CN1404470A - 2-氧代-1-吡咯烷衍生物、其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents

2-氧代-1-吡咯烷衍生物、其制备方法和用途 Download PDF

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CN1404470A
CN1404470A CN01805507A CN01805507A CN1404470A CN 1404470 A CN1404470 A CN 1404470A CN 01805507 A CN01805507 A CN 01805507A CN 01805507 A CN01805507 A CN 01805507A CN 1404470 A CN1404470 A CN 1404470A
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CN1179944C (zh
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J·苏逖斯
V·玛蒙
E·迪斐尔丁
V·兹米尔曼
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UCB Farchim SA
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Abstract

本发明涉及2-氧代-1-吡咯烷衍生物及其制备方法和用途,本发明还涉及一种从不饱和的2-氧代-1-吡咯烷衍生物出发制备α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺衍生物的方法。具体地,本发明涉及新的中间体及其在制备S-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺的方法中的用途。

Description

2-氧代-1-吡咯烷衍生物、其制备方法和用途
本发明涉及2-氧代-1-吡咯烷衍生物及其制备方法和用途。本发明还涉及一种从不饱和的2-氧代-1-吡咯烷衍生物出发制备α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺衍生物的方法。
具体地,本发明涉及新的中间体及其在制备(S)-(-)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺的方法中的用途,(S)-(-)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺属于Levetiracetam、其右旋对映体及相关化合物的国际上通用的非专利名称。Levetiracetam具有下列结构:
作为一种左旋化合物,专利EP162036中已经公开了Levetiracetam可以作为治疗和预防中枢神经系统的缺氧和缺血型攻击行为的保护试剂。该化合物还能有效地治疗癫痫症,也已经证明,该化合物的右旋对映体(R)-(+)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺对癫痫症的治疗完全没有活性(A.J.GOWER等人,Eur.J.Pharmacol., 222,(1992),193-203)。最后,欧洲专利申请No.0645139公开了该化合物的抗焦虑活性。
不对称碳原子带有一个位于纸平面上方的氢原子(没有显示出来)。欧洲专利EP0162036和英国专利No.2225322中已经公开了Levetiracetam的制备方法,这两项专利都属于本发明的申请人。在欧洲专利No.0165919中已经描述了右旋对映体(R)-(+)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺的制备方法,然而,这些方法都不能充分满足工业方法的要求。因此,通过对新的前体进行不对称氢化而开发了一种新的方法。
本发明的一个方面是提供通式(A)的化合物和其药学上可接受的盐:
其中:
X是-CONR5R6或-COOR7或-CO-R8或CN;
R1是氢或烷基、芳基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、卤素、羟基、氨基、硝基、氰基;
R2、R3和R4相同或不同,各自独立地为氢、卤素、羟基、氨基、硝基、氰基、酰基、酰基氧基、磺酰基、亚磺酰基、烷基氨基、羧基、酯、醚、酰胺基、磺酸、氨磺酰、烷基磺酰基、芳基磺酰基、烷氧基羰基、烷基亚磺酰基、芳基亚磺酰基、烷硫基、芳硫基、烷基、烷氧基、氧基酯、氧基酰胺基、芳基、芳基氨基、芳氧基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、乙烯基;
R5、R6、R7相同或不同,各自独立地为氢、羟基、烷基、芳基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、烷氧基、芳氧基;和
R8是氢、羟基、硫羟基、卤素、烷基、芳基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、烷硫基、芳硫基。
这里所用的术语“烷基”包括含有直链、支链或环状基团或其组合并且含有1-20个碳原子,优选含有1-5个碳原子的饱和的一价烃基。烷基可以任选地被1-5个独立地选自卤素、羟基、硫羟基、氨基、硝基、氰基、酰基、酰氧基、磺酰基、亚磺酰基、烷基氨基、羧基、酯、醚、酰胺基、磺酸、氨磺酰、烷基磺酰基、芳基磺酰基、烷氧基羰基、烷基亚磺酰基、芳基亚磺酰基、烷硫基、芳硫基、氧基酯、氧基酰胺基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、乙烯基、C1-5烷氧基、C6-10芳氧基、C6-10芳基的取代基取代。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个选自卤素、羟基、硫羟基、氨基、硝基、氰基的取代基取代的上述基团,例如为三氟甲基、三氯甲基、2,2,2-三氯乙基、1,1-二甲基-2,2-二溴乙基、1,1-二甲基-2,2,2-三氯乙基。
这里所用的术语“杂环烷基”代表如前面定义的含有至少一个间断碳环结构的O、S和/或N原子的“(C1-C6)环烷基”,例如四氢呋喃基、四氢吡喃基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、吗啉子基和吡咯烷基,或者被至少一个选自卤素、羟基、巯基、氨基、硝基、氰基的基团取代的上述基团。
这里所用的术语“烷氧基”包括-O-烷基,其中“烷基”如前面所定义。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团,例如为三氟甲基、三氯甲基、2,2,2-三氯乙基、1,1-二甲基-2,2-二溴乙基、1,1-二甲基-2,2,2-三氯乙基。
这里所用的术语“烷硫基”包括-S-烷基,其中“烷基”如前面所定义。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团,例如三氟甲基、三氯甲基、2,2,2-三氯乙基、1,1-二甲基-2,2-二溴乙基,1,1-二甲基-2,2,2-三氯乙基。
这里所用的术语“烷基氨基”包括-NH-烷基或-N(烷基)2,其中“烷基”如前面所定义。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团。
这里所用的术语“芳基”包括从芳香烃中除去一个氢原子而得到的有机基团,例如苯基、苯氧基、萘基、芳烷基、苄基,每个任选地被1-5个独立地选自卤素、羟基、硫羟基、氨基、硝基、氰基、酰基、酰氧基、磺酰基、亚磺酰基、烷基氨基、羧基、酯、醚、酰胺基、磺酸、氨磺酰、烷基磺酰基、烷氧基羰基、烷基亚磺酰基、烷硫基、氧基酯、氧基酰胺基、芳基、C1-6烷氧基、C6-10芳氧基和C1-6烷基的取代基取代。芳基由1-3个环,优选一个环组成,并且包含2-30个碳原子,优选包含6-10个碳原子。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、萘基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
这里所用的术语“芳基氨基”包括-NH-芳基或-N(芳基)2,其中“芳基”如前面所定义。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
这里所用的术语“芳氧基”包括-O-芳基,其中“芳基”如前面所定义。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
这里所用的术语“芳硫基”包括-S-芳基,其中“芳基”如前面所定义。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
这里所用的术语“卤素”包括Cl、Br、F、I原子。
这里所用的术语“羟基”代表式-OH的基团。
这里所用的术语“硫羟基”代表式-SH的基团。
这里所用的术语“氰基”代表式-CN的基团。
这里所用的术语“硝基”代表式-NO2的基团。
这里所用的术语“氨基”代表式-NH2的基团。
这里所用的术语“羧基”代表式-COOH的基团。
这里所用的术语“磺酸”代表式-SO3H的基团。
这里所用的术语“氨磺酰”代表式-SO2NH2的基团。
这里所用的术语“杂芳基”除非另有指明,代表如前面所定义含有至少一个间断碳环结构的O、S和/或N原子的“芳基”,例如吡啶基、呋喃基、吡咯基、噻吩基、异噻唑基、咪唑基、苯并咪唑基、四唑基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、异苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、吡唑基、吲哚基、异吲哚基、嘌呤基、咔唑基、异噁唑基、噻唑基、噁唑基、苯并噻唑基或苯并噁唑基,上述基团任选地被1-5个独立地选自羟基、卤素、硫羟基、氨基、硝基、氰基、酰基、酰氧基、磺酰基、亚磺酰基、烷基氨基、羧基、酯、醚、酰胺基、磺酸、氨磺酰、烷基磺酰基、烷氧基羰基、氧基酯、氧基酰胺基、烷氧基羰基、C1-5烷氧基和C1-5烷基的取代基取代。
这里所用的术语“芳烷基”代表式:芳基-(C1-4烷基)-的基团。优选的芳烷基是苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基、二苯基甲基、(4-甲氧基苯基)二苯基甲基。
这里所用的术语“酰基”代表组成羧酸的基团,并且因此包括式:烷基-CO-、芳基-CO-、杂芳基-CO-、芳烷基-CO-的基团,其中各种烃基如本节中所定义。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
这里所用的术语“氧基酰基”代表组成羧酸的基团,并且因此包括式:烷基-CO-O-、芳基-CO-O-、杂芳基-CO-O-、芳烷基-CO-O-的基团,其中各种烃基如本节中所定义。优选的烷基和芳基与对酰基的定义中所示的相同。
术语“磺酰基”代表式-SO2-烷基或-SO2-芳基的基团,其中“烷基”和“芳基”如前面所定义。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
术语“亚磺酰基”代表式-SO-烷基或-SO-芳基的基团,其中“烷基”和“芳基”如前面所定义。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
术语“酯”是指式-COO-烷基或-COO-芳基的基团,其中“烷基”和“芳基”如前面所定义。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
术语“氧基酯”是指式-O-COO-烷基或-O-COO-芳基的基团,其中“烷基”和“芳基”如前面所定义。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
术语“醚”是指式:烷基-O-烷基或烷基-O-芳基或芳基-O-芳基的基团,其中“烷基”和“芳基”如前面所定义。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
术语“酰胺基”是指式-CONH2或-CONH-烷基或-CON(烷基)2或-CONH-芳基或-CON(芳基)2的基团,其中“烷基”和“芳基”如前面所定义。优选烷基含有1-4个碳原子,芳基含有6-10个碳原子。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
术语“氧基酰胺基”是指式-O-CONH2或-O-CONH-烷基或-O-CON(烷基)2或-O-CONH-芳基或-O-CON(芳基)2的基团,其中“烷基”和“芳基”如前面所定义。优选烷基含有1-5个碳原子,芳基含有6-8个碳原子。优选的烷基是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团。优选的芳基是苯基、卤代苯基、氰基苯基、硝基苯基、甲氧基苯基、苄基、卤代苄基、氰基苄基、甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基、2-苯基乙基。
优选R1是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团,例如为三氟甲基、三氯甲基、2,2,2-三氯乙基、1,1-二甲基-2,2-二溴乙基、1,1-二甲基-2,2,2-三氯乙基。
优选的R2、R3和R4独立地为氢或卤素或甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团,例如为三氟甲基、三氯甲基、2,2,2-三氯乙基、1,1-二甲基-2,2-二溴乙基、1,1-二甲基-2,2,2-三氯乙基。
优选R5和R6独立地为氢、甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基。
优选R7是氢、甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基、甲氧基、乙氧基、苯基、苄基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团,例如为三氟甲基、氯代苯基。
优选R8是氢、甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基或叔丁基、2,2,2-三甲基乙基、苯基、苄基,或被至少一个卤素基团取代的上述基团,例如为三氟甲基、氯代苯基或者此时X是CN。
除非另有指明,这里以单个或集合形式引用的通式(A)的化合物包括几何异构体即Z(Zusammen)和E(Entgegen)异构体及其混合物(外消旋体)。
就下述的不对称氢化方法来说,针对其中R1是甲基,R2和R4是H,而X是-CONH2或-COOMe或-COOEt或-COOH的式(A)化合物的Z(Zusammen)和E(Emtgegen)异构体获得了最佳的结果。在这个组中,其中R3是氢、烷基(特别是丙基)或卤代烯基(特别是二氟乙烯基)的化合物是特别合适的。
本发明的一个方面涉及一种制备通式(A)的化合物的方法,该方法包括下列反应:
其中X是-CONR5R6或-COOR7或-CO-R8或CN的通式(A)的化合物可以通过使其中R1和X是如前面所述的通式(C)的一种α-酮羧酸衍生物与其中R2、R3、R4是如前面所述的通式(D)的一种吡咯烷酮按照下面方案(1)反应而方便地制备:方案(1)
其中X是-COOR7的通式(A)的化合物可以通过使其中X是-COOR7的通式(C’)的一种α-酮羧酸衍生物与通式(D)的一种吡咯烷酮按照下面方案(2)反应而方便地制备:
Figure A0180550700132
方案(2)
合适的反应条件包括使用甲苯在回流下进行。在所得的化合物(A)中,R7可以容易地从H转变为烷基,或者从烷基转变为H。
通式(C)或(C’)的衍生物和通式(D)的吡咯烷酮是本领域技术人员熟知的,可以按照引用的文献中的合成方法制备,例如可以按照A.Katrisky著的“Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry”,Pergamon,1985(第4章)和A.Katrisky和C.W. Rees著的“Comprehensive HeterocyclicChemistry”,Pergamon,1984(第4卷,第3.03和3.06章)中的合成方法制备。
通过把相应的酸(其中X是CO2H的式(A)的化合物)转变为酰氯,然后进行氨解或者与通式为HNR5R6的伯胺或仲胺反应,可以方便地制备其中X是-CONH2或-CONR5R6的通式(A)的化合物。下列两个方案(3和4)描述了这样一种方法。
Figure A0180550700141
                                方案(4)
这些反应优选使用PCl5进行,得到一种酰氯,然后进行无水氨解,或者与式HNR5R6的伯胺或仲胺反应,得到所要的烯酰胺。
通过把按照方案(2)得到的相应的酸(其中X是CO2H的式(A)的化合物)转变为酰氯,然后使用其中R7如前面所定义的通式R7-OH(醇)的化合物进行醇解,可以方便地制备其中X是-COOR7的通式(A)的化合物(参见方案5):
Figure A0180550700142
这些反应优选使用PCl5进行,得到一种酰氯,然后用R7-OH进行醇解,得到所要的酯。
上述反应条件是本领域技术人员所熟知的。
本发明的另一个方面涉及式(A)的化合物作为合成中间体的用途。
其中X是-CONH2的通式(A)的化合物是特别感兴趣的,因为催化氢化该化合物直接生成Levetiracetam。已经显示,这些化合物的Z(Zusammen)和E(Entgegen)异构体能迅速地选择性地发生不对称氢化,生成所要产物的一种对映体。把基团R1与分子连接起来的键表示存在Z异构体或E异构体。
作为一个特例,化合物(A)在合成化合物(B)中的用途可以用下列方案(6)说明:
Figure A0180550700151
方案(6)
其中R1、R2、R3、R4和X如前面所述。
优选R1是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基或异丁基,最优选甲基、乙基或正丙基。
优选R2和R4独立地为氢或卤素或甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基,最优选各自为氢。
优选R3是C1-5烷基、C2-5烯基、C2-5炔基、环丙基、叠氮基,每个基团任选地被一个或多个卤素、氰基、硫氰基、叠氮基、烷硫基、环丙基、酰基和/或苯基取代;苯基;苯磺酰基;苯磺酰氧基、四唑、噻唑、噻吩基、呋喃基、吡咯、吡啶,其中任何苯基部分可以被一个或多个卤素、烷基、卤代烷基、烷氧基、硝基、氨基和/或苯基取代;最优选为甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基或异丁基。
优选X是-COOH或-COOMe或-COOEt或-CONH2,最优选为-CONH2
可以按照常规方式,以游离形式把式(B)的化合物分离出来,或者可以把式(B)的化合物转变为其药学上可接受的盐,反之亦然。
优选包括在通式(B)的化合物中的单个化合物的结构式为(B’)、(B”)和(B):
式(B)的化合物特别适用于治疗癫痫症和相关的病痛。因此,根据另一个实施方案,本发明涉及一种通过把相应的前面详细说明并且定义的式(A)化合物不对称催化氢化来制备式(B)的化合物的方法:
其中R1、R2、R3、R4和X如前面所定义。很多文献或书,例如“Syntheseet catalyse asymetriques-auxiliaires et ligands chiraux”JacquelineSeyden-Penne(1994)-Savoirs actuel,interEdition/CNRS Edition-CH7.1“hydrogenation catalytique”287-300页中描述了催化氢化。
除非另有指明,这里以单个或集合方式引用的通式(B)的化合物包括其几何异构体,即Z(顺式)和E(反式)异构体以及对映体、非对映异构体及其混合物(外消旋体)。
优选地,本发明的方法涉及制备其中R2和R4为氢,X为-COOH或-COOMe或-COOEt或-CONH2,而R1是甲基,特别是其中R3是氢、烷基(特别是丙基)或卤代烯基(特别是二氟乙烯基)的式(B)的化合物的方法。就制备levetiracetam来说,针对其中R1是甲基,R2和R4是氢,R3是氢、丙基或二氟乙烯基,而X是-CONH2的式(B)的化合物,获得了最佳的结果。
一般来说,该方法包括把前面所述的式(A)的化合物催化氢化。优选地,使用一种基于铑(Rh)或钌(Ru)螯合物的手性催化剂,使式(A)的化合物发生不对称催化氢化。很多文献或书,例如“Asymmetric Synthesis”R.A.Aitken和S.N.Kilenyi(1992)-Blackie Academic & Professional或“Synthesis of Optically active-Amino Acids”Robert M.Willimas(1989)-Pergamon Press中描述了不对称氢化方法。
手性的螯合配体(一般为二膦)的Rh(I)-和Ru(II)-配合物已经在烯烃的不对称氢化中取得了巨大的成功。许多手性的二齿配体例如二亚膦酸酯(diphosphinites)、双(氨基膦)和氨基膦亚磷酸酯或手性的催化剂配合物已经在文献中有描述或者可以通过商业得到。手性催化剂也可以与一种抗衡离子和/或烯烃相连。
虽然已经积累了很多关于手性催化剂的催化活性和立体选择性的知识,然而针对每种单个的底物,对配体、手性催化剂和反应条件的选择依然要通过经验进行。一般来说,Rh(I)基体系最适用于制备氨基酸衍生物,而Ru(II)催化剂对更宽范围的烯烃底物的基团都能给出良好至优等的结果。可用于本发明的手性催化剂螯合剂有:DUPHOS、BPPM、BICP、BINAP、DIPAMP、SKEWPHOS、BPPFA、DIOP、NORPHOS、PROPHOS、PENNPHOS、GUPHOS、BPPMC、BPPFA。另外,从上述螯合剂制备的负载的或以其它方式固定化的催化剂也可以用于本发明中,以便除了改善催化剂的回收率和循环利用率外,还可以改善转化率或选择性。优选用于本发明的方法的手性催化剂螯合剂选自DUPHOS或甲基-、二乙基-、二异丙基-DUPHOS(1,2-双-(2,5-二甲基磷杂环戊基)苯,US5171892)、DIPAMP(膦,1,2-亚乙基双((2-甲氧基苯基)苯基),US4008281和US4142992)、BPPM(1-吡咯烷羧酸,4-(二苯基膦基)-2-((二苯基膦基)甲基)-1,1-二甲基乙基酯,JP87045238)和BINAP(膦,(1,1’-联萘)-2,2’-二基双(二苯基),EP0366390)。
这些螯合剂的结构如下所示:
Figure A0180550700181
优选用于本发明方法的溶剂选自四氢呋喃(THF)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、乙醇、甲醇、二氯甲烷(DCM)、异丙醇(IPA)、甲苯、乙酸乙酯(AcOEt)。
抗衡离子选自卤离子(卤素(-))、BPh4(-)、ClO4(-)、BF4(-)、PF6(-)、PCl6(-)、OAc(-)、三氟甲磺酸根(OTf(-))、甲磺酸根或对甲苯磺酸根。优选与这些手性催化剂一起使用的抗衡离子选自OTf(-)、BF4(-)或OAc(-)。
烯烃选自乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、苯、环己二烯、降冰片二烯或1,5-环辛二烯(COD)。
与一定量的抗衡离子一起,以1∶20-1∶20000的催化剂∶底物比例,在一定量的商业上可得到的溶剂中使用这些手性催化剂时,可以以优等的产率把式(A)的化合物转变为对映体过量(e.e.)的百分率很高的式(B)化合物的左旋或右旋对映体,并具有高纯度。而且,这种方法将使用标准的工厂和设备,并且具有成本优势。
由于这种不对称合成方法避免了把常规合成方法所得到的不要的对映体进行循环利用或扔掉,因而还将降低成本。
针对制备(S)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺或(R)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺的方法,已经得到了最佳的结果。其中,该方法包括使用一种手性催化剂,按照下列方案,使式A’化合物的Z异构体或E异构体发生不对称氢化:
Figure A0180550700191
以下具体引用其中R1是甲基,R2、R3和R4是氢的式(A)的四种化合物,并且,
对于以后被标记为前体A1的化合物,X是-COOH;
对于以后被标记为前体A2的化合物,X是-COOMe;
对于以后被标记为前体A2’的化合物,X是-COOEt;和
对于以后被标记为前体A3的化合物,X是-CONH2
本领域技术人员将会明白,根据取代类型的不同,不是所有通式(A)和(B)的化合物都能够形成盐,因此,“药学上可接受的盐”的参考意义只适用于具有这种能力的通式(A)或(B)的化合物。
提供下列实施例只是为了详细说明,其目的不是,也不应当被解释为对本发明的限定。本领域技术人员将会明白,本领域技术人员在不超出本发明的精神或保护范围的情况下,可以对下列实施例进行常规的改变和修正。实施例1
通过使α-丁酮酸和吡咯烷酮在回流的甲苯中反应,可以制备前体A1,粗产率为70%,参见方案7。Z∶E的意思是Z异构体与E异构体的数量之比。
                                方案(7)
粗产物在丙酮中重结晶,产率为70%。根据与具有相似结构的已知化合物的1H-NMR(核磁共振)光谱数据的相关性,把双键的几何构型确定为Z。实施例2
在THF中,从A1和重氮甲烷制备前体A2。在蒸馏期间观察到Z-E比例从80∶1变化到29∶1(参见方案8)。方案(8)
在方案9中,从前体A1的Z-异构体与乙醇、二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)和二甲基氨基吡啶(DMAP)反应制得了前体A2′的E-异构体。
Figure A0180550700211
前体A1的酯化也可以小规模地使用PCl5在THF中反应,然后使用甲醇进行反应,专一性地得到所要的甲基酯(E∶Z=5∶1),参见方案10。方案(10)实施例3
前体A2也可以通过使丁酮酸甲酯和吡咯烷酮在回流的甲苯中在一种催化量的POCl3存在下反应而制得,参见方案11。
Figure A0180550700221
方案(11)
丁酮酸的酯化可以使用甲醇按照文献的方法进行,或者使用重氮甲烷进行。然后发生缩合反应,以60%的产率得到前体A2。与通过前体A1的途径(方案8)相比,该方法能产生更高含量的E-异构体。这两种途径都能制备前体A2的其它酯衍生物。实施例4
前体A3的合成是通过使烯酰胺酸与PCl5反应得到酰氯,然后与氨气反应得到所要的烯酰胺A3而进行的。经证实,产物是Z-异构体。
通过溶于THF-MeOH并且过滤除去无机残留物,可以把粗产物烯酰胺A3从反应混合物中分离出来。蒸去溶剂后,得到一种黄色固体。粗产物通过干燥的快速色谱纯化,然后在异丙醇中重结晶,得到纯物质。该方法已经被成功地用于生产单批的A3(118g,54%,根据峰面积纯度>99%),如方案12中所示。
Figure A0180550700231
方案(12)
在前体的不对称氢化的大多数情况下,可以通过就地使[Rh(COD)2]+OTf-和相应的手性配体在选择的溶剂中反应来制备催化剂,然后加入底物。一些催化剂可以从商业上得到,并且不需要进一步纯化就可以使用。实施例5
使用一些铑基催化剂对前体A1和A2进行的不对称氢化结果概括在下列表1中。使用0.005摩尔%-5摩尔%的催化剂和100mg或200mg底物,在室温下进行这些反应24小时。改变反应条件例如氢气压力、溶剂种类、前体的用量以得到优化的条件。通过从反应混合物中蒸去溶剂把所有的产物分离出来,未进一步纯化,通过1H-NMR光谱进行分析。
已经证明,用于测定前体A1的氢化产物的e.e.%的HPLC(高效液相色谱)方法难以开发。因此,我们使用叠氮甲烷在THF溶液中把粗产物转变为它们的甲基酯。然后使用用于监测烯酰胺酯A2的氢化的手性HPLC方法对酯衍生物进行分析。对于HPLC方法,我们使用ChiracelOD 4.6×250mm柱和IPA/正己烷(95∶5)作为洗脱剂。
对于前体A2的氢化产物,通过下列手性HPLC方法得到了e.e.结果:Chiracel OD 4.6×250mm,IPA-己烷(5∶95v/v),205nm,1ml/分钟,在室温下(rt),样品1mg/ml,13分钟(S-对映体),16分钟(R-对映体)。最初以100mg的规模,使用5摩尔%的催化剂进行筛选。
对映体过量(e.e.)的%的结果是正的时,表示左旋的S-对映体,是负的时,表示右旋的R-对映体。
                                                   表1原料   用量   催化剂               抗衡离子   负载  溶剂H2压力  转化率e.e.
    mg                                    摩尔%  (atm)       %   %A1      100  (S,S)-Et-DUPHOS OTf(-) 5.0      EtOH      4         100  95A1      100  (S,S)-BPPM      OTf(-) 5.0      EtOH      1         68  -64A1      100  (R,R)-DIPAMP    BF4(-) 5.0      DCM       4         100  92A2(Z)   200  (S,S)-Et-DUPHOS OTf(-) 2.0      EtOH      4         100  98.8A2(Z)   200  (S,S)-Et-DUPHOS OTf(-) 0.5      EtOH      4         100  99.1A2(Z)   200  (S,S)-Me-DUPHOS OTf(-) 1.0      EtOH      5         100  98.9A2(Z)   300  (S,S)-Me-DUPHOS OTf(-) 2.0      IPA       5         100  97.9A2’(E) 200  (S,S)-Me-DUPHOS OTf(-) 0.5      EtOH      5         100  99.4A2’(E) 300  (S,S)-Me-DUPHOS OTf(-) 0.5      IPA       5         100  94.0A2(E)  4000  (S,S)-Me-DUPHOS BF4(-) 0.025    MeOH      5         100  97.4A2(Z)  4000  (S,S)-Me-DUPHOS BF4(-) 0.01     MeOH      5         99   99A2(Z)  4000  (S,S)-Me-DUPHOS BF4(-) 0.005    MeOH      5         25   97A2’(E) 300  (S,S)-BPPM      OTf(-) 0.5      MeOH      1         100 -99.3A2’(E) 300  (S,S)-BPPM      OTf(-) 0.5      EtOAc     1         100 -95.2A2(E)   300  (S,S)-BPPM      OTf(-) 0.5      甲苯      1         100 -96.2A2(Z)   200  (R,R)-DIPAMP    BF4(-) 2.0      EtOAc     5         100  94.5A2’(E) 200  (R,R)-DIPAMP    BF4(-) 0.5      EtOAc     5         92   96.5实施例6:前体A3的不对称氢化
使用与实施例5中相同的方法,对铑和钌催化剂进行了筛选,具有代表性的结果参见方案13和表2。
                                                 表2用量    催化剂          金属  抗衡离子   负载    溶剂     体积    H2  反应    反应    转化率    e.e.A3                                       摩尔%                 压力  时间    温度      %      %mg                                                              (atm)  小时100    (R)-BINAP         Ru    OAc(-)     2.5     EtOH      25    4.5   16     室温     100     -82.7500    (R)-BINAP         Ru    OAc(-)     1.0     EtOH/H2O 20    4     16     室温     100     -85
                                               5∶1500    (R,R)-DIPAMP     Rh    BF4(-)     0.5     DCM       20    4     18     室温     80-90    90500    (R,R)-DIPAMP     Rh    BF4(-)     1.0     DCM       20    4     18     室温     100      93500    (R,R)-DIPAMP     Rh    BF4(-)     2.5     DCM       20    4     70     室温     100      94.4500    (R,R)-DIPAMP     Rh    BF4(-)     2.5     EtOH      20    4     70     室温     100      93.8500    (R,R)-DIPAMP     Rh    BF4(-)     1.0     EtOH      20    4     16     室温     100      852000   (S,S)-BPPM       Rh    OTf(-)     0.5     EtOH      10    1     40     65-70℃  100      -7500    (S,S)-Et-DUPHOS  Rh    OTf(-)     0.5     DCM       40    4     16     室温     100      97500    (S,S)-Et-DUPHOS  Rh    OTf(-)     2.5     DCM       40    4     17     室温     100      97
如前面所述,就地制备或者购买铑催化剂,并且直接使用,不需要进一步纯化。按照已知的文献方法制备钌催化剂。大多数试验是以100mg至15g的规模,使用0.001摩尔%-5摩尔%的催化剂进行的。通过1H、13CNMR光谱和手性HPLC分析方法对粗产物进行分析。
Figure A0180550700261
                          方案(13)
*制备的相反的对映体。实施例7:使用Rh-(Et,Et)-DUPHOS对前体A3进行不对称氢化。
使用Rh-DUPHOS催化剂对前体A3进行的氢化结果如表3中所示。按照实施例5和6中同样的方式,使用4个大气压的氢气进行这些反应。
通常,在Rh-DUPHOS催化的α-酰基氨基丙烯酸衍生物的氢化中,对映体选择性几乎没有溶剂效应。然而,对于给定的底物,依然不可能预测溶剂将会对对映体的选择性和反应速率产生什么影响。已经观察到A3的氢化具有高度的溶剂依赖性。发现,非配位的非质子性溶剂DCM具有优势。在质子性的醇溶剂中氢化反应减慢,并且选择性降低。同样地,也观察到在极性的非质子性溶剂例如EtOAc和THF中转化率降低了,预计这两种溶剂都能与金属配位而抑制了催化作用。配位溶剂的抑制作用可能表明A3是一种差的配位底物,特别是比前体α-酰基氨基丙烯酸衍生物差。
尽管如此,还是在DCM中得到了优良的结果。可以看到,在这种溶剂中,以0.5-15g的规模一致得到了对映体的选择性为97-98%e.e.的结果。在EtOAc-DCM溶剂混合物和甲苯中得到了其它有前景的结果。
表3:使用[Rh-COD-(S,S)-Et DUPHOS]OTf进行的A3的氢化
用量  催化剂    溶剂         溶剂    反应    转化率    e.e.
 A3   摩尔%                 体积    时间      %       %
 mg                                 (小时)
 500   1.0    AcOEt/DCM       30      17       95       96
              5∶1
 500   1.0    DCM             20      17       100      97
 500   0.5    DCM             30      16       99       98
 500   0.5    DCM             40      16       100      97
 500   2.5    DCM             40      17       100      97
 10000 1.0    甲苯            30      65       93       92
 500   1.0    甲苯            30      16       95       95
A.前体A1的制备:(Z)-2-(2-氧代四氢-1H-1-吡咯基)-2-丁烯酸(前体A1)
在装有磁力搅拌磁子和迪安-斯达克分水器的1L烧瓶中,加入2-氧代丁酸(25g,245mmol)、甲苯(500ml,20体积)和2-吡咯烷酮(37.2ml,490mmol,2当量)。回流搅拌反应混合物5.5小时,同时通过迪安-斯达克分水器共沸蒸馏除去水。然后把溶液浓缩到大约90ml(3.6体积),缓慢冷却到室温。在55℃左右,浅白色的固体开始从溶液中析出。把固体过滤出来,用甲苯(2×1体积),然后用二氯甲烷(3×1体积)洗涤滤饼,在过滤器上在真空下干燥5分钟,得到粗产物(28g,产率:70%)。在回流下把粗产物溶于丙酮(450ml,16体积)中,缓慢冷却到室温,在-15至-20℃下结晶12小时,得到白色的结晶状固体的纯的产物(21g,总产率:51%)。
熔点(m.p.):165.5-166℃。
1HNMR(CDCl3):δ(化学位移)2.13(5H,双重峰(d)和多重峰),2.51(2H,三重峰(t)),3.61(2H,t),6.27(1H,四重峰(q)),8至10(1H,宽峰);E异构体的信号,δ1.85(3H,t),7.18(1H,q)。
13CNMR(MeOH-d4):δ14.7,19.6,32.1,51.4,130.8,137.7,166.6,177.9。
通过1HNMR测得的Z∶E比例为149∶1。
薄层色谱(TLC):SiO2,甲苯/乙酸/甲醇(4∶1∶0.5),UV和对甲氧基苯甲醛着色。
B.前体A2的制备:(Z)-2-(2-氧代四氢-1H-1-吡咯基)-2-丁烯酸甲酯(前体A2)
在20℃下,把前体A1(12g,71mmol)溶于THF(240ml,20体积)中,向反应混合物中逐批加入叠氮甲烷的乙醚溶液(200ml,大约78mmol,1.1当量),保持温度低于5℃。加入最后一批试剂时,反应混合物变为黄色,在低温下再搅拌该混合物30分钟,然后缓慢温热。通过滴加很稀的乙酸的THF溶液来破坏剩余的痕量的叠氮甲烷,直到黄色的溶液变为无色。在真空下浓缩反应混合物,蒸馏(93-94℃,0.01mmHg)粗产物,得到纯产物(9.44g,73%)的无色油状物,该产物在10℃以下固化。
1HNMR(CDCl3):δ2.0(3H,d),2.1(2H,m),2.43(2H,t),3.54(2H,t),3.76(3H,s),5.96(1H,q);E异构体信号,δ1.75(3H,d)和7.05(1H,q).
13CNMR(MeOH-d4):δ14.4,19.7,32,51,52.6,130.1,134.4,165.6,177.4。
通过1HNMR测得的Z∶E比例为29∶1。
C.2-氧代丁酸甲酯的制备
在减压下,使用库格尔若蒸馏器蒸馏(84℃,20mmHg)2-氧代丁酸(15g),得到14g纯化的产物。在几滴乙磺酸存在下,把蒸馏后的2-氧代丁酸(14g)溶于甲醇(无水的,20ml,1.4体积)和二氯乙烷(无水的,80ml,5.7体积)中,在回流和惰性气氛下搅拌反应混合物18小时。然后冷却下来,通过硫酸镁干燥,过滤,在真空下浓缩。通过蒸馏(沸点:76℃,20mmHg)纯化粗产物,得到无色油状的纯产物(7.53g,产率:48%)。
1HNMR(CDCl3):δ0.88(3H,t),2.66(2H,q),3.63(3H,s)参考Biochemistry,2670,1971。
D.(Z)-2-(2-氧代四氢-1H-1-吡咯基)-2-丁烯酸甲酯(前体A2)的制备
在装有磁力搅拌磁子和迪安-斯达克分水器的100ml烧瓶中,加入2-氧代丁酸甲酯(7.5g,73mmol)、甲苯(50ml,7体积)和2-吡咯烷酮(8.4ml,111mmol,1.5当量),然后滴加POCl3(1.6ml,20mmol,0.27当量)。回流搅拌反应混合物8小时,同时通过迪安-斯达克分水器共沸蒸馏除去水。冷却后,用10%的KHSO4(2×3体积)水溶液洗涤该溶液。用氯化钠把水相饱和,用甲苯(1×6体积)进行反萃取。合并后的有机相通过硫酸镁干燥,过滤,在真空下浓缩,得到橙色流动的油状的粗产物(7.5g)。蒸馏(92-94℃,0.1mmHg)粗的油状物,得到无色油状的纯产物(4.7g,60%)。
通过1HNMR测得的Z∶E比例为6∶1。
E.(E)-2-(2-氧代四氢-1H-1-吡咯基)-2-丁烯酸甲酯(前体A2)的制备
在氮气气氛下,在装有磁力搅拌磁子的干燥的100ml烧瓶中,加入Z-A1(2g,11.8mmol)、乙醇(2.2ml,37.3mmol)、四氢呋喃(THF,40ml,20体积)和二甲基氨基吡啶(DMAP,150mg,1.23mmol)。把反应混合物冷却到0℃,然后加入二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC,2.46g,11.9mmol),然后温热到室温。剧烈搅拌反应混合物21小时,然后加入己烷(40ml),沉淀出一种固体。滤去沉淀,在真空下浓缩滤液,得到3.03g无色的液体油状物。用二氯甲烷(DCM,40ml,然后2×20ml)洗涤40ml水中的油状物,使用硫酸钠干燥溶剂,在真空下浓缩,得到2g E-A2乙酯(100%的产率)。
E.前体A3的制备:(Z)-2-(2-氧代四氢-1H-1-吡咯基)-2-丁烯酰胺(前体A3)
给20L的带法兰的烧瓶安装好搅拌设备,在惰性气氛下加入A1(222g,1.313mol,1重量)和无水的THF(7.0L,30体积)。把反应混合物冷却到5℃以下,分批加入PCl5(300g,1.44mol,1.1当量),同时保持反应温度低于10℃。在-5℃至0℃下搅拌反应混合物1小时,然后温热到15℃以便把剩余的PCl5溶剂,然后重新冷却到0℃以下。安装上填充了干冰/丙酮的冷凝器,缓慢地向溶液中鼓入氨气(大约200g),保持温度低于15℃,再搅拌悬浮液15分钟,通过鼓入几分钟氮气来除去过量的氨。加入甲醇(3.7L,17体积),回流反应混合物1.5小时,然后冷却到30℃以下,过滤,用THF/甲醇(2∶1,600ml,大约3体积)洗涤。蒸发滤液,得到一种黄色固体。把该产物溶于甲醇(640ml,大约3体积)和乙酸乙酯(440ml,2体积)中,使用干燥的快速色谱(SiO2,11重量,3.4kg)纯化,用乙酸乙酯/甲醇(6∶1)洗脱,得到粗产物(288g)。粗产物在异丙醇(1.9L.大约8.5体积)中重结晶,得到白色结晶(127g)。在干燥的真空炉中在室温下干燥该固体2天,得到A3(118g,54%)。
1HNMR(CDCl3+几滴MeOD):δ6.75(1H,q),3.5(2H,t),2.5(2H,t),2.15(2H,m),1.7(3H,d),痕量的杂质。
元素分析(%m/m):C56.90(理论值为57.13%);H7.19(理论值为7.19%);N16.32(理论值为16.66%)。
再次在异丙醇(1L,9.3体积)中对A3(108g)进行重结晶,得到最后一批产物(100g,93%),用于氢化研究中。
熔点:172.0-174.2℃。
元素分析(%m/m):C56.95(理论值为57.13%);H7.10(理论值为7.19%);N16.38(理论值为16.66%)。
TLC:SiO2,甲苯/乙酸/甲醇(4∶1∶0.5),UV和对甲氧基苯甲醛着色。
G.手性铑和钌催化剂的制备:[Rh(I)L*COD]+OTf-(0.15M的溶液)
在空气中迅速地把[Rh(I)COD2]+OTf-(35mg,0.075mmol)和一种手性配体(L*,0.083mmol,1.1当量)称重,加入一个烧瓶中,用一个橡胶塞把烧瓶密封,用氩气冲洗。通过橡胶塞加入无水的、脱气的溶剂(5ml,143体积),把反应混合物脱气(3x真空/氩气),搅拌30分钟,直到所有的固体都已经溶解。
H.Rh(I)(MeOH)2[(R)-Binap]的制备
在氩气气氛下,向装有磁力搅拌磁子的干燥的200ml的Schlenk管中加入[Rh(I)(nbd)2] ClO4(251mg,0.649mmol)和(R)-Binap(405mg,0.65mmol)。通过一个注射器加入二氯甲烷(脱气的,5ml,20体积),把反应混合物脱气(3x真空/氩气)。缓慢加入四氢呋喃(无水的、脱气的,10ml,40体积),然后加入己烷(无水的、脱气的,20ml,80体积)。把所得的悬浮液放在0-5℃下保温16小时,在氩气下倾去溶剂,加入甲醇(无水、脱气的,5ml,20体积)。用氢气冲洗Schlenk管(5x真空/氢气),在室温下搅拌1.5小时。通过注射器把澄清的桔红色溶液转移到另一个Schlenk管(用氩气冲洗过的)中。把催化剂溶液置于氩气气氛和0-5℃下储存,直接用于氢化(Tetrahedron,1245,1984)。
I.[RuCl(R)-Binap(C6H6)]+Cl-的制备
在氩气气氛下,向装有磁力搅拌磁子的干燥的200ml的Schlenk管中加入[RuCl2(C6H6)]2(0.33g,0.66mmol)和(R)-Binap(0.815g,1.3mmol)。加入经过脱气的无水的苯(20ml,60体积)和乙醇(130ml,330体积),把溶液脱气(3x真空/氩气)。把红棕色的悬浮液加热到50-55℃维持45分钟,得到一种澄清的棕色溶液。在氩气气氛下,通过Celite过滤垫把溶液过滤到另一个Schlenk管中。在真空下蒸去溶剂,得到一种桔黄色固体的催化剂(1.08g,86%),把该催化剂置于氩气气氛和0-5℃下储存(J.Org.Chem.,3064,1994)。
J.[RuCl(R)-Binap(C6H6)]+BF4 -的制备
在氩气气氛下,向装有磁力搅拌磁子的干燥的100ml的Schlenk管中加入[RuCl(R)-Binap)(C6H6)]+Cl-(0.45g,0.52mmol)和经过脱气的无水的二氯甲烷(20ml,44体积),把所得的溶液脱气(3x真空/氩气),通过一个注射器转移到含有经过脱气的AgBF4(0.15g,0.77mmol,1.5当量)的二氯甲烷(10ml,22体积)的悬浮液的另一个Schlenk管中,剧烈搅拌混合物0.5小时,然后在氩气气氛下,通过Celite过滤垫过滤。在真空下浓缩滤液,得到一种绿色固体的催化剂(0.42g,88%),把该催化剂置于0-5℃下储存(J.Org.Chem.,3064,1994)。
K.Ru(OCOCH3)2[(R)-Binap]的制备
在氩气气氛下,向装有磁力搅拌磁子的干燥的200ml的Schlenk管中加入[RuCl2(C6H6)]2(0.805g,1.60mmol)和(R)-Binap(1.89g,3.03mmol,0.95当量)。加入经过脱气的无水的二甲基甲酰胺(30ml,38体积),把溶液脱气(3x真空/氩气)。把反应混合物加热到100℃维持10分钟,得到一种暗红色的溶液,然后冷却到室温。向反应器中加入经过脱气的乙酸钠(5.2g,63.4mmol,20当量)的甲醇(50ml,60体积)溶液,搅拌5分钟。加入经过脱气的水(50ml,60体积)和甲苯(25ml,30体积),剧烈搅拌反应混合物5分钟。通过一个注射器把甲苯层转移到另一个干燥的Schlenk管(用氩气冲洗过的)中,用甲苯(2×25ml)萃取水相。用水(4×10ml)洗涤合并后的甲苯溶液,在45℃和真空下浓缩溶液,并且在真空下(0.1mmHg)干燥12小时。在没有搅拌的情况下,把棕黄色的固体溶于甲苯(25ml)中,缓慢加入己烷(75ml),在顶部形成第二层。在室温下静置两相的混合物7小时,然后在0-5℃下静置3天。催化剂结晶出来。在氩气气氛下,通过一个注射器除去溶剂,用己烷(20ml)洗涤固体,在真空下干燥2小时,得到一种棕黄色固体的催化剂(1.76g,70%),把该催化剂置于氩气气氛和0-5℃下储存(J.Org.Chem.,4053,1992)。
L.前体A1、A2、A3的不对称氢化
以相同的程序对每种前体进行不对称氢化。因此,下面只对A3的不对称氢化进行描述。
前体A3的不对称氢化
在氢气的大气压下进行氢化
向装有磁力搅拌磁子的干燥的100ml的Schlenk管中加入底物(500mg,3mmol),用氩气冲洗。通过一个注射器加入脱气的溶剂,然后加入催化剂溶液(0.5-2.5摩尔%),把反应混合物脱气(3x真空/氩气),然后使用氢气球用氢气冲洗(5x真空/氢气)。在室温下搅拌反应混合物16-65小时。用氮气置换氢气气氛,在真空下蒸去溶剂,得到一种粗产物,通过NMR光谱和手性HPLC分析方法对粗产物进行分析。
在4个大气压下进行氢化
所有的操作都在AtmosBagTM(Aldrich Chemical Co.)中在氩气气氛下进行。把底物(500-10000mg)加入装有聚四氟乙烯烧杯(或玻璃皿)和带有聚四氟乙烯涂层的磁力搅拌磁子的不锈钢高压容器(Vinci TechnologiesLtd,France)中,加入经过脱气的溶剂和催化剂或催化剂溶液(0.25-2.5%摩尔)。把容器密封,通过用氢气把容器加压到4.5-5.5大气压,然后卸压(5次)来冲洗容器。最后把压力调节到所要的水平,在室温下搅拌反应混合物16-65小时。反应完成后,用氮气置换氢气气氛,在真空下蒸去溶剂,得到一种粗产物,通过NMR光谱分析和手性HPLC分析对粗产物进行分析。
最终产物的纯化:(S)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺(Levetiracetam)的纯化
把通过上述的不对称氢化得到的Levetiracetam(5g,98%e.e.)溶于水(20ml,4体积)中,用乙酸乙酯(3×10ml,3×2体积)萃取。然后用水(10ml,2体积)对有机相进行反萃取,蒸发水相,得到一种淡黄色固体(4.83g,80%)。把这种固体(4g)溶于丙酮(24ml,6体积)中,加热回流1小时。使溶液以5-10℃/小时的速率缓慢冷却到0℃,把结晶过滤出来,用丙酮(1.6ml,0.4体积)洗涤,干燥,得到一种白色固体(3.23g,81%,>99.8%e.e.,54ppm的Rh)。
(S)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺(Levetiracetam)的纯化:
按照上述方法,在丙酮(30ml,6体积)中,对通过上述的不对称氢化得到的Levetiracetam(5g,98%e.e.)进行重结晶,,得到一种白色的结晶状固体(3.94g,81%,>99.8%e.e.,52ppm的Rh)。按照上述方法,对该产物(3g)进行再一次的重结晶,得到一种白色的结晶状固体(2.31g,77%,>99.8%e.e.,23ppm的Rh)。
熔点:118.4-119.9℃

Claims (13)

1.通式(A)的化合物和其药学上可接受的盐:其中:
X是-CONR5R6或-COOR7或-CO-R8或CN;
R1是氢或烷基、芳基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、卤素、羟基、氨基、硝基、氰基;
R2、R3和R4相同或不同,各自独立地为氢或卤素、羟基、氨基、硝基、氰基、酰基、酰基氧基、磺酰基、亚磺酰基、烷基氨基、羧基、酯、醚、酰胺基、磺酸、氨磺酰、烷基磺酰基、芳基磺酰基、烷氧基羰基、烷基亚磺酰基、芳基亚磺酰基、烷硫基、芳硫基、烷基、烷氧基、氧基酯、氧基酰胺基、芳基、芳基氨基、芳氧基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、乙烯基;R5、R6、R7相同或不同,各自独立地为氢、羟基、烷基、芳基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、烷氧基、芳氧基;和
R8是氢、羟基、硫羟基、卤素、烷基、芳基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、烷硫基、芳硫基。
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中R1是甲基,R2和R4是H,R3是H、R3是氢、烷基或卤代烯基,而X是-CONH2或-COOMe或-COOEt或-COOH。
3.权利要求2的化合物,其中R3是氢、丙基或二氟乙烯基。
4.权利要求1-3的任一项的化合物,其是Z-异构体或E-异构体。
5.一种制备权利要求1的通式(A)的化合物的方法,其中该方法包括使通式(C)的一种α-酮羧酸衍生物与通式(D)的一种吡咯烷酮按照下列方案(1)反应:
Figure A0180550700031
方案(1)
6.一种制备权利要求1的其中X是-COOR7的通式(A)的化合物的方法,其中该方法包括使通式(C’)的一种α-酮羧酸衍生物与通式(D)的一种吡咯烷酮按照下列方案(2)反应:方案(2)
7.一种制备权利要求1的其中X是-CONH2或-CONR5R6的通式(A)的化合物的方法,其中该方法包括按照下列方案3或4,把一种酸转变为酰氯,然后进行氨解或者与通式为HNR5R6的伯胺或仲胺反应,所述酸是其中X为CO2H的式(A)化合物:
Figure A0180550700033
方案(3)方案(4)
8.权利要求1的通式(A)的化合物作为合成中间体的用途。
9.权利要求8的用途,其中通过催化氢化制备一种通式(B)的化合物:
Figure A0180550700042
其中R1、R2、R3、R4和X如权利要求1中所述。
10.一种制备权利要求8中详细描述并且定义的通式(B)的化合物的方法,其包括使相应的权利要求1中所述的一种通式(A)的化合物按照下列方案(6)反应:方案(6)
11.权利要求9的方法,其包括催化氢化。
12.权利要求9的方法,其中使用一种手性催化剂对通式(A)的化合物进行不对称氢化。
13.一种制备(S)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺或(R)-α-乙基-2-氧代-1-吡咯烷乙酰胺的方法,其包括使用一种手性催化剂,按照下列方案,对以Z-异构体或E-异构体形式存在的通式A’的一种化合物进行不对称氢化:
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