donor antibody. Such mutations, however, are preferably not extensive. Usually, at least 75% of the humanized antibody residues will correspond to those of the parental framework region (FR) and CDR sequences, more often 90%, and most preferably greater than 95%. Humanized antibodies can be produced using variety of techniques known in the art, including, but not limited to, CDR-grafting (European Patent No. EP 239,400; International Publication No. WO 91/09967; and U.S.
  • framework substitutions are identified by methods well known in the art, e.g., by modeling of the interactions of the CDR and framework residues to identify framework residues important for antigen binding and sequence comparison to identify unusual framework residues at particular positions (see, e.g., Queen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089; U.S. Publication Nos. 2004/0049014 and 2003/0229208; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,350,861; 6,180,370; 5,693,762; 5,693,761; 5,585,089; and 5,530,101 and Riechmann et al., 1988 , Nature 332:323).
  • the antibodies of the present invention may be produced by any method known in the art useful for the production of polypeptides, e.g., in vitro synthesis, recombinant DNA production, and the like.
  • the humanized antibodies are produced by recombinant DNA technology.
  • the antibodies of the invention may be produced using recombinant immunoglobulin expression technology.
  • the recombinant production of immunoglobulin molecules, including humanized antibodies are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,397 (Boss et al.), U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,331,415 and 4,816,567 (both to Cabilly et al.), U.K.
  • An exemplary process for the production of the recombinant chimeric antibodies of the invention may comprise the following: a) constructing, by conventional molecular biology methods, an expression vector that encodes and expresses an antibody heavy chain in which the CDRs and variable region of the murine anti-B7-H1 (or anti-PD-1) monoclonal antibody are fused to an Fc region derived from a human immunoglobulin, thereby producing a vector for the expression of a chimeric antibody heavy chain; b) constructing, by conventional molecular biology methods, an expression vector that encodes and expresses an antibody light chain of the murine anti-B7-H1 (or anti-PD-1) monoclonal antibody, thereby producing a vector for the expression of chimeric antibody light chain; c) transferring the expression vectors to a host cell by conventional molecular biology methods to produce a transfected host cell for the expression of chimeric antibodies; and d) culturing the transfected cell by conventional cell culture techniques so as to produce
  • An exemplary process for the production of the recombinant humanized antibodies of the invention may comprise the following: a) constructing, by conventional molecular biology methods, an expression vector that encodes and expresses an antibody heavy chain in which the CDRs and a minimal portion of the variable region framework that are required to retain donor antibody binding specificity are derived from a non-human immunoglobulin, such as the murine anti-B7-H1 (or anti-PD-1) monoclonal antibody, and the remainder of the antibody is derived from a human immunoglobulin, thereby producing a vector for the expression of a humanized antibody heavy chain; b) constructing, by conventional molecular biology methods, an expression vector that encodes and expresses an antibody light chain in which the CDRs and a minimal portion of the variable region framework that are required to retain donor antibody binding specificity are derived from a non-human immunoglobulin, such as the murine anti-B7-H1 (or anti-PD-1) monoclonal antibody, and the remainder of the antibody is
  • host cells may be co-transfected with such expression vectors, which may contain different selectable markers but, with the exception of the heavy and light chain coding sequences, are preferably identical. This procedure provides for equal expression of heavy and light chain polypeptides. Alternatively, a single vector may be used which encodes both heavy and light chain polypeptides.
  • the coding sequences for the heavy and light chains may comprise cDNA or genomic DNA or both.
  • the host cell used to express the recombinant antibody of the invention may be either a bacterial cell such as Escherichia coli , or more preferably a eukaryotic cell (e.g., a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell or a HEK-293 cell).
  • the choice of expression vector is dependent upon the choice of host cell, and may be selected so as to have the desired expression and regulatory characteristics in the selected host cell.
  • Other cell lines that may be used include, but are not limited to, CHO-K1, NSO, and PER.C6 (Crucell, Leiden, Netherlands).
  • codon usage may by optimized when host cell is selected to account for species specific codon usage bias and enhance protein expression.
  • the DNA encoding the antibodies may incorporate codons used preferentially by Cricetulus griseus (from where Chinese Hamster ovaries cells are derived. Methods of codon optimization may be employed to facilitate improved expression by a desired host cell (see, e.g., Wohlgemuth, I. et al.
  • any of the above-described antibodies can be used to generate anti-idiotype antibodies using techniques well known to those skilled in the art (see, e.g., Greenspan, N. S. et al. (1989) “ Idiotypes: Structure And Immunogenicity ,” FASEB J. 7:437-444; and Nisinoff, A. (1991) “ Idiotypes: Concepts And Applications ,” J. Immunol. 147(8):2429-2438).
  • any of the above antibodies can, if desired, be further improved by screening for variants that exhibit such desired characteristics.
  • such antibodies can be generated using various phage display methods known in the art.
  • phage display methods functional antibody domains are displayed on the surface of phage particles which carry the polynucleotide sequences encoding them.
  • phage can be utilized to display antigen binding domains, such as Fab and Fv or disulfide-bond stabilized Fv, expressed from a repertoire or combinatorial antibody library (e.g., human or murine).
  • Phage expressing an antigen binding domain that binds the antigen of interest can be selected or identified with antigen, e.g., using labeled antigen or antigen bound or captured to a solid surface or bead. Phage used in these methods are typically filamentous phage, including fd and M13. The antigen binding domains are expressed as a recombinantly fused protein to either the phage gene III or gene VIII protein. Examples of phage display methods that can be used to make the immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof, of the present invention include those disclosed in Brinkman, U. et al. (1995) “ Phage Display Of Disulfide - Stabilized Fv Fragments,” J. Immunol.
  • the antibody coding regions from the phage can be isolated and used to generate whole antibodies, including humanized antibodies, or any other desired fragments, and expressed in any desired host, including mammalian cells, insect cells, plant cells, yeast, and bacteria, e.g., as described in detail below.
  • techniques to recombinantly produce Fab, Fab′ and F(ab′) 2 fragments can also be employed using methods known in the art such as those disclosed in PCT Publication WO 92/22324; Mullinax, R. L. et al.
  • Phage display technology can be used to increase the affinity of an antibody of the invention for B7-H1 and/or PD-1. This technique would be useful in obtaining high affinity antibodies that could be used in the combinatorial methods of the invention.
  • This technology referred to as affinity maturation, employs mutagenesis or CDR walking and re-selection using such receptors or ligands (or their extracellular domains) or an antigenic fragment thereof to identify antibodies that bind with higher affinity to the antigen when compared with the initial or parental antibody (See, e.g., Glaser, S. M. et al. (1992) “ Antibody Engineering By Codon - Based Mutagenesis In A Filamentous Phage Vector System ,” J. Immunol. 149:3903-3913).
  • Libraries can be constructed consisting of a pool of variant clones each of which differs by a single amino acid alteration in a single CDR and which contain variants representing each possible amino acid substitution for each CDR residue.
  • Mutants with increased binding affinity for the antigen can be screened by contacting the immobilized mutants with labeled antigen. Any screening method known in the art can be used to identify mutant antibodies with increased avidity to the antigen (e.g., ELISA) (see, e.g., Wu, H. et al.
  • the invention thus contemplates the use of random mutagenesis in concert with methods of phage display to identify improved CDRs and/or variable regions.
  • Phage display technology can alternatively be used to increase (or decrease) CDR affinity by directed mutagenesis (e.g., affinity maturation or “CDR-walking”).
  • CDR-walking This technique uses the target antigen or an antigenic fragment thereof to identify antibodies having CDRs that bind with higher (or lower) affinity to the antigen when compared with the initial or parental antibody (see, e.g., Glaser, S. M. et al. (1992) “ Antibody Engineering By Codon - Based Mutagenesis In A Filamentous Phage Vector System ,” J. Immunol. 149:3903-3913).
  • Libraries can be constructed consisting of a pool of variant clones each of which differs by a single amino acid alteration in a single CDR and which contain variants representing each possible amino acid substitution for each CDR residue.
  • Mutants with increased (or decreased) binding affinity for the antigen can be screened by contacting the immobilized mutants with labeled antigen. Any screening method known in the art can be used to identify mutant antibodies with increased (or decreased) avidity to the antigen (e.g., ELISA) (see Wu, H. et al.
  • the invention particularly contemplates the production and use of “derivatives” of any of the above-described antibodies and their antigen-binding fragments.
  • derivative refers to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that immunospecifically binds to an antigen but which comprises, one, two, three, four, five or more amino acid substitutions, additions, deletions or modifications relative to a “parental” (or wild-type) molecule.
  • amino acid substitutions or additions may introduce naturally occurring (i.e., DNA-encoded) or non-naturally occurring amino acid residues.
  • Such amino acids may be glycosylated (e.g., have altered mannose, 2-N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, fucose, glucose, sialic acid, 5-N-acetylneuraminic acid, 5-glycolneuraminic acid, etc. content), acetylated, pegylated, phosphorylated, amidated, derivatized by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linked to a cellular ligand or other protein, etc.
  • the altered carbohydrate modifications modulate one or more of the following: solubilization of the antibody, facilitation of subcellular transport and secretion of the antibody, promotion of antibody assembly, conformational integrity, and antibody-mediated effector function.
  • the altered carbohydrate modifications enhance antibody mediated effector function relative to the antibody lacking the carbohydrate modification.
  • Carbohydrate modifications that lead to altered antibody mediated effector function are well known in the art (for example, see Shields, R. L. et al. (2002) “ Lack Of Fucose On Human IgG N - Linked Oligosaccharide Improves Binding To Human Fcgamma RIII And Antibody - Dependent Cellular Toxicity ,” J. Biol. Chem.
  • a humanized antibody is a derivative.
  • Such a humanized antibody comprises amino acid residue substitutions, deletions or additions in one or more non-human CDRs.
  • the humanized antibody derivative may have substantially the same binding, better binding, or worse binding when compared to a non-derivative humanized antibody.
  • one, two, three, four, or five amino acid residues of the CDR have been substituted, deleted or added (i.e., mutated).
  • a derivative antibody or antibody fragment may be modified by chemical modifications using techniques known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formulation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc.
  • an antibody derivative will possess a similar or identical function as the parental antibody.
  • an antibody derivative will exhibit an altered activity relative to the parental antibody.
  • a derivative antibody (or fragment thereof) can bind to its epitope more tightly or be more resistant to proteolysis than the parental antibody.
  • Substitutions, additions or deletions in the derivatized antibodies may be in the Fc region of the antibody and may thereby serve to modify the binding affinity of the antibody to one or more Fc ⁇ R.
  • Methods for modifying antibodies with modified binding to one or more Fc ⁇ R are known in the art, see, e.g., PCT Publication Nos. WO 04/029207, WO 04/029092, WO 04/028564, WO 99/58572, WO 99/51642, WO 98/23289, WO 89/07142, WO 88/07089, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,843,597 and 5,642,821.
  • the invention encompasses antibodies that have altered affinity for an activating Fc ⁇ R, e.g., Fc ⁇ RIIIA. Preferably such modifications also have an altered Fc-mediated effector function. Modifications that affect Fc-mediated effector function are well known in the art (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,551, and WO 00/42072).
  • the modification of the Fc region results in an antibody with an altered antibody-mediated effector function, an altered binding to other Fc receptors (e.g., Fc activation receptors), an altered antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, an altered C1q binding activity, an altered complement-dependent cytotoxicity activity (CDC), a phagocytic activity, or any combination thereof.
  • Fc receptors e.g., Fc activation receptors
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity activity
  • phagocytic activity e.g., phagocytic activity, or any combination thereof.
  • Derivatized antibodies may be used to alter the half-lives (e.g., serum half-lives) of parental antibodies in a mammal, preferably a human. Preferably such alteration will result in a half-life of greater than 15 days, preferably greater than 20 days, greater than 25 days, greater than 30 days, greater than 35 days, greater than 40 days, greater than 45 days, greater than 2 months, greater than 3 months, greater than 4 months, or greater than 5 months.
  • half-lives e.g., serum half-lives
  • the increased half-lives of the humanized antibodies of the present invention or fragments thereof in a mammal, preferably a human results in a higher serum titer of said antibodies or antibody fragments in the mammal, and thus, reduces the frequency of the administration of said antibodies or antibody fragments and/or reduces the concentration of said antibodies or antibody fragments to be administered.
  • Antibodies or fragments thereof having increased in vivo half-lives can be generated by techniques known to those of skill in the art. For example, antibodies or fragments thereof with increased in vivo half-lives can be generated by modifying (e.g., substituting, deleting or adding) amino acid residues identified as involved in the interaction between the Fc domain and the FcRn receptor.
  • humanized antibodies of the invention may be engineered to increase biological half-lives (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,375).
  • humanized antibodies of the invention may be engineered in the Fc-hinge domain to have increased in vivo or serum half-lives.
  • Antibodies or fragments thereof with increased in vivo half-lives can be generated by attaching to said antibodies or antibody fragments polymer molecules such as high molecular weight polyethyleneglycol (PEG).
  • PEG polymer molecules
  • PEG can be attached to said antibodies or antibody fragments with or without a multifunctional linker either through site-specific conjugation of the PEG to the N- or C-terminus of said antibodies or antibody fragments or via epsilon-amino groups present on lysine residues. Linear or branched polymer derivatization that results in minimal loss of biological activity will be used.
  • the degree of conjugation will be closely monitored by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry to ensure proper conjugation of PEG molecules to the antibodies.
  • Unreacted PEG can be separated from antibody-PEG conjugates by, e.g., size exclusion or ion-exchange chromatography.
  • the antibodies of the invention may also be modified by the methods and coupling agents described by Davis et al. (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337) in order to provide compositions that can be injected into the mammalian circulatory system with substantially no immunogenic response.
  • the invention encompasses modification of framework residues of the humanized antibodies of the invention.
  • Framework residues in the framework regions may be substituted with the corresponding residue from the CDR donor antibody to alter, preferably improve, antigen binding.
  • These framework substitutions are identified by methods well known in the art, e.g., by modeling of the interactions of the CDR and framework residues to identify framework residues important for antigen binding and sequence comparison to identify unusual framework residues at particular positions. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089; and Riechmann, L. et al. (1988) “ Reshaping Human Antibodies For Therapy ,” Nature 332:323-327).
  • the present invention also encompasses anti-human B7-H1 and anti-human PD-1 antibodies (and more preferably, humanized antibodies) and antigen-binding fragments thereof that are recombinantly fused or chemically conjugated (including both covalently and non-covalently conjugations) to a heterologous molecule (i.e., an unrelated molecule).
  • the fusion does not necessarily need to be direct, but may occur through linker sequences.
  • the Fc portion of the fusion the fusion protein may be varied by isotype or subclass, may be a chimeric or hybrid, and/or may be modified, for example to improve effector functions, control of half-life, tissue accessibility, augment biophysical characteristics such as stability, and improve efficiency of production (and less costly).
  • Many modifications useful in construction of disclosed fusion proteins and methods for making them are known in the art, see for example Mueller, J. P. et al. (1997) “ Humanized Porcine VCAM - Specific Monoclonal Antibodies With Chimeric Igg 2 /G 4 Constant Regions Block Human Leukocyte Binding To Porcine Endothelial Cells ,” Mol. Immun. 34(6):441-452, Swann, P. G.
  • the Fc region is the native IgG1, IgG2, or IgG4 Fc region.
  • the Fc region is a hybrid, for example a chimeric consisting of IgG2/IgG4 Fc constant regions.
  • Modications to the Fc region include, but are not limited to, IgG4 modified to prevent binding to Fc gamma receptors and complement, IgG1 modified to improve binding to one or more Fc gamma receptors, IgG1 modified to minimize effector function (amino acid changes), IgG1 with altered/no glycan (typically by changing expression host), and IgG1 with altered pH-dependent binding to FcRn.
  • the Fc region may include the entire hinge region, or less than the entire hinge region.
  • rituximab a chimeric mouse/human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against CD20
  • rituximab a chimeric mouse/human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against CD20
  • Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia correlated with the individual's expression of allelic variants of Fc ⁇ receptors with distinct intrinsic affinities for the Fc domain of human IgG1.
  • Fc ⁇ RIIIA low affinity activating Fc receptor CD16A
  • the Fc domain may contain one or more amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions that reduce binding to the low affinity inhibitory Fc receptor CD32B (Fc ⁇ RIIB) and retain wild-type levels of binding to or enhance binding to the low affinity activating Fc receptor CD16A (Fc ⁇ RIIIA).
  • Another embodiment includes IgG2-4 hybrids and IgG4 mutants that have reduce binding to FcR which increase their half-life.
  • Representative IG2-4 hybrids and IgG4 mutants are described in Angal, S. et al. (1993) “ A Single Amino Acid Substitution Abolishes The Heterogeneity Of Chimeric Mouse/Human ( IgG 4) Antibody ,” Molec. Immunol. 30(1):105-108; Mueller, J. P. et al. (1997) “ Humanized Porcine VCAM - Specific Monoclonal Antibodies With Chimeric IgG 2 /G 4 Constant Regions Block Human Leukocyte Binding To Porcine Endothelial Cells ,” Mol. Immun.
  • IgG1 and/or IgG2 domain is deleted for example, Angal et al. describe IgG1 and IgG2 having serine 241 replaced with a proline
  • the Fc domain contains amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions that enhance binding to CD16A.
  • a large number of substitutions in the Fc domain of human IgG1 that increase binding to CD16A and reduce binding to CD32B are known in the art and are described in Stavenhagen, J. B. et al. (2007) “ Fc Optimization Of Therapeutic Antibodies Enhances Their Ability To Kill Tumor Cells In Vitro And Controls Tumor Expansion In Vivo Via Low - Affinity Activating Fcgamma Receptors ,” Cancer Res. 57(18):8882-8890.
  • Exemplary variants of human IgG1 Fc domains with reduced binding to CD32B and/or increased binding to CD16A contain F243L, R929P, Y300L, V305I or P296L substitutions. These amino acid substitutions may be present in a human IgG1 Fc domain in any combination.
  • the human IgG1 Fc domain variant contains a F243L, R929P and Y300L substitution.
  • the human IgG1 Fc domain variant contains a F243L, R929P, Y300L, V305I and P296L substitution.
  • the human IgG1 Fc domain variant contains an N297Q substitution, as this mutation abolishes FcR binding.
  • heterologous molecules are polypeptides having at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90 or at least 100 amino acids.
  • heterologous molecules may alternatively be enzymes, hormones, cell surface receptors, drug moieties, such as: toxins (such as abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin (i.e., PE-40), diphtheria toxin, ricin, gelonin, or pokeweed antiviral protein), proteins (such as tumor necrosis factor, interferon (e.g., ⁇ -interferon, ⁇ -interferon), nerve growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen activator, or an apoptotic agent (e.g., tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ , tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ )), biological response modifiers (such as, for example, a lymphokine (e.g., interleukin-1 (“IL-1”), interleukin-1
  • the marker amino acid sequence is a hexa-histidine peptide, the hemagglutinin “HA” tag, which corresponds to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein (Wilson, I. A. et al. (1984) “ The Structure Of An Antigenic Determinant In A Protein ,” Cell, 37:767-778) and the “flag” tag (Knappik, A. et al. (1994) “ An Improved Affinity Tag Based On The FLAG Peptide For The Detection And Purification Of Recombinant Antibody Fragments ,” Biotechniques 17(4):754-761).
  • the present invention also encompasses antibodies or their antigen-binding fragments that are conjugated to a diagnostic or therapeutic agent or any other molecule for which serum half-life is desired to be increased.
  • the antibodies can be used diagnostically (in vivo, in situ or in vitro) to, for example, monitor the development or progression of a disease, disorder or infection as part of a clinical testing procedure to, e.g., determine the efficacy of a given treatment regimen. Detection can be facilitated by coupling the antibody to a detectable substance. Examples of detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, radioactive materials, positron emitting metals, and nonradioactive paramagnetic metal ions.
  • the detectable substance may be coupled or conjugated either directly to the antibody or indirectly, through an intermediate (such as, for example, a linker known in the art) using techniques known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,741,900 for metal ions which can be conjugated to antibodies for use as diagnostics according to the present invention.
  • Such diagnosis and detection can be accomplished by coupling the antibody to detectable substances including, but not limited to, various enzymes, enzymes including, but not limited to, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; prosthetic group complexes such as, but not limited to, streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; fluorescent materials such as, but not limited to, umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; luminescent material such as, but not limited to, luminol; bioluminescent materials such as, but not limited to, luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; radioactive material such as, but not limited to, bismuth ( 213 Bi), carbon ( 14 C), chromium ( 51 Cr),
  • the molecules of the present invention can be conjugated to a second antibody to form an antibody heteroconjugate as described by Segal in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980.
  • Such heteroconjugate antibodies may additionally bind to haptens (such as fluorescein, etc.), or to cellular markers (e.g., 4-1-BB, B7-H4, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD25, CD27, CD40, CD68, CD163, CTLA4, GITR, LAG-3, OX40, TIM3, TIM4, TLR2, LIGHT, ICOS, B7-H3, B7-H7, B7-H7CR, CD70, CD47, etc.) or to cytokines (e.g., IL-7, IL-15, IL-12, IL-4 TGF-beta, IL-10, IL-17, IFN ⁇ , Flt3, BLys) or chemokines (e.g., CCL21), etc.
  • haptens such as fluoresc
  • the molecules of the present invention may be attached to solid supports, which are particularly useful for immunoassays or purification of the target antigen or of other molecules that are capable of binding to target antigen that has been immobilized to the support via binding to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the present invention.
  • solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass, cellulose, polyacrylamide, nylon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene.
  • the present invention additionally includes nucleic acid molecules (DNA or RNA) that encode any such antibodies, fusion proteins or fragments, as well as vector molecules (such as plasmids) that are capable of transmitting or of replication such nucleic acid molecules.
  • the nucleic acids can be single-stranded, double-stranded, may contain both single-stranded and double-stranded portions.
  • the invention particularly concerns antibodies that immunospecifically bind to B7-H1 or to PD-1 and/or modulate the ability of B7-H1 to bind to PD-1 in a subject.
  • a “subject” is preferably a mammal such as a non-primate (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, cats, dogs, rats etc.) and a primate (e.g., monkey and human), most preferably a human.
  • the invention thus particularly relates to humanized antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, that immunospecifically bind to human B7-H1 or to human PD-1 and modulate the ability of B7-H1 to bind to PD-1 in a human or in human tissue (in situ or ex vivo).
  • such antibodies and antigen-binding fragments will possess sufficient avidity to modulate the ability of B7-H1 (especially when expressed at an endogenous concentration and) arrayed on the surface of a subject's APC to bind to PD-1 (especially when expressed at an endogenous concentration and) arrayed on the surface of a T cell of such subject and vice versa.
  • endogenous concentration refers to the level at which an endogenous molecule is natively expressed (i.e., in the absence of expression vectors or recombinant promoters) in a normal, cancer or infected cell.
  • such modulation will comprise inhibiting or otherwise interfering with the binding of such (preferably endogenously expressed and) arrayed B7-H1 and such (preferably endogenously expressed and) arrayed PD-1.
  • such modulation will comprise an enhancement or otherwise facilitate the binding of endogenously expressed and arrayed B7-H1 and endogenously expressed and arrayed PD-1.
  • such modulation includes direct agonism whereby binding of the anti-B7-H1 or anti-PD-1 triggers signal transduction through the corresponding receptor.
  • such molecules can be produced by screening hybridoma lines for those that produce antibody that are immunospecific for human B7-H1, and then optionally screening amongst such lines for those exhibiting modulating activity (e.g., neutralizing activity, agonizing activity, altered signal transducing activity, etc.).
  • modulating activity e.g., neutralizing activity, agonizing activity, altered signal transducing activity, etc.
  • the invention particularly provides anti-human B7-H1 clones: 1E12, 1F4, 2G11, 3B6, and 3D10.
  • Anti-Human B7-H1 Clone 1E12 Light Chain Variable Region (SEQ ID NO: 1) DIVMTQSHKL MSTSVGDRVS ITC KASQDVG TAVA WYQQKP GQSPKLLIY W ASTRHT GVPD RFTGSGSGTD FTLTISNVQS EDLADYFC QQ DSSYPLT FGA GTKVELK Heavy Chain Variable Region: (SEQ ID NO: 2) EVKLQESGPS LVKPSQTLSL TCSVT GYSIT SDYWN WIRKF PGNKLEYVG Y ISYTGSTYYN PSLKS RISIT RDTSKNQYYL QLNSVTSEDT ATYYCAR YGG WLSPF DYWGQ GTTLTVSS Anti-Human B7-H1 Clone 1F4 Light Chain Variable Region: (SEQ ID NO: 3) DIVTTQSHKL MSTSVGDRVS ITC KASQDVG TAVA WYQQKP GQSP
  • Such antibodies can be produced by screening hybridoma lines for those that produce antibody that are immunospecific for human PD-1, and then screening amongst such lines for those exhibiting modulating activity (e.g., neutralizing activity, agonizing activity, altered signal transducing activity, etc.).
  • modulating activity e.g., neutralizing activity, agonizing activity, altered signal transducing activity, etc.
  • the invention particularly provides anti-human PD-1 clones: 1E3, 1E8, and 1H3.
  • the antibodies expressed by the anti-human PD-1 clones were sequenced to reveal their variable domains. CDR sequences are shown in bold and underlined:
  • Anti-Human PD-1 Clone 1E3 Light Chain Variable Region: (SEQ ID NO: 11) DIQMTQFPSS LCASQGGKVT VTC KASQDIN NYMA WYQHKP GKGPRLLIH Y TSTLLS GIPS RFSGSGSGRD YSFSISNLEP EDIATYYC LQ YDNLWT FGGG TKLEIK Heavy Chain Variable Region: (SEQ ID NO: 12) EVQLQQSGPV LVKPGASVKM SCKAS GYTFT DYYMN WVKQS HGKSLEWIG N INPYNGGTTY NQKFKG KATL TVDKSSRTAY MEINSLTSED SAVYYCAR GR IYDGSLDY WG QGTALTVSS Anti-Human PD-1 Clone 1E8: Light Chain Variable Region: (SEQ ID NO: 13) DIVMTQSQKF MSTSVGDRVS VTC KASQSVD TNVA WYQQKP G
  • the present invention permits the formation of novel antibodies and antigen-binding fragments having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 variant CDRs. Because the methods of the present invention have identified a substantial number of distinct CDRs, the invention permits a recognition of CDR residues that are likely to be required in any variant of a particular identified CDR. Such residues are shown in boldface in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5. For those residues that are found to vary among the compared CDRs, the substitution scores of Table 1 provide a means for determining the identities of permitted substitutions.
  • any substitution for R or S having a substitution score of ⁇ 1 or greater are as likely as the observed variants (R or S) (or are more likely than R or S) to create a variant CDR having binding attributes that are sufficiently similar to those of the particular CDR to permit the variant CDR to be employed in lieu thereof so as to form a functional anti-B7-H1 or anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
  • the selection of a residue having a higher substitution score is preferred over the selection of a residue having a lower substitution score.
  • Table 2 presents an analysis of the light chain CDRs of the anti-B7-H1 antibodies and provides the consensus sequence of the observed and preferred variant light chain anti-B7-H1 CDRs of the present invention.
  • Table 3 presents an analysis of the heavy chain CDRs of the anti-B7-H1 antibodies and provides the consensus sequence of the observed and preferred variant anti-B7-H1 heavy chain CDRs of the present invention.
  • the invention additionally provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that possess the CDRs of the anti-B7-H1 antibodies: 1E12, 1F4, 2G11, 3B6, and 3D10.
  • Table 4 presents an analysis of the light chain CDRs of the anti-PD-1 antibodies and provides the consensus sequence of the observed and preferred variant light chain anti-PD-1 CDRs of the present invention.
  • Table 5 presents an analysis of the heavy chain CDRs of the anti-PD-1 antibodies and provides the consensus sequence of the observed and preferred variant anti-PD-1 heavy chain CDRs of the present invention.
  • the invention additionally provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that possess CDRs having the above-described light and/or heavy chain consensus sequences.
  • the present invention encompasses antibodies or fragments thereof comprising an amino acid sequence of a variable heavy chain and/or variable light chain that is at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of the variable heavy chain and/or light chain of the mouse monoclonal antibody produced by any of the above clones, and which exhibit immunospecific binding to B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • the present invention further encompasses antibodies or fragments thereof that comprise a CDR that is at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a CDR of the above-listed clones and which exhibit immunospecific binding to B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • the determination of percent identity of two amino acid sequences can be determined by BLAST protein comparison.
  • an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof of the present invention will comprise one, two, three, four, five, or more preferably, all six of the CDRs of the above-described preferred antibodies and will exhibit the ability to bind to human B7-H1 or PD-1.
  • the invention particularly relates to the therapeutic and/or prophylactic use of molecules (especially antibodies or their antigen-binding fragments) that immunospecifically bind human B7-H1 or human PD-1, and/or that are capable of modulating the binding between B7-H1 and PD-1 as such molecules (B7-H1 or PD-1) are endogenously expressed and arrayed in a subject (e.g., a human patient) and/or are capable of modulating signaling via PD-1 or B7-H1.
  • molecules especially antibodies or their antigen-binding fragments
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a therapeutic agent sufficient to mediate a clinically relevant elimination, reduction or amelioration of such symptoms. An effect is clinically relevant if its magnitude is sufficient to impact the health or prognosis of a recipient subject.
  • a therapeutically effective amount may refer to the amount of therapeutic agent sufficient to delay or minimize the onset of disease, e.g., delay or minimize the spread of cancer.
  • a therapeutically effective amount may also refer to the amount of the therapeutic agent that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of a disease.
  • a therapeutically effective amount with respect to a therapeutic agent of the invention means that amount of therapeutic agent alone, or in combination with other therapies, that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of a disease, e.g., sufficient to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a therapeutic antibody sufficient to treat or manage a disease.
  • prophylactic agent refers to an agent that can be used in the prevention of a disorder or disease prior to the detection of any symptoms of such disorder or disease.
  • a “prophylactically effective” amount is the amount of prophylactic agent sufficient to mediate such protection.
  • a prophylactically effective amount may also refer to the amount of the prophylactic agent that provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of disease.
  • a prophylactically effective amount with respect to a prophylactic agent of the invention means that amount of prophylactic agent alone, or in combination with other agents, that provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of disease.
  • the dosage amounts and frequencies of administration provided herein are encompassed by the terms therapeutically effective and prophylactically effective.
  • the dosage and frequency further will typically vary according to factors specific for each patient depending on the specific therapeutic or prophylactic agents administered, the severity and type of cancer, the route of administration, as well as age, body weight, response, and the past medical history of the patient. Suitable regimens can be selected by one skilled in the art by considering such factors and by following, for example, dosages reported in the literature and recommended in the Physician's Desk Reference (56 th ed., 2002).
  • such antibodies and fragments bind to these antigens at one or more sites to B7-H1 or PD-1 proximal to and disruptive of the B7-H1-PD-1 binding site.
  • interactions between PD-1 and B7-H1 inhibit the proliferation of T cells and reduce the production of multiple cytokines (see, Sharpe, A. H. et al. (2002) “ The B 7- CD 28 Superfamily ,” Nature Rev. Immunol. 2:116-126).
  • the administration of the molecules of the present invention to a subject up-modulates the immune system of the subject by antagonizing B7-H1-PD-1 binding.
  • the avidity and/or affinity of the anti-PD-1 antibody may be such that it only binds to (and blocks B7-H1 binding to) T cells that express very high levels of PD-1, which are the exhausted or dysfunctional T cells, and thus allow specific targeting of this cell population.
  • the invention relates to the use of the antibodies of the present invention to mediate increased production of IFN- ⁇ .
  • the invention relates to the use of such antibodies in the treatment of diseases and conditions that are treatable with IFN- ⁇ , such as ovarian and other forms of cancer, chronic granulomatous disease, osteopetrosis, Friedreich's ataxia, etc.
  • the invention particularly relates to the use of the antibodies of the present invention to mediate increased T cell proliferation.
  • T cell proliferation such as: AIDS; severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID); Omenn syndrome; Cartilage-hair hypoplasia; T cell loss or ablation incident to organ or tissue transplantation or chemotherapy; hypogammaglobulinemia; X-linked agammaglobulinemia; Transient hypogammaglobulinemia; dysgammaglobulinemia; IgA deficiency •IgG deficiency; •IgM deficiency; •hyper IgM syndrome; •Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome; •hyper-IgE syndrome; common variable immunodeficiency; ICF syndrome; thymic hypoplasia (e.g.; Di George's syndrome; Nezelof syndrome; Ataxia telangiectasia); purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency; adenosine deaminase deficiency; •ZAP
  • Up-modulation of the immune system is particularly desirable in the treatment of cancers and chronic infections, and thus the present invention has utility in the treatment of such disorders.
  • Both PD-1 and B7-H1 are over-expressed upon HIV infection (Xu, Huanbin et al. (2010) “ Increased B 7- H 1 Expression on Dendritic Cells Correlates with Programmed Death 1 Expression on T Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - Infected Macaques and May Contribute to T Cell Dysfunction and Disease Progression ,” J. Immunol. 185:7340-7348; Grabmeier-Pfistershammer, K. et al.
  • cancer refers to a neoplasm or tumor resulting from abnormal uncontrolled growth of cells.
  • cancer explicitly includes, leukemias and lymphomas.
  • cancer refers to a disease involving cells that have the potential to metastasize to distal sites and exhibit phenotypic traits that differ from those of non-cancer cells, for example, formation of colonies in a three-dimensional substrate such as soft agar or the formation of tubular networks or web-like matrices in a three-dimensional basement membrane or extracellular matrix preparation.
  • Non-cancer cells do not form colonies in soft agar and form distinct sphere-like structures in three-dimensional basement membrane or extracellular matrix preparations.
  • cancers and related disorders that can be treated or prevented by methods and compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following: leukemias including, but not limited to, acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemias such as myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, erythroleukemia leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic leukemias such as but not limited to, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia; polycythemia vera; lymphomas such as, but not limited to, Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's disease lymphomas (e.g., diffuse anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) negative, large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); diffuse anaplastic lymphoma kinase (AL
  • cancers include myxosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, mesothelioma, synovioma, hemangioblastoma, epithelial carcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma and papillary adenocarcinomas (for a review of such disorders, see Fishman et al., 1985 , Medicine, 2d Ed., J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and Murphy et al., 1997 , Informed Decisions: The Complete Book of Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery , Viking Penguin, Penguin Books U.S.A., Inc., United States of America).
  • carcinoma including that of the bladder, breast, colon, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, stomach, cervix, thyroid and skin; including squamous cell carcinoma; hematopoietic tumors of lymphoid lineage, including leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, Berketts lymphoma; hematopoietic tumors of myeloid lineage, including acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias and promyelocytic leukemia; tumors of mesenchymal origin, including fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyoscarcoma; other tumors, including melanoma, seminoma, tetratocarcinoma, neuroblastom
  • cancers caused by aberrations in apoptosis would also be treated by the methods and compositions of the invention.
  • Such cancers may include, but are not be limited to, follicular lymphomas, carcinomas with p53 mutations, hormone dependent tumors of the breast, prostate and ovary, and precancerous lesions such as familial adenomatous polyposis, and myelodysplastic syndromes.
  • malignancy or dysproliferative changes such as metaplasias and dysplasias
  • hyperproliferative disorders are treated or prevented by the methods and compositions of the invention in the ovary, bladder, breast, colon, lung, skin, pancreas, or uterus.
  • sarcoma, melanoma, or leukemia is treated or prevented by the methods and compositions of the invention.
  • Cancer cells acquire a characteristic set of functional capabilities during their development, albeit through various mechanisms. Such capabilities include evading apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, tissue invasion/metastasis, limitless explicative potential, and sustained angiogenesis.
  • the term “cancer cell” is meant to encompass both pre-malignant and malignant cancer cells.
  • cancer refers to a benign tumor, which has remained localized.
  • cancer refers to a malignant tumor, which has invaded and destroyed neighboring body structures and spread to distant sites.
  • the cancer is associated with a specific cancer antigen (e.g., pan-carcinoma antigen (KS 1/4), ovarian carcinoma antigen (CA125), prostate specific antigen (PSA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD19, CD20, HER2/neu, etc.).
  • a specific cancer antigen e.g., pan-carcinoma antigen (KS 1/4), ovarian carcinoma antigen (CA125), prostate specific antigen (PSA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD19, CD20, HER2/neu, etc.
  • the antibodies and antibody fragments of the present invention are particularly useful for the treatment of cancers that are associated with cells (e.g., exhausted T cells, B cells, monocytes, etc.) that express abnormally high levels of PD-1 (Youngblood, B. (2011) “ Chronic Virus Infection Enforces Demethylation Of The Locus That Encodes PD -1 In Antigen - Specific CD 8(+) T Cells ,” Immunity 35(3):400-412; Spahn, J. et al. (2011) “ Ineffective CD 8(+) T - Cell Immunity To Adeno - Associated Virus Can Result In Prolonged Liver Injury And Fibrogenesis ,” Amer. J. Pathol. 179(5):2370-2381; Wang, C. et al.
  • the antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of the present invention can be used alone, or as an adjuvant, in combination with vaccines or with antimibrobial agents, to stimulate the immune response against toxins or self-antigens or against pathogens (e.g., viruses, such as HIV, HTLV, hepatitis virus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia virus, rabies virus; bacteria, such as those of Mycobacteria, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Pneumonococci, Meningococci, Conococci, Klebsiella, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Legionella, Corynebacteria, Salmonella, Vibrio, Clostridia, Bacilli, Pasteurella, Leptospirosis, Bordatella , and particularly such pathogens associated with cholera, tetanus, botulism, anthrax, plague
  • pathogens e.g.
  • the anti-B7-H1 or anti-PD-1 antibodies of the present invention are employed to produce anti-idiotypic peptides or antibodies (Wallmann, J. et al. (2010) “ Anti - Ids in Allergy: Timeliness of a Classic Concept ,” World Allergy Organiz J 3(6):195-201; Nardi, M. et al. (2000) “ Antiidiotype Antibody against Platelet Anti - Gpiiia Contributes To The Regulation Of Thrombocytopenia In HIV -1- ITP Patients ,” J. Exp. Med. 191(12):2093-2100) or mimetics (Zang, Y. C. et al.
  • agonist antibodies that i) enhance binding between such antibodies and such receptor/ligand or ii) trigger signal transduction when bound directly to B7-H1 or PD-1, have utility as agonists of B7-H1-PD-1 signaling and thus have utility in the treatment of inflammation and autoimmune disease, by directly or indirectly agonizing receptor activity.
  • Bi-specific antibodies exhibiting immunospecific binding to both PD-1 and B7-H1 are capable of binding to both APC and T-cells, and thus facilitate the co-localization of APCs and T-cells.
  • Such co-localization facilitates the ability of such cells to bind together via B7-H1 and PD-1 molecules that are not complexed with antibody, or by co-inhibitory molecules.
  • Such binding provides down modulation of the immune system of the recipient.
  • autoimmune disorders that may be treated by administering the antibodies of the present invention include, but are not limited to, alopecia greata, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, autoimmune Addison's disease, autoimmune diseases of the adrenal gland, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune oophoritis and orchitis, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Behcet's disease, bullous pemphigoid, cardiomyopathy, celiac sprue-dermatitis, chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Churg-Strauss syndrome, cicatrical pemphigoid, CREST syndrome, cold agglutinin disease, Crohn's disease, discoid lupus, essential mixed cryoglobulin
  • inflammatory disorders which can be prevented, treated or managed in accordance with the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, asthma, encephilitis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allergic disorders, septic shock, pulmonary fibrosis, undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy, undifferentiated arthropathy, arthritis, inflammatory osteolysis, and chronic inflammation resulting from chronic viral or bacterial infections.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • the antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of the present invention have utility in the treatment of inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.
  • compositions of the present invention e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the antibody or fusion protein, receptor-mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu and Wu, 1987 , J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432), construction of a nucleic acid as part of a retroviral or other vector, etc.
  • Methods of administering a humanized antibody of the invention include, but are not limited to, injection, as by parenteral administration (e.g., intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous and subcutaneous), epidural, and mucosal (e.g., intranasal and oral routes).
  • parenteral administration e.g., intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous and subcutaneous
  • epidural e.g., intranasal and oral routes
  • mucosal e.g., intranasal and oral routes.
  • the antibodies of the invention are administered intramuscularly, intravenously, or subcutaneously.
  • the compositions may be administered by any convenient route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic
  • pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.
  • an inhaler or nebulizer e.g., a pressurized device
  • formulation with an aerosolizing agent e.g., a pressurized device
  • inhaler or nebulizer e.g., a pressurized device
  • aerosolizing agent e.g., WO 92/19244; WO 97/32572; WO 97/44013; WO 98/31346; and WO 99/66903.
  • compositions of the invention may be desirable to administer locally to the area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion, by injection, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.
  • an implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.
  • care must be taken to use materials to which the antibody or the fusion protein does not absorb.
  • the humanized or chimeric antibodies of the invention are formulated in liposomes for targeted delivery of the antibodies of the invention.
  • Liposomes are vesicles comprised of concentrically ordered phopsholipid bilayers which encapsulate an aqueous phase. Liposomes typically comprise various types of lipids, phospholipids, and/or surfactants. The components of liposomes are arranged in a bilayer configuration, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes. Liposomes are particularly preferred delivery vehicles due, in part, to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and low toxicity.
  • the invention also encompasses methods of preparing liposomes with a prolonged serum half-life, i.e., enhanced circulation time, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,556.
  • Preferred liposomes used in the methods of the invention are not rapidly cleared from circulation, i.e., are not taken up into the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS).
  • MPS mononuclear phagocyte system
  • the invention encompasses sterically stabilized liposomes which are prepared using common methods known to one skilled in the art.
  • sterically stabilized liposomes contain lipid components with bulky and highly flexible hydrophilic moieties, which reduces the unwanted reaction of liposomes with serum proteins, reduces oposonization with serum components and reduces recognition by MPS.
  • Sterically stabilized liposomes are preferably prepared using polyethylene glycol.
  • the invention also encompasses liposomes that are adapted for specific organ targeting, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,544,545, or specific cell targeting, see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0074403.
  • Particularly useful liposomes for use in the compositions and methods of the invention can be generated by reverse phase evaporation method with a lipid composition comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and PEG derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired diameter.
  • a fragment of an antibody of the invention may be conjugated to the liposomes using previously described methods, see, e.g., Martin et al., 1982 , J. Biol. Chem. 257: 286-288.
  • the humanized or chimeric antibodies of the invention may also be formulated as immunoliposomes.
  • Immunoliposomes refer to a liposomal composition, wherein an antibody of the invention or a fragment thereof is linked, covalently or non-covalently to the liposomal surface.
  • the chemistry of linking an antibody to the liposomal surface is known in the art and encompassed within the invention, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,153; Allen et al., 1995, Stealth Liposomes, Boca Rotan: CRC Press, 233-44; Hansen et al., 1995 , Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1239: 133-144.
  • immunoliposomes for use in the methods and compositions of the invention are further sterically stabilized.
  • the humanized antibodies of the invention are linked covalently or non-covalently to a hydrophobic anchor, which is stably rooted in the lipid bilayer of the liposome.
  • hydrophobic anchors include, but are not limited to, phospholipids, e.g., phosoatidylethanolamine (PE), phospahtidylinositol (PI).
  • PE phosoatidylethanolamine
  • PI phospahtidylinositol
  • any of the known biochemical strategies in the art may be used, see, e.g., J.
  • a functional group on an antibody molecule may react with an active group on a liposome associated hydrophobic anchor, e.g., an amino group of a lysine side chain on an antibody may be coupled to liposome associated N-glutaryl-phosphatidylethanolamine activated with water-soluble carbodiimide; or a thiol group of a reduced antibody can be coupled to liposomes via thiol reactive anchors, such as pyridylthiopropionylphosphatidylethanolamine.
  • immunoliposomal formulations comprising an antibody of the invention are particularly effective as therapeutic agents, since they deliver the antibody to the cytoplasm of the target cell, i.e., the cell comprising the receptor to which the antibody binds.
  • the immunoliposomes preferably have an increased half-life in blood, specifically target cells, and can be internalized into the cytoplasm of the target cells thereby avoiding loss of the therapeutic agent or degradation by the endolysosomal pathway.
  • the immunoliposomal compositions of the invention comprise one or more vesicle forming lipids, an antibody of the invention or a fragment or derivative thereof, and, optionally, a hydrophilic polymer.
  • a vesicle forming lipid is preferably a lipid with two hydrocarbon chains, such as acyl chains and a polar head group.
  • Examples of vesicle forming lipids include phospholipids, e.g., phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, and glycolipids, e.g., cerebrosides, gangliosides.
  • the immunoliposomal compositions further comprise a hydrophilic polymer, e.g., polyethylene glycol, and ganglioside GM1, which increases the serum half-life of the liposome.
  • a hydrophilic polymer e.g., polyethylene glycol
  • ganglioside GM1 e.g., ganglioside GM1
  • Methods of conjugating hydrophilic polymers to liposomes are well known in the art and encompassed within the invention.
  • the invention also provides that the humanized or chimeric antibodies of the invention are packaged in a hermetically sealed container, such as an ampoule or sachette, indicating the quantity of antibody.
  • the antibodies of the invention are supplied as a dry sterilized lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container and can be reconstituted, e.g., with water or saline to the appropriate concentration for administration to a subject.
  • the antibodies of the invention are supplied as a dry sterile lyophilized powder in a hermetically sealed container at a unit dosage of at least 5 mg, more preferably at least 10 mg, at least 15 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, or at least 75 mg.
  • the lyophilized antibodies of the invention should be stored at between 2 and 8° C. in their original container and the antibodies should be administered within 12 hours, preferably within 6 hours, within 5 hours, within 3 hours, or within 1 hour after being reconstituted.
  • antibodies of the invention are supplied in liquid form in a hermetically sealed container indicating the quantity and concentration of the antibody, fusion protein, or conjugated molecule.
  • the liquid form of the antibodies are supplied in a hermetically sealed container at least 1 mg/ml, more preferably at least 2.5 mg/ml, at least 5 mg/ml, at least 8 mg/ml, at least 10 mg/ml, at least 15 mg/ml, at least 25 mg/ml, at least 50 mg/ml, at least 100 mg/ml, at least 150 mg/ml, at least 200 mg/ml of the antibodies.
  • the precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the condition, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
  • the dosage administered to a patient is typically 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
  • the dosage administered to a patient is between 0.01 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, 0.01 and 2 mg/kg, 0.01 and 1 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg to 0.25 mg/kg, 0.01 to 0.15 mg/kg, 0.01 to 0.10 mg/kg, 0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg, or 0.01 to 0.025 mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
  • the invention contemplates that the dosage administered to a patient is 0.2 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg.
  • a dose as low as 0.01 mg/kg is predicted to would show appreciable pharmacodynamic effects. Dose levels of 0.10-1 mg/kg are predicted to be most appropriate. Higher doses (e.g., 1-30 mg/kg) would also be expected to be active.
  • human antibodies have a longer half-life within the human body than antibodies from other species due to the immune response to the foreign polypeptides. Thus, lower dosages of human antibodies and less frequent administration is often possible. Further, the dosage and frequency of administration of antibodies of the invention or fragments thereof may be reduced by enhancing uptake and tissue penetration of the antibodies by modifications such as, for example, lipidation.
  • compositions can be delivered in a controlled release or sustained release system. Any technique known to one of skill in the art can be used to produce sustained release formulations comprising one or more antibodies of the invention. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
  • a pump may be used in a controlled release system (See Langer, supra; Sefton, 1987 , CRC Crit. Ref Biomed. Eng. 14:20; Buchwald et al., 1980, Surgery 88:507; and Saudek et al., 1989 , N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574).
  • polymeric materials can be used to achieve controlled release of antibodies (see e.g., Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla. (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger and Peppas, 1983 , J., Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61; See also Levy et al., 1985 , Science 228:190; During et al., 1989, Ann. Neurol. 25:351; Howard et al., 1989 , J. Neurosurg. 7 1:105); U.S. Pat.
  • polymers used in sustained release formulations include, but are not limited to, poly(-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic acid), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(methacrylic acid), polyglycolides (PLG), polyanhydrides, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyacrylamide, poly(ethylene glycol), polylactides (PLA), poly(lactide-co-glycolides) (PLGA), and polyorthoesters.
  • a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the therapeutic target (e.g., the lungs), thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)).
  • polymeric compositions useful as controlled release implants are used according to Dunn et al. (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,155). This particular method is based upon the therapeutic effect of the in situ controlled release of the bioactive material from the polymer system. The implantation can generally occur anywhere within the body of the patient in need of therapeutic treatment.
  • a non-polymeric sustained delivery system is used, whereby a non-polymeric implant in the body of the subject is used as a drug delivery system.
  • the organic solvent of the implant Upon implantation in the body, the organic solvent of the implant will dissipate, disperse, or leach from the composition into surrounding tissue fluid, and the non-polymeric material will gradually coagulate or precipitate to form a solid, microporous matrix (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,533). Controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer (1990 , Science 249:1527-1533). Any technique known to one of skill in the art can be used to produce sustained release formulations comprising one or more therapeutic agents of the invention. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
  • the therapeutic or prophylactic composition of the invention is a nucleic acid encoding an antibody of the invention or an antigen-binding fragment thereof
  • the nucleic acid can be administered in vivo to promote expression of its encoded antibody, by constructing it as part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and administering it so that it becomes intracellular, e.g., by use of a retroviral vector (See U.S. Pat. No.
  • a nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly and incorporated within host cell DNA for expression by homologous recombination.
  • Treatment of a subject with a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of antibodies of the invention can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments.
  • compositions of the invention include bulk drug compositions useful in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions (i.e., compositions that are suitable for administration to a subject or patient) which can be used in the preparation of unit dosage forms.
  • Such compositions comprise a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of a prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent disclosed herein or a combination of those agents and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • compositions of the invention comprise a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of humanized antibodies of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
  • carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freund's adjuvant (complete and incomplete), excipient, surfactant, cryoprotectant or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered.
  • Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously.
  • Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
  • suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol, polysorbate-80 and the like.
  • the composition if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like.
  • compositions of the invention are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent.
  • a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent.
  • the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline.
  • an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
  • compositions of the invention can be formulated as neutral or salt forms.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with humanized antibodies of the invention. Additionally, one or more other prophylactic or therapeutic agents useful for the treatment of a disease can also be included in the pharmaceutical pack or kit.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
  • Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
  • kits that can be used in the above methods.
  • a kit comprises one or more humanized antibodies of the invention.
  • a kit further comprises one or more other prophylactic or therapeutic agents useful for the treatment of cancer, in one or more containers.
  • a kit further comprises one or more cytotoxic antibodies that bind one or more cancer antigens associated with cancer.
  • the other prophylactic or therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic.
  • the prophylactic or therapeutic agent is a biological or hormonal therapeutic.
  • the antibodies of the invention and their antigen-binding fragments can be used for diagnostic purposes, such as to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases, disorders or infections associated with B7-H1 or PD-1 expression.
  • the invention provides for the detection or diagnosis of a disease, disorder or infection, particularly an autoimmune disease comprising: (a) assaying the expression of B7-H1 or of PD-1 in cells or in a tissue sample of a subject using one or more antibodies (or fragments thereof) that immunospecifically bind to such antigens; and (b) comparing the level of the antigen with a control level, e.g., the level in a normal tissue sample, or before treatment, whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed level of antigen compared to the control level of the antigen is indicative of the disease, disorder or infection, or of the subject's response to treatment.
  • a control level e.g., the level in a normal tissue sample, or before treatment
  • the invention also provides for monitoring the progression of a disease, disorder or infection, comprising: (a) assaying the expression of B7-H1 or of PD-1 in cells or in a tissue sample of a subject at one point in time using one or more antibodies (or fragments thereof) that immunospecifically bind to such antigens; and (b) comparing the level of expression of B7-H1 or of PD-1 in cells or in a tissue sample of a subject at another point in time, or over a time course, whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed level of antigen is indicative of the progression of disease, disorder or infection.
  • the invention additionally provides for monitoring the response to treatment, comprising: (a) assaying the expression of B7-H1 or of PD-1 in cells or in a tissue sample of a subject prior to treatment with one or more antibodies (or fragments thereof) that immunospecifically bind to such antigens; and (b) assaying the expression of B7-H1 or of PD-1 in cells or in a tissue sample of a subject prior at one or more time points after treatment, and comparing the level of the antigen over time, whereby an increase or decrease in the assayed level of antigen compared to the pre-treatment level of the antigen is indicative of a response to treatment.
  • Such antibodies and fragments are preferably employed in immunoassays, such as the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the radioimmunoassay (RIA) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • One aspect of the invention relates to the use of such antibodies and fragments, and particularly such antibodies and fragments that bind to human B7-H1, as reagents for IHC analysis in cells of an in vitro or in situ tissue sample or in vivo.
  • B7-H1 is expressed by cancer cells but not by normal tissue (Dong, H. (2003) “ B 7- H 1 Pathway And Its Role In The Evasion Of Tumor Immunity ,” J. Mol. Med. 81:281-287)
  • detection of its presence on a cell by such cell's binding to such antibodies or fragments is indicative and diagnostic of a cancer cell.
  • the present invention provides a cytologic assay for diagnosing the presence of cancer in a subject.
  • the present invention provides a means for determining the clinical significance of the cancer, and the extent to which it will be refractory to an immune response.
  • B7-H1 is expressed on lymphoid and mucosal dendritic cells (both myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells), and its expression significantly increases after SIV infection (Xu, Huanbin et al. (2010) “ Increased B 7- H 1 Expression on Dendritic Cells Correlates with Programmed Death 1 Expression on T Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - Infected Macaques and May Contribute to T Cell Dysfunction and Disease Progression ,” J. Immunol. 185:7340-7348).
  • expression of B7-H1 on such cells may be used to diagnose HIV in humans.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the use of such antibodies and fragments, and particularly such antibodies and fragments that bind to human PD-1.
  • PD-1 has particular utility as a marker of chronic immune activation and T-cell exhaustion. Its expression is enhanced on T cells of viremic HIV-infected patient and correlates with the viral load in these patients (Khaitan, A. et al. (2011) “ Revisiting Immune Exhaustion During HIV Infection ,” Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep. 8:4-11; Grabmeier-Pfistershammer, K. et al. (2011) “ Identification of PD -1 as a Unique Marker for Failing Immune Reconstitution in HIV -1- Infected Patients on Treatment ,” J Acquir. Immune Defic.
  • PD-1 has particular utility as a marker of HIV progression.
  • T cells which express PD-1 can be analyzed for multiple parameters (e.g., cell counting, cell size, phenotype and cellular health, etc.) even though present in heterogeneous preparations.
  • T cells which express PD-1
  • T cells can be analyzed for multiple parameters (e.g., cell counting, cell size, phenotype and cellular health, etc.) even though present in heterogeneous preparations.
  • methods can be used to diagnose the extent or severity of AIDS, leukemias, and other disease affecting T cell number and health.
  • Methods of flow cytometry that may be adapted to the purposes of the present invention are disclosed in and in Peters, J. M. et al.
  • the antibodies and fragments of the present invention have utility in the detection and diagnosis of a disease, disorder, or infection in a human.
  • diagnosis comprises: a) administering to a subject (for example, parenterally, subcutaneously, or intraperitoneally) an effective amount of a labeled antibody or antigen-binding fragment that immunospecifically binds to B7-H1 or PD-1; b) waiting for a time interval following the administration for permitting the labeled molecule to preferentially concentrate at sites in the subject where B7-H1 or PD-1 is expressed (and for unbound labeled molecule to be cleared to background level); c) determining background level; and d) detecting the labeled antibody in the subject, such that detection of labeled antibody above the background level indicates that the subject has the disease, disorder, or infection.
  • the antibody is labeled with an imaging moiety which is detectable using an imaging system known to one of skill in the art.
  • Background level can be determined by various methods including, comparing the amount of labeled molecule detected to a standard value previously determined for a particular system.
  • the time interval following the administration for permitting the labeled molecule to preferentially concentrate at sites in the subject and for unbound labeled molecule to be cleared to background level is 6 to 48 hours or 6 to 24 hours or 6 to 12 hours. In another embodiment the time interval following administration is 5 to 20 days or 5 to 10 days.
  • monitoring of a disease, disorder or infection is carried out by repeating the method for diagnosing the disease, disorder or infection, for example, one month after initial diagnosis, six months after initial diagnosis, one year after initial diagnosis, etc.
  • Presence of the labeled molecule can be detected in the subject using methods known in the art for in vivo scanning. These methods depend upon the type of label used. Skilled artisans will be able to determine the appropriate method for detecting a particular label. Methods and devices that may be used in the diagnostic methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, computed tomography (CT), whole body scan such as position emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and sonography.
  • CT computed tomography
  • PET position emission tomography
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • sonography sonography
  • the molecule is labeled with a radioisotope and is detected in the patient using a radiation responsive surgical instrument (Thurston et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,050).
  • the molecule is labeled with a fluorescent compound and is detected in the patient using a fluorescence responsive scanning instrument.
  • the molecule is labeled with a positron emitting metal and is detected in the patient using positron emission-tomography.
  • the molecule is labeled with a paramagnetic label and is detected in a patient using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • mice were first immunized and then boosted with human B7-H1-Fc.
  • Splenocytes from anti-B7-H1 positive animals were fused with myeloma cells following standard protocol.
  • the resulting murine hybridomas were screened for those that express B7-H1-immunoreactive monoclonal antibodies.
  • Antibodies were additionally evaluated to determine whether they were IgG or IgM antibodies. Accordingly, B7-H1-Fc or negative control was immobilized to a solid support.
  • FIG. 1 shows the results of tested hybridoma supernatants and indicates the isolation of multiple hybridoma lines that express antibody immunoreactive with human B7-H1.
  • the identified hybridomas were screened to determine whether their expressed antibodies were neutralizing antibodies and as such capable of blocking the binding between B7-H1 and PD-1.
  • PD-1-Fc was immobilized to a solid support, which was then incubated in the presence of diluted conditioned media containing biotinylated B7-H1-Fc.
  • the ability of the B7-H1 and PD-1 to bind to one another was detected by assaying for the binding of streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase (SA-HRP) to the solid support.
  • SA-HRP streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase
  • Anti-B7-H1 antibody capable of modulating the binding of B7-H1 to PD-1 thus mediate a decrease in SA-HAS binding in this assay.
  • FIG. 2 The results of the experiment are shown in FIG. 2 , and indicate that several of the isolated hybridomas expressed human B7-H1 neutralizing antibodies.
  • Antibody MIH-1 anti-human CD274 (B7-H1) (Chen, Y. et al. (Epub 2005 Nov. 11) “ Expression Of B 7- H 1 In Inflammatory Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells ,” Nephron. Exp. Nephrol. 102(3-4):e81-e92) was used as a positive control.
  • 29E.2AE is an anti-PD-1 antibody but was shown to be non-neutralizing in this assay.
  • Conditioned media from an unrelated hybridoma (rand Ab) and a vector control (VC) were used as negative controls.
  • Clones 1B3, 1D11, 1E2, 1E4, 1E10, 2A6, 2E12, 2F2, 2F5, 2F11, 3A4, and 3B1 are weak in the screening binding assay. Low signal could be due to low expression levels and/or weak affinity.
  • clones e.g., clones: 1D5, 1E12, 1F4, 2A7, 2G11, 3B6, 3D10
  • mice were first immunized and then boosted with human PD-1-Fc. Splenocytes from anti-PD-1 positive animals were fused with myeloma cells following standard protocol. The resulting murine hybridomas were screened for those that express high affinity human PD-1-immunoreactive monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies were additionally evaluated to determine whether they were IgG or IgM antibodies. Accordingly, PD-1-Fc or negative control (B7-H4-Fc) was immobilized to a solid support.
  • FIG. 6 shows the antigen binding and isotype of the isolated anti-human PD-1 antibodies and indicates the isolation of multiple hybridoma lines that express antibody immunoreactive with human PD-1.
  • the identified hybridomas were screened to determine whether their expressed antibodies were neutralizing antibodies and as such capable of blocking the binding between B7-DC and PD-1.
  • B7-DC-Fc a fusion protein that binds PD-1
  • was immobilized to a solid support which was then incubated in the presence of diluted conditioned media containing biotinylated PD-1-Fc.
  • the ability of the B7-DC and PD-1 to bind to one another was detected by assaying for the binding of streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase (SA-HRP) to the solid support.
  • SA-HRP streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase
  • Anti-PD-1 antibody capable of blocking the binding of B7-DC to PD-1 thus mediates a decrease in SA-HRP binding in this assay.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B show that several of the isolated hybridomas expressed human PD-1 neutralizing antibodies ( FIG. 7B shows the same graph as
  • a cell binding assay was conducted in order to determine whether the expressed neutralizing antibodies were capable of binding to PD-1 arrayed on a cell surface.
  • Supernatant from each hybridoma clone was diluted 1:4 and incubated in the presence of parental CHO cells and a clonal CHO line that overexpressed full length human PD-1. After permitting binding to occur, the cells were washed and the presence of residual cell-bound anti-PD-1 antibody was detected using fluorescently labeled anti-mouse IgG antibody.
  • the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) for binding to CHO-hPD-1 is shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the results demonstrate that antibodies 1E3, 1E8, and 1H3 were particularly capable of binding to human PD-1 expressed on a cell surface.
  • J116 is commercially available anti-human PD-1 control antibody (eBioscience, Inc.). Isotyping revealed that 1E3, 1E8, 1H3 are IgG1/kappa.
  • Two clones (1E3 and 1H3) were selected for further study. As a further assessment, different concentrations of two clones were compared to anti-PD-1 antibodies M3 and EH-12. Antibody was purified using protein G and assessed for ability to bind to PD-1 expressed on the surfaces of CHO cells. CHO-hPD1 cells were stained with unlabeled anti-PD-1 antibody (10, 1, and 0.1 ⁇ g/mL) followed by APC-conjugated donkey anti-mouse antibody and the median fluorescence intensity was reported. The results of the assay are reported in FIG. 9 . The negative control is murine IgG (mIgG1); the positive controls are M3 (a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against human PD-1 (Wu, K.
  • mIgG1 murine IgG
  • M3 a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against human PD-1
  • a cell-based competition assay was performed by incubating 50,000 CHO-hPD1 cells for 30 minutes with anti-PD-1 antibody (present at concentrations ranging from 0-0.1 mg/ml). 10 ⁇ g/ml of APC-labeled B7-DC-Fc was then added and the incubation continued for an additional 30 minutes, after which the fluorescence of bound B7-DC-Fc was measured. The median fluorescence intensity is shown in FIG. 10 . The competition was repeated at a fixed antibody concentration of 20 ⁇ g/mL ( FIG. 11 ).
  • the framework sequences of the 3D10 or 1H3 antibodies were first aligned with framework sequences of a set of “Acceptor” human antibodies in order to identify differences in the framework sequences. Humanization was accomplished by substituting non-matching framework residues between the Parental and the Acceptor. Substitutions at potentially important positions such as those in the Vernier zone, the VH/VL inter-chain interface or CDR canonical class determining positions were analyzed for prospective back mutations (see, Foote, J. et al. (1992) “ Antibody Framework Residues Affecting The Conformation Of The Hypervariable Loops ,” J. Molec. Biol. 224:487-499). A total 14 humanized variant sequences were identified.
  • the optimal Acceptor framework selection was based on the overall Parental antibodies sequence identity to the Acceptor across the framework of both chains; however the positions that compose the VH/VL inter-chain interface are of particular interest. Additionally, the CDR-loops lengths and CDR positions responsible for the discrete set of canonical structures that has been defined for 5 of the CDRs (Chothia, C. et al. (1987) “ Canonical Structures For The Hypervariable Regions Of Immunoglobulins ,” J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917; Martin, A. C. et al. (1996) “ Structural Families In Loops Of Homologous Proteins: Automatic Classification, Modelling And Application To Antibodies ,” J. Molec.
  • a structural model of antibody 1H3's Fv-region was generated.
  • Candidate structural template fragments for the framework (FR) and complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) as well as the full Fv were scored, ranked and selected from an antibody database based on their sequence identity to the target, as well as qualitative crystallographic measures of the template structure such as the resolution, in Angstroms ( ⁇ ).
  • Model structures were selected from this ensemble on the basis of an energy score, derived from the score of the proteins structure and the satisfaction of the conformational constraints.
  • the models were inspected and the side chains of the positions which differed between the target and template were optimized using a side chain optimization algorithm and energy minimized.
  • a suite of visualization and computational tools were used to assess the CDRs conformational variability, local packing and surface analysis to select one or more preferred models.
  • a structural model of the Parental antibody was constructed and inspected for imperfections such as poor atomic packing, strain in bond lengths, bond angles or dihedral angles. These imperfections may indicate potential issues with the structural stability of the antibody.
  • the modeling protocol seeks to minimize such imperfections.
  • the initial structural model of the Humanized Fv contains all safe substitutions (i.e., substitutions that should not affect binding affinity or stability) and cautious substitutions (i.e., the position substitution is made but the position may be important for binding affinity). Substitutions at positions that are considered to be associated with a risk a decreased binding affinity or reduced stability are not altered.
  • the template search and selection was performed separately to the Parental template search in order to create a good stand-alone model rather than a closely matching variant model of the Parental. As the assessment of potential substitutions was performed the model was updated to reflect the preferred substitutions and the effect of back mutations.
  • humanized derivatives of anti-human B7-H1 antibody 3D10 was produced in accordance with the above-described procedure.
  • IGKV3 light chain germlines (IGKV3-11*01, IGKV3-11*02, IGKV3-NL5*01, IGKV3D-11*01, IGKV3-NL4*01, IGKV3D-7*01, IGKV3D-20*01, IGKV3-20*01, IGKV3-20*02, and IGKV3-15*01)
  • IGKV1 light chain germlines IGKV1-9*01, IGKV1-39*01, IGKV1D-13*01, IGKV1-16*01, IGKV1-8*01, IGKV1-13*02, IGKV1-NL1*01, IGKV1D-43*01, IGKV1-27*01, and IGKV1-12*01
  • IGHV1 heavy chain germlines IGHV1-2*02, IGHV1-2*04, IGHV1-f*01, IGHV1-48*01, IGHV1-2*03, IGHV1-2*01, IGHV1-46*02, IGHV1-2*05, IGHV1-3*01, and IGHV1-8*01
  • IGHV3 heavy chain germlines IGHV3-49*04, IGHV3-49*01, IGHV3-49*02, IGHV3-49*03, IGHV3-64*01, IGHV3-64*02, IGHV3-72*01, IGHV3-66*01, and IGHV3-23*01
  • IGHJ heavy chain germlines IGHJ3*02, IGHJ6*01, IGHJ3*01, IGHJ6*03, IGHJ5*02, IGHJ5*01, IGHJ4*01, IGH
  • the light chain of antibody 3D10 was found to be most similar to the light chain of germline
  • IGKV3-11*01 (SEQ ID NO: 78): EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS SYLAWYQQKP GQAPRLLIYD ASNRATGIPA RFSGSGTD FTLTISSLEP EDFAVYYCQQ RSNWP and IGKV1-9*01 (SEQ ID NO: 79): DIQLTQSPSF LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQGIS SYLAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYA ASTLQSGVPS RFSGSGSGTE FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ LNSYP with IGKV3-11*01 being preferred, as shown in Table 8 (CDR residues of antibody 3D10 are shown in italics, identical aligned residues are shown underlined):
  • J-segment genes were compared to the Parental sequence over FR4, and J-segment IGKJ4*01 (SEQ ID NO:80 : LTFGGGTKVEIK ) was selected for the light chain.
  • the light chain of antibody 3D10 has a short ten residue CDR L1 similar to canonical class I loops.
  • Human germlines do not have such a short CDR L1.
  • Each of the selected germlines, IGKV3-11*01 and IGKV1-9*01, have shorter L1 loops containing the correct framework residues to support this type of loop.
  • a good overall sequence similarity is observed between both Acceptor frameworks and the Parental sequence, however important differences are observed at the interface positions Y33 and P45.
  • Residue Y33 is in CDR L1 and whilst the two selected Acceptor families do not contain tyrosine at this position, other germline sequences do.
  • the three LC1 chains are derived from IGKV3-11*01; the three LC2 chains are derived from IGKV1-9*01.
  • the first humanized chain for each Acceptor framework contained all humanizing substitutions deemed possible and is the most human of the three chains.
  • the second humanized chain for each Acceptor framework contained several back mutations at positions that alter the charge, potentially interfere with the core packing or could affect the conformation of the CDRs.
  • the third chain, for each of the Acceptor frameworks contained the most back mutations, including substitutions that alter the charge and could potentially alter the binding affinity. The sequences of these six humanized chains are shown below.
  • LC1_1 (SEQ ID NO: 81) EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASSSVS YIYWFQQKPG QAPRLLIYAA FNRATGIPAR FSGSGSGTDY TLTISSLEPE DFAVYYCQQW SNNPLTFGQG TKVEIK LC1_2 (SEQ ID NO: 82) EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASSSVS YIYWFQQKPG QSPRPLIYAA FNRATGIPAR FSGSGSGTDY TLTISSLEPE DFAVYYCQQW SNNPLTFGQG TKVEIK LC1_3 (SEQ ID NO: 83) QIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASSSVS YIYWFQQKPG QSPRPLIYAT FNLASGIPAR FSGSGSGTSY TLTISRLEPE DFAVYYCQQW SNNPLTFGQG TKVE
  • IGHV1-2*02 IGHV1 Germline
  • IGHV3-49*04 IGHV3 Germline
  • Acceptor Framework IGHV 1-2*02 was selected due to its sequence similarity to the Parental sequence and the fact that it contained very similar residues involved in the core packing of the domain.
  • Acceptor Framework IGHV3-49*04 was selected after consideration and rejection of other germline sequences similar to IGHV 1-2*02. As Acceptor Framework IGHV3-49*04 is slightly more dissimilar to the Parental sequence than IGHV 1-2*02, a greater number of substitutions were required, however this germline Acceptor framework can support the Parental CDRs.
  • the sequences of Acceptor Framework IGHV 1-2*02 and Acceptor Framework IGHV3-49*04 are shown below:
  • Acceptor Framework IGHV 1-2*02 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT GYYMHWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW INPNSGGTNY AQKFQGRVTM TRDTSISTAY MELSRLRSDD TAVYYCAR Acceptor Framework IGHV3-49*04 (SEQ ID NO: 88): EVQLVESGGG LWQPGRSLRL SCTASGFTFG DYAMSWVRQA PGKGLEWVGF IRSKAYGGTT EYAASVKGRF TISRDDSKSI AYLQMNSLKT EDTAVYYCTR
  • Table 10 shows the alignment of these sequences with the heavy chain of antibody 3D10 (CDR residues of antibody 3D10 are shown in italics, identical aligned residues are shown underlined):
  • J-segment genes were compared to the Parental sequence over FR4, and J-segment IGHJ3*02 (SEQ ID NO:89 : DAFDIWGQGTMVTVSS ) was selected for the heavy chain.
  • the three HC1 chains are derived from IGHV1-2*02; the three HC2 chains are derived from IGHV3-49*04).
  • the first humanized chain for each Acceptor framework contained all humanizing substitutions deemed possible and is the most human of the three chains.
  • the second humanized chain for each Acceptor framework contained several back mutations at positions that alter the charge, potentially interfere with the core packing or could affect the conformation of the CDRs.
  • the third chain, for each of the Acceptor frameworks contained the most back mutations, including substitutions that alter the charge and could potentially alter the binding affinity.
  • the sequences for these six humanized chains are shown below:
  • HC1_1 (SEQ ID NO: 90) QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFP DYYMNWVRQA PGQGLEWMGD IDPNYGGTNY AQKFQGRVTM TRDTSISTAY MELSRLRSDD TAVYYCARGA LTDWGQGTMV TVSS HC1_2 (SEQ ID NO: 91) QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFP DYYMNWVRQA PGQSLEWMGD IDPNYGGTNY NQKFQGRVTM TRDTSISTAY MELSRLRSDD TAVYYCARGA LTDWGQGTMV TVSS HC1_3 (SEQ ID NO: 92) EVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFP DYYMNWVRQA PGQSLEWMGD IDPNYGGTNY NQKFQGRVTM TVDRSSSTAY MELSRLRSDD TAVYYCARGA LTDWGQGT
  • the pairing is labeled Acceptor 1.
  • antibodies with a combination of germ lines, similar to the pairing of IGKV 1-9*01 with IGHV3-49*04 were found.
  • the pairing is labeled Acceptor 2.
  • humanized derivatives of anti-human PD-1 antibody 1H3 were produced in accordance with the above-described procedure (a chimeric antibody incorporating the variable region of 1H3 and a human IgG1 Fc region was used as the Parental antibody).
  • IGKV3 light chain germlines (IGKV3-11*01, IGKV3-11*02, IGKV3D-11*01, IGKV3D-20*01, IGKV3-NL4*01, IGKV3D-7*01, IGKV3-20*01, IGKV3-NL5*01, IGKV3-15*01, IGKV3-NL1*01, IGKV3-20*01, IGKV3-NL2*01, IGKV3-NL3*01), IGKV1 light chain germlines (IGKV1-9*01, IGKV1D-43*01, IGKV1-39*01, IGKV1D-13*02, IGKV1-8*01, IGKV1D-13*01, IGKV1-12*01, IGKV1D-16*01, IGKV1-5*
  • IGHV3 heavy chain germlines IGHV3-48*01, IGHV3-48*02, IGHV3-48*03, IGHV3-11*01, IGHV3-21*01, IGHV3-11*03, IGHV3-30*03, IGHV3-9*01, IGHV3-7*01, and IGHV3-30*10)
  • IGHV1 heavy chain germlines IGHV1-3*01, IGHV1-69*08, IGHV1-69*11, IGHV1-46*01, IGHV1-69*05, IGHV1-69*06, IGHV1-69*01, IGHV1-46*02, IGHV1-69*02, and IGHV1-69*10)
  • IGHJ heavy chain germlines IGHJ6*01, IGHJ6*03, IGHJ4*01, IGHJ6*04, IGHJ5*02, IGHJ3*02
  • Antibody 1H3 has a short 10 residue CDR L1 and falls into canonical class I.
  • No human germ line has such a short CDR L1, but the closest germlines in each selected family (IGKV3-II*01 and IGKV1-9*01 have short L1 loops and contain the correct framework residues to support a class I LI loop.
  • the overall sequence similarity was good for both Acceptor frameworks; however there are differences at two interface positions (Y33 and P45).
  • Y33 lies in CDR L1 and while the two Acceptor families do not contain tyrosine at this position other potential acceptor families do.
  • the difference at P45 was tied in with a number of other differences in FR2 of the Parental light chain.
  • the Parental germline belongs to a mouse germline family with a FR2 dissimilar to anything in the human germlines.
  • Germ lines 1GKV3-11*01 and IGKV 1-9*01 were selected as light chain Acceptor frameworks.
  • the sequences of the light chains of 1GKV3-11*01 and IGKV 1-9*01 are shown above as SEQ ID NO:78 and SEQ ID NO:79, respectively.
  • the alignments of these sequences with the light chain of antibody 1H3 are shown in Table 13 (CDR residues of antibody 1H3 are shown in italics, identical aligned residues are shown underlined):
  • J-segment genes were compared to the Parental sequence over FR4, and J-segment IGKJ2*02 (SEQ ID NO:96 : CTFGQGTKLEIK ) was selected for the light chain.
  • the two LC1 chains are derived from IGKV3-11*01; the two LC2 chains are derived from IGKV1-9*01.
  • the first humanized chain for each Acceptor framework contained all humanizing substitutions deemed possible and is the most human of the three chains.
  • the second humanized chain for each Acceptor framework contained several back mutations at positions that alter the charge, potentially interfere with the core packing or could affect the conformation of the CDRs. The sequences of these four humanized chains are shown below:
  • LC1_1 (SEQ ID NO: 97) EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASSSVS YMYWYQQKPG QAPRLLIYLA SNRATGIPAR FSGSGSGTDY TLTISSLEPE DFAVYYCQQW SSNPFTFGQG TKLEIK LC1_2 (SEQ ID NO: 98) QIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCSASSSVS YMYWYQQKPG QAPRLLIYLT SNRATGIPAR FSGSGSGTDY TLTISSLEPE DFAVYYCQQW SSNPFTFGQG TKLEIK LC2_1 (SEQ ID NO: 99) DIQLTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASSSVS YMYWYQQKPG KAPKLLIYLA SNLASGVPSR FSGSGSGTEY TLTISSLEPE DFATYYCQQW SSNPFTFGQG TKLEIK
  • IGHV3-48*01 IGHV3 Germline
  • IGHV1-3*01 IGHV1 Germline
  • Acceptor Framework 1GHV3-48*01 was selected as the primary heavy Acceptor framework due to its overall sequence similarity. The interface residues match except for H35, a position at where some variation is allowed and it contains the correct residues for determining canonical class for CDR H1. CDR H2 does not fall into any sequence-based canonical class due to a tyrosine at position 56.
  • the choice of the second heavy chain Acceptor framework was made after removing any germ line closely related to IGHV3-48*01. The closest germ line then became IGHV1-3*01. The number of differences to take into account becomes larger as the packing of the lower core is different, however the germline should support the CDRs and function as a suitable Acceptor framework.
  • Acceptor Framework 1GHV3-48*01 (SEQ ID NO: 101): EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYSMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVSY ISSSSSTIYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNSLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCAR Acceptor Framework IGHV1-3*01 (SEQ ID NO: 102): QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYAMHWVRQA PGQRLEWMGW INAGNGNTKY SQKFQGRVTI TRDTSASTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAR
  • Table 15 shows the alignment of these sequences with the heavy chain of antibody 1H3 (CDR residues of antibody 1H3 are shown in italics, identical aligned residues are shown underlined):
  • J-segment genes were compared to the Parental sequence over FR4, and J-segment IGHJ6*01 (SEQ ID NO:103 : WGQGTTVTV ) was selected for the heavy chain.
  • the three HC1 chains are derived from IGHV3-48*01; the three HC2 chains are derived from IGHV1-3*01).
  • the first humanized chain for each Acceptor framework contained all humanizing substitutions deemed possible and is the most human of the three chains.
  • the second humanized chain for each Acceptor framework contained several back mutations at positions that alter the charge, potentially interfere with the core packing or could affect the conformation of the CDRs.
  • the third chain, for each of the Acceptor frameworks contained the most back mutations, including substitutions that alter the charge and could potentially alter the binding affinity. The sequences of these six humanized chains are shown below:
  • HC1_1 (SEQ ID NO: 104) EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYGMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVSY ISSGSSTIYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLY LQMSSLRAED TAVYYCARRG YGSFYEYYFD YWGQGTTVTV SS HC1_2 (SEQ ID NO: 105) EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYGMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAY ISSGSYTIYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLY LQMSSLRAED TAVYYCARRG YGSFYEYYFD YWGQGTTVTV SS HC1_3 (SEQ ID NO: 106) EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYGMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAY ISSGSYTIYS ADSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLY L
  • the pairing is labeled Acceptor 1.
  • antibodies with a similar pairing to IGKVI-9*01 with IGHVI-3*01 were found.
  • the pairing is labeled Acceptor 2.
  • a construct which possesses chimeric (“ch”) murine anti-human PD-1 Fab regions of antibody 1H3 and a human IgG1 Fc region (1H3 Construct). The construct was tested for its ability to bind human PD-1.
  • FIG. 12 shows the results of an experiment in which CHO cells transfected with human full length PD-1 were pre-incubated with a saturated dose of PD-1 mAbs before being stained by biotin-labeled anti-hB7-H1-Fc or anti-hB7-DC mFc.
  • FIG. 12 shows that a murine monoclonal antibody construct which possesses chimeric (“ch”) murine anti-human PD-1 Fab regions of antibody 1H3 and a human IgG1 Fc region blocks binding of B7-H1-Fc and B7-DC-Fc to cells expressing human PD-1, as a result of antibody binding to the cells.
  • M1, m3 and 1E8 are all positive control anti-PD-1 antibodies.
  • the Construct migrated as a single band of approximately 200 MW; this band was replaced with band at approximately 52 MW under reducing conditions.
  • the 1H3 Construct exhibited an Affinity K D of 2.19 nM, an “on rate” K a of 0.734 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 /Ms, and an “off rate” K d of 1.61 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 /s.
  • the EC 50 of the construct was found to be 75 ng.
  • FIG. 13 compares the binding obtained with this construct to that of the commercially available anti-PD-1 antibody, EH12.
  • the construct was found to be capable of completely blocking the ability of hPD-1 (expressed by CHO cells) to bind to B7-H1-Fc or B7-DC-Fc as shown in FIG. 14 .
  • FIG. 15 shows that the chimeric 1H3 Construct was able to bind to hPD-1-Fc and block the binding of such hPD-1-Fc to hB7-H1 expressed by CHO cells.
  • 1H3 Construct The ability of the 1H3 Construct to bind to human primary T cells was assessed relative to a control antibody (palivizumab; SYNAGIS®, Medimmune, Inc.); 1H3 demonstrated enhanced binding to both CD8 and CD4 cells ( FIGS. 16A-16B ).
  • the matured DC cells were then incubated for two weeks in the presence of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells and 100 ng/ml TT and the above-described antibody constructs.
  • CFSE carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
  • the antibodies of the present invention were capable of block B7-H1-PD-1 interactions as measured by expansion of antigen-specific memory T cells.
  • an analysis of the cytokines present in the cell supernatants was conducted (Table 18).
  • both of the anti-hPD-1 antibody constructs promoted both Th1 and Th2 responses.
  • Very low amount of IL-10, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-10 and G-CSF were found in the supernatants.
  • All mAbs have very low endotoxin, less than 0.01 EU/mg; additionally, the DC and T cells were kept in serum-free media.
  • Intracellular IFN- ⁇ staining of Day 7 cells revealed that whereas only 0.15% of control cells were IFN- ⁇ + , 1.9% of cells that had been incubated with the 1H3 Construct, 0.91% of cells that had been incubated with the 1E3 Construct, and 3.2% of cells that had been incubated with the 3D10 Construct were IFN- ⁇ + .
  • the 1H3 Construct was found to mediate approximately a 7-fold increase in T cell proliferation and approximately a 12 fold increase in IFN- ⁇ production per cell.
  • the cumulative effect of such action is an approximately 100 fold increase in IFN- ⁇ secretion.
  • monocyte-derived DC were matured by incubation with TNF ⁇ and PGE2.
  • Cells were then pulsed for 2 hours in the presence of a pool of mixed class I and class II restricted CEF peptides (i.e., peptides of Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and influenza virus), and incubated with CFSE-labeled autologous T cell (LD column, 95% purify) for two weeks.
  • the treated cells were then incubated for two weeks in the presence of CFSE-labeled autologous T cells (LD column, 95% purify) and the above-described antibody constructs.
  • the percentage of CFSE-diluted T cells was found to be 40% for cells incubated with the control antibody, 37% for cells incubated with the 1H3 Construct, 50% for cells incubated with the 3D10 Construct and 57% for cells incubated with antibody CA-18C3 (an anti-IL-1 ⁇ -specific monoclonal antibody).
  • the percentage of CFSE-diluted T cells was again assessed. The percentage of CFSE-diluted T cells was then found to be 17% for cells incubated with the control antibody and 38% for cells incubated with the 1H3 Construct. The percentage of CFSE-diluted T cells was then found to be 27% for cells incubated with antibody CA-18C3.
  • the supernatants of the treated cells were also analyzed for IL-2 and IFN- ⁇ cytokines on day 7 (Table 19).
  • the supernatants of the treated cells were also analyzed for IFN- ⁇ , TNF ⁇ and GM-CSF cytokines on day 11.
  • the 1H3 Construct was found to mediate an enhancement of all three cytokines relative to a control antibody (Table 20).
  • monocyte-derived DC obtained from HLA-A2 positive donor PBMCs
  • monocyte-derived DC obtained from HLA-A2 positive donor PBMCs
  • the matured DC were then pulsed with HLA-A2 restricted MART-1 and Flu M1 peptides for 2 hours.
  • the cells were incubated for two weeks in the presence of CFSE-labeled autologous T cell (LD column, 95% purify) and the above-described 1H3 Construct or 3D10 Construct.
  • the effect of the MART-1 and M1 peptides on cytokine production is shown in Table 21.
  • FIGS. 18A-18D The results of such binding experiments are shown in FIGS. 18A-18D .
  • FIGS. 18A-18D By repeating such binding experiments in the presence of 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 or 3000 ng of the h1H3 variant, it was found that the ability of such humanized antibodies to bind to PD-1 was in all cases dependent upon antibody concentration.
  • PD-1-expressing HEK293 cells were incubated in the presence of B7-H1 (or B7-DC) and selected h1H3 variants.
  • Table 23 provides the results obtained in a 500 ml scale transient expression and purification procedure.
  • Non-reducing gels showed that the expressed antibodies predominantly migrated as a single band of approximately 160 kD; when analyzed in reducing gels, this band was replaced by bands of approximately 60 kD and 30 kD.
  • the results show that Acceptor 1 h1H3 variants: h1H3 Var1, h1H3 Var3, h1H3 Var4 and h1H3 Var6 exhibited good binding to human PD-1 whereas Acceptor 2 h1H3 variants: h1H3 Var7-h1H3 Var14 exhibited poorer binding to human PD-1.
  • h1H3 Var1-h1H3 Var6 were cloned into the Double Gene Vector (DGV; Lonza Biologics, Berkshire, UK; Bebbington, C. R. et al. (1992) “ High - Level Expression Of A Recombinant Antibody From Myeloma Cells Using A Glutamine Synthetase Gene As An Amplifiable Selectable Marker ,” Biotechnology (NY) 10(2):169-175) and transfected into CHO cells to permit the production of stable antibody-producing cell lines.
  • DDV Double Gene Vector
  • FIG. 20 shows the resultant curves for h1H3 Var 1-h1H3 Var 6, and indicate that these antibodies bind PD-1.
  • Antibodies h1H3 Var 1 and h1H3 Var 4 exhibit reduced binding relative to the Parental antibody.
  • h1H3 Var 2, h1H3 Var 3, h1H3 Var 5 and h1H3 Var 6 exhibited binding that was comparable to that of the Parental antibody.
  • the EC50 data for these antibodies is shown in Table 23.

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