CN109309213B - 碳包覆镍纳米复合材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

碳包覆镍纳米复合材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN109309213B
CN109309213B CN201810842342.6A CN201810842342A CN109309213B CN 109309213 B CN109309213 B CN 109309213B CN 201810842342 A CN201810842342 A CN 201810842342A CN 109309213 B CN109309213 B CN 109309213B
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carbon
coated nickel
acid
coated
content
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CN109309213A (zh
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吴耿煌
荣峻峰
达志坚
林伟国
于鹏
谢婧新
宗明生
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Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07CACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C213/00Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C213/02Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton by reactions involving the formation of amino groups from compounds containing hydroxy groups or etherified or esterified hydroxy groups
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Abstract

提供一种制备碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:S1,将Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种与含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸在水中加热搅拌形成均相溶液,然后除去水分形成前驱体;S2,将所述前驱体在惰性气氛下或还原气氛下进行高温热解。本发明还提供一种碳包覆镍纳米复合材料及其应用。该方法制备的前驱体无需使用氰胺类等碳化效率低、易生成管状物的配体。且相比于一般金属‑有机配体配位法,本发明无需使用有机溶剂,无需反应釜中高温高压自组装,并且前驱体中金属离子的利用率为100%。此外,本发明以丁烷作为模型分子,验证了该种纳米材料在挥发性有机物的催化燃烧领域的应用前景。

Description

碳包覆镍纳米复合材料及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明属于碳包覆金属复合材料制备与应用领域,具体涉及一种氮、氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
纳米材料具有区别于常规尺寸材料的一些特殊的物理化学特性,包括表面效应、介电限域、量子尺寸、小尺寸效应以及宏观量子隧道效应等。其中金属纳米颗粒由于具有优异的光学、电学、磁学性能而受到广泛关注。但金属纳米颗粒活性高,容易发生团聚或被氧化甚至在空气中燃烧,大大影响了这类材料的性能及其应用。纳米碳材料具有耐酸碱腐蚀、化学性质稳定等优点。此外,带有缺陷及杂原子的纳米碳材料还在特性反应中表现出了优异的催化性能。近年来的研究表明利用单层或多层石墨包覆金属纳米颗粒可以有效的将两种材料的优点结合在一起并呈现出新的特性,引起了研究者的广泛关注。
目前,碳包覆金属纳米粒子的方法主要有电弧法、化学气相沉积法(CVD)以及高温热解法等。其中电弧法所使用设备复杂,操作性差,能耗高,难以实现大规模制备。相比于电弧法,CVD法成本较低,产量及产率较高,但需预先制备金属纳米或其化合物颗粒。通常这类沉积前体存在粒径不均一,难以有效分散,制备复杂等缺点,从而影响了最终产物的性能。与CVD法相似,热解法的产物的结构与性能受前驱体材料影响较大。但热解法具有工艺简单、成本低、收率高、金属含量可控等优点,是目前最具大规模制备前景的方法之一。
热解法主要可分为两大类,第一类方法直接将碳源(通常为二氰二胺、三聚氰胺等)、金属源混合后置于惰性或还原气氛下进行高温热解。由于二氰二胺、三聚氰胺等碳源在高温下易分解,且与金属颗粒直接混合相互作用较弱,导致配体利用率低,碳化产率低。此外,氰胺类物质为碳、氮源容易生成碳纳米管包覆材料,导致产品不纯。另一类方法则先将金属离子与有机配体在特性反应下通过自助装连接形成金属-有机骨架(MOF)化合物作为前驱体。与氰胺类的热解法不同,由于MOF中的金属形成了原子级别的均匀分散,因此被认为是一种更理想的热解前驱体,成为了该领域近年来的研究热点。通常制备这种前驱体需要使用有机溶剂,且需要在反应釜中进行高温、高压反应。如Deng(DOI:10.1002/anie.201409524,Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2015,54.7:2100-2104.)等以Co(NO3)2、Ni(NO3)2为金属源,EDTA为碳源,在高温高压条件下制备了自组装前驱体并在Ar气氛下高温热解制备氮、氧掺杂碳包覆钴镍合金纳米颗粒。An(DOI:10.1039/c6ta02339h,Mesoporous Ni@C hybrids for a high energy aqueous asymmetricsupercapacitor device,Electronic Supplementary Material(ESI)for Journal ofMaterials Chemistry A)等以亚氨基二乙酸为碳源,Ni(NO3)2为金属源,同样在高温高压条件下制备了自助装前驱体并进一步在Ar气氛下高温热解制备了碳包覆镍纳米颗粒。
催化燃烧是指可燃物在催化剂的作用下,在一定的温度条件下进行的燃烧反应。催化燃烧可以使燃料在较低的温度下实现完全燃烧,对改善燃烧过程、降低反应温度、促进完全燃烧、抑制有毒有害物质的形成等方面具有极为重要的作用。挥发性有机物(VOCs)是指在常温下饱和蒸气压大于70Pa,常压下沸点在260℃以下的有机化合物,包括烷烃、芳香烃、芳烃类、烯烃、醇类、醛类、酮类、卤代烃等。近年来VOCs已成为我国主要大气污染物之一,因而VOCs的净化处理技术尤其是催化燃烧处理技术,已成为环境催化领域的一个研究热点。而以碳包覆非贵金属纳米材料为催化剂在该领域的研究仍处在初始阶段,具有重要的研究价值。
发明内容
为了克服上述缺陷,本发明提供一种碳包覆镍纳米复合材料及其制备方法和应用。
本发明一方面提供一种碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,包括碳包覆镍纳米颗粒,其中所述碳包覆镍纳米颗粒由包括面心立方晶格结构和/或六方紧密晶格结构的镍纳米颗粒内核和包覆在所述镍纳米颗粒表面的氮、氧掺杂的石墨化碳层外壳组成;并且所述复合材料具有介孔孔径在2-5nm以及8-12nm两个分布峰。
根据本发明的一实施方式,其中所述复合材料中介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于90%,优选大于95%。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,其中以所述复合材料的总质量为基准,Ni的含量为5-80%,C的含量为20-93%,O的含量为0.5-6%,N的含量为0.5-6%,H的含量为0.1-2.5%。根据本发明的另一实施方式,其中所述碳包覆镍纳米颗粒的粒径为2-35nm。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,其中所述复合材料的酸洗损失率小于50%,优选小于20%,更优选小于10%,最优选小于2%。
本发明的另一方面提供一种碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:S1,将Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种与含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸在水中加热搅拌形成均相溶液,然后除去水分形成前驱体;S2,将所述前驱体在惰性气氛下或还原气氛下进行高温热解。
根据本发明的一实施方式,其中所述含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸是乙二胺四乙酸、亚氨基二乙酸、二乙烯三胺五乙酸、1,3-丙二胺四乙酸的一种或多种。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,其中所述Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种与所述含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸的摩尔比为1:0.4~10。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,其中加热搅拌温度为30~150℃。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,其中在所述S2步骤中,所述惰性气氛为氮气或氩气,所述高温热解以0.5-30℃/min速率升温至恒温段,在恒温段保持恒温时间为20-600min,所述恒温段温度为425-800℃;优选,所述升温速率为1~10℃/min,在恒温段保持恒温时间为450~800℃,所述恒温段温度为20~480min。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,其中还包括:S3,将所述S2步骤得到的产物在酸性溶液中纯化,除去包覆不完整的Ni内核。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,其中所述S3步骤中所述酸性溶液为盐酸、硫酸氢氟酸的水溶液中的一种或多种,浓度为0.1~3mol/L。
本发明的另一方面还提供上述碳包覆镍纳米复合材料在催化燃烧含挥发性有机物气体中的应用,包括:将所述碳包覆镍纳米复合材料作为催化剂与含挥发性有机物的气体以及含氧气体接触并进行催化燃烧。
根据本发明的一实施方式,其中所述挥发性有机物包括C1~C4烃中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的另一实施方式,其中所述催化燃烧条件包括:温度为200~500℃,反应空速为每小时1~5000毫升挥发性有机物/g(所述碳包覆镍纳米复合材料);以体积计,所述含挥发性有机物气体中挥发性有机物的含量为0.01~100体积%。
本发明高温热解的前驱体直接由Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种与含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸进行反应产生,前驱体Ni的原子利用率可达100%。制备过程无需使用传统方法常用的二氰二胺、三聚氰胺等易升华或分解,且易生成碳纳米管状物的配体;且克服了现有技术制备金属有机骨架结构前驱体需要使用高温高压反应釜自组装,大量浪费有机溶剂、提纯步骤繁琐等缺点。并且,含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸作为纳米材料碳源、氮源,同时在高温条件下碳化起到碳还原剂的作用,因此制备过程中无需再通入氢气等可燃性还原气体,或者CH4、C2H4等可燃性气体。
通过本发明制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料分散性好,尺寸均一,比表面积较大,且孔径分布在介孔区间存在两个分布峰。
通过本发明制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的内核既有fcc-Ni,也有hcp-Ni,且为金属态。在以丁烷为模型分子进行催化燃烧的评价实验,可将空气中含0.01%~10.0%(w/w%)浓度的丁烷组分催化氧化成CO2,消除率达90%以上。证明了该种纳米材料在丁烷催化燃烧的高催化活性,表明该种材料在催化燃烧领域具有广阔的应用前景。
附图说明
附图是用来提供对本发明的进一步理解,并且构成说明书的一部分,与下面的具体实施方式一起应用于解释本发明,但并不构成对本发明的限制。在附图中:
图1是实施例1所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图2是实施例2所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XPS图。
图3A是实施例2所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的N2吸脱附等温曲线图。
图3B是实施例2所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔径分布曲线图。
图4是实施例3所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图5A是实施例3所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的N2吸脱附等温曲线图。
图5B是实施例3所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔径分布曲线图。
图6是实施例4所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。
图7A是实施例4所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的N2吸脱附等温曲线图。
图7B是实施例4所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔径分布曲线图。
图8是实施例4所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的SEM和TEM图。
图9是实施例5所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。
图10是对比例1所制备的纳米颗粒XRD图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图通过具体的实施例对本发明作出进一步的详细描述,应当理解的是,此处所描述的具体实施方式仅用于说明和解释本发明,但不以任何方式限制本发明。
本发明中术语“核壳结构”是指内核为钴纳米颗粒,壳层为氮、氧掺杂的石墨化碳层。所述的“石墨化碳层”是指在高分辨透射电镜下可明显观察到“层状的”碳结构,而非无定型结构,且层间距约为0.34nm。
术语“介孔”定义为孔径在2~50nm范围的孔。孔径小于2nm的孔定义为微孔,大于50nm的孔定义为大孔。
术语“氮、氧掺杂”和“氮及氧掺杂”中的“氧”是指氧元素,其中所述纳米复合材料的“氧含量”是指氧元素的含量,具体是指,在碳包覆纳米复合材料制备过程中,形成石墨化碳层中含有以各种形式存在的氧元素,所述“氧含量”为所有形式的氧元素的总含量;同样,“氮”是指氮元素,“氮含量”为所有形式的氮元素的总含量。
术语“介孔分布峰”是指根据Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)方法对脱附曲线进行计算得到的孔分布曲线上的介孔分布峰。
术语“酸洗损失率”是指制备完成的碳包覆过渡金属的纳米复合材料产品经酸洗后过渡金属的损失比例。其反映了石墨化碳层对过渡金属包覆的严密程度。如果石墨化碳层对过渡金属包覆不严密,则在酸处理后,内核的过渡金属会被酸溶解从而流失。酸洗损失率越大,表明石墨化碳层对过渡金属包覆的严密程度越低,酸洗损失率越小,表明石墨化碳层对过渡金属包覆的严密程度越高。
所述的“酸洗损失率”按以下方式测量并计算:
按20mL硫酸水溶液(1mol/L)投加1g样品的比例,在90℃下对样品处理8h,然后用去离子水洗涤至中性,干燥后称重、分析,按下式计算酸洗损失率。
酸洗损失率=[1-(酸洗后复合材料中过渡金属的质量分数×酸洗后复合材料的质量)÷(待酸洗复合材料中过渡金属的质量分数×待酸洗复合材料的质量)]×100%。
本发明的一种碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,包括碳包覆镍纳米颗粒,其中碳包覆镍纳米颗粒由包括面心立方晶格结构和/或六方紧密晶格结构的镍纳米颗粒内核和包覆在镍纳米颗粒表面的氮、氧掺杂的石墨化碳层外壳组成;并且复合材料具有介孔孔径在2-5nm以及8-12nm两个分布峰。
优选,所述复合材料中介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于90%,优选大于95%。优选,以复合材料的总质量为基准,Ni的含量为5-80%,C的含量为20-93%,O的含量为0.5-6%,N的含量为0.5-6%,H的含量为0.1-2.5%。
优选,碳包覆镍纳米颗粒的粒径为2-35nm。
优选,复合材料的酸洗损失率小于50%,优选小于20%,更优选小于10%,最优选小于2%。
本发明的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料通过如下方法制备,包括如下步骤:S1,将Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种与含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸在水中加热搅拌形成均相溶液,然后除去水分形成前驱体;S2,将前驱体在惰性气氛下或还原气氛下进行高温热解。
优先,含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸是乙二胺四乙酸、亚氨基二乙酸、二乙烯三胺五乙酸、1,3-丙二胺四乙酸的一种或多种。
Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种与含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸的摩尔比为1:0.4~10。
其中加热搅拌温度为30~150℃。
在S2步骤中,惰性气氛为氮气或氩气,高温热解以0.5-30℃/min速率升温至恒温段,在恒温段保持恒温时间为20-600min,恒温段温度为425~800℃;优选,升温速率为1~10℃/min,在恒温段保持恒温时间为450~800℃,恒温段温度为20~480min。
优选,所述方法还包括S3步骤,将所述S2步骤得到的产物在酸性溶液中纯化,除去包覆不完整的Ni内核。
在S3步骤中酸性溶液为非氧化性酸的水溶液,例如盐酸、硫酸和氢氟酸的水溶液中的一种或多种,浓度为0.1~3mol/L。
上述碳包覆镍纳米复合材料可以用于催化燃烧含挥发性有机物气体,包括:将碳包覆镍纳米复合材料作为催化剂与含挥发性有机物的气体以及含氧气体接触并进行催化燃烧。
其中挥发性有机物可以包括C1~C4烃中的一种或多种。
其中催化燃烧条件可以是:温度为200~500℃,反应空速为每小时1~5000毫升挥发性有机物/g(所述碳包覆镍纳米复合材料);以体积计,含挥发性有机物气体中挥发性有机物的含量为0.01~100体积%。
碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的制备
实施例1
称取8.77g(30mmol)乙二胺四乙酸和1.39g(15mmol)氢氧化镍加入300mL去离子水中,在90℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干,将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将得到的前驱体至于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以5℃/min的速率升温至450℃,恒温30min后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例2
称取4.38g(10mmol)乙二胺四乙酸、1.33g亚氨基二乙酸(10mmol)和3.76g(10mmol)四水合碱式碳酸镍加入100mL去离子水中,在80℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干,将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将得到的前驱体至于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量150mL/min,并以5℃/min的速率升温至520℃,恒温2h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
将得到的复合材料的粉末加入50mL 1mol/L HCl溶液中,在85℃下搅拌并回流4h后将溶液进行抽滤,并用去离子水洗至中性后将粉末置于100℃烘箱干燥2h,得到纯化的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例3
称取4.38g(15mmol)乙二胺四乙酸和1.85g(20mmol)氢氧化镍加入150mL去离子水中,在75℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干,将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将得到的前驱体至于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量80mL/min,并以3℃/min的速率升温至600℃,恒温3h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
将得到的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料加入60mL 0.5mol/L H2SO4溶液中,在80℃下搅拌并回流6h后将溶液进行抽滤,并用去离子水洗至中性后将粉末置于100℃烘箱干燥2h,得到纯化的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例4
称取2.92g(10mmol)乙二胺四乙酸、1.53g(5mmol)1,3-丙二胺四乙酸和1.85g(20mmol)氢氧化镍加入120mL去离子水中,在80℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干,将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将得到的前驱体至于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量80mL/min,并以2.5℃/min的速率升温至725℃,恒温3.5h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
将得到的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料加入50mL 0.5mol/L H2SO4溶液中,在90℃下搅拌并回流6h后将溶液进行抽滤,并用去离子水洗至中性后将粉末置于100℃烘箱干燥2h,得到纯化的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
实施例5
称取2.92(10mmol)乙二胺四乙酸和1.85g(20mmol)氢氧化镍加入100mL去离子水中,在85℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干,将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将得到的前驱体至于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量80mL/min,并以2.5℃/min的速率升温至625℃,恒温2h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
将得到的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料加入60mL 1mol/L HCl溶液中,在90℃下搅拌并回流6h后将溶液进行抽滤,并用去离子水洗至中性后将粉末置于100℃烘箱干燥2h,得到纯化的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料。
对比例1
称取2.92(10mmol)乙二胺四乙酸和1.85(20mmol)氢氧化镍加入100mL去离子水中,在85℃下搅拌得到均相溶液,并继续加热蒸干,将固体研磨后得到前驱体。
将步骤(1)得到的前驱体至于瓷舟内,然后将瓷舟置于管式炉的恒温区,通入氮气,流量100mL/min,并以2℃/min的速率升温至410℃,恒温3h后停止加热,在氮气气氛下冷却至室温,得到黑色粉末。
性能表征
通过XRD获得材料的成分、材料内部原子或分子的结构或形态等信息。所采用XRD衍射仪的型号为XRD-6000型X射线粉末衍射仪(日本岛津),XRD测试条件为:Cu靶,Kα射线(波长λ=0.154nm),管电压为40kV,管电流为200mA,扫描速度为10°(2θ)/min。
通过扫描电镜(SEM)表征材料的表面形貌。所采用的扫描电镜的型号为HitachiS-4800冷场扫描发射电镜,扫描电镜的测试条件为:将粉末样品通过导电胶固定在样品台观察,加速电压为5kV。
通过高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)表征材料的表面形貌。所采用高分辨透射电镜的型号为JEM-2100(日本电子株式会社),高分辨透射电镜测试条件为:加速电压为200kV。样品中纳米颗粒的粒径通过电镜图片测量得到。
通过X射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)检测材料表面的元素。所采用X射线光电子能谱分析仪为VG Scientifc公司生产配备有Avantage V5.926软件的ESCALab220i-XL型射线电子能谱仪,X射线光电子能谱分析测试条件为:激发源为单色化A1KαX射线,功率为330W,分析测试时基础真空为3×10-9mbar。
通过BET测试方法检测材料的孔结构性质。具体采用Quantachrome AS-6B型分析仪测定,催化剂的比表面积由Brunauer-Emmett-Taller(BET)方法得到,孔分布曲线根据Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)方法对脱附曲线进行计算得到。
碳(C)、氢(H)、氧(O)、氮(N)四种元素的分析在Elementar Micro Cube元素分析仪上进行。具体操作方法和条件如下:样品在锡杯中称量1-2mg,放入自动进样盘,通过球阀进入燃烧管燃烧,燃烧温度为1000℃(为了去除进样时大气干扰,采用氦气吹扫),然后用还原铜对燃烧后的气体进行还原,形成氮气、二氧化碳和水。混合气体通过三根解吸柱进行分离,依次进TCD检测器检测。氧元素的分析是利用高温分解,在碳催化剂的作用下,将样品中的氧转化为CO,然后采用TCD检测CO。
金属元素含量为材料扣除碳、氢、氧、氮含量后归一化结果。
图1是实施例1制备的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的X射线衍射谱图。从图1可以看出25℃存在碳材料的衍射峰,其余衍射峰对应了密排立方结构的镍(hcp-Ni)和面心立方结构(fcc-Ni)两种晶相的Ni纳米材料。元素分析仪测定纳米材料C含量为36.32%,H含量为0.75%,N含量为1.79%,O含量为1.96%,归一化后Ni含量为59.18%。按术语部分所述方法测量、计算,本实施例制得的复合材料的酸洗损失率为45%。在术语部分所述方法的基础上,继续增加酸洗时间,酸洗损失率基本保持不变。此外,BET测试表明,该纳米复合材料的比表面积为265m2/g,孔体积为0.353cm3/g,其中介孔体积占总孔体积的98.7%。图2是实施例2所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XPS图。从图中曲线(a)可以看到明显存在这C、N、O、Ni的XPS峰,证明了N、O元素的有效掺杂。从图中曲线(b)可以看出,其中Ni的价态为0价,充分证明了这种核壳结构有效的将高活性的Ni纳米粒子与空气隔绝,核壳结构完整。图3A是实施例2所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的N2吸脱附等温曲线图。图3B是实施例2所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔径分布曲线图。从图3A可以看出这种材料在p/p0=0.4~1.0之间出现明显的滞后环。从图3B可以看出,这种材料的孔径分布在在直径为3.8nm与10.3nm的地方出现了两个分布峰。该纳米复合材料的比表面积为241m2/g,孔体积为0.489cm3/g,其中介孔体积占总孔体积的99.4%。元素分析仪测定纳米材料C含量为37.96%,H含量为0.68%,N含量为1.50%,O含量为3.61%,归一化后Ni含量为56.25%。按术语部分所述方法测量、计算,本实施例制得的纯化前的复合材料的酸洗损失率为15%,纯化后的材料的酸洗损失率小于2%。在术语部分所述方法的基础上,继续增加酸洗时间,酸洗损失率基本保持不变。
图4是实施例3所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。与图1类似,图4同样只存在碳材料的衍射峰以及hcp-Ni和fcc-Ni的衍射峰。图5A是实施例3所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的N2吸脱附等温曲线图。图5B是实施例3所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔径分布曲线图。表明这种材料的孔径分布在在直径为3.7nm与10.0nm的地方出现了两个分布峰。该纳米复合材料的比表面积为224m2/g,孔体积为0.457cm3/g,其中介孔体积占总孔体积的99.7%。元素分析仪测定纳米材料C含量为37.42%,H含量为0.54%,N含量为1.45%,O含量为1.86%,归一化后Ni含量为58.73%。按术语部分所述方法测量、计算,本实施例制得的纯化前的复合材料的酸洗损失率为12%。在术语部分所述方法的基础上,继续增加酸洗时间,酸洗损失率基本保持不变。
图6是实施例4所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的XRD图。图7同样只存在碳材料的衍射峰以及hcp-Ni和fcc-Ni的衍射峰,与图1及图4的不同之处在于hcp-Ni的峰强度下降,尤其是在42°和62°的衍射峰近乎消失。图7A是实施例4所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的N2吸脱附等温曲线图。图7B是实施例4所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的孔径分布曲线图。图7表明这种材料的孔径分布在在直径为3.7nm与10.0nm的地方出现了两个分布峰。该纳米复合材料的比表面积为303m2/g,孔体积为0.581cm3/g,其中介孔体积占总孔体积的99.3%。图8是实施例4所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的SEM和TEM图。图8中照片(a)可以看到材料整体为无规则块状;照片(b)可以看出镍纳米颗粒均匀分散在碳载体上;照片(c)可以看出明显的石墨壳层与金属内核,直接证明了纳米颗粒的核壳结构。元素分析仪测定纳米材料C含量为46.91%,H含量为0.42%,N含量为1.54%,O含量为1.83%,归一化后Ni含量为49.30%。按术语部分所述方法测量、计算,本实施例制得的纯化前的复合材料的酸洗损失率为40%。在术语部分所述方法的基础上,继续增加酸洗时间,酸洗损失率基本保持不变。
图9是实施例5所制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的TEM图。从照片(b)可以看出对应hcp-Ni(101)的晶格条纹。此外,BET测试表明,该酸洗纯化后纳米复合材料的比表面积为256m2/g,孔体积为0.513cm3/g,其中介孔体积占总孔体积的98.6%。元素分析仪测定纳米材料C含量为36.70%,H含量为0.52%,N含量为1.30%,O含量为1.82%,归一化后Ni含量为59.44%。按术语部分所述方法测量、计算,本实施例制得的纯化前的复合材料的酸洗损失率为18%。在术语部分所述方法的基础上,继续增加酸洗时间,酸洗损失率基本保持不变。
图10是对比例1所制备的纳米颗粒XRD图。其中衍射特征峰以NiO的特征峰为主。表明同样的前驱体在较低温度下进行高温热解无法得到碳包覆金属镍材料,而是得到裸露的NiO纳米颗粒。
催化性能测试
将实施例1~5以及对比例1所制备的材料应用于空气中丁烷的催化燃烧实验,并评价催化效率。以催化剂在350℃下反应1h后催化丁烷燃烧的转化率高低作为具体评价催化活性指标。
丁烷转化率%=(丁烷初始浓度-反应后丁烷浓度)/丁烷初始浓度*100%。
评价装置为固定床反应器,将含丁烷质量分数为0.5%,O2质量分数为6%,N2质量分数为93.5%的混合气通入装填有上述催化器的固定床反应器,反应温度为350℃,反应空速为反应空速为每小时5000毫升挥发性有机物/g,评价时间为1小时。各组催化剂对应的转化率如表1所示。
表1是不同催化剂对应的丁烷催化燃烧转化率表
催化剂 丁烷转化率%
实施例1 99.2
实施例2 98.8
实施例3 98.9
实施例4 93.8
实施例5 97.5
对比例1 35.1
可以看出,氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍核壳结构纳米具有高效的催化丁烷燃烧的效率,且远优于对照例中未包覆的NiO的催化剂。
本发明高温热解的前驱体直接由Ni(OH)2或NiO或NiCO3或碱式碳酸镍的一种或多种与含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸进行反应产生,前驱体Ni的原子利用率可达100%。制备过程无需使用传统方法常用的二氰二胺、三聚氰胺等易升华或分解,且易生成碳纳米管状物的配体;且克服了现有技术制备金属有机骨架结构前驱体需要使用高温高压反应釜自组装,大量浪费有机溶剂、提纯步骤繁琐等缺点。并且,含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸作为纳米材料碳源、氮源,同时在高温条件下碳化起到碳还原剂的作用,因此制备过程中无需再通入氢气等可燃性还原气体,或者CH4、C2H4等可燃性气体。
通过本发明制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料分散性好,尺寸均一,比表面积较大,且孔径分布在介孔区间存在两个分布峰。
通过本发明制备的氮及氧掺杂碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的内核既有fcc-Ni,也有hcp-Ni,且为金属态。在以丁烷为模型分子进行催化燃烧的评价实验,可将空气中含0.01%~10.0%(w/w%)浓度的丁烷组分催化氧化成CO2,消除率达90%以上。证明了该种纳米材料在丁烷催化燃烧的高催化活性,表明该种材料在催化燃烧领域具有广阔的应用前景。
当然,本发明还可有其它多种实施例,在不背离本发明精神及其实质的情况下,熟悉本领域的技术人员当可根据本发明作出各种相应的改变和变形,但这些相应的改变和变形都应属于本发明所附的权利要求的保护范围。

Claims (20)

1.一种碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,包括碳包覆镍纳米颗粒,其中所述碳包覆镍纳米颗粒由包括面心立方晶格结构和六方紧密晶格结构的镍纳米颗粒内核和包覆在所述镍纳米颗粒表面的氮、氧掺杂的石墨化碳层外壳组成;并且所述复合材料具有介孔孔径在2-5nm以及8-12nm两个分布峰。
2.据权利要求1所述的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,其中所述复合材料中介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于90%。
3.根据权利要求2所述的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,其中所述复合材料中介孔体积占总孔体积的比例大于95%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,其中以所述复合材料的总质量为基准,Ni的含量为5-80%,C的含量为20-93%,O的含量为0.5-6%,N的含量为0.5-6%,H的含量为0.1-2.5%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,其中所述碳包覆镍纳米颗粒的粒径为2-35nm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,其中所述复合材料的酸洗损失率小于50%。
7.根据权利要求6所述的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,其中所述复合材料的酸洗损失率小于20%。
8.根据权利要求7所述的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,其中所述复合材料的酸洗损失率小于10%。
9.根据权利要求8所述的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料,其中所述复合材料的酸洗损失率小于2%。
10.一种制备权利要求1-9任一所述的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料的方法,包括如下步骤:
S1,将Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种与含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸在水中加热搅拌形成均相溶液,然后除去水分形成前驱体;
S2,将所述前驱体在惰性气氛下或还原气氛下进行高温热解。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸是乙二胺四乙酸、亚氨基二乙酸、二乙烯三胺五乙酸和1,3-丙二胺四乙酸中的一种或多种。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述Ni(OH)2、NiO、NiCO3和碱式碳酸镍中的一种或多种与所述含胺基的水溶性脂肪酸的摩尔比为1:0.4~10。
13.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中加热搅拌温度为30~150℃。
14.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中在所述S2步骤中,所述惰性气氛为氮气或氩气,所述高温热解以0.5-30℃/min速率升温至恒温段,在恒温段保持恒温时间为20-600min,所述恒温段温度为425-800℃。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中在所述S2步骤中,所述高温热解以1~10℃/min速率升温至恒温段,在恒温段保持恒温时间为20~480min,所述恒温段温度为450-800℃。
16.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中还包括:
S3,将所述S2步骤得到的产物在酸性溶液中纯化,除去包覆不完整的Ni内核。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述S3步骤中所述酸性溶液为盐酸、硫酸和氢氟酸的水溶液中的一种或多种,浓度为0.1~3mol/L。
18.权利要求1-9任一所述的碳包覆镍纳米复合材料在催化燃烧含挥发性有机物气体中的应用,包括:将所述碳包覆镍纳米复合材料作为催化剂与含挥发性有机物的气体以及含氧气体接触并进行催化燃烧。
19.根据权利要求18所述的应用,其中所述挥发性有机物包括C1~C4烃中的一种或多种。
20.根据权利要求18所述的应用,其中所述催化燃烧条件包括:温度为200~500℃,反应空速为相对于每克所述碳包覆镍纳米复合材料每小时1~5000毫升挥发性有机物;以体积计,所述含挥发性有机物气体中挥发性有机物的含量为0.01~100体积%。
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