CN103227475B - 最大化光伏分布式电力系统中的功率 - Google Patents

最大化光伏分布式电力系统中的功率 Download PDF

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CN103227475B
CN103227475B CN201310035223.7A CN201310035223A CN103227475B CN 103227475 B CN103227475 B CN 103227475B CN 201310035223 A CN201310035223 A CN 201310035223A CN 103227475 B CN103227475 B CN 103227475B
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伊兰·约瑟考维奇
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H02J1/12—Parallel operation of dc generators with converters, e.g. with mercury-arc rectifier
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/10—The dispersed energy generation being of fossil origin, e.g. diesel generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H02J2300/26—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources
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    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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Abstract

本发明公开了最大化光伏分布式电力系统中的功率的系统及方法。发电系统包括多个并联连接的光伏串，每个光伏串包括串联连接的光伏板。多个电压补偿电路可分别与光伏串串联连接。电压补偿电路可被配置成将相应的补偿电压提供给光伏串，以使从光伏串中收集的功率最大化。电压补偿电路可包括相应的输入端和相应的输出端，所述相应的输入端可被连接到电力源，所述相应的输出端可与光伏串串联连接。

Description

最大化光伏分布式电力系统中的功率
技术领域
所提出的示例性特征涉及包括多个光伏串的光伏发电系统，且更具体地涉及用于使每个光伏串中的功率最大化的系统和方法。
背景技术
参照图1，其示出了根据传统技术的光伏发电系统10。光伏串109包括串联连接的光伏板101。光伏串109可被并联连接，以供应并行的直流(DC)功率输出端。并行的DC功率输出端连接到直流(DC)到交流(AC)逆变器103的输入端。逆变器103的AC功率输出端跨接于AC负载105。AC负载105可以是例如AC电动机的AC负载，或者可以是电力网。
借助简化的数值实例，三个串109可与逆变器103一起使用。如果两个串109被相同地照射，使得每个串在600伏(V)的串电压和10安培(A)的串电流下工作；两个串中的每一个发电(10A·600V)6千瓦(kW)。还假定，两个被相同地照射的串109可以工作在最大功率处。
然而，如果一个串109被部分地遮蔽或者如果一个或多个板101运行欠佳，则仍然可以有如由其它两个被相同地照射的串109设定的600V的串电压，然而，在一个运行欠佳的串109中的串电流可能仅仅只是6安培。所述运行欠佳的串109未工作在最大功率点。例如，可能的是运行欠佳的串109具有对于10安培的电流的550伏的最大功率点。在这种情况下，由运行欠佳的串109损耗的功率为1.9kW(550V·10A-600V·6A)。因此，运行欠佳的串109发电3.6kW(600V·6A)。因此，从系统10中收集的总功率为15.6kW(3.6kW+2·6kW)。
现参照图2，其示出了根据传统技术的另一发电系统20，其根据国际专利申请公布WO2010002960。系统20的目的在于与系统10的损耗相比减少功率损耗。每个光伏串109包括串联连接的光伏板101。每个光伏串109被并联连接到DC-DC转换器205的输入端。转换器205的输出端连接到DC母线211。由光伏串109产生的DC电压被转换器205转换为DC母线211的电压。每个光伏串109连同相应的DC-DC转换器205一起形成光伏串模块207。具有来自相应的DC-DC转换器205的输出端的多个模块207可被并联连接到DC母线211。模块207的并联组合的输出端还可通过DC母线211连接到直流(DC)到交流(AC)逆变器103的输入端。逆变器103在逆变器103的输出端将模块207的组合的DC功率输出转换为交流功率。逆变器103的输出端连接到AC负载105。
仍然参照图2，使用与系统10(图1)中相同的数值实例，三个模块207可与逆变器103一起使用。两个串109可被相同地照射，使得两个串中的每个串在600伏的串电压和10安培的串电流下工作。两个串中的每一个都发电(10安培·600伏)或6千瓦。如果剩余的一个串109运行欠佳，则对于运行欠佳的串109可以有550伏和10安培的电流的最大功率点。每个DC-DC转换器205可被配置为使每个相应的输出端上的功率最大化，以在DC母线211上供应600伏。两个被相同地照射的模块207各自发电6kW(10安培·600伏)，且运行欠佳的单元207发电5.5kW(10安培·550伏特)。这提供了从系统20收集的17.5kW的总功率。可以看出，从最小化的损耗和增加的收集功率方面来说，系统20比系统10提高了1.9kW。该提高已通过多个DC-DC转换器205实现，该多个DC-DC转换器205工作在约6kW的瓦数级别。发电系统中的高功率DC-DC转换器205可增加发电系统的安装和维护成本，并可呈现发电系统的总体下降的可靠性水平，因为DC-DC转换器205工作在高瓦数级别。
术语“监测”、“感应”和“测量”在本文中可交换地使用。
术语“电力网”和“电网”在本文中可交换地使用，并且指的是由供电公司提供的交流(AC)功率源。
如本文中所使用的术语“转换器”适用于DC-DC转换器、AC-DC转换器、DC-AC逆变器、降压转换器、升压转换器、降压-升压转换器、全桥转换器和半桥转换器或在本领域中已知的用于功率转换/逆变的任何其它电路。
如本文中所使用的术语“DC负载”适用于转换器、电池、DC电动机或DC发电机的DC输入端。
如本文中所使用的术语“AC负载”适用于转换器、变压器、AC电动机或AC发电机的AC输入端。
发明内容
根据本发明的一方面，提供了一种用于最大化功率的光伏分布式系统，该系统可包括：第一光伏串，其可包括串联连接的第一光伏电池；以及，第一电压补偿电路，其可与第一光伏串串联连接以形成第一补偿的串，其中第一电压补偿电路可包括可连接到第一电力源的第一输入端，第一电力源与由第一光伏串内的第一光伏电池提供的电压无关，其中第一电压补偿电路可被配置成将第一可调补偿电压提供给第一光伏串，使得第一总电压维持第一预定值，其中第一总电压可包括可与由第一光伏串内的第一光伏电池所产生的第一光伏串电压串联的第一可调补偿电压。
在一些实施例中，第一电压补偿电路可提供第一可调补偿电压，以便最大化从第一光伏串中收集的功率。
在一些实施例中，所述系统还可包括：第二光伏串，其可包括串联连接的第二光伏电池；以及，第二电压补偿电路，其可与第二光伏串串联连接以形成第二补偿的串，其中第二电压补偿电路可包括可连接到第二电力源的第二输入端，第二电力源与由第二光伏串内的第二光伏电池提供的电压无关，其中第二电压补偿电路可被配置成将第二可调补偿电压提供给第二光伏串，使得第二总电压维持第二预定值，其中第二总电压可包括可与由第二光伏串内的第二光伏电池所产生的第二光伏串电压串联的第二可调补偿电压。
在一些实施例中，第一电力源可以和第二电力源相同。
在一些实施例中，第一补偿的串的输出端可以和第二补偿的串的输出端并联连接，且其中第一预定值可以和第二预定值相同。
在一些实施例中，第一电力源可以和第二电力源相同并且可包括可以并联连接的第一补偿的串的输出端和第二补偿的串的输出端。
在一些实施例中，所述系统还可包括：电力转换器，该电力转换器的输入端可附接到第一补偿的串和第二补偿的串的并联连接的输出端；其中第一电力源和第二电力源可以从电力转换器的输出端被提供。
在一些实施例中，第一电压补偿电路可包括如下中的一个：交流(AC)到直流(DC)转换器，其中第一电力源可包括AC电力；以及DC到DC转换器，其中第一电力源可包括DC电力。
在一些实施例中，第一电力源可由AC电力网提供。
在一些实施例中，所述系统还可包括：传感器，其可操作地连接到第一电压补偿电路，其中该传感器可适合于测量第一光伏串的至少一个电路参数；且其中第一电压补偿电路可适合于基于至少一个测得的电路参数调整第一可调补偿电压。
在一些实施例中，至少一个测得的电路参数可包括在第一光伏串中流动的电流。
在一些实施例中，至少一个测得的电路参数可包括第一光伏串两端的电压。
根据本发明的另一方面，提供了一种从包括串联连接的光伏电池的光伏串中收集功率的方法，所述方法可包括：串联连接电压补偿电路与光伏串，电压补偿电路可配置成从电力源提供可调补偿电压，电力源可与由光伏串内的光伏电池提供的电压分开；监测光伏串内的电路参数；基于所述监测来调整可调补偿电压；以及，在光伏串内串联地添加可调补偿电压。
在一些实施例中，所述调整可最大化从光伏串中收集的功率。
在一些实施例中，所述方法还可包括：从直流(DC)到DC转换器的输出端产生可调补偿电压，所述DC到DC转换器可在DC到DC转换器的输入端接收电力源。
可提供各种发电系统，其包括多个并联连接的光伏串，每个光伏串包括串联连接的光伏板。多个电压补偿电路可分别与光伏串串联连接。电压补偿电路可被配置成将相应的补偿电压提供给光伏串，以使从光伏串收集的功率最大化。电压补偿电路可包括相应的输入端和相应的输出端，所述相应的输入端可被连接到电力源，所述相应的输出端可与光伏串串联连接。电压补偿电路可以是其中电力源是AC电力源的交流(AC)到直流(DC)转换器或者其中电力源是DC电力源的DC-DC转换器。电力源可由电力网提供。
发电系统还可包括附接到并联连接的光伏串的直流功率输出端。电压补偿电路可包括连接到所述直流功率输出端的源功率输入端。
发电系统还可包括附接到并联连接的光伏串的直流电力输出端以及包括附接到直流电力输出端的DC电力输入端的逆变器。逆变器优选包括AC电力输出端。逆变器可被配置为将由并联连接的光伏串产生的直流电力在AC电力输出端逆变成交流电力。电压补偿电路可包括来自AC电力输出端的源电力输入端。
发电系统可包括中央控制器，该中央控制器可操作地附接到电压补偿电路。中央控制器可适合于通过跟踪从所有并联连接的光伏串产生的最大电力来控制补偿电压。功率传感器可被连接到直流电力输出端和中央控制器。功率传感器可适合于感测直流电力输出中的功率并将感测到的功率报告给中央控制器。中央控制器可基于感测到的功率控制补偿电压，以使来自所有并联连接的光伏串的功率最大化。
可选地，除了由串联连接的光伏板提供的电压之外，电压补偿电路可被配置为提供光伏串中的补偿电压。
发电系统还可包括可操作地分别连接到电压补偿电路的多个传感器。该传感器可适合于测量光伏串的电路参数。电压补偿电路可适合于基于至少一个电路参数来提供补偿电压，以使光伏串中的功率最大化。电路参数可包括在光伏串中流动的各个电流。所述至少一个电路参数可包括光伏串的各个电压。
根据所提出的特征，提供了一种发电系统，该系统包括光伏串和电压补偿电路，所述光伏串包含串联连接的光伏板，电压补偿电路与该光伏串串联连接。电压补偿电路可被配置为将补偿电压提供给所述串，以使从光伏串中收集的功率最大化。电压补偿电路可包括可连接到电力源的输入端和可与光伏串串联连接的输出端。
发电系统还可包括附接到光伏串的直流电力输出端。电压补偿电路包括DC-DC转换器，其源电力输入端连接到直流电力输出端。电压补偿电路可具有AC-DC转换器，该AC-DC转换器具有从AC电力源提供电力的交流(AC)源输入端。AC-DC转换器还包括与光伏串串联连接的DC输出端。直流电力输出端可被附接到光伏串，且具有DC逆变器输入端的逆变器可被连接到直流电力输出端。AC-DC转换器可以在AC源输入端连接到或电力网或逆变器的AC输出端。
根据所提出的特征，提供了一种在包括光伏串的发电系统中的方法。光伏串可包括串联连接的光伏板。该方法串联连接光伏串内的电压补偿电路。电路参数可以在光伏串内被监测。电压补偿电路的补偿电压可基于所述监测被配置。补偿电压可在光伏串内被串联添加，从而使从光伏串中收集的功率最大化。DC负载可附接到光伏串。电压补偿电路的输入端可被连接到或AC电力源或DC电力源。电路参数可包括由光伏串产生的电流、光伏串两端的电压或由光伏串产生的功率。
附图说明
在本文中，本发明仅通过实例、参照附图被描述，在附图中：
图1示出了根据传统技术的光伏发电系统。
图2示出了根据传统技术的另一光伏发电系统。
图3a示出了根据本发明的特征的发电系统。
图3b示出了根据本发明的另一特征的发电系统。
图3c示出了根据本发明的特征的在图3a和图3b中示出的电压补偿电路的更多细节。
图3d示出了根据本发明的另一特征的在图3a和图3b中示出的电压补偿电路的实施方式。
图4示出了根据本发明的特征的一种适用于在图3a和图3b中示出的发电系统的方法。
具体实施方式
现在将详细参照本发明的特征，本发明的特征的实例在附图中示出，在附图中，相同的参考标号始终指的是相同的元件。所述特征被描述如下，以通过参照附图来解释本发明。
在详细解释本发明的特征之前，应理解，本发明在其应用中不限于在如下描述中陈述或在附图中示出的组件的设计和布置的细节。本发明能够具有其它特征，或者能够以各种方式被实践或执行。此外，应理解，本文中所采用的措辞和术语是用于描述的目的，而不应被视为限制性的。
应注意，虽然本文中的讨论主要涉及光伏系统，但是通过非限制性实例，本发明可以可选地使用其它分布式电力系统被配置，所述其它分布式电力系统包括(但不限于)风力涡轮机、水力涡轮机、燃料电池、例如电池的存储系统、超导飞轮和电容器，和机械装置，所述机械装置包括传统和可变速度的柴油发动机、斯特林发动机、燃气涡轮机和微型涡轮机。
通过介绍，本发明的特征旨在在并联连接的光伏串的发电系统中使来自运行欠佳的或部分地被遮蔽的光伏串的输出功率最大化。所述特征可提供最大的系统总功率输出和减少的系统安装和维护成本。所述特征还可提供增大的系统可靠性，这归因于与在传统的系统20中使用的DC-DC转换器205相比，添加到光伏串中的每一个的切换转换器的更低的功率工作水平。
现参照图3a，其示出了根据本发明的特征的发电系统30a。多个光伏板101被串联连接，以形成光伏串109。串109与电压补偿电路307串联连接，以提供补偿的串315。源电压(VS)可被输入到电压补偿电路307。多个补偿的串315可被并联连接在一起，以供应直流(DC)电力输出端211。可操作地连接到中央控制器313的功率传感器370测量DC输出端211上的功率。DC电力输出端211被连接到DC到交流(AC)逆变器103的输入端。逆变器103将串315的组合的DC电力输出端211在逆变器103的输出端转换为交流电力。逆变器103的输出端连接到AC负载105。中央控制器313可通过如所示的双向控制及通信线、通过无线通信或通过在DC母线211中的电力线通信可操作地附接到每个电压补偿电路307。中央控制器313可包括具有板上存储器和接口的微处理器，微处理器可包括模数转换器(ADC)和数模转换器(DAC)。
现参照图3b，其示出了根据本发明的另一特征的发电系统30b。串109与电压补偿电路307串联连接，以提供补偿的串315。源电压(VS)可被输入到电压补偿电路307。多个补偿的串315可并联连接在一起，以供应直流(DC)电力输出端211。DC电力输出端211被连接到DC到交流(AC)逆变器103的输入端。逆变器103将串315的组合的DC电力输出端211在逆变器103的输出端转换为交流电力。逆变器103的输出端连接到AC负载105。系统30a与系统30b相同，不同之处是系统30b不具有中央控制器313。作为替代，系统30b中的监测和控制由各个电路307执行，电路307可包括具有板上存储器和接口的微处理器，该微处理器可包括模数转换器(ADC)和数模转换器(DAC)。每个电路307被可操作地附接到传感器320、322和324。传感器320和322可适合于感测光伏串109两端的电压以及串109中的电流。可选地，传感器320和324可适合于感测补偿的串315两端的电压和串315中的电流。可选地，传感器324和322可适合于感测电路307两端的电压(VC)以及贯穿电路307的电流。
现参照图3c，其示出了根据本发明的特征的在图3a和图3b中示出的电压补偿电路307的更多细节。电压补偿电路307可使用直流(DC)到DC转换器307a来实现。DC-DC转换器307a可以是降压电路、升压电路、降压+升压电路或开关式电源(SMPS)。DC-DC转换器307的输出端串联连接在串315内，以将补偿电压(VC)添加到串315。DC-DC转换器307的DC源电压输入(Vs)可从串315的组合的DC输出端或从串109提供。可选地，DC源电压输入(Vs)可由微逆变器提供或从其它独立的DC电力源例如电池或DC发电机提供，该微逆变器转换来自主电网的AC。如图3c所示的电路307是传统的降压-升压DC-DC转换器电路，该电路具有输入电压VS，同时具有并联连接在VS两端的输入电容器C1。两个开关可被实现为具有集成的二极管的场效应晶体管(FET)：通过将Q1的源极连接到Q2的漏极而串联连接的高侧降压开关Q1和低侧降压开关Q2。Q1的漏极和Q2的源极可并联连接在输入电容器C1两端。节点A在开关Q1和Q2之间形成，电感器L的一端连接到节点A。电感器L的另一端在节点B处连接到降压-升压DC-DC转换器307的升压电路。节点B连接实现为场效应晶体管(FET)的两个开关：串联在一起的高侧升压开关Q4和低侧升压开关Q3，其中Q4的源极连接到Q3的漏极，以形成节点B。Q4的漏极和Q3的源极连接在输出电容器C2两端，以产生降压-升压DC-DC转换器307的输出电压VC。
现参照图3d，其示出了根据本发明的另一特征的图3a和3b所示的电路307的实施方式。电压补偿电路307可使用交流(AC)到DC逆变器来实现。AC到DC逆变器307b可以是一种类型的开关式电源(SMPS)。当电压补偿电路307是AC到DC转换器307b时，AC到DC转换器的DC输出端串联连接在串315内。AC到DC转换器的AC输入(Vs)可从主电网、从逆变器103的AC输出端或由另一独立的AC电力源提供。
现参照图4，其示出了根据本发明的特征的可被应用于图3b所示的发电系统30b的方法400。在步骤402中，电路307的输出电压(VC)与串联连接的板101用导线串联连接，以形成补偿的串315。电路307的输入电压(VS)可以来自直流(DC)输出端211、逆变器103的交流(AC)输出端或分开的独立的AC或DC供电。然后，几个补偿的串315输出端可被并联连接，并进一步连接到逆变器103的输入端，如图3b所示。
在步骤404中，每个并联连接的串315的电路参数在系统30b的情况中被监测。该电路参数可以是在串315中流动的电流、串315两端的电压、光伏串109的电压和/或电路307两端的电压(VC)。串315中的电流和电压可被用于根据功率等于电压(V)乘以电流(I)确定串315或光伏串109中的功率(P)。
在判定块406中，存储在电路307中的控制算法调整补偿电压VC，以使串315的输出功率最大化。在步骤408中，用于串315的补偿电压VC基于在步骤404和406中执行的控制算法的结果被配置。在步骤408中，相对于串109的电压极性，用于串315的补偿电压VC可以是正或负的电压极性。在步骤410中，补偿电压VC被添加到串315。在VC为正电压的情况下，串315的电压可在步骤408中被增加。在VC为负电压的情况下，串315的电压可在步骤408中被减小。
仍参照图4。方法400还可被应用于使用了中央控制器313的系统30a(图3a)。在系统30a的情况下，在步骤404中，中央控制器监测或计算来自系统30a的净总功率。来自系统30a的净总功率等于从由串109产生的功率中减去由补偿电路307添加的功率。
当电压(VS)以及因此电路307的输入端的功率从DC母线211或逆变器103的输出端中获得以供应补偿电压(VC)时，来自系统30a的净总功率可直接通过监测(步骤404)DC母线211上的功率来获得。
当电压(VS)以及因此电路307的输入端的功率从独立的DC源或AC源例如主供给获得以供应补偿电压(VC)时，来自系统30a的净总功率可通过从在DC母线211上监测到的功率(步骤404)中减去由补偿电路307添加的功率来获得。
在判定块406中，所有串315的补偿电压VC可被调整，以使来自系统30a的净总功率最大化。在步骤408中，用于串315的补偿电压VC基于在步骤404和406中执行的控制算法的结果被配置。在步骤410中，补偿电压VC被添加到串315。
在系统30a或30b经过一段时间的持续使用期间，在串315中串联连接的板101的数量和类型可以改变，一些板可能发生故障和/或运行在电流旁路模式下，或者板可以被具有不同电特性的板替换。在这些情况下，控制算法通过将补偿电压添加到每个串315来将串315保持在其最大功率点(MPP)处，以保持来自每个串315的最大功率。当所有串109被发现正运行在最大功率输出水平及最大功率点时，可以不需要电压补偿VC，且添加到串315的电压补偿VC在零伏处或接近零伏。
关于两个系统30a和30b。在步骤404和406中执行的控制算法的每次迭代中，可能的是，从每个串315中的所有补偿电压(VC)中减去最小补偿电压VC。减去最小补偿电压VC可防止补偿电压(VC)中的漂移无原因地过高。可选地，可能的是，将补偿电压(VC)约束到一个水平，该水平将把串315的总电压优化为对逆变器103的输入端来说是最优的，从而增加逆变器103的转换效率。
关于方法400和系统30a或30b的这些特征可以借助相同的数值实例与传统的系统20(图2)比较，在系统30a或30b中，三个补偿的串315被使用。仅仅为了数值实例的目的，可假定三个补偿的串315被电路307补偿，电路307可以是从电网供电的AC到DC转换器。因此，电路307接收并转换电压(VS)以及因此来自电网的电力。如果两个串109被相同地照射，使得每个串在600伏的串电压和10安培的串电流的条件下工作，两个串中的每一个发电(10安培·600伏)6千瓦。如果一个运行欠佳的串109被部分地遮蔽或如果板101被移除或绕过，则可能有550伏的串电压和10安培的电流，这意味着可以由运行欠佳的串109产生(10安培·550伏)5.5千瓦。只有当运行欠佳的串109可以工作在最大功率点(MPP)时，最大功率5.5千瓦才可以由运行欠佳的串109产生。
运行欠佳的串109的电压补偿电路307可由控制器313配置(步骤408)成添加与运行欠佳的串109串联的50伏(VC)，同时保持10安培的电流(步骤410)。通过使用电压补偿电路307添加50伏也将串315电压保持在了用于运行欠佳的串109的600伏。增加串315的电压允许所述一个运行欠佳的串109工作在MPP，并且当与其它两个串315中的每一个的6千瓦相比时还需要额外的(10安培·50伏)500瓦。系统30a或30b的总功率输出为18千瓦，从两个串109提供12千瓦(2·6千瓦)、运行欠佳的补偿的串109提供5.5千瓦以及电网通过电路307提供500瓦(50伏·10安培)。从3个串315提供的功率因此在17.5千瓦(2·6千瓦+5.5千瓦)，可与系统20相同。
与系统20相比，系统30的益处是，与系统20中使用的6-10kW的切换转换器相比，可以需要500W-1kW的切换转换器307。与系统20相比，在额定功率上的差异可代表在系统30的成本和可靠性上的巨大改进。
在本文中使用了不定冠词“一个”(a)、“一个”(an)，例如，“一个(a)串”、“一个(a)电压补偿电路”具有“一个或多个”的意思，即“一个或多个串”或“一个或多个电压补偿电路”。
虽然本发明的所选特征已被示出和描述，但应理解，本发明不限于所描述的特征。相反，应理解，可对这些特征做出改变而不脱离本发明的原理和精神，本发明的范围由其权利要求及其等同物限定。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于最大化功率的光伏分布式电力系统，包括：
第一光伏串，其包括串联连接的第一光伏电池；
第一电压补偿电路，其与所述第一光伏串串联连接以形成第一补偿的串，其中所述第一电压补偿电路包括连接到第一电力源的输入端，所述第一电力源与由所述串联连接的第一光伏电池提供的电压无关，其中所述第一电压补偿电路被配置成将第一可调补偿电压提供给所述第一光伏串；
第二光伏串，其包括串联连接的第二光伏电池；
第二电压补偿电路，其与所述第二光伏串串联连接以形成第二补偿的串，其中所述第二电压补偿电路被配置成将第二可调补偿电压提供给所述第二光伏串，其中所述第一补偿的串的第一输出端和所述第二补偿的串的第二输出端在直流输出端处并联连接；
中央控制器，可操作地附接到所述第一电压补偿电路和所述第二电压补偿电路；以及
传感器，连接至所述直流输出端和所述中央控制器，其中所述传感器被配置成测量所述直流输出端处的电路参数并将所述测量的电路参数提供给所述中央控制器，
其中所述中央控制器被配置成基于来自所述第一光伏串和所述第二光伏串的最大电力以及基于所述测量的所述直流输出端处的电路参数来控制所述第一可调补偿电压和所述第二可调补偿电压。
2.如权利要求1所述的光伏分布式电力系统，其中所述中央控制器确定所述第一可调补偿电压和所述第二可调补偿电压，以使从所述第一光伏串和所述第二光伏串收集的功率最大化。
3.如权利要求1所述的光伏分布式电力系统，其中所述第二电压补偿电路包括连接至第二电力源的第二输入端，所述第二电力源与由所述串联连接的第二光伏电池提供的电压无关。
4.如权利要求1所述的光伏分布式电力系统，其中所述第一电压补偿电路的输入端和所述第二电压补偿电路的输入端连接至所述直流输出端。
5.如权利要求2所述的光伏分布式电力系统，还包括：
电力转换器，具有附接到所述直流输出端的输入端；其中所述第一电力源和所述第二电力源从所述电力转换器的输出端被提供。
6.如权利要求1所述的光伏分布式电力系统，其中所述第一电压补偿电路包括如下中的一个：
交流(AC)到直流(DC)转换器，其中所述第一电力源包括AC电力；以及
DC到DC转换器，其中所述第一电力源包括DC电力。
7.如权利要求1所述的光伏分布式电力系统，其中所述第一电力源由AC电力网提供。
8.如权利要求1所述的光伏分布式电力系统，还包括逆变器，所述逆变器包括附接到所述直流输出端的DC电力输入端。
9.如权利要求1所述的光伏分布式电力系统，其中所述电路参数包括电流、电压和功率中的一个。
10.一种从包括第一串联连接的光伏电池的第一光伏串和从包括第二串联连接的光伏电池的第二光伏串中收集功率的方法，所述方法包括：
串联连接第一电压补偿电路与所述第一光伏串，所述第一电压补偿电路配置成从与由所述第一串联连接的光伏电池提供的电压分开的第一电力源提供第一可调补偿电压；
串联连接第二电压补偿电路与所述第二光伏串，所述第二电压补偿电路配置成从与由所述第二串联连接的光伏电池提供的电压分开的第二电力源提供第二可调补偿电压；
将中央控制器连接至所述第一电压补偿电路和所述第二电压补偿电路中的每一个；
在直流输出端处并联连接所述第一光伏串的第一输出端和所述第二光伏串的第二输出端；
通过传感器监测所述直流输出端处的电路参数；以及
通过所述中央控制器基于来自所述第一光伏串和所述第二光伏串的最大电力以及基于所述电路参数来控制所述第一可调补偿电压和所述第二可调补偿电压。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述控制最大化从所述第一光伏串和所述第二光伏串中收集的功率。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法，还包括：
在直流(DC)到DC转换器的输出端产生所述第一可调补偿电压，所述DC到DC转换器在所述DC到DC转换器的输入端接收所述第一电力源。
13.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述电路参数包括电流、电压和功率中的一个。
14.如权利要求10所述的方法，还包括：
从所述第一可调补偿电压和所述第二可调补偿电压中的每一个中减去最小补偿电压以防止所述第一可调补偿电压和所述第二可调补偿电压中的漂移。
15.如权利要求10所述的方法，还包括：
将所述直流输出端连接至逆变器的输入端；
进一步基于用于所述逆变器的所述输入端的最优电压确定所述第一可调补偿电压和所述第二可调补偿电压。
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