CN109304201B - 碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109304201B CN109304201B CN201810841686.5A CN201810841686A CN109304201B CN 109304201 B CN109304201 B CN 109304201B CN 201810841686 A CN201810841686 A CN 201810841686A CN 109304201 B CN109304201 B CN 109304201B
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Abstract
提供一种制备碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:S1,将包含过渡金属盐、多元有机羧酸和含氮化合物的混合物与溶剂混合,形成均相溶液;S2,除去所述均相溶液中溶剂,从而形成前驱体;及S3,在惰性保护气氛或还原气氛下,将所述前驱体高温热解。还提供由该方法制备的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料及该材料的应用。本发明提供的方法更加简单高效,高温热解前驱体直接由过渡金属盐与多元有机羧酸在溶剂中均匀混合而得,前驱体过渡金属的原子利用率可达100%,克服了现有技术制备金属有机骨架结构前驱体需要使用高温高压反应釜自组装、大量浪费有机溶剂、提纯步骤繁琐等缺点。本发明的复合材料中,过渡金属纳米粒子被石墨化碳层包覆的严密程度更高,能在更苛刻的条件下使用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于碳包覆金属复合材料制备与应用领域,具体涉及一种氮掺杂碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
近年来,碳包覆纳米金属复合材料成为了人们关注的热点。这类材料由单层至数层弯曲石墨化碳层为壳紧密包裹内核的金属纳米粒子,将纳米粒子与外界进行隔绝,大大提高了复合材料的稳定性。因此,这种独特的纳米复合材料在催化材料、吸波材料、信息存储材料、磁光材料、生物医学材料,以及润滑油添加剂等领域有着广阔的应用前景。
目前,碳包覆纳米金属粒子的方法主要有电弧法、化学气相沉积法(CVD)以及高温热解法、溶胶凝胶法等。其中电弧法所使用设备复杂,操作性差,能耗高,不利于材料的大规模制备。相比于电弧法,CVD法成本较低,产量及产率较高,但其难点在于需先制备尺寸均一、分散良好的纳米金属或其化合物颗粒,并且后期产物中常常伴有碳纳米管和无定形碳的颗粒生成。与CVD法相似,热解法的产物的结构与性能受前驱体材料影响较大,但热解法具有工艺简单、成本低、收率高、金属含量可控等优点,是目前具有大规模制备前景的方法之一。
热解法主要可分为两大类,第一类方法直接将含氮原子的碳源(通常为二氰二胺、三聚氰胺以及高温下易生成三聚氰胺的尿素等)、金属源混合后置于惰性或还原气氛下进行高温热解。该方法的石墨化效率低、氰胺类配体使用量大,包覆效果不理想。此外,该方法还容易促进生成碳纳米管。另一类方法则先将金属离子与有机配体在特性反应下通过自组装连接形成金属-有机骨架(MOF)化合物作为前驱体。与氰胺类的热解法不同,由于MOF中的金属形成了原子级别的均匀分散,因此被认为是一种更理想的热解前驱体,成为了该领域近年来的研究热点。通常制备这种前驱体需要使用有机溶剂,且需要在反应釜中进行高温、高压反应。如CN105965009A公开一种以天冬氨酸、4,4’-联吡啶为配体,甲醇、水为溶剂,在高温高压条件下与Ni2+配位制备前驱体并在惰性气氛下高温热解制备了碳包覆镍纳米颗粒的方法。An(DOI:10.1039/c6ta02339h,Mesoporous Ni@C hybrids for a high energyaqueous asymmetric supercapacitor device,Electronic Supplementary Material(ESI)for Journal of Materials Chemistry A)等以亚氨基二乙酸为碳源,Ni(NO3)2为金属源,同样在高温高压条件下制备了自组装前驱体并进一步在Ar气氛下高温热解制备了碳包覆镍纳米颗粒。但是,这些方法需要消耗大量的碳源有机化合物,效率较低,且制备的碳包覆材料其碳层对内核金属的包覆不良,在酸洗下有较高的金属损失率,从而导致这些材料的使用时不稳定。
溶胶凝胶法是将某些弱酸与某些阳离子形成鳌合物,再通过鳌合物与多羟基醇聚合形成固体聚合物树脂,然后将树脂锻烧而制备粉体。由于金属离子与有机酸发生化学反应而均匀地分散在聚合物树脂中,故能保证原子水平的混合。而且树脂的燃烧温度较低,可在较低温度下锻烧得氧化物粉体。中国专利申请CN105032424A公开了一种pechini型溶胶凝胶法,先将活性金属的前体分散于含配位化合物的水中,加入多元醇水溶液和高分子助剂,再添加载体,搅拌分散,水热反应,分出下层固体,惰性气氛下煅烧,得碳包覆活性金属的催化剂。该方法需要采用高分子助剂,工艺繁琐。
介孔材料一般具有大的比表面积和比较规则的孔道结构,使其能够在大分子的分离、吸附、催化反应中发挥更好的作用,并且可能成为限域催化的微反应器。由于水热稳定性高、疏水性强、亲有机物等特点,使介孔碳材料在加氢、氧化、分解等反应中表现出独特的优势。如能在上述碳包覆过渡金属材料中制造出介孔结构,则可明显改善其传质效率,提高其使用性能,拓展其应用范围。目前,介孔碳材料的制备方法主要是催化活化法、有机凝胶碳化法和模板法,但这些方法的制备过程仍过于复杂。
现有技术的方法具有各自的缺点。为此,若能开发出一种工艺更为简单、成本更为低廉的方法,碳源前驱体消耗少,效率高,尤其是碳层对内核金属的包覆较好,酸洗损失率低的纳米碳包覆材料,并且实现纯水相、常压制备有机金属前驱体进而通过高温热解制备具有丰富孔结构,尤其是具有丰富介孔结构的碳包覆金属材料具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种简易、绿色、高效制备碳包覆镍复合材料的制备方法,可以在纯水相,常压通过简单混合即得相关纳米复合材料的前驱体。
本发明一方面提供一种制备碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:S1,将包含过渡金属盐、多元有机羧酸和含氮化合物的混合物与溶剂混合,形成均相溶液;S2,除去所述均相溶液中溶剂,从而形成前驱体;及S3,在惰性保护气氛或还原气氛下,将所述前驱体高温热解。
根据本发明的一实施方式,所述过渡金属为选自铁、钴、镍、铜中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,所述过渡金属盐为该过渡金属的有机酸盐、碳酸盐、碱式碳酸盐中的一种或多种;优选该过渡金属的有机酸盐为该过渡金属的不含杂原子的有机羧酸盐,例如醋酸盐。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,所述多元有机羧酸为选自柠檬酸、顺丁烯二酸、均苯三甲酸、对苯二甲酸、苹果酸、EDTA、吡啶二羧酸中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,所述含氮化合物为选自尿素、三聚氰胺、二氰二胺、六亚甲基四胺、氨基酸中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,所述过渡金属盐、所述多元有机羧酸、所述含氮化合物的质量比为1:0.1-100:0.1-100,优选为1:0.5-5:0.5-5。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,所述溶剂为选自水和乙醇中的一种或多种,优选为水。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,在所述步骤S3中,所述惰性保护气氛为氮气或氩气,所述高温热解以0.5-30℃/min速率升温至恒温段,在恒温段保持恒温时间为20-600min,所述恒温段温度为400-800℃;优选,所述升温速率为1-10℃/min,在恒温段保持恒温时间为60-480min,所述恒温段温度为500-800℃。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,所述还原气氛为惰性气体与氢气的混合气体,所述高温热解以0.5-30℃/min速率升温至恒温段,在恒温段保持恒温时间为20-600min,所述恒温段温度为400-800℃;优选,所述升温速率为1-10℃/min,所述恒温段温度为500-800℃。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,还包括在所述步骤S3之后对热解产物用非氧化性强酸处理的步骤。
本发明另一方面还提供一种由上述方法制得的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料。
根据本发明的一实施方式,所述纳米复合材料至少具有一个介孔分布峰,优选具有大于一个介孔的分布峰。现有技术中,制造出有严密包覆的石墨化碳层和过渡金属内核的纳米级核壳结构是困难的,特别是在制造出含有这种严密包覆的核壳结构的同时,还能在复合材料制造出丰富的介孔结构。本发明不仅能实现这些目的,还能进一步在制造出含有严密包覆的核壳结构的同时,在复合材料中制造出丰富的多级介孔结构。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,所述纳米复合材料中,介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于50%,优选大于80%。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,所述纳米复合材料的酸洗损失率≤40%,优选≤30%,更优选≤10%。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,所述过渡金属纳米粒子的晶格结构为面心立方晶格结构和/或密排六方晶格结构。
本发明另一方面还提供一种对氯硝基苯加氢制造对氯苯胺的方法,其特征在于,以上述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
本发明另一方面还提供一种硝基苯加氢制造苯胺的方法,以上述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
本发明另一方面还提供一种硝基苯酚加氢制造氨基苯酚的方法,以上述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
本发明另一方面还提供一种对硝基苯甲醚加氢制造对氨基苯甲醚的方法,以上述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
本发明另一方面还提供一种苯酚加氢制造环己醇的方法,以上述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
本发明另一方面还提供一种烯烃加氢饱和的方法,以上述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
本发明另一方面还提供一种芳烃加氢制造环己烷衍生物的方法,以上述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
本发明另一方面还提供一种醛加氢制造醇的方法,以上述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
本发明另一方面还提供一种酮加氢制造醇的方法,以上述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
本发明另一方面还提供一种上述纳米复合材料作为催化剂在处理挥发性有机化合物中的应用,包括:使所述挥发性有机化合物与所述纳米复合材料接触进行催化氧化反应。
本发明提供的方法更加简单高效,高温热解前驱体直接由过渡金属盐与多元有机羧酸在溶剂(可以是水)中均匀混合而得,前驱体过渡金属的原子利用率可达100%,在取得更好包覆效果的同时,克服了现有技术制备金属有机骨架结构前驱体需要使用高温高压反应釜自组装、大量浪费有机溶剂、提纯步骤繁琐等缺点。且不需要高分子助剂,简化了反应步骤。更进一步,本发明方法制备的复合材料中,纳米金属粒子被石墨化碳层包覆的严密程度更高,能在更苛刻的条件下使用。
附图说明
附图是用来提供对本发明的进一步理解,并且构成说明书的一部分,与下面的具体实施方式一起应用于解释本发明,但并不构成对本发明的限制。在附图中:
图1是实施例1所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的磁性照片。
图2是实施例1制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图3是实施例1制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图4A是实施例1制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的N2吸附-脱附等温曲线图。
图4B是实施例1制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔分布曲线图。
图5是实施例2制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图6是实施例2制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图7是实施例2制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔分布曲线图。
图8是实施例3制备的碳包覆钴纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图9是实施例3制备的碳包覆钴纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图10是实施例3制备的碳包覆钴纳米复合材料的孔分布曲线图。
图11是实施例4所制备的前躯体的XRD图。
图12是实施例4制备的碳包覆镍和钴纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图13是实施例4制备的碳包覆镍和钴纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图14是实施例4制备的碳包覆镍和钴纳米复合材料的孔分布曲线图。
图15是实施例5制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图16是实施例5制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图17是实施例6制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图18是实施例6制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图19是实施例7制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图20是实施例7制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图21是实施例8制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图22是实施例8制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图23是实施例8制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔分布曲线图。
图24是实施例9制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图25是实施例9制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图26是实施例9制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔分布曲线图。
图27是实施例10所制备碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的磁性照片。
图28是实施例10所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图29是实施例10所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图30是实施例10所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔分布曲线图。
图31是实施例11所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图32是实施例11所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图33是对比例4所制备的产物的XRD图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式进行详细说明。应当理解的是,此处所描述的具体实施方式仅用于说明和解释本发明,并不用于限制本发明。
本发明的制备碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:S1,将含过渡金属盐、多元有机羧酸和含氮化合物的混合物与溶剂混合形成均相溶液;S2,除去均相溶液中的溶剂,从而形成前驱体;及S3,在惰性保护气氛或还原气氛下,将前驱体高温热解。
其中,过渡金属优选为铁、钴、镍、铜中的一种或多种。过渡金属盐可以是过渡金属有机酸盐、碱式碳酸盐、碳酸盐中的一种或多种。本发明对过渡金属有机酸盐没有特别的限制,只要能够与所述多元有机羧酸在溶剂中混合并形成均相溶液即可。过渡金属有机酸盐可以是,但不限于,过渡金属的不含杂原子的有机羧酸盐,例如醋酸盐等。
本发明对多元有机羧酸没有特别的限制,可以是含氮或不含氮的多元有机羧酸,只要能与所述过渡金属有机酸盐在溶剂中混合并形成均相溶液即可。多元有机羧酸可以是,但不限于,柠檬酸、顺丁烯二酸、均苯三甲酸、对苯二甲酸、苹果酸、EDTA、吡啶二羧酸的一种或多种。所述的吡啶二羧酸可以为2,3-吡啶二羧酸,2,4-吡啶二羧酸,2,5-吡啶二羧酸,2,6-吡啶二羧酸,3,4-吡啶二羧酸或3,5-吡啶二羧酸。
含氮化合物可以是,但不限于,尿素、三聚氰胺、二氰二胺、六亚甲基四胺、以及氨基酸中的一种或者多种的混合物。
当多元有机羧酸含氮时,可以不再额外添加含氮化合物,也在本发明的保护范围内。
通过透射电镜测试可以看出本发明制得的复合材料中不包含碳纳米管。
过渡金属盐、多元有机羧酸、含氮化合物的质量比为1:0.1-100:0.1-100,优选1:0.5-5:0.5-5,更优选1:0.8-2:1-2。
溶剂可以是,但不限于,水、甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇中的一种或多种。
除去溶剂后形成的混合物前驱体是水溶性的。
除去溶剂后形成的前驱体可以是混合物。
混合物中还可以包含其它化合物,任何可以补充产物中所需的碳源、同时不含有其他掺杂原子的有机化合物均可。优选不具有挥发性的有机化合物,如有机多元醇、乳酸等。
可以通过蒸发除去溶剂,例如在80-120℃下喷雾干燥,或在烘箱中干燥。
步骤S2中惰性气氛可以选择氮气、氩气等,热解升温段升温速率0.5-30℃/min,优选1-10℃/min。热解恒温段温度为400-800℃,优选500-800℃。
本发明方法能够制备核壳结构的纳米过渡金属材料。其中本发明中术语“核壳结构”是指内核为纳米过渡金属,壳层为氮、氧掺杂的石墨化碳层。所述的“石墨化碳层”是指在高分辨透射电镜下可明显观察到“层状的”碳结构,而非无定型结构,且层间距为0.34nm。本发明方法能够制备的核壳结构的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料呈球形或者类球形,所述核壳结构的粒径为1-200nm,优选为3-100nm,更优选为4-50nm。
术语“氮、氧掺杂”中的“氧”是指氧元素,其中所述纳米复合材料的“氧含量”是指氧元素的含量,具体是指,在碳包覆纳米复合材料制备过程中,形成石墨化碳层中含有以各种形式存在的氧元素,所述“氧含量”为所有形式的氧元素的总含量;同样,“氮”是指氮元素,其中所述纳米复合材料的“氮含量”是指为所有形式的氮元素的总含量。
术语“介孔”定义为孔径在2~50nm范围的孔。孔径小于2nm的孔定义为微孔,大于50nm的孔定义为大孔。
术语“碳包覆率”反映过渡金属被石墨化碳层有效包覆的比例,可通过高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)的分析结果和催化氧化反应的实验结果表征。
术语“碳包覆严密程度”反映过渡金属被石墨化碳层与外部环境隔绝的比例,可通过高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)的分析结果、过渡金属含量分析结果和酸洗实验结果表征。
术语“介孔分布峰”是指根据Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)方法对脱附曲线进行计算得到的孔分布曲线上的介孔分布峰。
本发明的方法所制备含核壳结构的纳米过渡金属材料可广泛用于催化材料、吸波材料、信息存储材料、磁光材料、生物医学材料,以及润滑油添加剂等领域。尤其是,过渡金属为铁、钴、镍、或铜时,该复合材料可以用做对氯硝基苯加氢制造对氯苯胺、硝基苯加氢制造苯胺、硝基苯酚加氢制造氨基苯酚、对硝基苯甲醚加氢制造对氨基苯甲醚、苯酚加氢制造环己醇、烯烃加氢饱和、芳烃加氢制造环己烷衍生物的方法、醛加氢制造醇、酮加氢制造醇等反应的催化剂。下面将通过实施例来进一步说明本发明,但是本发明并不因此而受到任何限制。如无特殊说明,本发明所采用试剂均为分析纯。
复合材料的制备
实施例1
称取10g醋酸镍、10g柠檬酸、20g六亚甲基四胺加入30mL去离子水中,在70℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干后得到前驱体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以5℃/min的速率升温至650℃,恒温2h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例2
称取10g醋酸镍,20g柠檬酸加入,20g六亚甲基四胺100mL去离子水中,在80℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干后得到前驱体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量150mL/min,并以5℃/min的速率升温至600℃,恒温2h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例3
称取10g醋酸钴、10g柠檬酸、20g六亚甲基四胺,将它们加入到含有150mL去离子水的烧杯中,在60℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干得到前躯体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以5℃/min的速率升温至700℃,恒温1h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料。
实施例4
称取10g醋酸镍、10g醋酸钴、20g柠檬酸和10g六亚甲基四胺,将它们加入到含有150mL去离子水的烧杯中,在60℃搅拌反应24h形成均相溶液后继续加热蒸干得到固体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以4℃/min的速率升温至600℃,恒温2h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料。
实施例5
称取10g醋酸镍,10g柠檬酸、20g二氰二胺,加入150mL去离子水中,在60℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干,将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以5℃/min的速率升温至700℃,恒温1h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例6
称取10g醋酸镍、10g柠檬酸、20g尿素,3g顺丁烯二酸加入50mL去离子水中,在60℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干,将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以3℃/min的速率升温至550℃,恒温3h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例7
称取10g醋酸镍,20g对苯二甲酸,20g六亚甲基四胺,加入100mL去离子水中,在80℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干,将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量80mL/min,并以8℃/min的速率升温至800℃,恒温2h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例8
称取10g醋酸镍,7g柠檬酸,10g三聚氰胺,5g季戊四醇加入150mL去离子水中,在60℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干后得到前驱体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以6℃/min的速率升温至600℃,恒温1h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例9
称取20g醋酸镍,10g乙二胺四乙酸加入150mL去离子水中在60℃搅拌反应24h后继续加热蒸干,将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以4℃/min的速率升温至600℃,恒温2h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例10
同实施例1,不同的是在实施例1后增加酸洗步骤,即将实施例1得到材料加入100mL 10m%的盐酸中,在回流温度下处理12h,然后用去离子水洗涤至中性,120℃烘干,得到严密保覆的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例11
称取10g醋酸镍,8g吡啶二羧酸加入150mL去离子水中,在60℃下搅拌得到混合溶液,并继续加热蒸干后得到前驱体。
将前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以4℃/min的速率升温至600℃,然后通入流量30mL/min的氢气,恒温2h后,关闭氢气,停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
对比例1
Ni-MOF材料的制备:称取3.09g硝酸镍、2.8g对苯二甲酸和0.95g三乙烯二胺加入到120mL二甲基甲酰胺中,在120℃下8h,然后密封,于120℃静置40h,过滤后用二甲基甲酰胺和甲醇洗涤,真空干燥得到Ni-MOF材料。
氮掺杂碳包覆镍(Ni@C-N)纳米材料的合成:将得到的Ni-MOF然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以4℃/min的速率升温至200℃,恒温2h,然后升温到500℃,恒温8h,停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到Ni@C-N纳米材料。
对比例2
采用与实施例1相同的方法,不同之处仅在于将10g醋酸镍换成10g硝酸镍。
对比例3
采用与实施例9相同的方法,不同之处仅在于将10g乙二胺四乙酸换成10g乙二胺四乙酸二钠。
对比例4
将10g醋酸镍固体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入流量为150mL/min的氮气,并以5℃/min的速率升温至600℃,恒温2h后停止加热,并在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到样品材料。
性能表征
通过XRD获得材料的成分、材料内部原子或分子的结构或形态等信息。所采用XRD衍射仪的型号为XRD-6000型X射线粉末衍射仪(日本岛津),XRD测试条件为:Cu靶,Kα射线(波长λ=0.154nm),管电压为40kV,管电流为200mA,扫描速度为10°(2θ)/min。
碳包覆过渡金属纳米粒子的平均粒径由XRD图分峰后,由谢乐公式:D=kγ/(Bcosθ)计算得到。其中k为Scherrer常数,k=0.89;B为半高宽;θ为衍射角,单位弧度;γ为x射线波长,0.154054nm。
本申请中,对于碳包覆过渡金属颗粒的壳层为掺杂氧和氮的石墨化碳层的纳米复合材料,其碳(C)、氢(H)、氧(O)、氮(N)四种元素的分析也在Elementar Micro Cube元素分析仪上进行。具体操作方法和条件如下:样品在锡杯中称量1-2mg,放入自动进样盘,通过球阀进入燃烧管燃烧,燃烧温度为1000℃(为了去除进样时大气干扰,采用氦气吹扫),然后用还原铜对燃烧后的气体进行还原,形成氮气、二氧化碳和水。混合气体通过三根解吸柱进行分离,依次进TCD检测器检测。氧元素的分析是利用高温分解,在碳催化剂的作用下,将样品中的氧转化为CO,然后采用TCD检测CO。由于该复合材料中仅含有碳、氢、氧、氮和金属元素,因此由碳、氢、氧、氮四种元素的总含量即可得到金属元素的总含量。
本申请中,不同金属元素之间的比例由X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)测定,由已知的碳、氢、氧和氮元素的总含量,算出不同金属元素在复合材料中的含量。本申请中所用X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)的型号为Rigaku3013X射线荧光光谱仪。X射线荧光光谱分析测试条件为:扫描时间为100s,气氛为空气。
通过高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)表征材料的表面形貌。所采用高分辨透射电镜的型号为JEM-2100(日本电子株式会社),高分辨透射电镜测试条件为:加速电压为200kV。
通过BET测试方法检测材料的孔结构性质。具体采用Quantachrome AS-6B型分析仪测定,材料的比表面积由Brunauer-Emmett-Taller(BET)方法得到,孔分布曲线根据Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)方法对脱附曲线进行计算得到。
本申请中,气体的组成由在线气相色谱分析得到,色谱型号为Agilent GC 7890B,精确度为10-6。测试气体从进样口通入色谱,经色谱柱分离,各个色谱峰经过积分计算出各气体组分百分比。
通过酸洗实验检测材料的酸洗损失率。具体条件为:
按20mL硫酸水溶液(1mol/L)投加1g样品的比例,在90℃下对样品处理8h,然后用去离子水洗涤至中性,干燥后称重、分析,按下式计算酸洗损失率。
酸洗损失率=[1-(酸洗后复合材料中过渡金属的质量分数×酸洗后复合材料的质量)÷(待处理复合材料中过渡金属的质量分数×待处理复合材料的质量)]×100%。
实施例1-11制备的材料中所含元素的质量百分含量列于表1中。
表1
对实施例1-11和对比例1-4制备的材料进行酸洗,酸洗损失率列于表2中。
表2
结合表1和表2的数据可以看出,本发明实施例1-11制备的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料中,碳对过渡金属的包覆的效果较好,即大部分金属是被严密包覆在碳层内。
图1是实施例1制备的氮掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的磁性照片。左侧照片为未进行磁铁吸引处理的照片,右侧照片为经过磁铁吸引处理后的照片。从图中可以看出,经磁铁吸引后,含氮掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的悬浮液迅速变澄清,显示制备的复合材料具有强磁性。图2是实施例1制备的氮掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。从图2中可以看出,该复合材料含有碳包覆镍金属的纳米材料,在镍纳米颗粒的外层包裹着具有一定石墨化程度的碳层,形成完整的核壳结构。图3是是实施例1制备的氮掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。从图3中可以看出,在该材料的衍射图中存在对应于石墨碳的衍射峰(2θ角为25.96°)和面心立方结构的镍(fcc-Ni)的衍射峰(2θ角为44.38°、51.83°和76.42°)。说明该材料包括一定石墨化程度的碳,Ni为面心立方结构。,由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆镍纳米粒子的平均粒径为6.3nm。BET测试表明,该材料的比表面积为114m2/g,孔体积为0.181cm3/g,其中介孔体积为0.173cm3/g,占总孔体积的95.6%;2-5nm的介孔体积为0.0245cm3/g,占总孔体积的13.5%。图4A和图4B分别为该材料的N2吸附-脱附等温线及BJH孔径分布曲线,可以看出,复合材料在3.75nm和10.03nm处存在两个介孔分布峰。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为14%。
图5实施例2制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图,表明该材料含有以纳米金属镍为核,具有一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构。在该材料的XRD衍射图(图6)中存在对应于碳的衍射峰(2θ角为25.8°)和fcc-Ni的衍射峰(2θ角为44.4°、51.9°和76.5°)和密排立方结构的镍(hcp-Ni)的衍射峰(2θ角为41.9°、44.4°、47.5°和62.41°)。说明该材料包括一定石墨化程度的碳,Ni为面心立方结构和密排立方结构。由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆镍纳米粒子的平均粒径为31.4nm。BET测试表明,该材料的比表面积为126m2/g,孔体积为0.213cm3/g,其中介孔体积为0.207cm3/g,占总孔体积的97.1%,2-5nm的孔体积为0.0412cm3/g,占总孔体积的19%。通过测定该材料的N2吸附-脱附等温线及BJH孔径分布曲线(图7),该复合材料在3.83nm和11.16nm处存在两个介孔分布峰。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为9.3%。
图8是实施例3制备的碳包覆钴纳米复合材料TEM图,表明该材料含有以纳米金属钴为核,具有一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构;在该材料的XRD衍射图(图9)中存在对应钴的衍射峰(2θ角为44.42°)。说明该材料存在单质钴,由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆钴纳米粒子的平均粒径为17.5nm。BET测试表明,该材料的比表面积为140m2/g,孔体积为0.158cm3/g,其中介孔体积为0.158cm3/g,占总孔体积的100%;2-5nm的介孔体积为0.0328cm3/g,占总孔体积的20.75%。通过测定该材料的N2吸附-脱附等温线及BJH孔径分布曲线(图10),该复合材料在3.77nm和13.32nm处存在两个介孔分布峰。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为31.2%。
图11是实施例4所制备的前躯体的XRD图,说明合成的前躯体材料无定形。图12是实施例4制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图,表明该材料含有以纳米金属镍为核,具有一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构,。在该材料的XRD衍射图中(图13)存在对应于fcc-Ni和/或钴的衍射峰(2θ角为44.5°、51.7°和76.2°),由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆纳米粒子的平均粒径为24.4nm。说明该材料包括一定石墨化程度的碳,Ni为面心立方结构。该材料的比表面积为182m2/g,孔体积为0.256cm3/g,其中介孔体积为0.256cm3/g,占总孔体积的100%,2-5nm的介孔体积为0.0270cm3/g,占总孔体积的17%。通过测定该材料的N2吸附-脱附等温线及BJH孔径分布曲线(图14),该复合材料在3.7nm和6.34nm处存在两个介孔分布峰。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为38.4%。
图15是实施例5制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图,表明该材料含有以纳米金属镍为核,具有一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构。在该材料的XRD衍射图中(图16)存在对应于碳的衍射峰(2θ角为25.8°)、fcc-Ni的衍射峰(44.4°、51.9°和76.2°)和hcp-Ni的衍射峰(2θ角为42.1°、44.4°、47.42°和62.63°)。说明该材料包括一定石墨化程度的碳,Ni为面心立方结构和密排立方结构。由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆纳米粒子的平均粒径为7.6nm。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为31.2%。
图17是实施例6制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图,表明该材料含有以纳米金属镍为核,具有一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构;在该材料的XRD衍射图中(图18)存在对应于fcc-Ni的衍射峰(44.45°、51.8°和76.3°)和hcp-Ni的衍射峰(2θ角为41.6°、44.4°、47.6°和62.6°)。说明该材料包括一定石墨化程度的碳,Ni为面心立方结构和密排六方结构。由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆纳米粒子的平均粒径为28.4nm。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为25.4%。
图19是实施例7制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图,表明该材料含有以纳米金属镍为核,具有一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构;在该材料的XRD衍射图中(图20存在对应于碳的衍射峰(2θ角为26.04°)和fcc-Ni的衍射峰(44.6°、51.8°和76.3°)。说明该材料包括一定石墨化程度的碳,Ni为面心立方结构。由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆纳米粒子的平均粒径为4.7nm。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为16.7%。
图21是实施例8制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料TEM图,表明该材料含有以纳米金属镍为核,具有一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构;在该材料的XRD衍射图中(图22)存在对应于fcc-Ni的衍射峰(44.4°、51.9°和76.3°)和hcp-Ni的衍射峰(2θ角为41.7°、44.4°、47.5°和62.6°)。说明该材料包括一定石墨化程度的碳,Ni为面心立方结构和密排六方结构。由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆纳米粒子的平均粒径为32.4nm。BET测试表明,该材料的比表面积为228m2/g,孔体积为0.293cm3/g,其中介孔体积为0.289cm3/g,占总孔体积的98.6;2-5nm的介孔体积为0.0683cm3/g,占总孔体积的23.31%。通过测定该材料的N2吸附-脱附等温线及BJH孔径分布曲线(图23),该复合材料在3.75nm处存在一个介孔分布峰。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为39.8%。
图24是实施例9制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料TEM图,表明该材料含有以纳米金属镍为核,具有一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构;在该材料的XRD衍射图中(图25)存在对应于碳的衍射峰(2θ角为25.9°)和fcc-Ni的衍射峰(44.5°、51.7°和76.3°)。说明该材料包括一定石墨化程度的碳,Ni为面心立方结构。由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆纳米粒子的平均粒径为7.6nm。BET测试表明,该材料的比表面积为232m2/g,孔体积为0.313cm3/g,其中介孔体积为0.313cm3/g,占总孔体积的100%;2-5nm的介孔体积为0.0683cm3/g,占总孔体积的21.8%。通过测定该材料的N2吸附-脱附等温线及BJH孔径分布曲线(图26,该复合材料在4.03nm和6.30nm处存在一个介孔分布峰。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为21.7%。
图27是实施例10所制备的碳包覆镍发纳米复合材料的磁性照片。左侧照片为未进行磁铁吸引处理的照片,右侧照片为经过磁铁吸引处理后的照片。从图中可以看出,经磁铁吸引后,含碳包覆镍发纳米复合材料的悬浮液迅速变清,显示该材料具有强磁性。图28是该材料的TEM图,可看出,该材料为含有碳包覆金属核壳结构的纳米复合材料,在镍纳米颗粒的外层包裹着具有一定石墨化程度的碳层,形成完整的核壳结构。碳包覆镍的纳米材料的X射线衍射谱图如图29所示,可看出,在该材料的衍射图中存在对应于石墨碳的衍射峰(2θ角为25.97°)和fcc Ni的衍射峰(2θ角为44.47°、51.34°和76.26°),由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆镍纳米粒子的平均粒径为8.1nm。
BET测试表明,该材料的比表面积为200m2/g,孔体积为0.204cm3/g,全部为介孔;其中介孔体积为0.0201cm3/g,占总孔体积的98.6%;2-5nm的介孔体积为0.0245cm3/g,占总孔体积的12.0%。图30为该材料的BJH孔径分布曲线,可以看出,所述复合材料在3.79nm和10.01nm处存在两个介孔分布峰。
图31是实施例11所制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。图31可以看出,该材料含有以纳米金属镍为核,一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构。在该材料的XRD衍射图中(图32)存在对应于碳的衍射峰(2θ角为25.9°)和fcc-Ni的衍射峰(44.4°、51.7°和76.3°)。说明该材料包括一定石墨化程度的碳,其中Ni以面心立方结构存在。由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆镍纳米粒子的平均粒径为7.5nm。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为25.6%。在前述方法的基础上,继续增加酸洗时间,酸洗损失率基本保持不变。
图33为对比例4所制备的产物的XRD图。经元素分析仪和X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)测定,该材料中所含元素的质量百分含量为:碳1.34%,氢0.32%,氧0.18%,镍98.16%。该材料的X射线衍射谱图如图28所示,可看出,在该材料的衍射图中存在对应于fcc-Ni的衍射峰(44.2°、51.6°和76.2°)。
对比例1制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料经过上述表征测试,表明该材料形成了以纳米金属镍为核,具有一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构。在该材料的XRD衍射图中存在fcc-Ni的衍射峰(44.45°、51.32°和76.16°)。说明该材料不包括石墨化程度的碳,Ni为面心立方结构。经过酸洗实验,该材料的酸洗损失率为64.2%。
对比实施例1-11和比较例1-3可以看出,本发明的方法更加简单高效,高温热解前驱体直接由过渡金属盐与多元有机羧酸和含氮化合物在溶剂中直接反应制备,前驱体过渡金属的原子利用率可达100%,克服了现有技术制备金属有机骨架结构前驱体需要使用高温高压反应釜自组装、大量浪费碳源前驱体、有机溶剂、提纯步骤繁琐等缺点。
复合材料的应用
实施例11
将实施例1~4及对比例4制备的纳米复合材料和市售氧化亚镍(NiO)(分析纯,批号:20160803,厂家:国药集团化学试剂公司)分别作为催化剂用于工业正丁烷氧化制备顺酐生产工艺所产生的废气中丁烷的完全催化消除实验,进行催化材料的丁烷消除率评价,在相同条件下,丁烷消除率越高,则说明催化剂活性越高。具体评价方法为:
将收集的含丁烷的顺酐生产工艺废气送入装载有复合材料的固定床反应器中与作为催化剂的复合材料接触并进行催化氧化反应,得到反应产物进行气相色谱分析,并计算丁烷的消除率,丁烷消除率=100%-反应产物中丁烷体积/顺酐生产工艺废气中丁烷体积×100%。
所述顺酐生产工艺废气含约1体积%丁烷,其余为空气以及极少量的一氧化碳和二氧化碳,反应空速为5000毫升工业废气/(小时·克催化剂),评价时间为5小时,具体反应温度和丁烷消除率数据见表3。
表3
*为实施例1样品经酸洗处理后得到的材料,酸洗的条件为:称取2.0g实施例1所得的纳米碳复合材料,用1M的硫酸80mL在90℃下洗涤8h,后用去离子水洗涤至中性,120℃烘干。
由表3可以看出,本发明实施例1~4制备得到的纳米复合材料在350℃、含1体积%丁烷的顺酐生产工艺废气中丁烷消除率可达到100%,所需温度明显低于对比例4、实施例1(酸洗)和市售氧化亚镍。由此可见,本发明的一些纳米复合材料用作催化氧化催化剂时,表现出了良好的低温活性,这对于通过催化燃烧彻底去除工业废气中的挥发性有机化合物具有重要意义。石墨化碳层在反应条件起到了分隔稳定金属活性中心的作用,有效阻止了活性中心的聚集失活。本发明提供的催化材料应用于顺酐生产工艺废气处理时可以大幅降低反应温度,保持催化剂的稳定性,降低能耗。
实施例12
将实施例1的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于硝基苯加氢制备苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g纳米复合材料、2.7mmol硝基苯,30mL无水乙醇加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次,通H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至60℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。硝基苯的转化率为100%,苯胺的选择性为99.9%。
实施例13
将实施例1的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于对氯硝基苯加氢制备对氯苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g纳米复合材料、4.2mmol对氯硝基苯,50mL无水乙醇加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次,通H2使反应釜内压力为0.5MPa,搅拌升温,升温至120℃,反应0.5小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。对氯硝基苯的转化率为100%,对氯苯胺的选择性为99.2%。
实施例14
将实施例10的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于硝基苯加氢制备苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g纳米复合材料、2.7mmol硝基苯,30mL无水乙醇加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次,通H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至60℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。硝基苯的转化率为100%,苯胺的选择性为99.9%。
实施例15
将实施例10的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于对氯硝基苯加氢制备对氯苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g纳米复合材料、2.1mmol对氯硝基苯,30mL无水乙醇加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次,通H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至60℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。对氯硝基苯的转化率为100%,对氯苯胺的选择性为99.9%。
实施例16
将实施例1的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于醛类加氢制造醇类的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g复合材料、4.6mmol丁醛,30mL环己烷加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为3MPa,搅拌升温,升温至150℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。丁醛的转化率为99.1%,正丁醇的选择性为99.4%。
实施例17
将实施例10的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于醛类加氢制造醇类的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.2g复合材料、9.2mmol丁醛,50mL环己烷加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为3MPa,搅拌升温,升温至150℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。丁醛的转化率为100%,正丁醇的选择性为99.4%。
实施例18
将实施例1的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于芳烃加氢制造环己烷衍生物的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g复合材料、3.6mmol丁醛,30mL环己烷加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为3MPa,搅拌升温,升温至200℃,反应8小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。甲苯的转化率为99.4%,甲基环己烷的选择性为99.6%。
实施例19
将实施例10的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于芳烃加氢制造环己烷衍生物的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.2g复合材料、7.2mmol丁醛,50mL环己烷加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为3MPa,搅拌升温,升温至200℃,反应8小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。甲苯的转化率为95.5%,甲基环己烷的选择性为99.3%。
实施例20
将实施例1的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于苯酚加氢制造环己醇的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g复合材料、3.5mmol苯酚,30mL水加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为3MPa,搅拌升温,升温至150℃,反应8小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。苯酚的转化率为100%,环己醇的选择性为99.8%。
实施例21
将实施例10的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于苯酚加氢制造环己醇的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.2g复合材料、7mmol苯酚,50mL水加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为3MPa,搅拌升温,升温至150℃,反应8小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。苯酚的转化率为100%,环己醇的选择性为99.6%。
实施例22
将实施例1的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于对硝基苯酚加氢制造对氨基苯酚的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g复合材料、2.4mmol对硝基苯酚,30mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至60℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。对硝基苯酚的转化率为100%,对氨基苯酚的选择性为99.9%。
实施例23
将实施例10的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于对硝基苯酚加氢制造对氨基苯酚的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.2g复合材料、4.8mmol对硝基苯酚,50mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至60℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。对硝基苯酚的转化率为100%,对氨基苯酚的选择性为99.8%。
实施例24
将实施例1的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于对硝基苯甲醚加氢制造对氨基苯甲醚的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g复合材料、2.2mmol对硝基苯酚,30mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至100℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。对硝基苯甲醚的转化率为100%,对氨基苯甲醚的选择性为99.9%。
实施例25
将实施例1的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于对硝基苯甲醚加氢制造对氨基苯甲醚的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.2g复合材料、4.5mmol对硝基苯酚,50mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为1.5MPa,搅拌升温,升温至80℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。对硝基苯甲醚的转化率为100%,对氨基苯甲醚的选择性为99.9%。
实施例26
将实施例1的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于酮类加氢制造醇类的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g复合材料、5.8mmol丙酮,30mL环己烷加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为3MPa,搅拌升温,升温至150℃,反应8小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。丙酮的转化率为99.1%,异丙醇的选择性为99.9%。
实施例27
将实施例10的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于酮类加氢制造醇类的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.2g复合材料、11.6mmol丙酮,50mL环己烷加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为3MPa,搅拌升温,升温至150℃,反应8小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。丙酮的转化率为97.9%,异丙醇的选择性为99.5%。
实施例28
将实施例1的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于烯烃加氢饱和的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g复合材料、3.2mmol苯乙烯,30mL环己烷加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为1.5MPa,搅拌升温,升温至120℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。丙酮的转化率为100%,异丙醇的选择性为99.8%。
实施例29
将实施例10的纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于烯烃加氢饱和的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.2g复合材料、6.4mmol苯乙烯,50mL环己烷加入反应釜中,通H2置换反应釜3次后,通H2使反应釜内压力为1.5MPa,搅拌升温,升温至120℃,反应2小时,停止加热,降至室温,排压,开反应釜取产物进行色谱分析。丙酮的转化率为100%,异丙醇的选择性为99.6%。
本发明的技术方案已由优选实施例揭示如上。本领域技术人员应当意识到在不脱离本发明所附的权利要求所揭示的本发明的范围和精神的情况下所作的更动与润饰,均属本发明的权利要求的保护范围之内。
Claims (28)
1.一种制备碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:
S1,将包含过渡金属盐、多元有机羧酸和含氮化合物的混合物与溶剂混合,形成均相溶液;
S2,除去所述均相溶液中溶剂,从而形成前驱体;及
S3,在惰性保护气氛或还原气氛下,将所述前驱体高温热解;其中所述过渡金属为选自铁、钴、镍、铜中的一种或多种,其中所述过渡金属盐为该过渡金属的有机酸盐、碳酸盐、碱式碳酸盐中的一种或多种,所述多元有机羧酸为选自柠檬酸、顺丁烯二酸、均苯三甲酸、对苯二甲酸、苹果酸、EDTA、吡啶二羧酸中的一种或多种,所述含氮化合物为选自尿素、三聚氰胺、二氰二胺、六亚甲基四胺、氨基酸中的一种或多种;
其中制得的所述纳米复合材料至少具有一个介孔分布峰,所述纳米复合材料中介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于50%,所述纳米复合材料的酸洗损失率≤40%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述过渡金属的有机酸盐为该过渡金属的不含杂原子的有机羧酸盐。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述过渡金属的有机酸盐为该过渡金属的醋酸盐。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述过渡金属盐、所述多元有机羧酸、所述含氮化合物的质量比为1:0.1-100:0.1-100。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述过渡金属盐、所述多元有机羧酸、所述含氮化合物的质量比为1:0.5-5:0.5-5。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述过渡金属盐、所述多元有机羧酸、所述含氮化合物的质量比为1:0.8-2:1-2。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述溶剂为选自水和乙醇中的一种或多种。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在所述步骤S3中,所述惰性保护气氛为氮气或氩气,所述高温热解以0.5-30℃/min速率升温至恒温段,在恒温段保持恒温时间为20-600min,所述恒温段温度为400-800℃。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中在所述步骤S3中,所述升温速率为1-10℃/min,在恒温段保持恒温时间为60-480min,所述恒温段温度为500-800℃。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述还原气氛为惰性气体与氢气的混合气体,所述高温热解以0.5-30℃/min速率升温至恒温段,在恒温段保持恒温时间为20-600min,所述恒温段温度为400-800℃。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述升温速率为1-10℃/min,所述恒温段温度为500-800℃。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中还包括在所述步骤S3之后对热解产物用非氧化性强酸处理的步骤。
13.一种碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料,其特征在于,由权利要求1-12任一方法制得。
14.根据权利要求13所述的纳米复合材料,其中所述纳米复合材料具有大于一个介孔的分布峰。
15.根据权利要求13所述的纳米复合材料,其中所述纳米复合材料中,介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于80%。
16.根据权利要求13所述的纳米复合材料,其中所述纳米复合材料的酸洗损失率≤30%。
17.根据权利要求16所述的纳米复合材料,其中所述纳米复合材料的酸洗损失率≤10%。
18.根据权利要求13所述的纳米复合材料,其中所述过渡金属纳米粒子的晶格结构为面心立方晶格结构和/或密排六方晶格结构。
19.一种对氯硝基苯加氢制造对氯苯胺的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求13-18任一所述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
20.一种硝基苯加氢制造苯胺的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求13-18任一所述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
21.一种硝基苯酚加氢制造氨基苯酚的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求13-18任一所述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
22.一种对硝基苯甲醚加氢制造对氨基苯甲醚的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求13-18任一所述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
23.一种苯酚加氢制造环己醇的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求13-18任一所述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
24.一种烯烃加氢饱和的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求13-18任一所述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
25.一种芳烃加氢制造环己烷衍生物的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求13-18任一所述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
26.一种醛加氢制造醇的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求13-18任一所述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
27.一种酮加氢制造醇的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求13-18任一所述的碳包覆过渡金属纳米复合材料作为催化剂。
28.根据权利要求13-18中任一项所述的纳米复合材料作为催化剂在处理挥发性有机化合物中的应用,包括:使所述挥发性有机化合物与所述纳米复合材料接触进行催化氧化反应。
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