JP5857007B2 - 高対流家庭用血液透析/血液濾過および吸着剤システム - Google Patents
高対流家庭用血液透析/血液濾過および吸着剤システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP5857007B2 JP5857007B2 JP2013169818A JP2013169818A JP5857007B2 JP 5857007 B2 JP5857007 B2 JP 5857007B2 JP 2013169818 A JP2013169818 A JP 2013169818A JP 2013169818 A JP2013169818 A JP 2013169818A JP 5857007 B2 JP5857007 B2 JP 5857007B2
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- dialysate
- blood
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- fluid
- valve
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- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/34—Filtering material out of the blood by passing it through a membrane, i.e. hemofiltration or diafiltration
- A61M1/3413—Diafiltration
- A61M1/3417—Diafiltration using distinct filters for dialysis and ultra-filtration
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- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3621—Extra-corporeal blood circuits
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Description
本発明は、患者からの拡散および対流搬送の両方を結合する日常的な腎置換療法を行うシステム、方法および装置を提供する。血液透析の場合、高流量膜は、場合によって、結局、正味流体流量は患者からであるにも関わらず、透析液から血液への流体を逆濾過する可能性がある。逆濾過は、透析装置の特定の領域における血液の入口/出口と透析液の入口/出口との間の圧力差による。本発明は、この現象を利用するものである。
(項目1)
医用流体治療システムであって、
患者に結合されるように構成され、配列される血液ラインと、
該血液ラインに接続されるポンプと、
該血液ラインと連通し、該患者からの血液を収容するように配置される第1透析装置部分と、
該第1透析装置部分からの血液を収容するように配置される第2透析装置部分と、
治療流体源に接続され、第1および第2透析装置部分と流体連通する治療流体ラインと、
該第1透析装置部分と第2透析装置部分間で該治療流体ラインに連通する流量制限手段であって、該制限手段が、該第1透析装置部分および第2透析装置部分の一方で、治療流体の背圧を選択的に増加/減少させるように可変である制限手段と
を備える、医用流体治療システム。
(項目2)
前記第1部分、第2部分および制限手段が1つの筐体内に設けられる、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目3)
前記第1部分および第2部分が別個に収容される、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目4)
流量制限手段に結合されたデバイスを備え、該デバイスが、前記流量制限手段の流量抵抗を変更するように操作可能である、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目5)
前記デバイスが手動または自動で作動される、項目4に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目6)
血液ラインおよび治療流体ラインの少なくとも一方の少なくとも一部分が使い捨て式である、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目7)
第1部分、第2部分および流量制限手段の少なくとも1つが使い捨て式である、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目8)
第1部分、第2部分、流量制限手段、血液ライン部分、および治療流体ライン部分の少なくとも1つを含む使い捨てカセットをさらに備える、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目9)
ポンプが第1ポンプであり、治療流体を揚送するように構成および配列された少なくとも1つの追加のポンプを備える、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目10)
追加のポンプが、膜ポンプ、蠕動ポンプ、ピストンポンプ、空気圧作動ポンプ、ピストンポンプ、空気圧付勢ポンプ、およびこれらの任意の組合せからなる群から選択されるタイプである、項目9に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目11)
対向サイクル行程で動作して、治療流体を透析装置部分に供給する1対の追加のポンプを備える、項目9に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目12)
透析装置部分の1つに治療流体を供給するように操作可能な少なくとも1つの追加のポンプと、他方の透析装置部分から限外濾過液を除去するように操作可能な少なくとも1つの他の追加のポンプとを備える、項目9に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目13)
キャパシタンス流量センサと、理想気体の法則に基づいて作動する流量センサと、蠕動ポンプが行う回転/行程の数を計算するセンサと、重量計と、単一平衡チャンバと、単一平衡管と、単一蛇行経路と、二重平衡チャンバと、二重平衡管と、二重蛇行経路とからなる群から選択されたタイプの少なくとも1つの流量管理装置を備える、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目14)
流体が、第1および第2透析装置部分の一方に達する前に、治療流体を加熱する治療流体ラインと連通する流体加熱器を備える、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目15)
加熱器が、誘導、電気抵抗、対流および放射からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つのタイプである、項目14に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目16)
治療流体源が、少なくとも1つの携帯流体容器、治療流体調製モジュール、オンライン治療流体源、およびこれらの任意の組合せを含む、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。(項目17)
制限手段が、10〜90%の流体を1つの透析装置を通して血液ラインに逆流させるサイズである、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目18)
少なくとも1つの空気感知および/または除去デバイスを血液ラインに含む、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目19)
血液透析、血液濾過、血液透析濾過法、およびこれらの任意の組合せからなる群から選択される治療を行う、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目20)
血液濾過治療が、前希釈治療、後希釈治療、または前および後希釈治療である、項目19に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目21)
治療流体ラインと連通する再循環ループを備え、透析装置の1つから除去される流体が、治療流体ライン内に再導入され、第1および第2透析装置の一方と再び流体的に連通する、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目22)
前記再循環ラインが流体を透析装置に再導入し、該透析装置から流体が除去される、項目21に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目23)
流体が、再循環ループの場合、制限手段から下流に位置する透析装置から除去される、項目21に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目24)
再循環ループ内に位置する少なくとも1つの浄化デバイスを備え、該デバイスが、治療流体ライン内に再導入される流体を少なくとも部分的に再生するように動作する、項目21に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目25)
洗浄デバイスが、活性炭濾過器、吸着剤交換、化学洗浄剤、化学交換、生物学的洗剤、結合吸着剤、酵素(enzomatic)反応剤、機械的洗浄剤、およびこれらの何らかの組合せをからなる群から選択される、項目24に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目26)
第1および第2部分を通る治療流体の流れが、血液の流れに逆流する、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目27)
第1および第2部分を通る治療流体の流れが、血液の流れに並流する、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目28)
前記可変制限手段がモータ制御クランプを備える、項目1に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目29)
医用流体治療システムであって、
患者に結合されるように構成され、配列される血液ラインと、
該血液ラインに接続されるポンプと、
該血液ラインと連通し、患者からの血液を収容するように配置される第1透析装置部分と、
該第1透析装置部分とは別個に収容される第2透析装置であって、該第1透析装置から血液を収容するように配置され、配列された第2透析装置部分と、
該第1透析装置と第2透析装置との間で治療流体ラインと連通する流量制限手段であって、該制限手段が、該第1および第2透析装置の一方の治療流体の背圧を増加させるように操作可能である流量制限手段、
を備える、医用流体治療システム。
(項目30)
前記制限手段が、背圧を選択的に増加/減少させるように可変である、項目29に記載のシステム。
(項目31)
腎不全治療機械用の使い捨てユニットであって、
該機械内に配置されるように構成され、配列される筐体と、
該筐体に取り付けられる可撓性膜であって、該膜および筐体が、前記機械と協働して、腎不全治療流体の流量を制御するバルブ機能を果たす可撓性膜と、
該筐体によって支持され、患者の血液ラインの少なくとも一部分に操作可能に接続される第1および第2透析装置部分と、
該第1透析装置と第2透析装置との間に配置される流量制限手段であって、透析装置の1つの背圧を増加させるように操作可能な流量制限手段と、
を備える、使い捨てユニット。
(項目32)
前記透析装置部分が別個に収容される、項目31に記載の使い捨てユニット。
(項目33)
血液ラインが、前記機械内に収容された蠕動ポンプと操作可能に結合するように構成されたある長さの管類を備える、項目31に記載の使い捨てユニット。
(項目34)
キャパシタンス流量センサと、理想気体の法則に基づいて作動する流量センサと、蠕動ポンプが行う回転/行程の数を計算するセンサと、重量計と、単一平衡チャンバと、単一平衡管と、単一蛇行経路と、二重平衡チャンバと、二重平衡管と、二重蛇行経路とからなる群から選択されるタイプの少なくとも1つの流量管理装置を備える、項目31に記載の使い捨てユニット。
(項目35)
医用流体治療方法であって、
(a)治療流体を第1および第2透析装置部分に流す工程と、
(b)前記第1部分と第2部分間に可変流量制限手段を配置する工程と、
(c)該流体の望ましい第1部分が、前記透析装置の1つを通って血液ライン内に流入し、該流体の第2部分が、前記第2透析装置内に配置される複数の膜を実質的に横断して流れるように、可変流量制限手段を設定する工程と
を包含する、方法。
(項目36)
前記制限手段の設定によって、該流体の第3部分が、第1透析装置部分内に位置する膜を横断して流れる、項目35に記載の医用流体治療方法。
(項目37)
家庭用医用流体治療機械方法であって、
(a)人が家庭で、使い捨てカセットを機械内に装填することを可能にする工程と、
(b)治療流体を使い捨てカセットに流す工程と、
(c)導電性浄化を行うために、少なくとも25%の流体を向ける工程と、
(d)残りの流体の少なくとも実質的な量が、拡散浄化を行うことを可能にする工程とを含む家庭用医用流体治療機械方法。
(項目38)
導電性浄化を行うための流体の割合を向ける工程が、患者の血液の流れに至る透析装置の膜を通して当該割合の流体に背圧を与えることを含む、項目37に記載の家庭用医用流体治療方法。
(項目39)
限外濾過を行う方法であって、
第1および第2平衡デバイスを提供する工程と、
使用済み治療流体を該第1平衡デバイス内に揚送する工程と、
使用済み治療流体を該第1平衡デバイス内に揚送し、該第2平衡デバイスに流すことによって、治療流体を該第1平衡デバイスから排出することを可能にする工程と、
該排出された治療流体が該第2平衡デバイスに入り、該第2平衡デバイス内に保持されている使用済み治療流体を排水管に排出する工程と
を含む、方法。
(項目40)
前記使用済みおよび排出される治療流体が、透析液および補充液からなる群から選択される、項目39に記載の方法。
(項目41)
前記平衡デバイスが、平衡チャンバ、平衡管および蛇行経路からなる群から選択される、項目39に記載の方法。
(項目42)
前記第1平衡デバイスから排出される前記治療流体が新鮮な治療流体である、項目39に記載の方法。
(項目43)
入口バルブおよび出口バルブとインラインになるように配置される流体ポンプのバルブ完全性テストであって、
(a)出口バルブを閉鎖し、入口バルブを開放した状態で、流体をポンプ内に揚送する工程と、
(b)入口バルブを閉鎖し、出口バルブを閉鎖状態に維持する工程と、
(c)バルブを閉鎖した状態で、流体をポンプから揚送しようと試みる工程と、
(d)ポンプ内の流体の容量の変化が検出された場合、バルブの少なくとも1つに漏れがあると決定する工程と
を含む、バルブ完全性テスト。
(項目44)
キャパシタンス流量センサを使用して、ポンプ内の容量の変化が生じたか否かを検出する、項目43に記載の完全性テスト。
(項目45)
工程(a)〜(d)を医用流体治療全体で周期的に行うことを含む、項目43に記載の完全性テスト。
(項目46)
血液透析、血液濾過、血液透析濾過法、腹膜透析、およびこれらの任意の組合せからなる群から選択される治療のために、工程(a)〜(c)を行うことを含む、項目43に記載の完全性テスト。
(項目47)
実時間基準で容量を感知する方法であって、
膜ポンプチャンバ内の空気の量と、該ポンプチャンバと連通する一定容積の容器内の空気の量とを含む初期空気総量を取得する工程と、
ポンプチャンバ内の膜を移動させて、流体をポンプチャンバから排出するか、または流体をポンプチャンバ内に引き込む工程と、
初期圧力、および総量が変化した後の時間Tにおける圧力を測定する工程と、
該初期総量、初期圧力および時間Tにおける圧力を使用して、時間Tの総空気量を計算する工程と、
初期空気総量、および時間Tの総空気量を使用して、揚送される量を決定する工程とを含む方法。
(項目48)
一定容積の容器が圧力チャンバである、項目47に記載の方法。
(項目49)
医用流体治療システムであって、
患者に結合するように構成され、配列される血液ラインと、
血液ラインに接続される血液ポンプと、
該血液ラインと連通する血液濾過器であって、患者の血液の液体部分が濾過器を通過して治療流体流路に入ることを可能にするように操作可能な濾過器と、
治療流体を血液ラインに、また治療流体を血液ラインから交互に、実質的に連続して揚送するように配置され、配列される1対の蠕動流体ポンプと、
血液ラインに揚送されるある量の治療流体と、濾過器から揚送されるある量の流体とを制御するように操作可能な少なくとも1つの容量制御デバイスとを含む医用流体治療システム。
(項目50)
蠕動ポンプが、治療流体の交互の、実質的に連続する揚送を行うことができるように操作可能な複数のバルブを備える、項目49に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目51)
濾過器の上流または下流にある血液ラインに治療流体を選択的に揚送するように操作可能である、項目49に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目52)
治療流体を濾過器に揚送して、対流および/または拡散血液浄化を行うように構成される、項目49に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目53)
前記容量制御デバイスが、キャパシタンス流量センサと、理想気体の法則に基づいて動作する流量センサと、蠕動ポンプによって行われる回転/行程の数を計算するセンサと、重量計と、単一平衡チャンバと、単一平衡管と、単一蛇行経路と、二重平衡チャンバと、二重平衡管と、二重蛇行経路とからなる群から選択されるタイプである、項目49に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目54)
医用流体治療システムであって、
患者に結合するように構成され、配列される血液ラインと、
該血液ラインに接続される血液ポンプと、
該血液ラインと連通し、患者の血液の液体部分が濾過器を通過して治療流体流路に入ることを可能にするように操作可能な血液濾過器と、
治療流体を血液ラインに揚送するように操作可能な第1ポンプと、
流体を濾過器から揚送するように操作可能な第2ポンプと、
濾過器から揚送される少なくともある程度の流体を、流体再生デバイスを通して血液ライン内に送るように操作可能な再循環経路と
を備える、医用流体治療システム。
(項目55)
前記再生デバイスが活性炭、吸着剤、これらの任意の組合せを含む、項目54に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目56)
濾過器の上流または下流にある血液ラインに治療流体を選択的に揚送するように操作可能である、項目54に記載の医用流体治療システム。
(項目57)
治療流体を濾過器にさらに揚送して、拡散血液浄化を行うように構成される、項目54に記載の医用流体治療システム。
概要
本発明は、治療時に逆濾過の量を増加および強化する家庭血液透析(「HHD」)療法のための様々な装置および方法を提供する。このシステムは、家庭用に設計されているにも関わらず、病院の急性腎臓治療センター、またはセルフケアセンターでの使用にも適する。このシステムは、使い捨てカセットまたは管組織オーガナイザ(本明細書では、カセットと総称する)を有する使い捨てセットを含む使い捨て流体管理システムを使用する。カセットは、透析液および体外流路の少なくとも一方の少なくとも一部分を収容する。一実施形態では、2つの小型高流量透析装置が、流体的かつ直列にカセットに接続される。一実施形態では、透析液および血液は、透析装置を通って互いに逆流する。制限手段は、透析液流路内の2つの透析装置間に配置される。制限手段は、一実施形態では、異なる治療条件を考慮するか、または1回の治療時に調節できるように可変および調節可能である。制限手段は、別法によると、制限オリフィスを有するオリフィスプレートのように固定される。
次に、図面、特に図1を参照すると、腎不全治療システム10の一実施形態が示されている。システム10は、2つ以上の高流量血液透析装置、たとえば静脈透析装置20および動脈透析装置30を使用する。一実施形態では、血液透析装置20および30は比較的小型であり、たとえば膜表面積は4分の1〜3メートル2台である。透析装置または血液透析装置20および30は、比較的高流量透析装置であり、たとえば、1ミリメートルHg圧力またはそれ以上で(本明細書で使用する場合)、1時間当たりで拡散する水が8ミリメートルというUF係数を有し、「流量」という用語は上記のUF係数を意味し、膜を通る水の搬送の容易さを評価するもであり、ミリメートル/時間/ミリメートル水銀で表現される。
以下の実施例は、本発明の1つの好ましい治療法をさらに示す。この実施例では、ポンプ集合1のポンプ22および24は、2時間にわたる源14、16および18からの18リットルの透析液を押し出す。この容量のうち、毎分100ミリリットルの透析液は、静脈透析装置20の膜壁を通して患者の血液回路50内に逆濾過される。毎分50ミリリットルの透析液は、静脈透析装置20、制限手段40を通過して、静脈透析装置30内に流入する。ポンプ集合2のポンプ26および28は、18リットルの透析液全体をバッグ14、16および18からの18リットルの透析液全体、および任意の所望量の流体を患者から除去する。2時間にわたって、12リットル(毎分100ミリリットルに120分を乗算する)の透析液が、静脈透析装置20を通して患者の血液内に逆濾過される。ポンプ集合2のポンプ26および28は、12リットル、つまり血液回路50内に逆濾過されない6リットルの透析液、および患者から限外濾過される何らかの流体を除去する。
さらに図2および3を参照すると、透析装置20および30、並びに本明細書に記載するその他の多くの流動構成要素が、使い捨てカセットに取り付けられた1つの好ましい実施形態で提供される。使い捨てカセット100aは、さもなければオーガナイザ、ディスポーザブル、使い捨てセットなどと呼ばれる。使い捨てカセット100aは、腎不全の治療用の体外回路50および透析液流路60(図1参照)の少なくとも一部分を含む(たとえば、すべての体外回路50はカセット100a内に一体化されるが、管類は、図2および図3に示すように患者との間に配管される)。使い捨てカセット100aは、以下に説明するように空気圧または機械式で作動する本明細書に記載の多くのポンプおよびバルブの透析液または治療流体流部分を処理するための空間効率的な装置を提供する。したがって、カセット100aは、空間、能力および資源が限られている家庭用に良く適している。
図1〜図3を参照すると、患者42の動脈接近手段44aから始まって、体外または血液回路50は、PT1と標識された圧力センサ46を備える。PT1は、別法によると、血液ポンプ48に達する前に血液の流れを停止する能力を有する圧力スイッチである。安全上の対策として、一実施形態のシステム10は多数の電極(図示しない)、たとえば2〜4個の電極を備え、これらの電極は、システム10からの患者42の接近切断を検出するために、半分が動脈ライン44a内、半分が静脈ライン44b内に一体化されている接近切断センサを提供する。偶発的な針の切断を検出するための別法による機構は、導電性ブランケットを患者に接近する下流に使用することである。血液の存在は、ブランケットの導電性を変化させ、警報を発してポンプを停止させる。
For Pumping Cassette−Based Therapies」に記載されており、この特許出願は、引用することにより本明細書に援用する。米国特許第5,431,626号およびその対応特許に具現されており、その示唆するところが引用により本明細書に援用されるHomeChoice(登録商標)シリーズのAPDデバイスに現在使用されているポンプおよび揚送技術も適切であり、様々な揚送技術は、2002年5月24日に出願された本願と同一の所有権者による米国特許出願第10/155,754号「Medical Fluid Pump」に記載されており、その示唆するところは、引用することにより本明細書に援用される。
次に、図4を参照すると、別法によるシステム110が示されており、これは、上記のシステム10と非常に類似する方法で動作する。当然、図1および図4に示す類似の参照符号の各々は、上記と同じ機能および同じ代替物を有する。システム110は、上記の対流および拡散浄化を行い、治療セッション間に患者42が得た流体の量を除去する。
次に、図5を参照すると、別法によるシステム210が示されており、これは、再生ループ212を透析液流路に追加するものである。図4と同様、図1、図4および図5に示す参照符号と同じ参照符号の各々は、上記と同じ機能および代替物を有する。システム210も上記の対流および拡散浄化を行い、治療セッション間に患者42が得た流体または限外濾過液の量を除去する。
次に、図6および図7を参照すると、システム310および410は、それぞれ、カセットベースの家庭用システムが、別法によると純粋な血液濾過を行うように構成することができることを示している。上記のシステム310および410とシステム10、110および210との主な相違点は、純粋血液濾過システムは、静脈透析装置20および制限手段40を使用しないことであり、これらをカセット100aから単に除去するかまたは迂回して、血液濾過システム310または410を形成する。次に、図1の動脈透析装置30は、システム310または410内の血液濾過器312として動作する。したがって、動脈透析装置30/血液濾過器312は、両方の役割を果たすことができるように選択する。
次に、図8を参照すると、家庭用血液透析濾過システム510の一実施形態が示されている。上記のシステム10、110および210は、対流および拡散搬送モードが、透析装置部分20および30間に配置された制限手段40によって生じるタイプの血液透析濾過療法を提供する。一方、システム510は、異なる流動構成を介して血液透析濾過システム510を提供する。それにも関わらず、上記の血液透析濾過システム510の流動構成要素の多くは、1回の治療のために血液透析濾過機械内に挿入される使い捨てカセット上に設けられる。
上記のシステムは、たとえば図1に示すバッグから、またはたとえば図2に示す流体精製パックかの減菌透析液などの流体源を必要とする。図9〜図11は、本明細書に記載する何れかの治療(たとえば、対流および/または拡散浄化モードを使用する)に適用できるシステムを示す。しかし、図9〜図11のシステムは、超高純度透析液源を生成する様々な濾過器を有する再循環吸着剤システムを使用する。
次に、図12および図13のシステム810および910をそれぞれ参照すると、蠕動ポンプ820および830を使用して、透析流体をバッグ14、16および18からから揚送し、限外濾過液を血液濾過器から揚送する別法による医用流体治療システムが示されている。図12および図13は、以前のシステムを示す図面に関して単純化されている。これらのシステムの上記に示す構成要素およびデバイスの多くは、必要に応じてシステム810および910にも使用されることが分かるであろう。図12および図13に示すこれらの構成要素およびデバイスの各々を繰り返し含む必要はない。さらに、上記の要素に関して類似する参照符号で示す図12および図13の要素は、上記と同様に動作し、上記の参照符号の代替物の各々を含む。
次に、図14のシステム950を参照すると、並流を使用する別法による医用流体治療システムが示されている。図14のシステム950は、図1のシステム10に関連して上記で述べたものと同じ構成要素の多くを備える。図14に示す多くの参照符号は、上記の実施形態に示す参照符合と同じである。図14に類似する参照符号は、当該参照符号に関する上記と同様に動作し、上記と同じ各々の代替物を備える。
次に、図15および図16を参照すると、膜ポンプを通して揚送される量を決定する方法が示されている。上記のポンプ22および24は、一例として示されている。本明細書で説明するとおり、ポンプ22および24は、少なくとも部分的に、カセット100aなどの剛性カセットによって画定されるポンプチャンバを含む。カセットは、可撓性の膜またはシーティングを含む。ポンプチャンバのもう1つの部分は、一実施形態では、内部にカセットが挿入される腎置換治療機械によって画定される。図15および図16では、ポンプ22は膜252を備える。ポンプ24は膜254を備える。正および負のタンク268および270は、必要に応じて、膜252および254を移動させ、バルブ274、276、278および280を通して正圧および負圧によって流体を揚送する。空気圧システムは、基準貯槽256および258も備える。貯槽256は、ポンプ22の膜252の非流体側に存在する空気と連通する。同様に、基準貯槽258は、ポンプ24の膜254の非流対側に存在する空気と連通する。
方程式1
ポンプ22または24の何れか一方の空のチャンバの空気の容積(この実施例では、ポンプ24またはV2に関して示す)は、以下のとおり方程式2に従って計算される。
方程式2
方程式1に示すポンプ22および24各々のそれぞれの圧力は、適切に配置された変換器を介して測定される。貯槽256および258内の最終空気圧も測定される。チャンバ内の空気の最終圧力は、最終貯槽圧力に等しいはずであり、二重に検査することができる。測定された圧力は、方程式1および2の分子および分母に適合する。上記のとおり、この場合の貯槽V1およびV2の容積は一定および既知である。
方程式3
ポンプの1行程で揚送される流量は、そのポンプチャンバが空である場合、空気の量に等しいか、またはチャンバに流体が充満すると予想される場合、そのポンプチャンバ内の空気の量を差し引いた流体の空隙に等しい。ボイルの法則から導かれる方程式1および3は、透析液中に存在する気泡を補償し、たとえば、その場合、膜252および254は、それぞれポンプ22および24のポンプチャンバの一方の側または他方の側に完全には移動しない。
方程式4
したがって、時間Tにおいて何れかのポンプによって移動する流体は以下のとおりである。
方程式5
時間T、および時間Tにおいてポンプ22または24によって移動した容量を把握すると、実時間基準で流速を計算して表示し、本発明の腎不全治療システムを制御するために使用することができる。
ポンプ22、24、26および28などの膜ポンプを使用するシステム10、110、210、310、410、510、610、710および950の各々は、一例として上記に示すように、ボイルの法則によって制御することができる流体の正確な量を計量することができる。しかし、製造およびコストの点で、異なるタイプのポンプを使用して、使用済みおよび流出透析液を移動させることが望ましい。たとえば、上記の血液ポンプ48などの蠕動ポンプは、蠕動ポンプの使い捨て部分は本質的に管類のループであるため、使い捨てカセットまたは管集合内に用意に組み込むことができる。しかし、蠕動ポンプの正確度だけでは、規定量の限外濾過液または流出透析液を患者から除去する必要がある血液濾過、血液透析および血液透析濾過法などのシステムにおいて、透析液を揚送するのに十分ではない場合がある。
図17〜図22に示すシステム300に関する上記の原理は、本発明が意図する様々なタイプの平衡装置に適用される。システム300の各々は、単一平衡チャンバ340を使用する。図23を参照すると、別法によるシステム400は、別法による平衡デバイス360を使用している。平衡管360の一実施形態について、図45に関連して以下に詳細に示して説明する。一般に、平衡管360は、円筒状、さもなければ管状部材を備える。こうした部材の内部には、ピストン、ボールまたはその他の隔離板366が存在し、管または円筒内にぴったり適合する。平衡管360は、新鮮部分362および使用済み部分364を有する管または円筒を備える。隔離板366は、管内にぴったり適合し、管の新鮮側362と使用済み側364との間で前後に移動する。
次に、図24を参照すると、システム450によって、さらに他の流量平衡デバイスが示されている。システム450は、単一の蛇行経路470を使用している。システム450は、上記と同じ構成要素の多く、たとえば排水バッグ12、供給バッグ14〜18、新鮮透析液ポンプ370、加熱器58、使用済み透析液ポンプ390および血液ポンプ48を備える。システム450は、可変制限手段40によって分離されたECHD二重透析装置20および30と共に使用するように示されている。システム450は、本明細書に記載するどのモダリティでも作動できることを評価するべきである。類似の参照符号を有するその他の構成要素も示されている。
上記の単一平衡デバイスの実施形態に潜在的な1つの問題は、拍動流である。単一平衡デバイスシステムは、透析装置からの流体の流速と比べて、透析装置に至る新鮮な流体の流速を低下させることにより、流れの拍動性をある程度補償することができる。その他の解決方法は、図25のシステム500および以下に示すその他の二重平衡デバイスによって得られる。これらのシステムは、流れが、透析装置または血液濾過器から除去される時に、透析装置または患者に供給されるように、平行または交互のサイクルで動作する2つの平衡チャンバ、2つの平衡管または2つの蛇行経路を提供する。システム500は、類似する参照符号で示されり上記と同じ構成要素の多くを備えているため、改めて説明する必要はない。さらに、システム500は、ECHD二重高流量透析装置20および30並びに可変制限手段40で動作するように示されている。しかし、上記の説明から、システム500が本明細書に記載するモダリティの何れでも動作できることは、きわめて明らかである。
図26を参照すると、本発明の体外回路は、患者接近ライン44aおよび静脈接近ライン44bを患者に接続する前に、減菌溶液でプライミングする必要がある。そのため、動脈および静脈ラインの終わりは、一緒に接続部358に接続される。一実施形態では、新鮮透析液ポンプ370および流体圧力ポンプ390が動作して、透析液または補充液が透析液回路を充填するまで、平衡チャンバ340aおよび340bを通して(または、本明細書に記載する単一または二重平衡デバイスの何れかを介して)流体を揚送する。次に、血液治療機械は、適用量モードになる。一実施形態では、血液ポンプ48は、静脈点滴チャンバ52に流体が充填されるまで、逆に動作する。ラインおよび点滴チャンバ内の過剰な空気は、点滴チャンバ52を備えるか、点滴チャンバ52を含むか、または点滴チャンバ52と連通する変換器保護装置または通気口64を通して換気される。一実施形態における変換器保護装置または通気口64は、0.2μmの疎水性膜である。
本発明は、平衡デバイスの複数の実施形態を説明しているが、平衡管は、製造の容易さ、コストおよび効果間の良好なトレードオフを示すと考えられる。たとえば図25および図26に関して上記で述べた平衡チャンバは、血液透析などの血液腎不全治療において、限外濾過液を効果的の計量および制御することが、長時間テストされて実証されている。平衡チャンバに関連するシーティングおよびチャンバは、確かに製造可能だが、単にバルブチャンバ、蠕動ポンプ用の管類、および本発明の平衡管用管を有するものに比べて、比較的複雑なカセットを示す。
次に、図29を参照すると、もう1つの二重平衡デバイス実施形態が示されている。この場合、以前に図25〜図28に示した平衡チャンバおよび平衡管は、蛇行経路470aおよび470bに置き換えられる。蛇行経路470aおよび470bは、やはり図25〜図26に示すように、バルブV1〜V8の間に配置される。当然、図25、図26および図29に示すバルブV1〜V8の動作は、同時に流体を患者に連続的に送り、使用済み流体を排水管に送り、限外濾過液を透析装置または血液濾過器から除去するように作動する。以前のように、二重蛇行経路470aおよび470bは、どのモダリティでも、また本明細書に記載する異なるどのタイプのポンプでも実施できる。新鮮流体を透析装置20、30まで押し進めるため、蛇行経路ライン328a、330aまたはライン328b、330bに新鮮透析液が充填される。蛇行経路470aのV1およびV4、または蛇行経路470bのV6およびV7が開放する。ポンプ390は、使用済み透析液をライン328a、330aまたはライン328b、330bを通して揚送し、対応する多量の新鮮透析液を透析装置まで押し進める。次に、バルブV2およびV3またはバルブV5およびV8が開放し、使用済み流体を排水管に押し進める。
次に、図30および図31を参照すると、交換された透析液および除去された限外濾過液の量を制御するための他の別法による方法は、供給源および排水バッグ12〜18内の流体の重量を測定することによって制御する。便宜上、供給源/排水バッグ14、16および18のみを図30に示す。腎不全治療過程を制御するために、重量を使用することは十分に周知されている。1つの重量計を使用して、失われる新鮮流体と取得した使用済み流体の両方を明らかにすることができる。この場合、流体の正味量が患者から除去または限外濾過されるため、システムは、時間が経過するにつれて重量が増加すると予測する。別法によると、新鮮バッグ用の第1重量計および排水バッグ用の第2重量計が使用される。2つの信号が生成されて加算され、期間内のある時点で蓄積した限外濾過液の量を決定する。しかし、図30および図31のシステムは単一重量計を使用しているが、代わりに二重重量計を使用しても良い。
次に、図32を参照すると、ECHD濾過器の一実施形態が、濾過器600で示されている。上記で組み込んだとおり、適切な1つのECHD濾過器は、本発明の譲受人に譲渡された米国特許第5,730,712号に記載されている。この特許に記載されている濾過器に類似する濾過器600は、単一ユニットとして設けられる。しかし、濾過器600は、可変制限手段40と共に動作することが可能である点で、この特許の濾過器とは異なる。
次に、図33を参照すると、可変流量制限手段40の一実施形態が示されている。再現可能かつ正確な可変制限手段を提供するには、多くの類似する異なる方法があると主張されるが、図33の可変制限手段40は1つの適切な構成を提供する。システム40は、結合器958を介してレバーアーム956に結合されるステッパモータ954を備える。ステッパモータは、非常に正確かつ再現性がある位置決め装置として先行技術で公知であり、これは、正確な距離をおそらく所望の加速度および速度で正確な距離を返すように、ステッパモータ954に命令するマイクロプロセッサから信号を受信することができる。図33では、ステッパモータ954は、主に、一定の表面960に対して、レバーアーム956を正確な位置に配置するために使用される。
次に、図34を参照すると、カセット100a(上記の図2および図3に示される)は、血液治療機械の内側に位置する多数の流量デバイスとインターフェースする動作可能位置に示されている。図示のカセット100aは、筐体104を備える。筐体104には、多数の流動構成要素が取り付けられ、これらの構成要素は、カセット100a上またはカセット100a内に、部分的または完全に設けられる。図示のとおり、透析装置20および30は、筐体104に取り付けられる。管類102は、血液蠕動ポンプのポンプヘッド部分周囲にループすることができるように延在し、カセット100aの筐体104に流体的に接続する。動脈および静脈患者ライン44aおよび44bも、それぞれ、カセット100aに取り付けられるか、またはカセット100aと連通する。図33に示すように、患者接近ライン44aおよび44bは、患者接近ライン44aおよび44bは最初に互いに接続され、これらのライン内の殺菌状態を保存する。圧力センサ46などの多数のセンサは、さらにカセット100aと一体化される。
次に、図42および図43を参照すると、本発明の加熱器58の2つの実施形態が、それぞれ加熱器58aおよび58bで示されている。上記のとおり、加熱器58は、任意の適切なタイプの医療流体加熱器、たとえばプレート加熱器、赤外線、もしくはその他のタイプの放射加熱器、対流加熱器、またはこれらの何らかの組合せで良い。加熱器58aは、誘導加熱器または誘導コイルを有する加熱器である。誘導加熱器58aは、カセット100などの使い捨てカセットに一体に構成されるか、または固定的に接続される。一方、誘導加熱器58bは、1対の管を介して使い捨てカセット100に接続し、カセット100の主本体から離して配置される。
次に、図44を参照すると、断面で示されているカセット100の一部分は、本発明のカセットベースの平衡チャンバ340を提供するための一実施形態を示す。カセット100(カセット100a〜100cの各々を含む)は、上部部分96、下部部分98、および可撓性シーティング346を含む。一実施形態では、部分96および98は、適切な剛性プラスチックから製造される。一実施形態では、可撓性膜またはダイアフラム346は、適切なプラスチックまたはゴム材料、たとえばPVC,非DEHP PVC、クレイトンポリプロピレン混合物、または類似材料から製造される。
次に、図45を参照すると、平衡管360の一実施形態が示されている。上記のとおり、同様の用語を使用すると、平衡管360は、平衡チャンバ340の可撓性膜346と同様に機能する隔離板366を含む。図示の実施形態では、隔離板366は、円筒状筐体382内でぴったりした状態で移動するボールまたは球状の物体である。1対のキャップ384および386は、円筒状筐体382の何れかの端部に設けられる。キャップ384および386は、外側のOリング388を介して、円筒状管類382を封止する。隔離板またはボール366は、内側Oリング392を介して、キャップ384および386を封止する。別法による実施形態では、キャップ384および386は、円筒状管382を取り外されないように、または密閉して封止する。ポート394および396は、それぞれキャップ384および386と一体に形成されるか、またはこれらのキャップに取り付けられる。ポート394および396は、当業者が周知している何らかの機構を介して嵌合する管を封止する。
Claims (11)
- 透析システムであって、以下:
透析機械であって、血液ポンプ作動装置、透析液ポンプ作動装置、血液バルブ作動装置および透析バルブ作動装置を備える、透析機械;ならびに
該透析機械で動作可能な使い捨てカセットであって、該使い捨てカセットが、以下:
(i)筐体、
(ii)該透析液ポンプ作動装置で動作可能に構成された該筐体の透析液ポンプ部分、
(iii)該血液バルブ作動装置で動作可能に構成された該筐体の血液バルブ部分、
(iv)該透析液バルブ作動装置で動作可能に構成された該筐体の透析液バルブ部分、
(v)該筐体と流体連通する少なくとも1つの透析装置であって、該少なくとも1つの透析装置が、透析液入口および透析液出口を備える、透析装置、
(vi)該筐体の専用の透析装置入口ポートから該透析装置入口へと外部に延び、接続される、第1透析液接続部、
(vii)該筐体の専用の透析装置出口ポートから該透析装置出口へと外部に延び、接続される、第2透析液接続部、
(viii)患者に接続するための動脈血液ラインおよび静脈血液ラインであって、該動脈ラインが、該筐体の専用の動脈ポートから外部に延び、接続され、該静脈ラインが、該筐体の専用の静脈ポートから外部に延び、接続される、動脈血液ラインおよび静脈血液ライン、
を備える、使い捨てカセット、
を備え、
該使い捨てカセットが該透析機械中に挿入された場合に、該透析液ポンプ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該透析液ポンプ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、該血液バルブ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該血液バルブ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、該透析液バルブ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該透析液バルブ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあるように、該透析機械および該使い捨てカセットが構成および配置されている、
透析システム。 - 請求項1に記載の透析システムであって、前記使い捨てカセット筐体から前記少なくとも1つの透析装置へと外部に延びる少なくとも1つの血液接続部を備える、透析システム。
- 請求項1に記載の透析システムであって、前記血液ポンプ作動装置によって動作される前記使い捨てカセット筐体の容積式ダイアフラム血液ポンプ部分を備える、透析システム。
- 請求項1に記載の透析システムであって、前記第1透析液接続部および第2透析液接続部のうちの少なくとも1つが、圧力除去バルブを備える、透析システム。
- 請求項1に記載の透析システムであって、前記使い捨てカセット筐体が、透析液源に接続されるように構成された追加のポートを備え、該源が、再生された源またはバッグに入れられた源である、透析システム。
- 請求項1に記載の透析システムであって、前記使い捨てカセット筐体が、空気収集チャンバをさらに備える、透析システム。
- 請求項1に記載の透析システムであって、前記透析機械が、血液漏れ検出器を備え、前記使い捨てカセット筐体が、該血液漏れ検出器で動作可能な部分を備える、透析システム。
- 透析システムであって、以下:
透析機械であって、血液ポンプ作動装置、透析液ポンプ作動装置、血液バルブ作動装置および透析バルブ作動装置を備え、スロットをさらに備える、透析機械;ならびに
血液ポンプ部分、透析液ポンプ部分、血液バルブ部分、および透析液バルブ部分を備える、使い捨てカセット、
を備え、
該カセットが該スロット中に挿入された場合に、該血液ポンプ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該血液ポンプ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、該透析液ポンプ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該透析液ポンプ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、該血液バルブ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該血液バルブ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、そして該透析液バルブ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該透析液バルブ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあるように、該透析機械および該使い捨てカセットが構成および配置されている、
透析システム。 - 請求項8に記載の透析システムであって、前記血液ポンプ作動装置が、容積式ダイアフラムポンプ作動装置であり、そして前記使い捨てカセットの前記血液ポンプ部分が、ダイアフラムを備える、透析システム。
- 請求項8に記載の透析システムであって、前記使い捨てカセットが、透析装置を備え、前記透析機械および該使い捨てカセットは、該使い捨てカセットが前記スロットに挿入された場合に、該透析装置が該透析機械の外側にあるようにさらに構成および配置されている、透析システム。
- 透析システムであって、以下:
透析機械であって、以下
血液ポンプ作動装置、
透析液ポンプ作動装置、
血液バルブ作動装置、
透析液バルブ作動装置、
圧力センサ、
血液漏れ検出器、および
導電性センサ
を備える、透析機械;ならびに
透析液カセットであって、以下
該血液ポンプ作動装置で動作可能な血液ポンプ部分、
該透析液ポンプ作動装置で動作可能な透析液ポンプ部分、
該血液バルブ作動装置で動作可能な血液バルブ部分、
該透析液バルブ作動装置で動作可能な透析液バルブ部分、
該圧力センサで動作可能な圧力センサ部分、
該血液漏れ検出器で動作可能な血液漏れ検出器部分、および
該導電性センサで動作可能な導電性センサ部分
を備える、透析液カセット
を備え、
該使い捨てカセットが該透析機械中に挿入された場合に、(i)該血液ポンプ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該血液ポンプ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、(ii)該透析液ポンプ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該透析液ポンプ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、(iii)該血液バルブ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該血液バルブ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、(iv)該透析液バルブ作動装置が、該使い捨てカセットの該透析液バルブ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、(v)該圧力センサが、該使い捨てカセットの圧力センサ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、(vi)該血液漏れ検出器が、該使い捨てカセットの該血液漏れ検出器部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあり、そして(vii)該導電性センサが、該使い捨てカセットの該導電性センサ部分と動作可能に整列する位置にあるように、該透析機械および該使い捨てカセットが構成および配置されている、
透析システム。
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