CN109309214A - 碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的制备方法 - Google Patents

碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的制备方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109309214A
CN109309214A CN201810842457.5A CN201810842457A CN109309214A CN 109309214 A CN109309214 A CN 109309214A CN 201810842457 A CN201810842457 A CN 201810842457A CN 109309214 A CN109309214 A CN 109309214A
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Prior art keywords
acid
constant temperature
carbon
presoma
pyridinedicarboxylic
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CN201810842457.5A
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CN109309214B (zh
Inventor
吴耿煌
荣峻峰
达志坚
宗明生
于鹏
谢婧新
林伟国
纪洪波
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Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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Abstract

提供一种制备碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的方法，包括如下步骤：S1，将含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸的一种或多种，与Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种，混在水中加热搅拌，形成前驱体；S2，将所述前驱体在惰性保护气氛下或还原气氛下高温热解。本发明高温热解的前驱体直接由含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸的一种或多种与Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种反应产生，前驱体Ni的原子利用率可达100％。制备过程无需使用二氰二胺、三聚氰胺等易升华或分解，且易生成碳纳米管状物的配体；且克服了现有技术需要使用高温高压反应釜自组装，大量浪费有机溶剂、提纯步骤繁琐等缺点。

Description

碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于碳包覆金属复合材料制备领域，具体涉及一种氮掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的制备方法。
背景技术
纳米材料具有区别于常规尺寸材料的一些特殊的物理化学特性，包括表面效应、介电限域、量子尺寸、小尺寸效应以及宏观量子隧道效应等。其中金属纳米颗粒由于具有优异的光学、电学、磁学性能而受到广泛关注。但金属纳米颗粒活性高，容易发生团聚或被氧化甚至在空气中燃烧，大大影响了这类材料的性能及其应用。纳米碳材料具有耐酸碱腐蚀、化学性质稳定等优点。此外，带有缺陷及杂原子的纳米碳材料还在特性反应中表现出了优异的催化性能。近年来的研究表明利用单层或多层石墨包覆金属纳米颗粒可以有效的将两种材料的优点结合在一起并呈现出新的特性，引起了研究者的广泛关注。
目前，碳包覆金属纳米粒子的方法主要有电弧法、化学气相沉积法(CVD)以及高温热解法等。其中电弧法所使用设备复杂，操作性差，能耗高，难以实现大规模制备。相比于电弧法，CVD法成本较低，产量及产率较高，但需预先制备金属纳米或其化合物颗粒。通常这类沉积前体存在粒径不均一，难以有效分散，制备复杂等缺点，从而影响了最终产物的性能。与CVD法相似，热解法的产物的结构与性能受前驱体材料影响较大。但热解法具有工艺简单、成本低、收率高、金属含量可控等优点，是目前最具大规模制备前景的方法之一。
热解法主要可分为两大类，第一类方法直接将碳源(通常为二氰二胺、三聚氰胺等)、金属源混合后置于惰性或还原气氛下进行高温热解。由于二氰二胺、三聚氰胺等碳源在高温下易分解，且与金属颗粒直接混合相互作用较弱，导致配体利用率低，碳化产率低。此外，氰胺类物质为碳、氮源容易生成碳纳米管包覆材料，导致产品不纯。另一类方法则先将金属离子与有机配体在特性反应下通过自助装连接形成金属-有机骨架(MOF)化合物作为前驱体。通常制备这种前驱体需要使用有机溶剂，且需要在反应釜中进行高温、高压反应。与氰胺类的热解法不同，由于MOF中的金属形成了原子级别的均匀分散，因此被认为是一种更理想的热解前驱体，成为了该领域近年来的研究热点。如Deng(DOI：10.1002/anie.201409524，Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2015,54(7):2100-2104.)等以Co(NO3)2、Ni(NO3)2为金属源，乙二胺四乙酸四钠为碳源，在高温高压条件下制备了自组装前驱体并在Ar气氛下高温热解制备氮、氧掺杂碳包覆钴镍合金纳米颗粒。An(DOI:10.1039/c6ta02339h，Mesoporous Ni@C hybrids for a high energy aqueousasymmetric supercapacitor device，Electronic Supplementary Material(ESI)forJournal of Materials Chemistry A)等以亚氨基二乙酸为碳源，Ni(NO3)2为金属源，同样在高温高压条件下制备了自助装前驱体并进一步在Ar气氛下高温热解制备了碳包覆镍纳米颗粒。综上所述，目前碳包覆镍核壳结构纳米材料的制备仍存在着制备效率低，步骤繁琐等问题。如何高效的制备碳包覆镍核壳结构纳米颗粒，对于促进碳包覆镍核壳结构纳米材料的应用具有重要意义。
发明内容
为了克服上述缺陷，本发明提供一种碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的制备方法。
本发明提供的制备碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的方法，包括如下步骤：S1，将含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸的一种或多种，与Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种，混在水中加热搅拌，然后除去水分形成前驱体；S2，将所述前驱体在惰性保护气氛下或还原气氛下高温热解。
根据本发明的一实施方式，其中所述含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸是2-吡啶甲酸、3-吡啶甲酸、4-吡啶甲酸、2,3-吡啶二羧酸、2,4-吡啶二羧酸、2,5-吡啶二羧酸、2,6-吡啶二羧酸、3,4-吡啶二羧酸和3,5-吡啶二羧酸中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的另一实施方式，其中所述Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3、碱式碳酸镍中的Ni与所述含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸中的羧酸根摩尔比为1:2～20。
根据本发明的另一实施方式，其中加热搅拌温度为50～150℃。
根据本发明的另一实施方式，其中在所述S2步骤中，所述惰性气氛为氮气或氩气，所述高温热解以0.5-30℃/min速率升温至恒温段，在恒温段保持恒温时间为20-600min，所述恒温段温度为400～800℃；优选，所述升温速率为1～10℃/min，在恒温段保持恒温时间为420～800℃，所述恒温段温度为20～480min。
根据本发明的另一实施方式，其中还包括：S3，将所述S2步骤得到的产物在酸性溶液中纯化，除去包覆不完整的Ni内核。
根据本发明的另一实施方式，其中所述S3步骤中所述酸性溶液为盐酸、硫酸、氢氟酸的水溶液中的一种或多种，浓度为0.1～3mol/L。
本发明高温热解的前驱体直接由含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸的一种或多种与Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种反应产生，前驱体Ni的原子利用率可达100％。制备过程无需使用传统方法常用的二氰二胺、三聚氰胺等易升华或分解，且易生成碳纳米管状物的配体；且克服了现有技术制备金属有机骨架结构前驱体需要使用高温高压反应釜自组装，大量浪费有机溶剂、提纯步骤繁琐等缺点。并且，含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸作为纳米材料碳源、氮源，同时在高温条件下碳化起到碳还原剂的作用，因此制备过程中无需再通入氢气等可燃性还原气体，或者CH4、C2H4等可燃性气体。通过本发明方法制备碳包覆镍纳米复合材料具有工艺简单、绿色环保、易于大批量制备等优点。
附图说明
附图是用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，并且构成说明书的一部分，与下面的具体实施方式一起应用于解释本发明，但并不构成对本发明的限制。在附图中：
图1是实施例1所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图2是实施例1所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM照片。
图3是实施例2所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图4是实施例3所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图5是实施例4所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图6是实施例4所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM照片。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图通过具体的实施例对本发明作出进一步的详细描述，应当理解的是，此处所描述的具体实施方式仅用于说明和解释本发明，但不以任何方式限制本发明。
本发明中术语“核壳结构”是指内核为镍纳米颗粒，壳层为氮掺杂的石墨化碳层。所述的“石墨化碳层”是指在高分辨透射电镜下可明显观察到“层状的”碳结构，而非无定型结构，且层间距约为0.34nm。
本发明的制备碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的方法，包括如下步骤：S1，将含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸的一种或多种，与Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种，混在水中加热搅拌，然后除去水分形成前驱体；S2，将前驱体在惰性保护气氛下或还原气氛下高温热解。
其中，含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸是2-吡啶甲酸、3-吡啶甲酸、4-吡啶甲酸、2,3-吡啶二羧酸、2,4-吡啶二羧酸、2,5-吡啶二羧酸、2,6-吡啶二羧酸、3,4-吡啶二羧酸和3,5-吡啶二羧酸中的一种或多种。
其中，Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3、碱式碳酸镍中的Ni与含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸中的羧酸根摩尔比为1:2～20。加热搅拌温度为50～150℃。
在S2步骤中，惰性气氛为氮气或氩气，高温热解以0.5-30℃/min速率升温至恒温段，在恒温段保持恒温时间为20-600min，恒温段温度为400～800℃；优选，升温速率为1～10℃/min，在恒温段保持恒温时间为420～800℃，恒温段温度为20～480min。
本发明的方法还可以包括：S3，将S2步骤得到的产物在酸性溶液中纯化，除去包覆不完整的Ni内核。
在S3步骤中，酸性溶液为非氧化性酸的水溶液，例如盐酸、硫酸和氢氟酸的水溶液中的一种或多种，浓度为0.1～3mol/L。
碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的制备
实施例1
称取10mmol Ni(OH)2、15mmol 2,5-吡啶二羧酸加入150mL去离子水中，在90℃下搅拌3h，并继续加热蒸干，将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内，然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区，通入氮气，流量100mL/min，并以5℃/min的速率升温至500℃，恒温2h后停止加热，在氮气气氛下冷却至室温，得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例2
称取3mmol四水合碱式碳酸镍、10mmol 2-吡啶甲酸，8mmol 2，6-吡啶二羧酸加入150mL去离子水中，在110℃油浴下搅拌4h并继续加热蒸干水分，将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将步骤前驱体置于瓷舟内，然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区，通入氮气，流量100mL/min，并以2℃/min的速率升温至600℃，恒温3h后停止加热，在氮气气氛下冷却至室温，得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例3
称取5mmol氢氧化镍、5mmol碱式碳酸镍、10mmol 2,3-吡啶二羧酸加入150mL去离子水中，在120℃油浴下搅拌2h并继续加热蒸干水分，将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将步骤前驱体置于瓷舟内，然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区，通入氮气，流量100mL/min，并以2.5℃/min的速率升温至700℃，恒温2h后停止加热，在氮气气氛下冷却至室温，得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例4
称取10mmol Ni(OH)2、10mmol 2,5-吡啶二羧酸加入150mL去离子水中，在125℃下搅拌3h，并继续加热蒸干，将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内，然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区，通入氮气，流量100mL/min，并以2.5℃/min的速率升温至720℃，恒温2h后停止加热，在氮气气氛下冷却至室温，得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
将得到的复合材料加入60mL 1mol/L H2SO4溶液中，在90℃下搅拌并回流4h后将溶液进行抽滤，并用去离子水洗至中性后将粉末置于100℃烘箱干燥2h，得到纯化的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
性能表征
通过XRD获得材料的成分、材料内部原子或分子的结构或形态等信息。所采用XRD衍射仪的型号为XRD-6000型X射线粉末衍射仪(日本岛津)，XRD测试条件为：Cu靶，Kα射线(波长λ＝0.154nm)，管电压为40kV，管电流为200mA，扫描速度为10°(2θ)/min。
通过高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)表征材料的表面形貌。所采用高分辨透射电镜的型号为JEM-2100(日本电子株式会社)，高分辨透射电镜测试条件为：加速电压为200kV。样品中纳米颗粒的粒径通过电镜图片测量得到。
图1是实施例1所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。从XRD谱图中可以看出单质Ni的衍射峰以及较弱的石墨碳的衍射峰。图2是实施例1所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM照片。可以明显看出Ni纳米颗粒外层包覆着石墨化碳层，并且Ni纳米颗粒尺寸较小。
图3是实施例2所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。从XRD谱图中可以看出单质Ni的衍射峰。表明所制备的复合材料中Ni为单质镍。
图4是实施例3所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。从XRD谱图中可以看出单质Ni的衍射峰。表明所制备的复合材料中Ni为单质镍。
图5是实施例4所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。从XRD谱图中可以看出单质Ni的衍射峰以及石墨碳的衍射峰。图6是实施例4所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM照片。可以明显看出Ni纳米颗粒外层包覆着石墨化碳层。
本发明高温热解的前驱体直接由含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸的一种或多种与Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3、碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种反应产生，前驱体Ni的原子利用率可达100％。制备过程无需使用传统方法常用的二氰二胺、三聚氰胺等易升华或分解，且易生成碳纳米管状物的配体；且克服了现有技术制备金属有机骨架结构前驱体需要使用高温高压反应釜自组装，大量浪费有机溶剂、提纯步骤繁琐等缺点。并且，含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸作为纳米材料碳源、氮源，同时在高温条件下碳化起到碳还原剂的作用，因此制备过程中无需再通入氢气等可燃性还原气体，或者CH4、C2H4等可燃性气体。通过本发明方法制备碳包覆镍纳米复合材料具有工艺简单、绿色环保、易于大批量制备等优点。
当然，本发明还可有其它多种实施例，在不背离本发明精神及其实质的情况下，熟悉本领域的技术人员当可根据本发明作出各种相应的改变和变形，但这些相应的改变和变形都应属于本发明所附的权利要求的保护范围。

Claims (8)

1.一种制备碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的方法，包括如下步骤：
S1，将含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸的一种或多种，与Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种，混在水中加热搅拌，然后除去水分形成前驱体；
S2，将所述前驱体在惰性保护气氛下或还原气氛下高温热解。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸是2-吡啶甲酸、3-吡啶甲酸、4-吡啶甲酸、2,3-吡啶二羧酸、2,4-吡啶二羧酸、2,5-吡啶二羧酸、2,6-吡啶二羧酸、3,4-吡啶二羧酸和3,5-吡啶二羧酸中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3、碱式碳酸镍中的Ni与所述含吡啶羧酸或吡啶二羧酸结构的羧酸中的羧酸根摩尔比为1:2～20。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中加热搅拌温度为50～150℃。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中在所述S2步骤中，所述惰性气氛为氮气或氩气，所述高温热解以0.5-30℃/min速率升温至恒温段，在恒温段保持恒温时间为20-600min，所述恒温段温度为400-800℃。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中在所述S2步骤中，所述惰性气氛为氮气或氩气，所述高温热解以1～10℃/min速率升温至恒温段，在恒温段保持恒温时间为420～800℃，所述恒温段温度为20～480min。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中还包括：
S3，将所述S2步骤得到的产物在酸性溶液中纯化，除去包覆不完整的Ni内核。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中纯化步骤所述酸性溶液为盐酸、硫酸和氢氟酸的水溶液中的一种或多种，浓度为0.1～3mol/L。
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