JP6280225B2 - メモリセル、製造方法、半導体デバイス、メモリシステムおよび電子システム - Google Patents
メモリセル、製造方法、半導体デバイス、メモリシステムおよび電子システム Download PDFInfo
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 36
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 12
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 233
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 160
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 75
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 74
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940043430 calcium compound Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001674 calcium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 11
- UCNNJGDEJXIUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)iron;iron Chemical compound [Fe].O[Fe]=O.O[Fe]=O UCNNJGDEJXIUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 9
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 8
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910019236 CoFeB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003302 ferromagnetic material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum nitride Chemical compound [Ta]#N MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 description 3
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003321 CoFe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002885 antiferromagnetic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 for example Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical compound [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GPXJNWSHGFTCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indium phosphide Chemical compound [In]#P GPXJNWSHGFTCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910005811 NiMnSb Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000577 Silicon-germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ge] Chemical compound [Si].[Ge] LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002902 ferrimagnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 1
- UFQXGXDIJMBKTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxostrontium Chemical compound [Sr]=O UFQXGXDIJMBKTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002926 oxygen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002907 paramagnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000992 sputter etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(II) oxide Chemical compound [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N50/00—Galvanomagnetic devices
- H10N50/10—Magnetoresistive devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements
- G11C11/16—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect
- G11C11/161—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect details concerning the memory cell structure, e.g. the layers of the ferromagnetic memory cell
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements
- G11C11/16—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect
- G11C11/165—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C11/1673—Reading or sensing circuits or methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements
- G11C11/16—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect
- G11C11/165—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C11/1675—Writing or programming circuits or methods
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B61/00—Magnetic memory devices, e.g. magnetoresistive RAM [MRAM] devices
- H10B61/20—Magnetic memory devices, e.g. magnetoresistive RAM [MRAM] devices comprising components having three or more electrodes, e.g. transistors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N50/00—Galvanomagnetic devices
- H10N50/01—Manufacture or treatment
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N50/00—Galvanomagnetic devices
- H10N50/80—Constructional details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N50/00—Galvanomagnetic devices
- H10N50/80—Constructional details
- H10N50/85—Magnetic active materials
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- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mram Or Spin Memory Techniques (AREA)
- Hall/Mr Elements (AREA)
Description
Claims (21)
- スイッチング可能な磁性配向を示す磁性領域と、
固定された磁性配向を示す別の磁性領域と、
前記磁性領域と前記別の磁性領域との間の中間酸化物領域と、
前記磁性領域によって前記中間酸化物領域から離隔されており、前記中間酸化物領域よりも低い電気抵抗を有する、別の酸化物領域と、
前記別の酸化物領域に近接しており、酸素と金属とを含むゲッター領域と、
を含む
磁性セルコアを含む、少なくとも一つのメモリセルを含み、
前記金属の金属酸化物は、生成熱が、前記別の酸化物領域の前記酸化物の生成熱よりも小さい、
半導体デバイス。 - スイッチング可能な磁性配向を示す磁性領域と、
固定された磁性配向を示す別の磁性領域と、
前記磁性領域と前記別の磁性領域との間の中間酸化物領域と、
前記磁性領域によって前記中間酸化物領域から離隔されており、前記中間酸化物領域よりも低い電気抵抗を有する、別の酸化物領域と、
前記別の酸化物領域に近接しており、酸素と金属とを含むゲッター領域と、
を含む
磁性セルコアを含む、少なくとも一つのメモリセルを含み、
前記ゲッター領域は、前記別の酸化物領域の内部にある、
半導体デバイス。 - スイッチング可能な磁性配向を示す磁性領域と、
固定された磁性配向を示す別の磁性領域と、
前記磁性領域と前記別の磁性領域との間の中間酸化物領域と、
前記磁性領域によって前記中間酸化物領域から離隔されており、前記中間酸化物領域よりも低い電気抵抗を有する、別の酸化物領域と、
前記別の酸化物領域に近接しており、酸素と金属とを含むゲッター領域と、
を含む
磁性セルコアを含む、少なくとも一つのメモリセルを含み、
前記ゲッター領域は、カルシウム化合物を含む、
半導体デバイス。 - 前記金属の金属酸化物は、生成熱が、前記別の酸化物領域の酸化物の生成熱よりも約10%未満までしか大きくはない、
請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 前記金属の金属酸化物は、前記生成熱が、前記別の酸化物領域の前記酸化物の生成熱よりも小さい、
請求項2又は3に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 前記中間酸化物領域と前記別の酸化物領域は、同一の酸化物材料から形成されている、
請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 前記別の酸化物領域は、前記中間酸化物領域よりも低い酸素濃度を有する、
請求項6に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 前記ゲッター領域は、前記別の酸化物領域に直接隣接している、
請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 前記ゲッター領域は、前記別の酸化物領域の内部にある、
請求項1又は3に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 前記別の酸化物領域は、酸化マグネシウム(MgO)を含み、
前記ゲッター領域は、カルシウム(Ca)、ストロンチウム(Sr)、アルミニウム(Al)、バリウム(Ba)、ジルコニウム(Zr)およびそれらの化合物のうちの少なくとも一つを含む、
請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 前記ゲッター領域は、カルシウム化合物を含む、
請求項1又は2に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 前記別の酸化物領域の電気抵抗は、前記中間酸化物領域の電気抵抗の50%よりも小さい、
請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 前記ゲッター領域の前記金属の金属酸化物の生成熱は、約−5.66(eV)よりも小さい、
請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 前記少なくとも一つのメモリセルは、アレイ状の複数のメモリセルを含み、前記少なくとも一つのメモリセルは、少なくとも一つの周辺デバイスと動作可能に接続している、
請求項1乃至13のいずれか一項に記載の半導体デバイス。 - 磁性メモリセルを形成する方法であって、
中間酸化物領域と別の酸化物領域との間に自由領域を形成することと、
前記別の酸化物領域に近接してゲッター材料を形成することと、
前記別の酸化物領域から前記ゲッター材料に酸素を移動させて前記別の酸化物領域の電気抵抗を低下させることと、
を含み、
前記別の酸化物領域に近接してゲッター材料を形成することは、
前記別の酸化物領域のうちの下部酸化物サブ領域を形成することと、
前記下部酸化物サブ領域の上に前記ゲッター材料を形成することと、
前記ゲッター材料の上に前記別の酸化物領域のうちの上部酸化物サブ領域を形成することと、
を含む、
方法。 - 前記自由領域および前記ゲッター材料を形成することは、
基板の上に前記下部酸化物サブ領域を形成することと、
前記下部酸化物サブ領域の上に前記ゲッター材料を形成することと、
前記ゲッター材料の上に前記上部酸化物サブ領域を形成することと、
前記上部酸化物サブ領域の上に前記自由領域を形成することと、
前記自由領域の上に前記中間酸化物領域を形成することと、
を含む、
請求項15に記載の方法。 - 前記自由領域および前記ゲッター材料を形成することは、
基板の上に前記中間酸化物領域を形成することと、
前記中間酸化物領域の上に前記自由領域を形成することと、
前記自由領域の上に前記下部酸化物サブ領域を形成することと、
前記下部酸化物サブ領域の上に前記ゲッター材料を形成することと、
前記ゲッター材料の上に前記上部酸化物サブ領域を形成することと、
を含む、
請求項15に記載の方法。 - 前記別の酸化物領域から前記ゲッター材料へと酸素を移動させることは、前記別の酸化物領域と前記ゲッター材料とをアニーリングすることを含む、
請求項15に記載の方法。 - 前記別の酸化物領域から前記ゲッター材料へと酸素を移動させることは、前記別の酸化物領域から前記ゲッター材料へと前記酸素の一部を移動させることを含む、
請求項15に記載の方法。 - 前記中間酸化物領域に隣接して固定領域を形成することをさらに含む、
請求項15に記載の方法。 - 金属酸化物の生成熱が、前記別の酸化物領域の酸化物の生成熱よりも約10%までしか高くはないように、前記ゲッター材料を選択することをさらに含む、
請求項15に記載の方法。
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