CN111063549A - 二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料 - Google Patents
二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料,包括正极材料和负极材料;正极材料由以下方法制得:将3‑氨基‑1,2,4‑三氮唑‑5羧酸钾与醋酸镍加入到水/乙醇混合溶剂中,滴加到聚乙烯吡咯烷酮水溶液中,先超声分散,再搅拌反应,离心、乙醇清洗、干燥,得二维MOFs纳米片层材料,研磨成细粉,煅烧,得粉体样品;负极材料由以下方法制得:用盐酸处理正极材料直至反应生成的绿色消失,蒸馏水洗涤至悬浮液无色,过滤,干燥,得粉末材料。本发明还公开了一种由正、负极材料制成的电池‑超级电容器混合器件,混合电容器表现出比电容量高,库伦效率优异,循环性能好等实用性潜力。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于电池-超级电容器混合型储能技术领域,涉及一种二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料。
背景技术
到21世纪中叶,人们对能源的需求量将达到目前的两倍以上。面对这一严峻形势,纳米、材料、化学等学科必须探索、研发新能源材料来满足日益增加的能量存储于转换需求。因此,新能源材料的开发、研究,是能量有效储存和转换的核心与基础,目前已上升至各国发展的重要战略。
电池-超级电容器混合储能器件,一般是指电池型电极材料作为正极、超级电容器电极材料作为负极装配而成的混合型储能器件。电池型电极材料包括金属有机框架材料(MOFs)、锂电池用锰酸盐、钴酸盐及金属氧化物等电极材料。超级电容器负极材料通常选择活性炭、石墨烯等碳及纳米材料。
碳基纳米材料,如介孔碳、活性炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳量子点等,因具有高导电、导热、结构稳定等系列优点,是组成电化学储能器件的理想电极材料和活性单元,尤其是作为活性物质单元已被广泛运用于超级电容器、锂电池、燃料电池等电化学储能器件中。并且,碳电极材料因其特有的纳米尺度、大比表面积、短的离子/电子传输路径,在电化学储能方面显示出奇特的小尺寸效应与动力学优势,为新一代电化学储能器件的发展提供了新的机遇。
氮原子修饰的碳材料,可增大表面的氧化还原活性、增加表面缺陷、提升材料润湿性来提升电化学性能,相较于复合金属氧化物/氢氧化物的方法来提升电容量,杂化方法均匀度更高、可控性更好,但结构易遭破坏、杂原子含量低、功能性差。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种由二维MOFs纳米片衍生制备的新型镍@氮掺杂碳核壳材料,该核壳材料为球形纳米颗粒,可直接作为混合储能器件的正极材料,正极材料经化学酸洗处理得到氮掺杂碳,成为储能器件负极材料,因而具有潜在的实用价值。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料,包括正极材料和负极材料。
所述的正极材料是由以下方法制得的:将3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5羧酸钾与醋酸镍加入到水/乙醇混合溶剂中,滴加到聚乙烯吡咯烷酮水溶液中,经超声分散10–30分钟,再搅拌反应30–90分钟,然后离心、乙醇清洗3–5次、60–80℃干燥8–12h,得二维MOFs纳米片层材料;二维MOFs纳米片层材料研磨成细粉,平铺在刚玉坩埚中,置于管式炉中,650–950℃煅烧0.5–2h,得粉体样品。
所述的3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5羧酸钾和醋酸镍的摩尔比为1–2:1。
所述的3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5羧酸钾是由3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5-羧酸和氢氧化钾按照摩尔比1:1制成的。
所述的水/乙醇混合溶剂由水与乙醇按照体积比为1:1混合而成。
所述的醋酸镍和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的质量比为1:3–20。
所述的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮水溶液的浓度为0.002–0.012g/mL。
优选的,二维MOFs纳米片层材料研磨成细粉,平铺在刚玉坩埚中,置于管式炉中,为了获得更好的结晶度,以升温速率3℃/min升温至650–950℃,煅烧0.5–2h,得黑色正极材料。
所述的负极材料是由以下方法制得的:用3–6mol/L盐酸处理正极材料,直至反应生成的绿色消失,再经蒸馏水反复洗涤至悬浮液无色,60–80℃干燥6–10h,得粉末材料。
以X-射线粉末衍射、X-射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜等表征后,确定了正极材料是单质镍复合的氮掺杂石墨碳型核壳球形颗粒,负极材料是氮掺杂石墨碳型核壳球形颗粒。同时,发明过程中分别对正、负以及正负极组装而成的混合型电容器进行了电化学性质分析,明确了由二维MOFs纳米片衍生的正、负极材料在电化学能源存储方面的应用,经过数据分析,混合电容器表现出比电容量高,库伦效率优异,循环性能好等实用性潜力。因此,本发明的另一个目的是提供正极与负极材料的储能应用。
一种电池-超级电容器混合器件,它是以正极材料与乙炔黑、PTFE制备成单个电极,以负极材料与乙炔黑、PTFE制备成单个电极,再两两组装成电池-超级电容器混合器件,1–6mol/L KOH溶液为电解液。
所述的正极材料与乙炔黑、PTFE的质量比为7:2:1,所述的负极材料与乙炔黑、PTFE的质量比为7:2:1。
本发明具有以下有益效果:
(1)、本发明采用富氮型MOFs(Metal-organic Frameworks)模板合成得到的单质与氮原子共掺杂的镍@氮掺杂碳材料,氮原子含量高且可控性更好,更高的氮原子掺杂,说明更多的材料缺陷,提升电极浸润性同时,有助于离子/电子的迁移;金属单质的引入,可以进一步提升电极材料的导电性能;同时,MOFs作为模板,样品可塑性强,方便分子水平上调控氮原子含量,在增强电极材料的润湿性同时,进一步提升器件材料的电容特性。镍@氮掺杂碳材料可以直接作为正极材料,相比于其他类型无机材料,本发明全面性更高,且制备的镍@氮掺杂碳材料稳定性高,比电容量更大,多孔结构适合电解液离子/电子传输。
(2)、本发明镍@氮掺杂碳材料进一步处理后,得到的氮掺杂碳可以作为混合电容器的负极材料,酸处理后的丰富表面缺陷与氧化还原位点,比商业活性炭表现出的电化学性能更突出,表现出良好的商业价值。
(3)、本发明制成的镍@氮掺杂碳材料、氮掺杂碳材料装配成混合型电容器后,库伦效率高,电阻率低,比容量与能量密度高,循环稳定性好。
(4)、镍@氮掺杂碳材料、氮掺杂碳材料都是核壳球形颗粒,提高了材料稳定性,长时循环过程中结构不易遭到破坏。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的二维MOFs纳米片的SEM图。
图2为实施例1制备的Ni@NC1核壳球形颗粒的SEM图。
图3为实施例1制备的Ni@NC1的XRD图谱。
图4为实施例1制备的Ni@NC1的XPS图谱。
图5为实施例1制备的NC1的SEM图谱。
图6为实施例1制备的NC1在不同电流密度下的充放电曲线。
图7为实施例1中活性炭对比样品的充放电曲线。
图8为实施例1制备的Ni@NC1//NC1的CV图。
图9为实施例1制备的Ni@NC1//NC1的充放电曲线。
图10为实施例2制备的Ni@NC2核壳球形颗粒的SEM图。
图11为实施例2制备的Ni@NC1的XRD图谱。
图12为实施例2制备的Ni@NC1的XPS图谱。
图13为实施例2制备的NC2的SEM图谱。
图14为实施例2制备的NC2在不同电流密度下的充放电曲线。
图15为实施例2制备的Ni@NC2//NC2的CV图。
图16为实施例2制备的Ni@NC2//NC2的充放电曲线。
图17为对比例1制备的Ni@NC1//AC的充放电曲线。
图18为对比例2制备的Ni@NC2//AC的充放电曲线。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施方式对本发明的技术方案作进一步说明。
实施例1
二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器正极材料的制备:
将3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5羧酸钾(3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5-羧酸和氢氧化钾按照摩尔比1:1制得)与醋酸镍按摩尔比3:2加入到20mL水/乙醇混合溶剂(水与乙醇的体积比为1:1)中,再滴加到10mL0.012g/mL聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)水溶液中,其中,醋酸镍与PVP的质量比为1:3;先超声分散10分钟,再搅拌反应60分钟,离心,乙醇清洗3–5次,通过乙醇洗涤不仅能够使滤饼得到更好的分散,而且更容易烘干得到粉体材料,得到的粉体材料不易粘结,80℃干燥12h,得二维MOFs纳米片层材料。二维MOFs纳米片层材料的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图谱见图1,可知,通过简单配位方法合成得到的MOFs纳米片层材料厚度均匀,且不致密。
称取MOFs纳米片层材料200mg,用玛瑙研钵研磨成细粉,均匀平铺在刚玉坩埚中,置于管式炉中,以升温速率3℃/min从室温升温到750℃,温度750℃下煅烧1h,得黑色粉体样品,标记为Ni@NC1。Ni@NC1的SEM图谱见图2,可知,煅烧产物为核壳型球形颗粒,核部分直径约为20-60nm。Ni@NC1的X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)图谱见图3,证实核部分为单质镍,且碳层已经石墨化。如图4所示,经X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析,Ni@NC1表面仍有丰富的Ni-O及Ni-OH键存在。
二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器负极材料的制备:
用3mol/L盐酸处理Ni@NC1粉体样品,直至反应生成的绿色消失,再经蒸馏水反复洗涤至悬浮液无色,过滤,80℃干燥10h,得粉末材料,标记为NC1。经盐酸处理后,NC1样品中镍的含量减少,由于外层碳层的保护,仍有所残留,NC1的SEM图见图5,可知,碳环仍大面积保留,未受盐酸破坏。
将NC1与乙炔黑、PTFE按照质量比7:2:1制备成工作电极,充放电曲线见图6,表明其形状接近活性炭(图7),可知,由于表面官能团提供的赝电容贡献,其比电容量为133F/g,大于同为1A/g电流密度下的商业活性炭(高表面活性炭,AB-520,合肥科晶材料技术有限公司)比电容103F/g。
电池-超级电容器混合器件:
将Ni@NC1粉体样品作为正极,与乙炔黑、PTFE按照质量比7:2:1制备成单个电极,将NC1样品作为负极,与乙炔黑、PTFE按照质量比7:2:1制备成单个电极,电解液选择3mol/LKOH水溶液,装配成混合型电容器,标记为Ni@NC1//NC1,其循环伏安图(CV)见图8,充放电曲线见图9。由图8、图9可知,Ni@NC1//NC1混合电容器充电电压可达1.5V,且不同扫速下可逆性较好,说明在水系电解液条件下,该电压范围可以克服1.2V电压下水的分解,较高的电压平台还可以进一步提升材料的能量密度。该混合型电容器在200mA/g大电流密度条件下,比容量为4000mF/g,且该器件具有非常优异的循环性能,即使在4000mA/g超高的电流密度条件下,充放电曲线可逆性仍较高,化学稳定性好。加上该器件表现出的高能量密度、低溶液阻抗等优点,因此,本发明制备的镍@氮掺杂碳核壳材料非常适合作为混合型电容器的全电极材料。
实施例2
二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器正极材料的制备:
将3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5羧酸钾(3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5-羧酸和氢氧化钾按照摩尔比1:1制得)与醋酸镍按摩尔比2:1加入到30mL水/乙醇混合溶剂(水与乙醇的体积比为1:1)中,滴加到10mL0.008g/mL聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)水溶液中,其中,醋酸镍与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的质量比为1:5;先超声30分钟,再搅拌反应60分钟,然后离心,乙醇清洗3–5次,60℃干燥10h,得二维MOFs纳米片层材料。
称取MOFs纳米片层材料200mg,用玛瑙研钵研磨成细粉,均匀平铺在刚玉坩埚中,置于管式炉中,以升温速率3℃/min从室温升温到850℃,850℃温度下煅烧1.5h,得黑色粉体样品,标记为Ni@NC2。Ni@NC2的SEM图谱见图10,可知,煅烧产物为核壳型球形颗粒,核部分直径约为15-70nm。Ni@NC2的X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)图谱见图11,核部分同Ni@NC1,也为单质镍,且碳层同样高度石墨化。如图12所示,经X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析,Ni@NC2表面也有丰富的Ni-O及Ni-OH键存在。
二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器负极材料的制备
用3mol/L盐酸多次处理Ni@NC2样品,直至反应生成的绿色消失,再经蒸馏水反复洗涤至悬浮液无色,过滤,80℃干燥12h,得粉末材料,标记为NC2。经盐酸处理后,NC2样品中镍的含量急剧减少,因外层碳层的保护,也仍有所残留,其SEM图见图13,可知,碳环也受到一定程度破坏,显示类似石墨烯的卷片层。
将NC2与乙炔黑、PTFE按照质量比7:2:1制备成工作电极,充放电曲线形状见图14,较NC1更接近活性炭,其比电容量为103.5F/g,基本与活性炭(同实施例1)的比电容持平。
电池-超级电容器混合器件:
将Ni@NC2作为正极,与乙炔黑、PTFE按照质量比7:2:1制备成单个电极,NC2样品作为负极,与乙炔黑、PTFE按照质量比7:2:1制备成单个电极,电解液选择3mol/L KOH水溶液,装配成电池-超级电容器混合器件,标记为Ni@NC2//NC2。其循环伏安图见图15,充放电曲线见图16,由图15、图16可知,Ni@NC2//NC2混合电容器充电电压同样可达1.5V,不同扫速下可逆性较好,较Ni@NC1//NC1,循环伏安面积稍小。该混合型电容器在200mA/g大电流密度条件下,比容量约为3600mF/g,该混合器件同样具有非常优异的循环性能,即使在4000mA/g超高的电流密度条件下,充放电曲线可逆性仍较高,化学稳定性也很好。因此,再一次验证本发明制备的镍掺杂碳核壳材料完全适用于作为混合型电容器的全电极材料。
对比例1
将Ni@NC1作为正极,与乙炔黑、PTFE按照质量比7:2:1制备成工作电极,将商业活性炭(同实施例1)样品作为负极,与乙炔黑、PTFE按照质量比7:2:1制备成工作电极,电解液选择3mol/L KOH水溶液,装配成混合型电容器,标记为Ni@NC1//AC。
Ni@NC1//AC的充放电曲线见图17,可知,Ni@NC1//AC混合电容器充电电压同样可达1.5V。但相比于Ni@NC1//NC1与Ni@NC2//NC2,该混合型电容器在同等的200mA/g电流密度条件下,比容量只有1870mF/g,比容量值降低一半,这主要是由于合成得到的氮掺杂碳材料表面基团丰富,缺陷较多,可以提供更多的氧化还原位点,而商业活性炭表面未经改造,缺乏赝电容贡献。因此,将活性炭作为负极材料,混合型电容器表现出更差的电化学性能。
对比例2
将Ni@NC2作为正极,与乙炔黑、PTFE按照质量比7:2:1制备成工作电极,将商业活性炭(同实施例1)样品作为负极,与乙炔黑、PTFE按照质量比7:2:1制备成工作电极,电解液选择3mol/L KOH水溶液,装配成混合型电容器,标记为Ni@NC2//AC。
Ni@NC2//AC的充放电曲线见图18,可知,Ni@NC2//AC混合电容器充电电压同样可达1.5V。但是,相比于Ni@NC1//NC1与Ni@NC2//NC2,该混合型电容器在同等的200mA/g电流密度条件下,比容量只有1730mF/g,比容量值进一步降低,主要还是因商业活性炭表面未经改造,缺乏赝电容贡献,而合成得到的氮掺杂碳材料表面基团丰富,缺陷较多,可以提供更多的氧化还原位点。因此,将活性炭作为负极材料,Ni@NC2//AC混合电容器表现出更差的电化学性能。
Claims (10)
1.二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料,其特征在于包括正极材料和负极材料;
所述的正极材料是由以下方法制得的:将3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5羧酸钾与醋酸镍加入到水/乙醇混合溶剂中,滴加到聚乙烯吡咯烷酮水溶液中,先超声分散10–30分钟,再搅拌反应30–90分钟,然后离心、乙醇清洗、干燥,得二维MOFs纳米片层材料;二维MOFs纳米片层材料研磨成细粉,平铺在刚玉坩埚中,置于管式炉中,650–950℃煅烧0.5–2h,得粉体样品;
所述的负极材料是由以下方法制得的:用盐酸处理正极材料,直至反应生成的绿色消失,再经蒸馏水洗涤至悬浮液无色,过滤,干燥,得粉末材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料,其特征在于所述的3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5羧酸钾是由3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5-羧酸和氢氧化钾按照摩尔比1:1制成的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料,其特征在于所述的3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-5羧酸钾和醋酸镍的摩尔比为1–2:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料,其特征在于所述的水/乙醇混合溶剂由水与乙醇按照体积比为1:1混合而成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料,其特征在于所述的醋酸镍和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的质量比为1:3–20。
6.根据权利要求1所述的二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料,其特征在于所述的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮水溶液的浓度为0.002–0.012g/mL。
7.根据权利要求1所述的二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料,其特征在于二维MOFs纳米片层材料研磨成细粉,平铺在刚玉坩埚中,置于管式炉中,以升温速率3℃/min升温至650–950℃,煅烧0.5–2h,得黑色正极材料。
8.根据权利要求1所述的二维MOFs纳米片衍生的混合电容器全电极材料,其特征在于所述的盐酸浓度为3–6mol/L。
9.一种电池-超级电容器混合器件,其特征在于它是以权利要求1所述的正极材料与乙炔黑、PTFE制备成单个电极,以利要求1所述的负极材料与乙炔黑、PTFE制备成单个电极,再两两组装成电池-超级电容器混合器件,1–6mol/L KOH溶液为电解液。
10.根据权利要求9所述的电池-超级电容器混合器件,其特征在于所述的正极材料与乙炔黑、PTFE的质量比为7:2:1,所述的负极材料与乙炔黑、PTFE的质量比为7:2:1。
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