CN109305917B - 一种卤代苯胺的合成方法 - Google Patents
一种卤代苯胺的合成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109305917B CN109305917B CN201810840955.6A CN201810840955A CN109305917B CN 109305917 B CN109305917 B CN 109305917B CN 201810840955 A CN201810840955 A CN 201810840955A CN 109305917 B CN109305917 B CN 109305917B
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Images
Classifications
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- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/11—Making porous workpieces or articles
- B22F3/1143—Making porous workpieces or articles involving an oxidation, reduction or reaction step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C213/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C213/02—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton by reactions involving the formation of amino groups from compounds containing hydroxy groups or etherified or esterified hydroxy groups
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
本发明提供一种卤代苯胺的合成方法,包括:以碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料为催化剂,在氢气气氛下催化卤代硝基苯进行加氢还原反应;其中,所述纳米复合材料含具有壳层和内核的核壳结构,所述壳层为掺杂氮和氧的石墨化碳层,所述内核为镍纳米颗粒,其中所述纳米复合材料为具有至少一个介孔分布峰的介孔材料。该方法采用碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料为催化剂,其丰富的介孔结构,有利于催化反应的传质,其包覆严密的金属纳米粒子,有利于在更苛刻的条件下发挥作用,用于卤代硝基苯加氢还原合成卤代苯胺,具有优异的活性、选择性及安全性,并能有效改善反应过程中的脱卤问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化领域,具体涉及一种卤代苯胺的合成方法。
背景技术
卤代苯胺是重要的有机化工中间体,广泛应用于医药、农药、燃料等精细化学品的合成,其通常由卤代芳香化合物还原合成方法制得。卤代芳香化合物还原的方法包括硫化碱还原法、铁粉还原法,水合肼还原法等化学还原法、电解还原法,以及催化加氢还原法等。化学还原法虽然工艺路线简单,在技术上较为成熟,但是该方法普遍存在环境污染大、产品收率低、产品质量差和能耗高等缺陷,呈现被淘汰的趋势。电解还原法由于受到电极材料、电解设备和成本等因素的制约,一直停留在实验室阶段。催化加氢还原法具有产品质量好,工艺简单等优势而备受关注,是一条环境友好的绿色工艺。
目前用于催化卤代硝基苯加氢反应的催化剂主要以铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)和铑(Rh)等贵金属催化剂为主。Pt、Pd贵金属催化剂具有催化活性高、反应条件温和等优点,但贵金属催化剂价格成本过高,且贵金属流失对环境危害大,所以在工业化生产中的应用有限。非贵金属催化剂,例如镍等在实际生产应用中也存在一系列问题,例如,在制备过程中易发生团聚、催化加氢过程中易被洗脱,稳定性差、具有较大安全隐患等。此外,无论是贵金属催化剂还是非贵金属催化剂,在对卤代硝基苯催化加氢过程中普遍存在卤代硝基苯脱卤的问题,降低了产品的收率与品质,而且脱卤反应生成的氢卤酸会腐蚀设备,因此抑制脱卤副反应时催化加氢还原法制备卤代苯胺的关键技术。
由上述可知,开发在空气中稳定并具有优异催化性能,且能够有效改善脱卤性能的加氢还原催化剂用于卤代硝基苯化合物的加氢还原,是本领域亟待解决的问题。
需注意的是,前述背景技术部分公开的信息仅用于加强对本发明的背景理解,因此它可以包括不构成对本领域普通技术人员已知的现有技术的信息。
发明内容
本发明提供一种卤代苯胺的合成方法,该方法采用碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料为催化剂,其丰富的介孔结构,有利于催化反应的传质,其包覆严密的金属纳米粒子,有利于在更苛刻的条件下发挥作用,用于卤代硝基苯加氢还原合成卤代苯胺,具有优异的活性、选择性及安全性,并能有效改善反应过程中的脱卤问题。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
本发明提供一种卤代苯胺的合成方法,包括:
以碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料为催化剂,在氢气气氛下催化卤代硝基苯进行加氢还原反应;
其中,所述纳米复合材料含具有壳层和内核的核壳结构,所述壳层为掺杂氮和氧的石墨化碳层,所述内核为镍纳米颗粒,其中所述纳米复合材料为具有至少一个介孔分布峰的介孔材料。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,其中所述卤代硝基苯的苯环上还含有取代基,所述取代基选自C1-20的烷基、环烷基和芳基中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,其中所述卤代硝基苯中卤素选自氟、氯、溴和碘中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,其中所述卤代硝基苯选自对氯硝基苯、邻氯硝基苯、间氯硝基苯、对氟硝基苯、邻溴硝基苯、3,4-二氯硝基苯、2,4-二氯硝基苯或2,5-二甲基-4-氯硝基苯。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,其中所述催化剂占所述卤代硝基苯质量的1-50%,优选为5-30%。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,其中所述加氢还原反应一般在60-120℃下进行。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,其中所述氢气的压力一般为0.5-2MPa。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,其中所述催化剂与卤代硝基苯在溶剂中混合后进行加氢还原反应,其中所述溶剂选自醇类、醚类、烷烃类和水中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,所述纳米复合材料为具有大于一个的介孔分布峰的介孔材料,即具有两个或两个以上介孔分布峰的介孔材料。
在本发明的纳米复合材料的另一个实施方式中,纳米复合材料在2~7nm的孔径范围和8~20nm的孔径范围分别具有一个介孔分布峰。
在本发明的纳米复合材料的另一个实施方式中,纳米复合材料中,介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于50%,优选大于80%,更优选大于95%。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,其中所述复合材料中,介孔体积为0.10-0.30cm3/g。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,其中以质量百分比计,该纳米复合材料中,碳含量为10.0%-60.0%,镍含量为30.0%-85.0%;优选地,碳含量为30.0%-50.0%,镍含量为30.0%-60.0%。
在本发明的纳米复合材料的另一个实施方式中,以质量百分比计,该纳米复合材料中,氮和氧的总含量小于15.0%,优选为0.2%-12.0%,更优选为0.5%-10.0%。
在本发明的纳米复合材料的另一个实施方式中,其中以质量百分比计,氮含量小于15%,优选为0.1-10%,更优选为1-5%。
根据本发明,所述纳米复合材料中,各组分的含量之和为100%。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,所述复合材料的酸洗损失率一般≤40%,酸洗损失率可以≤30%。
在本发明的纳米复合材料的另一个实施方式中,所述石墨化碳层的厚度为0.3~6nm,优选为0.3~3nm。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,其中所述核壳结构的粒径为1~200nm,优选为3~100nm,更优选为4~50nm。
本发明的有益效果在于,
本发明提供的卤代苯胺的合成方法,以碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料作为催化剂对卤代硝基苯进行加氢还原,由于催化剂材料非常稳定,不自燃,抗氧化,耐酸腐蚀,危险性低,适合保存与运输,从而保证了卤代苯胺合成过程的安全性。
本发明的碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料在催化还原卤代硝基苯为卤代苯胺的反应中表现了良好的重复性、高活性及高选择性,由于该纳米复合材料具有较强的磁性,还可方便利用其磁性分离催化剂或用于磁稳定床等工艺,此外,本发明的合成方法还可有效抑制脱卤副反应,进而提高产品的收率与品质。
附图说明
图1为制备例1所制备的氮氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图;
图2为制备例1所制备的氮氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图;
图3a是制备例1所制备的氮氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的N2吸附-脱附等温线;
图3b是制备例1所制备的氮氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的BJH孔径分布曲线。
图4a是制备例1所制备的氮氧碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XPS图;
图4b是制备例1所制备的氮氧碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XPS中的Ni 2p谱图;
图4c是制备例1所制备的氮氧碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XPS中的O 1s分峰结果;
图5是制备例2所制备的氮氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图;
图6是制备例2所制备的氮氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图;
图7是制备例2所制备的氮氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的BJH孔径分布曲线;
图8是对比例1所制备的材料的XRD图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图通过具体的实施例对本发明作出进一步的详细描述,应当理解的是,此处所描述的具体实施方式仅用于说明和解释本发明,但不以任何方式限制本发明。
本发明中,除了明确说明的内容之外,未提到的任何事宜或事项均直接适用本领域已知的那些而无需进行任何改变。而且,本文描述的任何实施方式均可以与本文描述的一种或多种其他实施方式自由结合,由此形成的技术方案或技术思想均视为本发明原始公开或原始记载的一部分,而不应被视为是本文未曾披露或预期过的新内容,除非本领域技术人员认为该结合明显不合理。
本发明所公开的所有特征可以任意组合,这些组合应被理解为本发明所公开或记载的内容,除非本领域技术人员认为该组合明显不合理。本说明书所公开的数值点,不仅包括实施例中具体公开的数值点,还包括说明书中各数值范围的端点,这些数值点所任意组合的范围都应被视为本发明已公开或记载的范围。
在此未直接定义的任何术语应当被理解为具有与它们在本发明技术领域中通常所理解的相关联的含义。如贯穿本说明书使用的下面术语除非另外说明,应当理解为具有下面含义。
术语
术语“烷基”在本文中定义为直链或支链的烷基,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、叔丁基、戊基、己基等。
术语“环烷基”在本文中定义为由单键连接并构成环状的烷基基团,例如环己基。
术语“芳基”在本文中定义为从简单芳香环衍生出的官能团或取代基,例如苯甲基。
术语“卤代硝基苯”是指苯环上至少一个氢原子被硝基取代,另一个或另多个氢原子被卤素取代而生成的一类化合物。
术语“石墨化碳层”是指在高分辨透射电镜下可明显观察到层状结构的碳结构,而非无定型结构,且层间距约为0.34nm。该石墨化碳层包覆镍纳米粒子后形成的纳米复合材料呈球形或类球形。
术语“介孔”定义为孔径在2~50nm范围的孔。孔径小于2nm的孔定义为微孔,大于50nm的孔定义为大孔。
术语“介孔材料”定义为包含介孔孔道结构的多孔材料。
术语“碳包覆率”反映镍被石墨化碳层有效包覆的比例,可通过高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)的分析结果和催化氧化反应的实验结果表征。
术语“碳包覆严密程度”反映镍被石墨化碳层与外部环境隔绝的比例,可通过高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)的分析结果、镍含量分析结果和酸洗实验结果表征。
术语“掺杂氮和氧的石墨化碳层”中的“氮”是指氮元素,“氧”是指氧元素,其中“氧含量”是指氧元素的含量,具体是指,在碳包覆纳米复合材料制备过程中,形成石墨化碳层中含有以各种形式存在的氧元素,所述“氧含量”为所有形式的氧元素的总含量,同理,“氮含量”是指氮元素的含量,即所有形式的氮元素的总含量。
术语“介孔分布峰”是指根据Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)方法对脱附曲线进行计算得到的孔分布曲线上的介孔分布峰。
术语“酸洗损失率”是指制备完成的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料产品经酸洗后镍的损失比例。其反映了石墨化碳层对镍包覆的严密程度。如果石墨化碳层对镍包覆不严密,则在酸处理后,内核的镍会被酸溶解从而流失。酸洗损失率越大,表明石墨化碳层对镍包覆的严密程度越低,反之,酸洗损失率越小,表明石墨化碳层对镍包覆的严密程度越高。
所述的“酸洗损失率”按以下方式测量并计算:
按20mL硫酸水溶液(1mol/L)投加1g样品的比例,在90℃下对样品处理8h,然后用去离子水洗涤至中性,干燥后称重、分析,按下式计算酸洗损失率。
酸洗损失率=[1-(酸洗后复合材料中镍的质量分数×酸洗后复合材料的质量)÷(待酸洗复合材料中镍的质量分数×待酸洗复合材料的质量)]×100%。
试剂、仪器与测试
如无特殊说明,本发明所采用试剂均为分析纯,所用试剂均为市售可得,例如购自西格玛奥德里奇(Sigma-Aldrich)。
本发明所采用XRD衍射仪的型号为XRD-6000型X射线粉末衍射仪(日本岛津),XRD测试条件为:Cu靶,Kα射线(波长λ=0.154nm),管电压为40kV,管电流为200mA,扫描速度为10°(2θ)/min。
本发明所采用高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)的型号为JEM-2100(HRTEM)(日本电子株式会社),高分辨透射电镜测试条件为:加速电压为200kV。
本发明所采用X射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)为VG Scientifc公司生产配备有Avantage V5.926软件的ESCALab220i-XL型射线电子能谱仪,X射线光电子能谱分析测试条件为:激发源为单色化A1KαX射线,功率为330W,分析测试时基础真空为3×10-9mbar。另外,电子结合能用C1s峰(284.6eV)校正,后期分峰处理软件为XPSPEAK。
碳(C)、氢(H)、氧(O)、氮(N)四种元素的分析在Elementar Micro Cube元素分析仪上进行,具体操作方法和条件如下:样品在锡杯中称量1mg~2mg,放入自动进样盘,通过球阀进入燃烧管燃烧,燃烧温度为1000℃(为了去除进样时大气干扰,采用氦气吹扫),然后用还原铜对燃烧后的气体进行还原,形成氮气、二氧化碳和水。混合气体通过三根解吸柱进行分离,依次进TCD检测器检测。氧元素的分析是利用高温分解,在碳催化剂的作用下,将样品中的氧转化为CO,然后采用TCD检测CO。由于本发明的复合材料中仅含有碳、氢、氧、氮和金属元素,因此由碳、氢、氧、氮四种元素的总含量即可知金属元素的总含量。
不同金属元素之间的比例由X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)测定,由已知的碳、氢、氧、氮四种元素总含量,算出不同金属元素在复合材料中的含量。本发明所采用X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)的型号为Rigaku 3013X射线荧光光谱仪,X射线荧光光谱分析测试条件为:扫描时间为100s,气氛为空气。
BET测试方法:本发明中,样品的孔结构性质由Quantachrome AS-6B型分析仪测定,催化剂的比表面积和孔体积由Brunauer-Emmett-Taller(BET)方法得到,孔分布曲线根据Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)方法对脱附曲线进行计算得到。
本发明中,金属纳米粒子的平均粒径由XRD图分峰后,由谢乐公式:D=kγ/(B cosθ)计算得到。其中k为Scherrer常数,k=0.89;B为半高宽;θ为衍射角,单位弧度;γ为x射线波长,0.154054nm。
本发明提供一种卤代苯胺的合成方法,包括:
以碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料为催化剂,在氢气气氛下催化卤代硝基苯进行加氢还原反应;化学反应方程式例示如下,其中R代表苯环上的一个或多个取代基,所述取代基中至少有一个为卤素:
其中,所述纳米复合材料含具有壳层和内核的核壳结构,所述壳层为掺杂氮和氧的石墨化碳层,所述内核为镍纳米颗粒,所述纳米复合材料为具有至少一个介孔分布峰的介孔材料。即指,该纳米复合材料在根据Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)方法对脱附曲线进行计算得到的孔分布曲线上,至少具有一个介孔分布峰。
本发明的纳米复合材料,是一种由“被石墨化碳层严密包覆(不与外界接触)的镍纳米颗粒”、“可与外界接触、被限域的镍纳米颗粒”和具有介孔结构的碳材料构成的复合材料。该纳米复合材料,其掺杂氮和氧的石墨化碳层表面具有丰富的缺陷位,碳材料本身就具有催化活性,与镍纳米颗粒协同发挥作用,可使本发明的纳米复合材料具有较佳的催化性能;此外,本领域技术人员公知,介孔材料一般具有大的比表面积和比较规则的孔道结构,使其能够在大分子的分离、吸附、催化反应中发挥更好的作用,并且可能成为限域催化的微反应器。本发明的纳米复合材料具有丰富的介孔结构,使该纳米复合材料的传质效率更高,从而具有更优异的催化性能。
在一些实施例中,所述卤代硝基苯的苯环上还含有取代基,取代基选自C1-20的烷基、环烷基和芳基中的一种或多种。例如2,5-二甲基-4-氯硝基苯。所述卤代硝基苯中卤素选自氯、溴、碘。上述取代可以为单取代,也可以为多取代,例如对氯硝基苯,3.4-二氯硝基苯。
在一些实施例中,所述催化剂占所述卤代硝基苯质量的1-50%,优选为5-30%。
在一些实施例中,所述加氢还原反应的温度一般为60-120℃。
在一些实施例中,所述氢气的压力一般为0.5-2MPa。
在一些实施例中,所述加氢还原反应的反应时间优选为0.5~3h。
在一些实施例中,所述催化剂与卤代硝基苯在溶剂中混合后进行加氢还原反应,所述溶剂选自醇类、醚类、烷烃类和水中的一种或多种,例如乙醇、四氢呋喃、环己烷等。
根据本发明的纳米复合材料,在一些实施例中,单批次制造的复合材料,在介孔范围内有两个分布峰;如将多批次制造的复合材料混合,则在介孔范围内可以有更多的分布峰。当纳米复合材料具有不同孔径范围的多级介孔结构时,可以使其表现出更独特的性能,且多级介孔结构可适用的应用范围更广。
根据本发明的纳米复合材料,在一些实施例中,介孔结构在2~5nm和6~15nm的介孔范围分别具有一个介孔分布峰。
根据本发明的纳米复合材料,在一些实施例中,介孔结构在2~7nm和8~20nm的介孔范围分别具有一个介孔分布峰。
根据本发明的纳米复合材料,所述复合材料中,介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于50%,优选大于80%。在一些实施例中,介孔体积占总孔体积的比例100%。
根据本发明的纳米复合材料,其介孔体积可以为0.10-0.30cm3/g。
根据本发明的纳米复合材料,其比表面积一般大于140m2/g,可以大于200m2/g。
根据本发明的纳米复合材料,其在空气中不自燃,可以在空气中储存。
根据本发明的纳米复合材料,所述复合材料的酸洗损失率一般为≤40%,可以为≤10%、10%~20%、20%~30%或30%~40%。如上文所述,酸洗损失率反映了石墨化碳层对镍包覆的严密程度。
在一些实施例中,以质量百分比计,该纳米复合材料中,碳含量为10.0%-60.0%,镍含量为30.0%-85.0%;优选地,碳含量为30.0%-50.0%,镍含量为30.0%-60.0%。
根据本发明的纳米复合材料,在碳层中掺杂有氮和氧。氮、氧含量可以通过在制造过程中额外引入含氧化合物、含氮化合物,比如六亚甲基四胺、多元醇来调节。通过调节所述纳米复合材料中的氮、氧含量,可以调节碳层的催化性能,使其适用与催化不同的反应。在一些实施例中,以质量百分比计,所述纳米复合材料中,氮、氧的总含量小于15.0%,优选为0.2%-12.0%,更优选为0.5%-10.0%,其中氮含量小于15.0%,优选0.1-10%,更优选为1-5%。
根据本发明,所述纳米复合材料中,各组分的含量之和为100%。
在一些实施例中,所述石墨化碳层的厚度为0.3nm~6.0nm,优选为0.3~3nm。
在一些实施例中,所述核壳结构的粒径为1~200nm,优选为5~50nm,更优选为5~20nm。
在一些实施例中,镍纳米颗粒的晶格结构为面心立方晶格结构(fcc)。
在一些实施例中,镍纳米颗粒的晶格结构为面心立方晶格结构(fcc)和密排六方晶格结构(hcp)。
在一些实施例中,上述碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料通过如下方法制备:
将镍盐、“多元有机羧酸和含氮化合物,或者含氮的有机多元羧酸”以及可选的其他有机化合物在溶剂中混合形成含镍的水溶性混合物;
将水溶性混合物在惰性气氛或还原性气氛下高温热解。
具体地,制备方法中所提及的水溶性混合物是指将“多元有机羧酸和含氮化合物,或者含氮的有机多元羧酸”及可选的除前者外的其它有机化合物在水、乙醇等溶剂中溶解成均相溶液,然后直接蒸发除去溶剂得到含镍的水溶性混合物。蒸发溶剂的温度和工艺可以采用任意可行的现有技术,例如,在80-120℃下喷雾干燥,或在烘箱中干燥。
在一些实施例中,制备中所用到的有机多元羧酸包括但不限于柠檬酸,含氮的有机多元羧酸包括但不限于乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA),镍盐包括但不限于醋酸盐,含氮化合物包括但不限于六亚甲基四胺,所述的其它有机化合物包括但不限于有机多元醇。
在一些实施例中,高温热解步骤中的惰性气氛采用氮气或氩气保护,所述还原性气氛可以为在惰性气氛中掺有少量氢气的气氛其中热解过程包括升温段和恒温段,升温段的升温速率为0.5~10℃/min,优选2.5~10℃/min;恒温段的温度为400~800℃,优选500~700℃;恒温时间为20~600min,优选30~300min。
在一些实施例中,镍盐、多元有机羧酸、含氮化合物和其它有机化合物的质量比为1:0.5~10:0.5~10:0~10,优选1:1~3:1~3:0~3,即可以完全不加入其它有机化合物。
本发明通过上述方法制备该碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料,而没有采用以金属-有机骨架化合物(MOF)为前驱体热解的方法,该方法需要在高温、高压下于溶剂中制得具有周期性结构的晶态固体材料(即MOF),通常制备MOFs的条件比较严格,所需配体价格昂贵,并且很难进行大量生产;此外,该方法制备的复合材料中对金属粒子的包覆不严密。本发明制备碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料的方法,方便在制备过程中调节石墨化碳层中的氧含量,从而方便调节纳米复合材料的电子特性,以适用于催化不同反应。
下面通过实施例来进一步说明本发明:
制备例1
(1)称取10g醋酸镍、10g柠檬酸、20g六亚甲基四胺,将它们加入到装有30mL去离子水的烧杯中,在70℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干得到固体前驱体。试验证明,本步骤所得固体前驱体溶于水。
(2)将步骤(1)得到的前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入流量为100mL/min的氮气,并以5℃/min的速率升温至650℃,恒温2h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料。经元素分析仪和X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)测定,该纳米复合材料中所含元素的质量百分含量列于表1中。
材料的表征:该材料的TEM图如图1,可看出,该材料为含有碳包覆金属的纳米复合材料,在镍纳米颗粒的外层包裹着具有一定石墨化程度的碳层,形成完整的核壳结构。碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料的X射线衍射谱图如图2所示,可看出,在该纳米复合材料的衍射图中存在对应于石墨碳的衍射峰(2θ角为25.96°)和fcc Ni的衍射峰(2θ角为44.38°、51.83°和76.42°),由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆镍纳米粒子的平均粒径为6.3nm。
BET测试表明,该纳米复合材料的比表面积为114m2/g,孔体积为0.181cm3/g,其中介孔体积为0.173cm3/g,占总孔体积的95.6%。图3a和图3b为该纳米复合材料的N2吸附-脱附等温线及BJH孔径分布曲线,可以看出,纳米复合材料在3.75nm和10.03nm处存在两个介孔分布峰。
该纳米复合材料的X射线光电子能谱(XPS)如图4a-图4c所示,从图4a可以看到明显存在C、O、N和Ni的XPS峰,证明了N、O元素的有效掺杂。从图4b可以看出,其中Ni价态为0价。从图4c可以看出,该复合纳米材料中的O不存在金属-氧(M-O)键,只存在羧基氧、羰基氧和羟基氧,充分证明了这种核壳结构有效的将高活性的Ni纳米粒子与空气隔绝,核壳结构完整。
按术语部分所述方法测量、计算,本制备例制得的复合材料的酸洗损失率为14%。在术语部分所述方法的基础上,继续增加酸洗时间,酸洗损失率基本保持不变。
制备例2
(1)称取10g醋酸镍、20g柠檬酸、20g六亚甲基四胺,将它们加入到含有100mL去离子水的烧杯中,在80℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干得到固体前驱体。
(2)将步骤(1)得到的前驱体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入流量为150mL/min的氮气,并以5℃/min的速率升温至600℃,恒温2h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆纳米材料。经元素分析仪和X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)测定后,该纳米复合材料中所含元素的质量百分含量列于表1中。
材料的表征:该纳米复合材料含有以纳米金属镍为核,具有一定石墨化的碳为壳的核壳结构,TEM图如图5所示;碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料的X射线衍射谱图如图6所示,可看出,在该纳米复合材料的XRD衍射图中存在对应于fcc Ni的衍射峰(2θ角为44.4°、51.9°和76.5°)和hcp Ni的衍射峰(2θ角为41.9°、44.4°和47.5°,由谢乐公式计算出该碳包覆镍纳米粒子的平均粒径为31.4nm;BET测试结果如图7所示,表明该纳米复合材料的比表面积为126m2/g,孔体积为0.213cm3/g,其中介孔体积为0.207cm3/g,占总孔体积的97.1%。通过测定该纳米复合材料的N2吸附-脱附等温线及BJH孔径分布曲线,该纳米复合材料在3.83nm和11.16nm处存在两个介孔分布峰。
按术语部分所述方法测量、计算,本制备例制得的复合材料的酸洗损失率为9.3%。在术语部分所述方法的基础上,继续增加酸洗时间,酸洗损失率基本保持不变。
表1
制备例 | 碳,wt% | 氢,wt% | 氮,wt% | 氧,wt% | 镍,wt% |
制备例1 | 43.30 | 1.08 | 3.88 | 3.99 | 47.75 |
制备例2 | 46.86 | 1.20 | 4.26 | 5.22 | 42.46 |
对比例1
将10g醋酸镍固体置于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入流量为150mL/min的氮气,并以5℃/min的速率升温至600℃,恒温2h后停止加热,并在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到样品材料。经元素分析仪和X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)测定,该复合材料中所含元素的质量百分含量为:碳1.34%,氢0.32%,氧0.18%,镍98.16%。该纳米复合材料的X射线衍射谱图如图8所示,可看出,在该材料的衍射图中存在对应于fcc Ni的衍射峰(44.2°、51.6°和76.2°)。
按术语部分所述方法测量、计算,本对比例制得的复合材料的酸洗损失率为100%。
实施例1
将制备例1所得纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于卤代硝基苯反应物加氢制备目的产物卤代苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1纳米复合材料、1.887g反应物对氯硝基苯,100mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通入H2置换反应釜3次后,再次通入H2使反应釜内压力为3MPa,搅拌升温,升温至预定反应温度60℃,持续反应3小时后停止加热,降至室温后排压,打开反应釜取出产物对氯苯胺进行色谱分析。通过以下公式计算反应物转化率及目的产物选择性:
转化率=已反应的反应物质量/反应物加入量×100%
选择性=目的产物质量/反应生成物质量×100%
经分析后,得到对氯硝基苯的转化率为100%,对氯苯胺的选择性为99.5%。
实施例2
将制备例1所得纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于卤代硝基苯反应物加氢制备目的产物卤代苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g纳米复合材料、0.331g反应物对氯硝基苯,30mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通入H2置换反应釜3次后,再次通入H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至预定反应温度60℃,持续反应2小时后停止加热,降至室温后排压,打开反应釜取出产物对氯苯胺进行色谱分析。通过实施例1所列公式计算反应物转化率及目的产物选择性。
经分析后,得到对氯硝基苯的转化率为100%,对氯苯胺的选择性为99.9%。
实施例3
将制备例1所得纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于卤代硝基苯反应物加氢制备目的产物卤代苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g纳米复合材料、0.662g反应物对氯硝基苯,50mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通入H2置换反应釜3次后,再次通入H2使反应釜内压力为0.5MPa,搅拌升温,升温至预定反应温度120℃,持续反应0.5小时后停止加热,降至室温后排压,打开反应釜取出产物对氯苯胺进行色谱分析。通过实施例1所列公式计算反应物转化率及目的产物选择性。
经分析后,得到对氯硝基苯的转化率为100%,对氯苯胺的选择性为99.2%。
实施例4
将制备例1所得纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于卤代硝基苯反应物加氢制备目的产物卤代苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.2g纳米复合材料、0.662g反应物对氯硝基苯,50mL环己烷加入反应釜中,通入H2置换反应釜3次后,再次通入H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至预定反应温度100℃,持续反应1小时后停止加热,降至室温后排压,打开反应釜取出产物对氯苯胺进行色谱分析。通过实施例1所列公式计算反应物转化率及目的产物选择性。
经分析后,得到对氯硝基苯的转化率为100%,对氯苯胺的选择性为99.4%。
实施例5
将制备例1所得纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于卤代硝基苯反应物加氢制备目的产物卤代苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g纳米复合材料、0.327g反应物3.4-二氯硝基苯,30mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通入H2置换反应釜3次后,再次通入H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至预定反应温度80℃,持续反应2小时后停止加热,降至室温后排压,打开反应釜取出产物3.4-二氯苯胺进行色谱分析。通过实施例1所列公式计算反应物转化率及目的产物选择性。
经分析后,得到3.4-二氯硝基苯的转化率为100%,3.4-二氯苯胺的选择性为99.1%。
实施例6
将制备例1所得纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于卤代硝基苯反应物加氢制备目的产物卤代苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g纳米复合材料、0.334g反应物2,5-二甲基-4-氯硝基苯,30mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通入H2置换反应釜3次后,再次通入H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至预定反应温度80℃,持续反应2小时后停止加热,降至室温后排压,打开反应釜取出产物2,5-二甲基-4-氯苯胺进行色谱分析。通过实施例1所列公式计算反应物转化率及目的产物选择性。
经分析后,得到2,5-二甲基-4-氯硝基苯的转化率为100%,2,5-二甲基-4-氯苯胺的选择性为99.3%。
实施例7
将制备例1所得纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于卤代硝基苯反应物加氢制备目的产物卤代苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.1g纳米复合材料、0.344g反应物对溴硝基苯,30mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通入H2置换反应釜3次后,再次通入H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至预定反应温度80℃,持续反应2小时后停止加热,降至室温后排压,打开反应釜取出产物对溴苯胺进行色谱分析。通过实施例1所列公式计算反应物转化率及目的产物选择性。
经分析后,得到对溴硝基苯的转化率为100%,对溴苯胺的选择性为99.1%。
实施例8
将制备例2所得纳米复合材料作为催化剂用于卤代硝基苯反应物加氢制备目的产物卤代苯胺的反应,具体的实验步骤为:
将0.2g纳米复合材料、0.662g反应物对氯硝基苯,50mL乙醇加入反应釜中,通入H2置换反应釜3次后,再次通入H2使反应釜内压力为1MPa,搅拌升温,升温至预定反应温度60℃,持续反应2小时后停止加热,降至室温后排压,打开反应釜取出产物对氯苯胺进行色谱分析。通过实施例1所列公式计算反应物转化率及目的产物选择性。
经分析后,得到对氯硝基苯的转化率为100%,对氯苯胺的选择性为99.5%。
可见,采用本发明的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料催化卤代硝基苯加氢合成卤代苯胺,在宽的温度范围和压力范围内,均可实现反应转化率100%,且卤代苯胺的选择性均可达到99%以上,材料的催化性能稳定,表现了良好的重复性、高活性及高选择性。
本领域技术人员应当注意的是,本发明所描述的实施方式仅仅是示范性的,可在本发明的范围内作出各种其他替换、改变和改进。因而,本发明不限于上述实施方式,而仅由权利要求限定。
Claims (27)
1.一种卤代苯胺的合成方法,包括:
以碳包覆镍的纳米复合材料为催化剂,在氢气气氛下催化卤代硝基苯进行加氢还原反应;
其中,所述纳米复合材料含具有壳层和内核的核壳结构,所述壳层为掺杂氮和氧的石墨化碳层,所述内核为镍纳米颗粒,其中所述纳米复合材料为具有至少一个介孔分布峰的介孔材料,所述纳米复合材料的酸洗损失率≤40%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的合成方法,其中所述卤代硝基苯的苯环上还含有取代基,所述取代基选自C1-20的烷基、环烷基和芳基中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的合成方法,其中所述卤代硝基苯中卤素选自氟、氯、溴和碘中的一种或多种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的合成方法,其中所述卤代硝基苯选自对氯硝基苯、邻氯硝基苯、间氯硝基苯、对氟硝基苯、邻溴硝基苯、3,4-二氯硝基苯、2,4-二氯硝基苯或2,5-二甲基-4-氯硝基苯。
5.根据权利要求1所述的合成方法,其中所述催化剂占所述卤代硝基苯质量的1-50%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的合成方法,其中所述加氢还原反应在60-120℃下进行。
7.根据权利要求1所述的合成方法,其中所述氢气的压力为0.5-2MPa。
8.根据权利要求1所述的合成方法,其中所述催化剂与卤代硝基苯在溶剂中混合后进行加氢还原反应,其中所述溶剂选自醇类、醚类、烷烃类和水中的一种或多种。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的合成方法,其中所述纳米复合材料为具有两个或两个以上介孔分布峰的介孔材料。
10.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的合成方法,其中所述介孔材料中介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于50%。
11.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的合成方法,其中纳米复合材料的介孔体积为0.05-1.25cm3/g。
12.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的合成方法,所述石墨化碳层的厚度为0.3nm~6.0nm。
13.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的合成方法,所述核壳结构的粒径为1~200nm。
14.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的合成方法,其中以质量百分比计,该纳米复合材料中,碳含量为10.0%-60.0%,镍含量为30.0%-85.0%。
15.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的合成方法,其中以质量百分比计,该纳米复合材料中,氮和氧的总含量小于15.0%。
16.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的合成方法,其中以质量百分比计,氮含量小于15%。
17.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的合成方法,其中所述镍纳米颗粒的晶格结构为面心立方晶格结构和/或密排六方晶格结构。
18.根据权利要求5所述的合成方法,其中所述催化剂占所述卤代硝基苯质量的5-30%。
19.根据权利要求10所述的合成方法,其中所述介孔材料中介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于80%。
20.根据权利要求13所述的合成方法,所述石墨化碳层的厚度为0.3~3nm。
21.根据权利要求14所述的合成方法,所述核壳结构的粒径为3~100nm。
22.根据权利要求14所述的合成方法,所述核壳结构的粒径为4~50nm。
23.根据权利要求15所述的合成方法,其中以质量百分比计,该纳米复合材料中,碳含量为30.0%-50.0%,镍含量为30.0%-60.0%。
24.根据权利要求16所述的合成方法,其中以质量百分比计,该纳米复合材料中,氮和氧的总含量为0.2%-12.0%。
25.根据权利要求16所述的合成方法,其中以质量百分比计,该纳米复合材料中,氮和氧的总含量为0.5%-10.0%。
26.根据权利要求17所述的合成方法,其中以质量百分比计,氮含量为0.1-10%。
27.根据权利要求17所述的合成方法,其中以质量百分比计,氮含量为1-5%。
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