CN103002833B - 人工心脏瓣及包括人工心脏瓣和支架的经导管输送的内假体 - Google Patents

人工心脏瓣及包括人工心脏瓣和支架的经导管输送的内假体 Download PDF

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CN103002833B
CN103002833B CN201180036365.4A CN201180036365A CN103002833B CN 103002833 B CN103002833 B CN 103002833B CN 201180036365 A CN201180036365 A CN 201180036365A CN 103002833 B CN103002833 B CN 103002833B
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CN103002833A (zh
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M.J.吉拉尔德
R.莱恩
A.迈耶
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2412Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2412Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
    • A61F2/2418Scaffolds therefor, e.g. support stents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2220/00Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2220/0025Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2220/00Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2220/0025Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
    • A61F2220/0075Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements sutured, ligatured or stitched, retained or tied with a rope, string, thread, wire or cable
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2240/00Manufacturing or designing of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2240/001Designing or manufacturing processes

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于在狭窄心瓣和/或心瓣不全的治疗中使用的内假体(1)的人工心脏瓣(100)。人工心脏瓣(100)包括多个小叶(102),小叶(102)由天然组织和/或合成材料构成,且具有用于开启心室的第一开启位置和用于关闭心室的第二关闭位置,小叶(102)能够响应于穿过心脏的血流在它们的第一位置与第二位置之间切换。此外,人工心脏瓣(100)包括由生物材料和/或合成材料构成的用于将人工心脏瓣(100)安装到支架(10)上的小叶支承部分(103),以及形成小叶(102)与小叶支承部分(103)之间的接合区的可弯曲的过渡区域(104),过渡区域(104)基本上以U形方式发展,类似于天然主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣(pulmonary?heart?valve)的尖瓣形状,以用于减小小叶(102)的开启动作和关闭动作期间的组织应力。本发明还涉及一种包括人工心脏瓣(100)和支架(10)的内假体(1)。

Description

人工心脏瓣及包括人工心脏瓣和支架的经导管输送的内假体
技术领域
本公开内容涉及一种人工心脏瓣。具体而言,本公开内容涉及一种用于在狭窄心瓣和/或心瓣不全的治疗中使用的经导管输送的内假体的人工心脏瓣。
本公开内容还涉及一种经导管输送的内假体,其包括人工心脏瓣和用于将人工心脏瓣定位和锚定在患者的心脏中的植入地点处的支架。具体而言,本公开内容还涉及结合人工心脏瓣和支架的可折叠和可扩张的假体,其可使用导管输送至植入地点以用于治疗心瓣狭窄(窄)和/或心瓣不全。
背景技术
短语"心瓣窄(狭窄)和/或心瓣不全"可包括一个或多个心瓣的功能缺陷,这或许是遗传的,或许是经后天形成的。此类的心脏缺陷可能影响四个心脏瓣中的各个心脏瓣,但主动脉瓣和二尖瓣的影响通常大于心脏的右侧部分(肺动脉瓣和三尖瓣)。功能缺陷可导致窄(狭窄),不能关闭(不全)或两者的组合(组合的缺损)。本公开内容涉及一种人工心脏瓣以及经导管输送的内假体,其包括人工心脏瓣和可扩张的支架,该支架能够经腔植入患者体内,且在通过经导管输送引入之后沿径向扩大,以用于治疗此类心脏瓣的缺陷。
人的心脏具有四个瓣,四个瓣控制循环穿过人体的血流。二尖瓣在心脏的左侧上,位于左心房与左心室之间,而主动脉瓣位于左心室与主动脉之间。这两个瓣均将来自于肺的含氧的血引送到主动脉中以用于经由身体分配。然而,位于右心房与右心室之间的三尖瓣和位于右心室与肺动脉之间的肺动脉瓣位于心脏的右侧上,且将来自于身体的缺氧血引送至肺。
天生的心脏瓣是被动结构,其响应于由心脏的泵送动作引起的差压来开启和关闭。它们由设计成响应于所述差压来开启和关闭的活动小叶构成。通常,二尖瓣具有两个小叶,而三尖瓣具有至少两个小叶,优选为三个小叶。然而,主动脉瓣和肺动脉瓣一般具有至少两个小叶,优选为三个小叶,还由于它们半月状的外形而通常被称为"尖瓣"。在本公开内容中,用语"小叶"和"尖瓣"具有相同的意义。
心脏瓣疾病被归类为两种主要类型,称为狭窄和不全。在狭窄的情况下,天生的心脏瓣不会适当地开启,由此不全代表显示不足的关闭性能的相反效果。类似于高血压、发炎和传染过程之类的医学状况可导致此类心瓣机能障碍。总之,在大多数情况下,天生的瓣必须通过外科手术治疗。在此方面,治疗可包括利用保存的患者自己的瓣来修补不健全的心脏瓣,或可通过也被称为人工心脏瓣的机械替代物或生物替代物替换。然而,特别是对于主动脉瓣,通常需要引入心脏瓣替换物。
原则上,当插入人工心脏瓣时,存在两种治疗不健全的心脏瓣的可能性:第一种方式包括至少取出不健全的心脏瓣的主要部分。第二备选方式提供了将不健全的心脏瓣留在适当位置且压制旁边的不健全的小叶,以产生用于人工心脏瓣的空间。
在除去不健全的心瓣之后,生物人工心脏瓣或机械人工心脏瓣通常以外科手术方式经由胸部中的开口缝入心瓣层中。该操作需要使用心肺机来保持患者在此程序期间的循环,且在植入假体期间会引起心跳停止。这对于患者是具有相关联的危险的有风险的外科手术程序,且有很长的术后治疗和恢复期。在多病的患者的情况下,此类手术通常不被认为具有恰当的风险。
最近已经开发出了最小创伤形式的治疗,其特征在于允许在局部麻醉下执行程序。一种途径提供了使用导管系统来将可自动扩张的支架植入,可自动扩张的支架连接到可折叠的心脏瓣上。可通过导管系统将此类可自动扩张的内假体经由腹股沟动脉或腹股沟静脉引导至心脏内的植入地点处。在到达植入地点之后,具有附连到其上的人工心脏瓣的支架则可展开。
患有心瓣狭窄(窄)和/或心瓣不全的患者的数目在增加。在此方面,关于提供长期的持久性的问题涉及到开发人工心脏瓣。四个主要的心脏瓣中的各个心脏瓣一天开启和关闭大约100,000次,且用于替换瓣的稳定性要求特别高。
此外,由于来自于穿过人工心脏瓣的血流的动态流体压力,小叶材料或在将人工心脏瓣紧固到支架上中使用的线丝(例如,缝合线)可裂开或断开,故存在危险。在一定的时间内这些构件故障可导致整个瓣的功能的损失。
基于上文提出的问题和当前的经导管的技术的其它问题,本公开内容的某些实施例解决了提供人工心脏瓣以及用于治疗窄心瓣或心瓣不全的可自动扩张的内假体的问题,该内假体实现了最佳的长期持久性,优异的血液动力(例如,低压梯度和最小回流)、最大限度地减小瓣膜旁的渗漏、准确的装置对准和定位、没有冠状阻塞、防止装置移位和避免心脏阻滞。此外,本公开内容提供了改善的人工心脏瓣与对应的可折叠的支架结构上的附接,从而将应力负载分配到较大的表面区域上,且因此降低了整个人工心脏瓣的应力集中点的潜在可能,导致了持久性的改善。
在此方面且如下文将详细描述的那些那样,本公开内容提供了一种用于在心瓣狭窄(窄)和/或心瓣不全的治疗中使用的经导管输送的内假体的人工心脏瓣。人工心脏瓣包括至少两个小叶、裙部部分和代表小叶与裙部部分之间的接合区的过渡区域。人工心脏瓣的至少两个小叶中的各个小叶均由天然组织或合成材料构成,且具有用于开启患者心室的第一开启位置和用于关闭患者心室的第二关闭位置,至少两个小叶能够响应于穿过患者心脏的血流在他们的第一位置与第二位置之间切换。裙部部分由天然组织或合成材料构成,且用于将人工心脏瓣安装到支架上。代表人工心脏瓣的至少两个小叶与裙部部分之间的接合区的过渡区域类似于天然主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣的尖瓣形状大致以U形方式发展,从而在至少两个小叶的开启动作和关闭动作期间减小心脏瓣材料内的应力。
如本文使用的短语"天然组织"意思是天然出现的组织,即,从患者获得的生物组织、从另一个捐献人获得的生物组织,或从非人类的动物获得的生物组织。另一方面,本文所使用的短语"天然组织"还将覆盖通过实验室中的组织工程制造的组织,例如,来自于设计的细胞外基质("支架(scaffold)")、细胞和生物活性分子的组合。
如随后将详细描述的那些那样,在本公开内容的一些实施例中,人工心脏瓣包括异种移植物/同种移植物或合成的非生物非致栓塞材料。同种移植物为捐献人的瓣,例如,心脏瓣,或由人的组织制成的替换物,例如,围心组织。相比之下,异种移植物描述了来源于动物的瓣,例如,心脏瓣,或由动物组织制成的瓣,例如,围心组织,通常分别是猪的或牛的。这些天然组织一般包含用作支承性构架和确定组织的柔韧性和坚固性的组织蛋白质(即,胶原和弹性蛋白)。
可构想出的是,通过施加化学固定来提高所述天然组织的稳定性。即是说,天然组织可处于一种或多种化学固定剂(即,鞣剂)下,固定剂形成天然组织材料的蛋白质结构内的多肽链之间的交联。这些化学固定剂的实例包括:甲醛、戊二醛、双醛淀粉、二异脯酸己二酯和某些多聚环氧化合物。
迄今为止,常规生物人工心脏瓣的植入的主要问题在于天然组织材料可变为钙化的,导致人工心脏瓣的非所期望的变硬或退化。
发明内容
即使没有钙化,高的瓣应力可导致心脏瓣的构件的机械故障。为了克服由限制瓣的持久性的机械故障和潜在应力引起的钙化的问题,本公开内容的一些实施例描述了一种改善的人工心脏瓣的构造,所公开的人工心脏瓣的设计适用于减小应力,以及减小钙化的潜在可能以改善心脏瓣的持久性。
此外,本公开内容提供了改善人工心脏瓣与对应的可折叠的支架结构的附接,从而将应力负载分配到较大的表面区域上,且因此降低了整个人工心脏瓣的应力集中点的潜在可能,导致了持久性的改善。
在本公开内容的一些实施例中,人工心脏瓣可由一块扁平的围心组织的制成。该围心组织可从动物的心脏(异种移植物)取出或从人的心脏(同种移植物)取出。随后,取出的组织可由激光切割系统、冲切机、喷水切割系统或通过手利用多种切割器具来切割,以便形成代表至少两个小叶中的各个小叶的图案,或在另一个实施例中是单独的小叶的图案。在一些实施例中,该图案还可包括裙部部分。裙部部分代表人工心脏瓣的区域,其用于将人工心脏瓣连接到支架上,例如,借助于缝合线。当前的人工心脏瓣由分开的小叶和裙部部分构成,其中分开的小叶和裙部部分在生物心脏瓣连接到支架上时缝在一起。然而,根据本文所述的"一块"的实施例,小叶与小叶支承部分整体结合形成,即是说,人工心脏瓣由一块扁平的围心组织制成。
代表至少两个且优选为三个小叶中的各个小叶和裙部部分的人工心脏瓣的图案将大致构造成类似于天生主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣。为此,图案优选设计成以便以上述尖瓣方式形成小叶,具有类似于主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣的三个半月形小叶。小叶可设计成多种形状,如椭圆形、U形或大致卵形的几何形状。在此方面,作为优选,三个不同的小叶中的各个小叶以它们所有都具有相同的大小的方式形成;然而,还可构想出的是将它们设计成不同的尺寸。
为了最大限度地减小人工心脏瓣的关闭位置上的应力,将小叶定形成所述图案可通过若干方式实现。最重要的是,人工心脏瓣的小叶的机械性能由自由缘和支承的边缘的形状影响。为此,在本文公开的有利实施例中,小叶借助于心轴上的扁平组织的交联形成为预定的3D形状。随后,借助于激光、刀或水射流剪掉可能出现的多余的材料以分别形成3D形状的边缘。在小叶与裙部部分之间,瓣的图案示出了以大致U形方式发展的过渡区域,类似于天然主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣的尖瓣形状。
在本公开内容的另一个实施例中,人工心脏瓣的下端区段呈现出锥形形状或外扩形状。此类锥形形状或外扩形状在将人工心脏瓣附接到对应的支架方面可为有利的。如下文将更为详细阐述的那样,对应的支架可包括锥形的下端区段或外扩的下端区段,以便改善支架在植入地点处的锚定。因此,将人工心脏瓣的下端区段构造成锥形形状或外扩形状可能有用,以便防止支架与血管之间的瓣膜旁(paravalvular)的渗漏。
根据本公开内容的另一个实施例,小叶可具有尖瓣几何形状,其以椭圆、U形或卵形的方式形成。此类尖瓣几何形状减小了应力集中的潜在可能,且因此最大限度地减小了磨损和钙沉淀的区域的潜在可能。在本公开内容的另一个实施例中,所有三个小叶都定形为相同的大小,在整个心动周期相等地吸收负载。然而,可构想出的是将装置与不同设计的小叶组装在一起。
参照本公开内容的另一个实施例,人工心脏瓣的小叶部分设计成用以提供针对潜在的环形变形的冗余接合。具体而言,冗余接合意思是各个小叶在瓣的关闭位置覆盖相应的支架的内径的三分之一以上。冗余接合可减小小叶上的应力,且甚至在环形变形的情况下也在小叶的第二关闭位置上提供心室的可靠关闭。即是说,即使心脏瓣环带的尺寸已经改变(环形变形),本公开内容的人工心脏瓣也能够防止回流。
在本公开内容的另一个实施例中,人工心脏瓣包括沿可弯曲的过渡区域的发展提供的多个紧固孔。在瓣附接到对应的支架上之前,这些紧固孔优选为被引入人工心脏瓣的组织中。该多个紧固孔可减少用于将人工心脏瓣附接到对应的支架的固持弓形结构上所需的时间。
根据本公开内容的另一个方面,人工心脏瓣设计成用于在导管中折叠和输送。为此,人工心脏瓣可以以一种方式设计使得配合到对应的支架结构的内侧。此外,可构想出的是,人工心脏瓣的设计包括某些折层以便允许折叠成很小的直径。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,人工心脏瓣的组织材料具有160μm至300μm的厚度,优选为从220μm至260μm。然而,应当注意的是,厚度可取决于人工心脏瓣的组织材料。大体上,牛的组织的厚度比猪的组织的厚度更厚。
单独的患者的血管和心脏瓣孔口可具有显著不同的直径,因此,人工心脏瓣可具有从19mm至28mm的直径范围。因此,本公开内容的人工心脏瓣适于匹配单独的患者的心脏组织的单独特征。
在本公开内容的另一个实施例中,人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡区域借助于缝合线附接到支架的固持弓形结构上,该缝合线具有的直径大于用于将人工心脏瓣附接到支架的环形套环上的缝合线的直径。鉴于此,人工心脏瓣可可靠地附接到支架上而不会向支架增加过多的体积,以便使内假体折叠成较小直径。
本公开内容还提供了一种具有附连到支架上的人工心脏瓣的经导管输送的内假体。支架提供固持弓形结构,该固持弓形结构一旦在扩张状态构造成为呈逐渐一致的U形。在一定数目的可能的实施例中,组织的过渡区域附接到支架的固持弓形结构上。固持弓形结构的目的在于在瓣的开启阶段和关闭阶段期间以最大限度地减小与周期动作相关联的应力的方式来控制小叶的动作。
大体上,当前的经导管的人工心脏瓣由分开的小叶和裙部部分构成,其中分开的小叶和裙部部分在生物心脏瓣连接到支架上时缝在一起。因此,在常规的人工心脏瓣的情况下,附加的缝合线是所需的,引起心脏瓣的应力集中和减小心脏瓣的柔性,因此导致人工心脏瓣的早期的钙化。
为了减小或最大限度地减小应力集中和提高心脏瓣的柔性,在如本文所公开的一些实施例中,小叶与裙部部分整体结合形成。例如,单块围心膜可用于形成人工心脏瓣。作为备选,裙部部分可由多块组织构成,例如,三块组织,多块组织在生物心脏瓣连接到支架上时缝在一起,其中小叶与整体接合形成裙部部分的块的组织材料整体结合形成。例如,可使用三个单独的组织板块来构造人工心脏瓣的瓣部分。不论使用单块围心膜还是三个板块,组织结构都缝合到支架结构上,以产生小叶所期望的U形。该U形有助于在整个心动周期分配小叶上的负载,但尤其是在处于关闭位置上时。
通过避免小叶必须缝到裙部部分上,可提供心脏瓣组件的较大强度和持久性,因为通过缝在一起的分开的组织块改善了一致的组织块的强度和完整性。此外,不具有接缝的优点包括减少了组装时间(较少缝合)、在折叠假体以用于较小导管输送时的较小的总体体积,以及可改善小叶的动作和血液动力的过渡区域处的柔性更大的小叶。
用于制造人工心脏瓣的天然组织材料通常包含用作组织材料的支承构架的结缔组织蛋白质(即,胶原和弹性蛋白)。为了增强该组织蛋白质化合物,可执行化学固定工艺,将蛋白质链接在一起。该技术通常涉及使天然组织材料处于一种或多种化学固定剂中,化学固定剂形成胶原分子的多肽链之间的交联。在此方面,可构想出的是,将不同的交联技术应用于人工心脏瓣组织的不同部分。例如,人工心脏瓣的小叶可由不同于裙部部分的化学固定剂处理,以便获得人工心脏瓣内的多样的刚性。
此外,可构想出的是,具有不是整体接合的小叶和裙部。在此情况下,不同的交联技术可应用于小叶和裙部。
根据本公开内容的可构想出用于人工心脏瓣的交联的化学固定剂的实例包括:醛(例如,甲醛、戊二醛、双醛淀粉、多聚甲醛、甘油醛、乙二醛、乙醛(glyoxalacetaldehyde)、丙烯醛)、二异氰酸盐(例如,二异脯酸己二酯)、碳化二亚胺、光氧化物和某些多聚环氧化合物(例如,Denacol-810,-512)。
根据一些所公开的实施例,人工心脏瓣安装到支承支架的内表面上。该布置便于在折叠和配置期间保护人工心脏瓣材料。这是由于人工心脏瓣不与植入导管的内壁接触,且因此不可卡在其内表面上。由于此原因,避免了对人工心脏瓣的破坏。另外,此类内假体可折叠成与安装到支架的外表面上的人工心脏瓣相比更小的直径,因此提供了使用较小的导管的可能性。
另一方面,可构想出的是,将人工心脏瓣安装到支承支架的外表面上。即是说,裙部部分可与不健全的天生心脏瓣直接接触,且可借助于缝合线附接到支架上。将人工心脏瓣安装到支架的外表面上支持负载从小叶转移至支架。这在关闭期间极大地减小了小叶上的应力,且因此改善了其持久性。另外,在将裙部部分和接合处安装到支架的外表面上的情况下,有可能将瓣设计成用以获得改善的血液动力。此外,与不健全的天生心脏瓣直接接触的心脏瓣材料提供了用于克服渗漏(即,瓣膜旁的渗漏)、组织内生长和附接而密封的良好对接。用于该内假体的支架设计独特地适应这种瓣的实施例和优点,而对于笼状经导管输送的支架设计,这是不可能的。
人工心脏瓣可由围心组织制成,例如,人的围心组织,优选为动物的围心组织,由此牛或猪的围心组织是优选的。然而,可构想出的是使用任何合理大小的袋鼠、鸵鸟、鲸或任何其它适合的异种移植物或同种移植物组织。
作为优选,在固定之后,220μm至260μm的猪的组织厚度将用于制造生物人工心脏瓣。当然,该实例并不限制可能的类型的组织和它们的大小。相反,可构想出的是使用任何合理大小的袋鼠、鸵鸟、鲸或任何其它适合的异种移植物或同种移植物组织。
考虑到对应的支架的结构,所公开的人工心脏瓣实施例的许多方面可变得清楚,人工心脏瓣可附接到对应的支架上以形成在心瓣狭窄(窄)和/或心瓣不全的治疗中使用的经导管输送的内假体。
根据本公开内容的方面,一种具有前述人工心脏瓣的适用于植入的支架可包括定位弓形结构,该定位弓形结构构造成定位在患者的天生心脏瓣的袋体内。此外,支架可包括固持弓形结构。详细而言,可提供一个固持弓形结构来用于各个定位弓形结构。在支架的植入状态下,定位弓形结构的相应的头部部分定位在患者的天生心脏瓣的袋体内,使得定位弓形结构位于多个天生心脏瓣小叶的第一侧上。另一方面,在支架的植入状态下,支架的固持弓形结构位于与第一侧相对的天生心脏瓣的第二侧上。在此方面,一侧上的定位弓形结构和另一侧上的固持弓形结构以回形针(paperclip)的方式夹持天生的心脏瓣小叶。
因此,支架的定位弓形结构设计成接合在天生(不健全的)心瓣的袋体中,这允许准确定位支架和附连到支架上的人工心脏瓣。此外,在植入状态下,各个定位弓形结构与对应的固持弓形结构协作,导致天生的小叶夹持在两个弓形结构之间。以此方式,定位弓形结构和固持弓形结构将支架保持在适当位置且大致消除了支架的轴向旋转。
在优选实施例中,定位弓形结构可形成为以便具有大致凸出的形状。以此方式,各个定位弓形结构的形状均提供针对天生瓣小叶的附加夹持力。
支架的至少一个固持弓形结构可通过连接网连接到对应的定位弓形结构上。固持弓形结构可大致平行于定位弓形结构延伸,因此具有基本上相同的形状。固持弓形结构的形状基本上代表在其下端处具有小间隙的U形。该间隙由连接部分包绕,连接部分在定位弓形结构的末梢的制造期间出现。连接部分可类似于U形或V形,且链接固持弓形结构的两侧。
沿支架的固持弓形结构,可提供多个紧固孔和可选的一个或多个凹口。作为优选,这些紧固孔和凹口纵向地分配在沿固持弓形结构的给定位置处,且引导至少一条线丝或细线来将人工心脏瓣的组织构件紧固到支架上,从而使组织构件能够精确定位在支架上。通过紧固孔和凹口的方式引导提供成用于将生物人工心脏瓣的组织构件紧固到支架的固持弓形结构上的器件(线丝或细线),以确保将生物人工心脏瓣准确地可重复地固定在支架结构内。生物假体的这种准确固定大致减小了生物人工心脏瓣相对于支架的纵向位移的潜在可能。
根据本公开内容的另一个实施例,前述多个固持弓形结构设有一个或多个紧固凹口,紧固凹口可用于将可弯曲的过渡区域固定到支架上。为此,通过形成所述紧固凹口和限定固持弓形结构的弯曲点的多个弯曲边缘可使固持弓形结构分段。紧固凹口简化了人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡区域至固持弓形结构的附接。
在适用于植入如本文所公开的生物人工心脏瓣的支架的另一方面中,从小金属管的材料部分以一定形状切下固持弓形结构,使得在扩张时,基本上形成对应于过渡区域的前述发展的U形结构。
在支架的下端处,可提供环形套环。环形套环可用作支承本体,由自动扩张而发展出的径向力通过支承本体传送至血管壁。生物人工心脏瓣的裙部部分附接到环形套环上。通常,这种附接借助于缝合实现。
自动扩张的环形套环与瓣的附接裙部区组合的意图在于提供足够的径向力以便密封和防止瓣膜旁的渗漏。此外,套环有助于将假体锚定在环带中以防止移位。该套环可结合外扩结构或锥形结构以进一步加强固定。
如上文所述,人工心脏瓣可附接到对应的支架上,以便提供经导管输送的内假体,该内假体可在心瓣狭窄(窄)和/或心瓣不全的治疗中使用。
由围心组织材料制成的人工心脏瓣可借助于编织的复丝聚酯缝合线附接到前述支架的固持弓形结构和环形套环上。这些缝合线可具有任何适合的直径,通常为大约0.07mm。
然而,为了提高生物人工心脏瓣与支架的连接的强度,可构想出的是增大复丝缝合线的尺寸,例如,达到0.2mm。以此方式,有可能的是,人工心脏瓣的过渡区域与支架的固持弓形结构之间的基本连结呈现出附加的稳定性。另一方面,剩余的缝合线应当保持为尽可能细,以使内假体能够折叠成较小的直径。
普通平伏针迹图案可用于获得所述连结。根据本公开内容,针迹图案优选分别为锁式针迹或饰缝针迹。当然,任何其它适合的针迹图案(即,包缝针迹、跳针针迹或面线针迹)也是可能的。
考虑到心脏瓣材料中的直接针缝引起的应力集中,本公开内容的另一方面可提供加强人工心脏瓣的材料以改善其缝合线的固持力。为此,激光切割缝合孔可利用增强围绕切割孔的组织区域的激光切割工艺来引入人工心脏瓣组织中。预先确定的激光切割孔还可使缝合过程自身简便,且减小了针缝期间针的穿透造成的人工心脏瓣的材料上的应力。
在本公开内容的另一个实施例中,人工心脏瓣材料与支架的连接可借助于加强元件来加强。此类加强元件旨在减小人工心脏瓣的材料中的应力集中,应力集中可由于瓣材料中的直接针缝而发生。具体而言,加强元件可减小可弯曲的过渡区域与支架的固持弓形结构之间的连接处的人工心脏瓣的组织材料中的应力集中。加强元件可放置于内缝合线与人工心脏瓣材料之间,因此将由针缝引起的前述应力分配在瓣材料的较大区域上。这些加强元件可在分离的位置处使用,或沿针迹的路径连续地使用。例如,它们可放置于人工心脏瓣材料的另一侧上与支架的固持弓形结构相对。
可应用加强元件,以便避免缝合线的线结与人工心脏瓣的组织之间的直接接触,从而减小了抵靠所述缝合线摩擦引起的人工心脏瓣组织的磨耗。为了减少心脏瓣组织与支架结构或内假体的任何其它金属构件之间的直接接触,加强元件还可用于防止人工心脏瓣的组织与支架结构或任何其它金属构件分别直接地接触。
在此方面,还可构想出的是,沿人工心脏瓣的整个表面放置加强元件。作为优选,此类加强元件还可放置于小叶的上边缘处或上边缘附近。构成内假体的接合处的这些上边缘受到增大的张力,张力在人工心脏瓣操作期间很可能进行撕扯。
此外,还可行的是将所述加强元件放置于人工心脏瓣的组织的内侧,代替了仅附接在人工心脏瓣的表面上。在此方面,可能有利的是在前述人工心脏瓣内侧具有不同机械性能的组织层或合成材料层。该备选实施例尤其是有用的,以便加强人工心脏瓣的小叶,以便提高其屈服于在内假体的操作期间出现的机械应力的能力。
加强元件可在分离的位置处使用,或沿针迹的路径连续地使用。例如,它们可放置于人工心脏瓣材料的另一侧上与支架的固持弓形结构相对。
加强元件可以以一种方式折起或形成,使得形成圆形边缘。这些圆形边缘设计成用以减小或避免人工心脏瓣的开启和关闭期间的瓣材料的磨耗。
参照本公开内容的另一个实施例,加强元件包括至少一个内部缓冲件,该内部缓冲件安装到人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡区域的内表面上。该内部缓冲件基本上布置成与固持弓形结构相对,和/或与支架的接合处附接区相对。在此上下文中,相对意思是内部缓冲件安装在人工心脏瓣的相对侧上。内部缓冲件设计成用以减小组织中的应力集中,应力集中是通过组织中的直接针缝出现的。更详细而言,内部缓冲件防止人工心脏瓣组织与缝合线的线结直接地接触。鉴于此,减小了心脏瓣的磨损,因为所述线结不会在心脏瓣的开启和关闭期间在组织的表面上摩擦。
在另一个实施例中,至少一个内部缓冲件可为由一层或多层材料制成的纱布。内部缓冲件可由一些材料构成,例如,类似于聚酯丝绒、PTFE、围心组织或适用于形成圆形边缘、分配和缓冲缝合线造成的瓣材料中的应力的任何其它材料。出于此原因,内部缓冲件的材料可由扁平片或扁平织物制成,如,针织品或织造的构造。应当注意的是,可应用加强元件,以便跨越位于固持弓形结构的下端处的支架支柱之间,特别是穿过间隙,以协助支承穿过所述间隙的瓣材料。
在备选实施例,加强元件可由放置于人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡区域的内表面处的线轨构成,其基本上与支架的固持弓形结构相对。线轨可使用针迹图案固定到适当位置上,意味着使线轨和瓣材料适应支架。与上述内部缓冲件相比,此类线轨可较容易地附接到人工心脏瓣的材料上。此外,轨道的已经变圆的形状不需要线轨折起以便获得防止瓣材料磨耗的圆形边缘。
作为优选的是,所述线轨由镍钛诺制成,以便允许加强元件与支架结构同时地折叠。
此外,在另一个实现方式中,加强元件可基本上为相同尺寸,且形成为支架的固持弓形结构,因此形成内部附接轨道。然而,加强元件应当是比固持弓形结构更细的材料。这是由于事实上在于厚的材料可限制内假体折叠至较小尺寸的能力。
具体而言,内部附接轨道可具有与支架的固持弓形结构相同的纵向地分配在给定位置处的紧固孔和凹口。另外,附接轨道可放置于人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡区域的内表面上,与支架的固持弓形结构相对。因此,人工心脏瓣的材料可夹持在通过缝合线连接的支架与加强元件之间。因此,加强元件可用作人工心脏瓣的小叶的内部附接轨道以弯曲和均匀地分配应力负载,影响较大的附接轨道上的瓣材料,而非影响单独的缝合点。
尽管本公开内容的大多数实施例使用缝合线来将加强元件或瓣材料固定到支架上,但可构想出的是,使用类似于焊接、软钎焊、锁定夹具和铆钉的不同的附接方法。例如,可使用这些方法用于将前述内部附接轨道附接到支架的固持弓形结构上。这将导致将人工心脏瓣材料夹持在支架的内表面与加强元件的外表面之间,而不会用缝合针穿透瓣材料。
另一个备选附接构想包括附接到人工心脏瓣材料的后侧上的加强元件。该构想可适用于将接合处附接区的高应力区域附接在固持弓形结构的顶部上,这在下文中将更为详细地描述。该构想涉及通过折起人工心脏瓣材料且利用加强元件将其包覆来产生增强的区。因此,加强元件形成外部包覆元件,外部包覆元件在支架的接合处附接区处安装到人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡区域的外表面上。然后,人工心脏瓣的加强的可弯曲过渡区域可牢固地附接到支架的固持弓形结构或支架的接合处附接区上。
加强元件的前述外部包覆元件优选为由聚合材料制成,如PTFE或PET织物或片。然而,其还可为刚度更大的U形夹或可夹紧折起的瓣材料的可弯曲的材料。该构想具有的优于其它加强元件的一个优点在于加强材料未放置于人工心脏瓣的内表面上,因此不会干扰血流或不会是潜在的形成血栓的地点。
加强元件的外部包覆元件还可提供开口缓冲区,以保持瓣小叶材料不会开启过宽,且不会撞击支架,这将引起瓣材料的磨损。类似于其它加强元件的圆形边缘,这些缓冲区应当为圆形的,光滑的或柔软的,以避免开启的瓣材料撞击它们时的磨损。该缓冲区应当小到足以不会显著地限制小叶材料的开启。
本发明的尤其有益的实施例包括加强元件附接到人工心脏瓣的过渡区域的内表面和外表面上的附接构想。该构造最佳地防止了应力集中和产生的人工心脏瓣的磨损。
具体而言,第一加强元件连接到人工心脏瓣的可弯曲区域的外表面上,优选为在其整个长度上衬套固持弓形结构和接合处附接区。连接到人工心脏瓣的外表面上的所述加强元件可由动物围心组织制成,如用于人工心脏瓣自身的一种。当然,可构想出的是,使用任何其它的适合材料用于加强元件,如合成材料或甚至同种移植物(人)的组织。连接到人工心脏瓣的外表面上的加强元件具有若干优点,如防止分别在固持弓形结构或接合处附接区处的小叶与支架之间的任何摩擦和磨损。即使较紧地缝合附接处,组织也将在小叶的开启动作和关闭动作期间在表面处具有应变循环,这可由于细微移动引起针对支架的磨损。此外,加强元件允许附加的弹簧状压缩来使小叶与支架的附接变紧,提供了比通过将小叶缝合到刚性表面上实现的一种更持久的附接。另外,加强元件在开启期间用作缓冲区,以限制完全开启和减少在开启时影响人工心脏瓣的伴随的冲击。
在另一个实施例中,连接到人工心脏瓣的外表面上的加强元件沿固持弓形结构和沿接合处附接区延伸,具有分别比固持弓形结构的表面或接合处附接区的表面更宽的表面。出于此原因,加强元件提供足以完全地覆盖固持弓形结构和接合处附接区的表面。因此,将可靠地避免分别在固持弓形结构或接合处附接区处的组织的磨耗或磨损。
考虑到前述加强元件的附接,另一个有利实施例包括围绕固持弓形结构和接合处附接区来包覆加强元件,且借助于包覆和针缝来固定该连接。即是说,加强元件分别稳固地固定到固持弓形结构或接合处附接区上,为人工心脏瓣的附接提供了稳定表面。
参照连接到人工心脏瓣的过渡区域的内表面上的加强元件,在另一个实现方式中,加强元件由折起的猪围心膜条构成,且借助于缝合线附接到过渡区域和支架上。该折起的猪围心膜条允许缝合线传播压缩力,压缩力固定小叶组织。需要较紧的缝合线附接来避免生理负载下的任何移动或滑动。如果较紧地附接,则来自于小叶的负载将通过摩擦至少部分地转移至支架,且不会直接地转移至针孔处的缝合线。这通过传播应力,尤其是在接合处附接区处,就最大限度地减小应力集中。另外,猪的围心膜条用作在关闭期间吸收组织的冲击的缓冲区,且减小了转移至缝合线的动态应力。当然,可构想出的是使用不同的材料来实现加强元件,该加强元件连接到人工心脏瓣的内表面上,如丝线、托架、合成材料或甚至同种移植物(人)的组织。然而,为了减少或防止人工心脏瓣的关闭状态期间的渗漏,前述加强元件必须构造成具有最小的尺寸,以便避免关闭的小叶之间的间隙的形成。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,加强元件被包覆在组织中,以避免操作期间人工心脏瓣组织的磨损。这在实施刚性加强元件如丝线或托架的情况下尤其是有利的。围绕加强元件包覆的组织为人工心脏瓣组织提供了柔软的接触表面,且因此防止其摩擦和减小了磨损。
除加强元件之外,其它支架结构也可被包覆在组织或任何其它适合的合成覆盖层中。即是说,为了避免人工心脏瓣抵靠支架结构(例如,固持弓形结构)的磨耗,支架可被包覆在组织或任何其它适合的材料中。根据本公开内容的该特定实施例,心脏瓣组织可未直接地缝合到金属支架结构上,而是缝合到组织或覆盖其的合成材料上。这可提供人工心脏瓣与支架之间的较紧的接触,以便可靠地防止瓣膜旁的渗漏。
本公开内容的又一个改型包括使人工心脏瓣材料表面和结构处于聚合材料中以便使其加强。根据该实施例的材料可为氰基丙烯酸盐粘合剂(cyanoacrylate)或聚环氧化合物,其意味着身体组织的优异连结,且甚至可用于无缝合线的外科手术。
在类似的实现方式中,人工心脏瓣材料的可弯曲的过渡部分包括用于改善人工心脏瓣的持久性的具有不同机械性能的各种材料的层。为此,可应用具有很高缝合线固持强度的层材料来重叠很高应力负载的区中的瓣材料。鉴于此,可在人工心脏瓣的过渡区域的下部中提供具有高缝合线固持的材料层,而过渡区域的上部应当设计成柔性的,以用于改善瓣的持久性。将参照下文的"加强元件"来更为详细地阐述此类层材料的实例。
参照本公开内容的另一个实施例,公开了减少可弯曲的过渡部分处的应力集中的人工心脏瓣材料的附接。在该实施例中,人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡部分通过从支架的外侧经由沿固持弓形结构提供的槽口折起瓣材料来附接到支架的固持弓形结构上。如前文所述,开槽的固持弓形结构的边缘可为圆形且光滑的,以避免瓣材料的磨耗或磨损。在该设计中,在支架的外侧上存在一些材料厚度,这可侵害支架在不健全的天然人工心脏瓣的位置处的锚定。
为了解决该问题,可进行使固持弓形结构相对于支架结构的其余部分变薄。这在支架受压缩时还将允许有凹入,以便折叠的假体不需要较大的输送导管。
根据本公开内容的备选实施例,人工心脏瓣与三个分开的围心组织块组装在一起。据此,三个分开的围心组织块在人工心脏瓣组织的厚度方面是有利的。当使用一块扁平组织以便形成人工心脏瓣时,小叶的厚度可变化,且导致较不期望的瓣性能、不对称的瓣开启和关闭,或较不期望的血液动力,如较短的持久性或不足的小叶关闭。因此,三个较小的围心组织块提供了以更均匀的厚度和更一致的机械性能形成人工心脏瓣的可能性。
为此,本公开内容的另一个实施例包括三个分开的块中的各个块均具有基本上T恤状形状的扁平组织图案,呈现出用于在邻近的块之间连接的衬套。如前文所述,邻近的块可构造成以便加强邻近的块的邻接边缘。为了将此完成,邻近的块的衬套可折起至外侧且缝合在一起以加强接缝连接。将该加强区域附接到支架接合处附接区上有助于更均匀地分配由接合处附接支承的小叶应力。
为了进一步改善分开的块的邻接边缘的加强,在本发明的另一个实施例中,加强元件由外部包覆元件构成,其围绕三个分开的块的衬套包覆,以便加强人工心脏瓣且将其附接到支架的接合处附接区上。即是说,可使用外部包覆元件以便进一步改善人工心脏瓣的持久性。在此方面,外部包覆元件可分别由围心组织块或合成材料构成。另外,外部包覆元件用于借助于缝合线将加强的人工心脏瓣附接到支架的接合处附接区上。因此,支架与人工心脏瓣之间的缝合造成的应力主要被引入加强元件的材料中,避免了人工心脏瓣中的高应力集中。
附图说明
下文将参照附图来更为详细地描述根据本公开内容的人工心脏瓣、对应的支架和经导管输送的内假体的优选实施例。示出了:
图1为根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣的展开视图;
图2a为处于其关闭状态的人工心脏瓣的上端的平面视图;
图2b为处于其开启状态的人工心脏瓣的上端的平面视图;
图3为根据本公开内容的另一个示例性实施例的具有用于人工心脏瓣的基本上T恤状形状的人工心脏瓣材料块的扁平图案;
图4为根据本公开内容的另一个示例性实施例的缝在一起且附接到支架的接合处附接区上的三个人工心脏瓣材料块的顶视图;以及
图5a为根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的第一心瓣支架的示例性实施例的平展开视图,该第一心瓣支架可在根据图6a、图6b、图7a或图7b的内假体中使用来用于固定人工心脏瓣;
图5b为根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的能够支承和锚定人工心脏瓣的第一心瓣支架的第一侧部透视图,由此心瓣支架示为处于其扩张状态;
图5c为根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的能够支承和锚定人工心脏瓣的第一心瓣支架的第二侧部透视图,由此心瓣支架示为处于其扩张状态;
图5d为根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的能够支承和锚定人工心脏瓣的第一心瓣支架的第三侧部透视图,由此心瓣支架示为处于其扩张状态;
图5e为根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的能够支承和锚定人工心脏瓣的第一心瓣支架的下端的平面视图,由此心瓣支架示为处于其扩张状态;
图6a为用于治疗窄心瓣或心瓣不全的内假体的第一侧部透视图,其中内假体示为处于扩张状态且其中内假体包括心瓣支架和根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣,所述心瓣支架用于保持人工心脏瓣;
图6b为用于治疗窄心瓣或心瓣不全的内假体的第二侧部透视图,其中内假体示为处于扩张状态且其中内假体包括心瓣支架和根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣,所述心瓣支架用于保持人工心脏瓣;
图7a为用于治疗窄心瓣或心瓣不全的内假体的第一侧部透视图,其中内假体示为处于扩张状态且其中内假体包括心瓣支架和根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣,所述心瓣支架用于保持人工心脏瓣;
图7b为图7a中绘出的内假体的第二侧部透视图,其中内假体示为处于扩张状态且其中内假体包括心瓣支架和根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣,所述心瓣支架用于保持人工心脏瓣;
图8a为处于其压缩状态的第二心瓣支架的示例性实施例的平展开视图,其可在根据图11a或图11b的内假体中使用,用于固定根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣;
图8b为根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的能够支承和锚定人工心脏瓣的第二心瓣支架的第一侧部透视图,由此心瓣支架示为处于其扩张状态;
图8c为根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的能够支承和锚定人工心脏瓣的第二心瓣支架的第二侧部透视图,由此心瓣支架示为处于其扩张状态;
图8d为处于其扩张状态的第二心瓣支架的示例性实施例的第二平展开视图,其可在根据图11a或图11b的内假体中使用,用于固定根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣;
图9为处于其扩张状态的第三心瓣支架的示例性实施例的平展开视图,其可在内假体中使用,用于固定根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣;
图10为处于其扩张状态的第四心瓣支架的示例性实施例的平展开视图,其可在内假体中使用,用于固定根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣;
图11a为用于治疗窄心瓣或心瓣不全的内假体的第一侧部透视图,其中内假体示为处于扩张状态且其中内假体包括心瓣支架和根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣,所述心瓣支架用于保持人工心脏瓣;
图11b为图11a中绘出的内假体的第二侧部透视图,其中内假体示为处于扩张状态且其中内假体包括心瓣支架和根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣,所述心瓣支架用于保持人工心脏瓣;
图11c为图11a中绘出的内假体的顶部透视图,其中内假体示为处于扩张状态且其中内假体包括心瓣支架和根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣,所述心瓣支架用于保持人工心脏瓣;
图12为沿图6b或图11b中所示的线A-A的截面视图,示出了加强元件的第一示例性实施例,其可在根据本公开内容的内假体中使用,用于将人工心脏瓣固定到心瓣支架上;
图13为沿图6b或图11b中所示的线A-A的截面视图,示出了加强元件的第二示例性实施例,其可在根据本公开内容的内假体中使用,用于将人工心脏瓣固定到心瓣支架上;
图14为沿图6b或图11b中所示的线A-A的截面视图,示出了加强元件的第三示例性实施例,其可在根据本公开内容的内假体中使用,用于将人工心脏瓣固定到心瓣支架上;
图15为用于阐述加强元件的第四示例性实施例的沿图6b或图11b中所示的线B-B的截面视图,该加强元件可在根据本公开内容的内假体中使用,用于将人工心脏瓣固定到心瓣支架上;
图16为沿图6b或图11b中所示的线B-B的截面视图,示出了加强元件的第五示例性实施例,其可在根据本公开内容的内假体中使用,用于将人工心脏瓣固定到心瓣支架上;
图17为沿图6b或图11b中所示的线B-B的截面视图,示出了加强元件的第六示例性实施例,其可在根据本公开内容的内假体中使用,用于将人工心脏瓣固定到心瓣支架上;
图18为沿图6b或图11b中所示的线B-B的截面视图,示出了用于将人工心脏瓣固定到心瓣支架上的备选附接解决方案;
图19a至图19c为根据人工心脏瓣的第二示例性实施例的用于沿其邻接边缘连接两个分开的人工心脏瓣材料块的步骤;
图20为根据人工心脏瓣的第二示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣与支架的接合处附接区的附接的顶视图;
图21为根据人工心脏瓣的第二示例性实施例的人工心脏瓣与支架的接合处附接区的备选附接的详细透视图。
部件清单:
1内假体
2支架/内假体的下端
3支架/内假体的上端
10心瓣支架/支架
11b支架的接合处附接区
11c支架的下小叶附接区
12a,12c附加紧固孔
12b辅助紧固孔
15a-15c定位弓形结构
15a'-15a''第一定位弓形结构的臂
15b'-15b''第二定位弓形结构的臂
15c'-15c''第三定位弓形结构的臂
16a-16c固持弓形结构
16a'-16a''第一固持弓形结构的臂
16b'-16b''第二固持弓形结构的臂
16c'-16c''第三固持弓形结构的臂
17第一连接网
17d第一连接网的上端
17d第一连接网的下端
20定位弓形结构的头部部分
21参考标记
22相邻的定位弓形结构的臂之间的连接部分
23导管固持器件
24孔眼
25第二连接网
30固持弓形结构的头部部分/连接部分
32a-32c径向弓形结构
33固持弓形结构的臂中的弯曲边缘
40环形套环
41支承网
42横向网
50a-50c小叶保护弓形结构
70晶胞的结构
100人工心脏瓣
101线丝
101.1缝合线
101.2侧向缝合线
101.3包绕的缝合线
101.4粘性缝合线
102人工心脏瓣的小叶
103裙部部分
104过渡区域
105接合处
106紧固孔
107.1-107.8加强元件
108圆形边缘
109腔
110槽口
111衬套
112邻接边缘
120人工心脏瓣的分开的块
L支架的纵向方向。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据示例性公开实施例的人工心脏瓣100的扁平组织图案的视图。人工心脏瓣100可包括至少两个小叶,且如图1中绘出的用于人工心脏瓣100的扁平组织图案的示例性实施例所示那样,包括三个小叶102。各个小叶102均包括天然组织和/或合成材料。小叶102附接到裙部部分103上。如随后将详细论述的那样,裙部部分103用于将人工心脏瓣100安装到支架10上。
人工心脏瓣100的小叶102适于从用于开启心室的第一开启位置和用于关闭心室的第二关闭位置移动。具体而言,在人工心脏瓣100的植入状态下,小叶102可响应于穿过患者的心脏的血流来在其第一位置与第二位置之间切换。在心室收缩期间,压力在患者的心脏的左心室中升高。当患者的心脏的左心室中的压力升高到高于主动脉中的压力时,人工心脏瓣100的小叶102开启,允许了血液离开左心室进入主动脉中。当心室收缩结束时,左心室中的压力快速地下降。当左心室中的压力下降时,主动脉压力迫使人工心脏瓣100的小叶102关闭。
图2a和图2b分别示出了处于关闭状态和开启状态的人工心脏瓣100的上端的平面视图。在人工心脏瓣100(见图2a)的关闭位置,三个小叶102在人工心脏瓣100的中心会合,从而产生密封区。
如图1中所绘出的那样,在开启阶段期间,小叶围绕可弯曲的过渡区域104枢转。可弯曲的过渡区域104形成小叶102与裙部部分103之间的接合区,且以大致U形的方式发展,类似于天然主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣的尖瓣形状。仍在开启阶段内,接合处区105和小叶102沿径向向外移动,响应于增大的差压来开启瓣,允许血液流过假体。
在图1中绘出的示例性实施例中,人工心脏瓣100由一块扁平围心组织制成。该围心组织可从动物的心脏(异种移植物)取出或从人的心脏(同种移植物)取出。取出的组织可通过激光或刀来切割,或可受到压制,以便形成代表各个小叶102和裙部部分103的扁平组织图案。在所述形成扁平组织图案之后,如此制造的心脏瓣组织可缝制成圆柱形或圆锥形,以备附接到对应的支架结构10上。如参照图6a、图6b将详细论述的那样,裙部部分103代表人工心脏瓣100的区域,其用于例如借助于缝合线101将人工心脏瓣100连接到支架10上。
如可从图1和图2中所见,人工心脏瓣100的图案代表预计的人工心脏瓣100的各个小叶102、接合处区105和裙部部分103。因此,扁平组织图案设计成以便以一种方式形成小叶102,具有类似于主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣的三个半月形小叶。小叶102可设计成多种形状,如椭圆形、U形或大致卵形的几何形状。作为优选,三个小叶102以一种方式形成,使得它们所有都具有相同的总体形状。
由图1所示的另一个方面为人工心脏瓣100的外扩的下端区段。如下文将更为详细阐述的那样,此类外扩下端区段可为有利的,以便使人工心脏瓣100匹配相应的心脏病患者的心脏瓣10的环形套环40。作为备选,还可构想出的是产生包括锥形下端区段的人工心脏瓣100。人工心脏瓣100的下端区段的外扩或锥形可适于假体的植入地点处的血管的几何形状,以便获得所述假体与所述血管的最可靠的匹配。
在小叶102与裙部部分103之间,瓣的图案示出了以大致U形方式发展的可弯曲的过渡区域104,类似于天然主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣的尖瓣形状。
如可从图2a推导出的那样,人工心脏瓣100的小叶部分设计成用以提供用于潜在环形变形的冗余接合。因此,冗余接合可减小小叶102上的应力,且在小叶102的第二关闭位置上确保心室的可靠关闭。这种冗余接合提供了小叶之间的更大的表面接触,允许了本公开内容的人工心脏瓣植入变形的瓣环带中,仍保持了充分的接合。
尽管图1中未绘出,但人工心脏瓣100可包括沿过渡区域104的发展提供的多个紧固孔106。这些紧固孔106借助于用于围绕紧固孔106增强组织区域的激光切割来引入到人工心脏瓣100的组织材料中。然而,作为备选,可构想出在缝合过程期间通过针引入紧固孔106。
图1中所示的可弯曲的过渡区域104可包括具有不同机械性能的各种材料的层。因此,特别是与心瓣支架的固持弓形结构相关联的下部可刚性更大,以提供较高的缝合线固持,而特别与支架的接合处附接区11b相关联的上部可设计成柔性更大,以便支持小叶102的移动。在同一点上,小叶102和小叶支承部分103可呈现出不同的稳定性特征。这可通过使用分别用于小叶102或小叶支承部分103的不同交联过程来实现。作为备选,小叶102或小叶支承部分103可通过附接小组织片或小合成材料片来加强,以便提高机械稳定性。
由于不同患者的不同血管的尺寸和直径在某种程度上不同,故可能有利的是提供不同设计的人工心脏瓣100。具体而言,可取决于用于制造人工心脏瓣的特定组织材料来使用具有160μm至300μm的厚度,更优选200μm至260μm的厚度的组织材料。此外,根据本公开内容的人工心脏瓣100可具有从19mm至28mm的直径范围。
下文中参照了分别示出用于治疗窄心瓣或心瓣不全的内假体1的第一侧部透视图和第二侧部透视图的图6a和图6b,其中内假体1包括用于保持人工心脏瓣100的心瓣支架10的示例性实施例。在根据图6a、图6b的图示中,内假体1示为处于扩张状态。
如可从根据图6a、图6b的图示所见,在人工心脏瓣100的附连状态下,人工心脏瓣100的过渡区域104沿固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c延伸,具体是沿支架10的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的下小叶附接区11c和接合处附接区11b延伸。人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104附接到支架10的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c上,以便使人工心脏瓣100的小叶102能够以受控的方式向内弯曲至支架10的中心,形成了瓣状小叶102。
为了使人工心脏瓣100匹配对应的支架10以便瓣状小叶102适当地形成且人工心脏瓣适当地配合到支架结构上,应当切割人工心脏瓣100的扁平组织材料的图案,以便结合小叶结构、环形裙部部分103和它们之间的过渡区域104。换言之,在将人工心脏瓣材料缝成其圆柱形或圆锥形之后,瓣在下端处呈现出外扩部分。该外扩的几何形状匹配支架10的结构,且构造成将血管壁最佳地配合在不健全的心脏瓣的植入地点处。
在图6a、图6b中绘出的经导管输送的内假体1的示例性实施例中,附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100由一块扁平的围心组织材料构成,该组织材料从动物或人的围心囊取出且切割成代表每个三个小叶102和裙部部分103的图案,其中该图案在附接到支架10上之前缝成圆柱形。此外,人工心脏瓣100包括过渡区域104,过渡区域104连接到固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c和支架的接合处附接区11b上。过渡区域104使小叶102与裙部部分103连接。具体而言,过渡区域104基本上为U形,类似于天然主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣的尖瓣形状。出于此原因,过渡区域104允许小叶102的开启动作和关闭动作,引起生物人工心脏瓣组织内的最小应力。
在将该组织图案(见图1)组装到支架10上时,固持弓形结构之间的组织的区变成瓣小叶102。这些小叶可向内折,以便形成三个基本上关闭的小叶。在沿向下的方向有压力梯度的情况下(响应于心室中上升的血压),将沿支架10的方向迫使小叶102分开,使血液能够离开心室。另一方面,如果在相对的上游方向上存在压力梯度(退步的梯度,响应于心室中的进入压力),血液涌入小叶102中,从而在支架10的中心将小叶102压制在一起且关闭经导管输送的内假体1。
如参照图5a至图5e和图8至图10更为详细已经描述的那样,人工心脏瓣100可附接到其上以形成内假体1的适合的支架10可包括布置在支架10的下区段上的环形套环40。支架10的环形套环40用作附加的锚定措施,锚定措施用以将经导管输送的内假体1保持在不健全的心脏瓣的地点处的所期望的位置上。在图6a、图6b、图7a、图7b和图11a至图11c中绘出的经导管输送的内假体1的示例性实施例中,支架100的环形套环40具有外扩形状。因此,附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的小叶支承部分103的下部也呈现出延长的直径,以便适应环形套环40的外扩形状。
人工心脏瓣100借助于缝合线、线丝或丝线101固定到支架10上,缝合线、线丝或丝线101附接到人工心脏瓣100的裙部部分103和/或过渡区域104上。裙部部分103用于将人工心脏瓣100保持在相对于支架10的预定位置上。
如下文将更为详细描述的那样,人工心脏瓣100可附接到其上以形成内假体1的适合的支架10可包括布置在支架10的下区段上的环形套环40。支架10的环形套环40用作附加的锚定措施,锚定措施用以将经导管输送的内假体1保持在不健全的心脏瓣的地点处的所期望的位置上。
如可从图6a、图6b的图示所见那样,人工心脏瓣100的裙部部分103也可借助于缝合线、线丝或丝线101附接到支架10的环形套环40上。出于此目的,可使用直径达到0.2mm的,优选为在0.1mm至0.2mm之间的复丝缝合线101。
此外,普通平伏针迹图案可用于获得所述连结。根据本公开内容,针迹图案优选分别为锁式针迹或饰缝针迹。当然,任何其它适合的针迹图案(即,包缝针迹、跳针针迹或面线针迹)也是可能的。
如由图6a和图6b所指出那样,人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡区域104可借助于缝合线101附接到支架10的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c上,其具有的直径大于用于将人工心脏瓣附接到支架10的环形套环40上的缝合线101的直径。鉴于此,人工心脏瓣100可可靠地附接到支架10上而不会向支架增加过多的体积,以便使内假体折叠成较小直径。
在图6a、图6b中绘出的经导管输送的内假体1的示例性实施例中,支架100的环形套环40具有外扩形状。因此,附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的裙部部分103的下部也呈现出延长的直径,以便适应环形套环40的外扩形状。
通过考虑具有附接到其上的人工心脏瓣100从而形成内假体的支架10的一些可能的实施例,本公开内容的范围将变得更为清楚。因此,下文中参照了用于描述支架10的示例性实施例的图5a至图5e,人工心脏瓣100可附连到支架10上以便形成图6a、图6b中绘出的经导管输送的内假体1。
具体而言,图5b为心瓣支架10的第一侧部透视图,由此以其扩张状态示出了心瓣支架10。图5c和图5d中示出了处于扩张状态的心瓣支架10的第二侧视图和第三侧视图。
另一方面,图5e示出了处于扩张状态的根据本公开内容的示例性实施例的心瓣支架10的下端的平面视图,而图5a中示了根据示例性实施例的支架10的平展开视图。
图5a至图5e中绘出的支架10还设有环形套环40,环形套环40布置在支架本体的下端区段处。至少一个套环40还用作用于支架10的附加锚定措施。
此外,根据示例性实施例的支架10具有总共三个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c,其承担了支架10的自动定位的功能。各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c均具有辐射式头部部分20,头部部分20在将支架10定位在心脏中的植入地点处期间接合治疗用的天生心脏瓣的袋体。
支架10的示例性实施例还包括径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c。具体而言,支架10具有三个径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c,其中各个弓形结构32a,32b,32c均位于各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的两个臂15a,15a',15b,15b',15c,15c'之间。各个径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c均具有一定形状,该形状与各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c大致相反,且沿各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的相反方向延伸。
此外,根据图5a至图5e中所绘出的示例性实施例的支架10设有对应的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c。各个固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c被分配给一个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c。另外,根据支架10的该示例性实施例,具有一定数目的附加紧固孔12c的一定数目的接合处附接区11b构造在固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的各个臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的一端处。
除接合处附接区11b之外,支架10也包括用于人工心脏瓣100(见图6a、图6b)的组织构件的附加紧固的第二下小叶附接区11c。在此方面,根据图5a至图5e中所绘出的示例性实施例的支架10具有一个构造,其中一定数目的附接区11b,11c附接到人工心脏瓣100的材料上。
支架10还可设有小叶保护弓形结构,其中一个小叶保护弓形结构可设在各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c之间。下文将参照图7a和图7b来描述小叶保护弓形结构的结构和功能。因此,尽管出于未明确示出的清楚性的考虑,在根据图5a至图5e中绘出的示例性实施例的支架设计中,一个小叶保护弓形结构可被分配给各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c。
支架10的示例性实施例的特征在于固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的具体结构。详细而言,在支架10的扩张状态下,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''具有类似于人工心脏瓣100的形状。此外,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''设有一定数目的下小叶附接区11c,下小叶附接区11c分别具有提供成用于紧固人工心脏瓣100的组织构件的一定数目的附加紧固孔12a或孔眼。这些附加紧固孔12a或孔眼提供了用于附接到支架10的人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104的附接点。
如下文将更为详细描述的那样,在备选实施例中,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''可设有可用于将可弯曲的过渡区域104固定到支架10上的一定数目的紧固凹口。因此,在该备选实施例中,沿固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''不需要附加的紧固孔12a。
根据图5a至图5e和图8至图10所绘出的实施例的支架设计,在支架10的扩张状态下,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''具有一定形状,该形状大致匹配附接到支架10(见图6a、图6b或图11a、图11b)上的人工心脏瓣100的过渡区域104。
固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的该特定设计具有瓣的持久性的优点。固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的如此形成的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''用于支承附接到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的裙部部分103和小叶102的边缘。
例如,如图6a,图6b和图11a和图11b中所绘出的那样,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''遵循在其扩张状态下附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104的形状。此外,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''设计成在定位弓形结构15a至15c后方的位置处具有从固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的一个臂到另一个臂的最大限度地减小的未支承的间隙。
详细而言且如图5a中所示的切割图案中所绘出那样,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''设有多个弯曲边缘33。这些弯曲边缘33将各个臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''分成多个臂节段。固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的单个臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的臂节段互连,从而构成固持弓形结构的臂,该臂在支架10的未扩张的状态下规定为基本上直的线。在此方面,将参照图5a中绘出的切割图案,图5a示出了固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的未弯曲的构造。
当制造支架10时,支架结构且特别是固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的结构安排成使得固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''在支架10的扩张状态下具有弯曲形状。固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的形状被限定成使得臂遵循附连到支架10(见图6a和图6b)上的人工心脏瓣100的过渡区域104的形状。
因此,人工心脏瓣100的过渡区域104缝到或可缝到其上的支架10的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''将在支架10扩张时改变其形状,其中固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c在支架10的扩张状态下弯曲,但在支架10折叠时相对平直。
例如,如可在图5b至图5d中所见,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的曲率可通过使臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''分段来实现。详细而言,通过提供多个弯曲边缘33来使臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''分段。在支架10的扩张状态下,两个相邻的臂节段相对于彼此成角,其中这两个相邻的臂节段的弯曲点由弯曲边缘33限定,弯曲边缘33设在两个相邻的臂节段之间。因此,设在固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''中的弯曲边缘33的数目越大,可在支架10的扩张状态下可沿不同的方向延伸的臂节段的数目就越多。在此方面,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的形状可精确地匹配附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的过渡区域104的形状。另外,应当注意的是,图8至图10中绘出的实施例示出了提供多个臂节段的甚至更多数目的弯曲边缘33。正如此所述,图8至图10中绘出的弯曲边缘33形成为以便沿固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c提供多个紧固凹口,这将在下文中更为详细地描述。
图5a至图5e中绘出的支架10还设有环形套环40,环形套环40布置在支架本体的下端区段处。至少一个环形套环40还用作用于支架的附加锚定措施。
在图6a和图6b中绘出的实施例中,支架10对应于依据前文参照图5a至图5e描述的示例性实施例的支架。另一方面,附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100对应于前文参照图1和图2a、图2b描述的人工心脏瓣100的示例性实施例。
因此,如图6a、图6b中绘出的经导管输送的内假体1的示例性实施例中所示,附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100包括由生物材料或合成材料制成的三个小叶102。
为了减小人工心脏瓣100相对于支架10的纵向位移,支架10包括以下小叶附接区11c的形式基本上沿支架10的纵向方向L延伸的多个紧固部分。此外,支架100设有接合处附接区11b。借助于下小叶附接区11c和接合处附接区11b(两者都用作紧固部分),人工心脏瓣100的组织构件附连到支架10上。
详细而言,人工心脏瓣100借助于缝合线101、线丝或细线紧固到支架10上,缝合线101、线丝或细线分别被引导穿过下小叶附接区11c和接合处附接区11b的紧固孔12a,12c。这允许了将人工心脏瓣100的组织构件在相对于支架10的预定位置处固定到支架10上。
作为备选,如将参照图8至图10所述那样,可通过沿固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c提供的紧固凹口来引导缝合线101、线丝或丝线,代替了前述紧固孔12a。因此,在根据图8至图10的备选实施例中,下小叶附接区11c的紧固孔12a由凹口(通过弯曲边缘33提供)替换,而接合处附接区11b仍可设有紧固孔12c。
可从图6a或图6b的图示中进一步可见的是,可如何借助于缝合线101将人工心脏瓣100附连到支架10上。在绘出的实施例中,使用了围心人工心脏瓣100,其缝到设在固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的紧固部分中的紧固孔12a,12c上,即,在一侧上的下小叶附接区11c以及另一侧上的接合处附接区11b中。为了改善人工心脏瓣100与支架10的附接,裙部部分103可缝到环形套环40以及支架结构的其它部分上。人工心脏瓣100可呈具有大致圆形截面的管状。
另一方面,可构想出的是,将人工心脏瓣100安装到支承支架1的外表面上。即是说,裙部部分102可与不健全的天生心脏瓣直接接触,且可借助于缝合线附接到支架10上。将人工心脏瓣100附接到支架10的外表面上支持负载从小叶102转移至支架1。这在关闭期间极大地减小了小叶102上的应力,且因此改善了其持久性。另外,在将裙部部分和接合处安装到支架的外表面上的情况下,有可能将瓣设计成获得改善的血液动力。此外,与不健全的天生心脏瓣直接接触的心脏瓣材料提供了用于克服渗漏(即,瓣膜旁的渗漏)的密封、组织内生长和附接的良好对接。
用于人工心脏瓣100的材料,且特别是用于人工心脏瓣100的小叶102的材料可由合成材料、动物的瓣或其它动物组织如围心膜制成。动物组织可来自于一定数目的动物类型。作为优选,人工心脏瓣100的小叶材料来自于牛的围心膜或猪的围心膜,但还可考虑其它动物,例如,马、袋鼠等。
下文中对用于描述加强元件107.1至107.8的示例性实施例的图12至图17进行参照,加强元件107.1至107.8可在根据本公开内容的内假体1中使用。加强元件107.1至107.8可减小可弯曲的过渡区域104与下小叶附接区11c(图12至图14)和/或支架10的接合处附接区11b(图15至图17)之间的连接处的人工心脏瓣100的组织材料中的应力集中。
加强元件107.1至107.8可在分离的位置处,或沿针迹的路径连续。例如,它们可放置于人工心脏瓣材料的另一侧上与支架的固持弓形结构相对。应用绘出的加强元件107.1至107.8,以便增强支架的附接和减小由分别直接地缝合到可弯曲的过渡部分104或小叶支承部分103而将出现的小叶材料中的应力集中。正如此所述,加强元件107.1至107.8可避免缝合线的线结与人工心脏瓣的组织之间的直接接触。另外,可通过加强元件避免心脏瓣组织与支架结构或内假体的任何其它金属构件之间的直接接触。
加强元件107.1至107.8优选为设计成具有圆形边缘,以避免人工心脏瓣100的开启和关闭期间的瓣组织的磨耗。
更详细而言,图12示出了分别沿线图6b或图11b中的线A-A的截面视图,即,在本公开内容的内假体1中使用的支架10的一个固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的截面视图。如图12中所绘出的那样,加强元件107.1的第一示例性实施例可用于将人工心脏瓣100固定到支架10上。
根据该示例性实施例,借助于为内部缓冲件107.1的形式的至少一个加强元件来加强人工心脏瓣组织与支架10的连接,内部缓冲件107.1旨在减小人工心脏瓣100的组织材料的应力集中,所述应力集中可由于人工心脏瓣100的组织材料中的直接针缝出现。为内部缓冲件107.1的形式的至少一个加强元件放置于缝合线101.1与人工心脏瓣100的组织材料之间。在此方面,由缝合线101.1引起的任何应力都分配在人工心脏瓣100的组织材料的较大区域上。为内部缓冲件107.1的形式的至少一个加强元件放置成与人工心脏瓣100的组织材料的另一侧上的支架10的对应固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c相对。即是说,为内部缓冲件107.1的形式的至少一个加强元件安装到人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104的内表面上。代表加强元件的第一实施例的至少一个内部缓冲件107.1可以以一种方式折起,使得形成至少一个圆形边缘108。该至少一个圆形边缘108设计成以避免人工心脏瓣100的开启和关闭期间小叶102的组织材料的磨耗。
为内部缓冲件107.1的形式的加强元件可由一层或多层材料制成,该材料由类似于聚酯丝绒、PTFE、围心组织或适用于形成圆形边缘、分配或缓冲人工心脏瓣100的组织材料中的应力的任何其它材料的材料构成。为内部缓冲件107.1的形式的加强元件可施加到穿过形成在一个固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的两个相邻的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的下端之间的间隙的跨距上,以用于支承穿过间隙的人工心脏瓣100的组织材料。
进一步参看图15,图15为沿图6b或图11b中所示的线(接合处附接区11b)的截面视图,用于阐述加强元件的第二示例性实施例,加强元件可在本公开内容的经导管输送的内假体1中使用,以用于将人工心脏瓣100固定到心瓣支架10上。
另外,固持元件可由一层或多层材料制成,且由类似于聚酯丝绒、PTFE、围心组织或适用于形成圆形边缘的任何其它材料的材料构成。如图15中所示,在人工心脏瓣100的上端区段处,人工心脏瓣100的组织材料可以以一种方式附接到接合处附接区11b上,使得当小叶102折在一起时,在心脏瓣关闭期间,产生小腔109。为内部缓冲件107.2的形式的加强元件可插入该腔109的内侧。必须注意的是,腔109形成为以便尽可能小,以便在心脏瓣假体1的关闭阶段期间避免渗漏。
图13为沿图6b或图11b中所示的线A-A的截面视图,用于阐述加强元件的第三示例性实施例,加强元件可在根据本公开内容的内假体1中使用。根据该示例性实施例,加强元件可由线轨107.3构成,线轨107.3大致在与构成图12中所示的内部缓冲件107.1的加强元件相同的位置上。在此情况下,缝合线101.1卷绕人工心脏瓣100的内表面上的线轨107.3,而在生物人工心脏瓣的外表面上,缝合线101.1借助于适合的针迹图案附接到固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c上。即是说,线轨107.3安装到人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡区域104的内表面上。线轨107.3优选为由镍钛诺制成,因而允许线轨107.3与支架10折叠在一起。另外,第三实施例的加强元件优选为设计成具有圆形边缘,以避免人工心脏小叶100的开启和关闭期间的小叶组织的磨耗。
图14为沿图6b或图11b中所示的线A-A的截面视图,用于阐述加强元件的第四示例性实施例,加强元件可在根据本公开内容的内假体1中使用。因此,代替使用由类似于聚酯丝绒或PTFE的材料构成的内部缓冲件107.1,107.2,根据第四示例性实施例的加强元件可布置成大致为固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c复制品。然而,在该实施例中,加强元件为内部附接轨道107.4,内部附接轨道107.4比对应的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c更薄,因为厚材料将阻止内假体1折叠成小尺寸。具体而言,内部附接轨道107.4具有与对应的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c相同的沿纵向分配在给定位置处的紧固孔12a和凹口。
此外,内部附接轨道107.4放置于人工心脏瓣100的组织材料的内表面上,与固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c相对。因此,人工心脏瓣100被夹持在固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c与内部附接轨道107.4之间,其中固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c和内部附接轨道107.4借助于缝合线101.1连接。
然而,在备选实施例中,固持弓形结构16与内部附接轨道107.4之间的连接可使用铆钉、焊接或软钎焊,以便夹持生物人工心脏瓣组织,而不是利用针或缝合线将其穿透。继而又优选的是,内部附接轨道107.4可由镍钛诺制成,以便允许与支架10同时地折叠。
当然,内部附接轨道107.4的边缘可为圆形,以便防止小叶102的磨耗。此外,内部附接轨道107.4可被包覆在组织或合成材料中,以进一步减小在心脏瓣操作时与小叶材料接触期间的潜在磨损。
图16为沿图6b或图11b中所示的线B-B的截面视图,用于阐述加强元件的第五示例性实施例,加强元件可在的本公开内容的内假体1中使用。
如图16中所绘出的那样,根据该示例性实施例的加强元件为在支架10的接合处附接区11b处附接到人工心脏瓣组织的后侧上的外部包覆元件107.5。小叶102折起而不形成腔。相反,外部包覆元件107.5被夹持在生物人工心脏瓣100的外表面上,更特别是夹持在可弯曲的过渡区域104的外表面上,将小叶102压制在一起。因此,通过折起人工心脏瓣组织且利用外部包覆元件107.5将其包覆来产生加强的区。
外部包覆元件107.5借助于缝合线101.1附接到接合处附接区11b上。附加的侧向缝合线101.2提供成用以将外部包覆元件107.5压制在人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104的外表面上。
外部包覆元件107.5优选为由聚合材料(如,PTFE、PET织物或片)或围心组织块制成。然而,其还可为刚性更大的U形夹或可弯曲的材料,其可在不使用附加的侧向缝合线101.2的情况下夹紧人工心脏瓣100的折起的组织材料。此外,该外部包覆元件107.5用作缓冲区,以限制小叶102的开启,以便防止它们撞击支架10。
图16中的虚线代表小叶102的关闭位置。
图18示出的备选的附接解决方案,其中人工心脏瓣100从外侧安装到支架10上。出于此目的,人工心脏瓣100的组织材料折起,且穿过设在固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c中的槽口110。槽口110的边缘优选为圆形且光滑的,以避免人工心脏瓣100的组织材料的磨耗或磨损。此外,为了进一步减小组织的磨损,槽口110可被包覆在薄的围心组织中。在该设计中,在支架10的外侧上存在一些材料厚度,这可侵害不健全的天生人工心脏瓣的位置处的支架10的锚定。
一个实施例可包括使外表面上的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c相对于支架结构的其余部分变薄,以将组织材料容纳在外侧表面上。这在支架10受压缩时还将允许有凹入,以便折叠的假体不需要较大的输送导管。
图17为沿图6b或图11b中所描绘的线B-B的截面视图,示出了加强元件的107.6,107.7的第六示例性实施例,加强元件可在根据本公开内容的内假体中使用。
详细而言,图17示出了一个实施例,其中加强元件107.6和107.7附接到人工心脏瓣100的过渡区域104的内表面和外表面上。尽管图17仅示出了沿线B-B的截面视图,但应当注意的是,所绘出的加强元件的第六实施例也可沿支架的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c(线A-A)应用。在此方面,外部加强元件107.6可由200μm厚的猪围心膜的宽条构成,其长到足以覆盖固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c(下小叶附接区11c)和接合处附接区11b的整个长度。形成外部加强元件107.6的该围心膜条可被切割成分别大约5mm的三个短节段,以匹配接合处附接区11b的长度,以及分别大约45mm的三个长节段,以匹配沿固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c(下小叶附接区11c)从一个接合处附接区11b到相邻处的长度。
4mm宽的猪围心膜外部加强元件107.6可折成一半,且使用细的粘性缝合线101.4(例如,8-0的缝合线),以很接近于自由边缘的平伏针迹缝合。然后,沿固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的内表面和/或接合处附接区11b,以沿支架表面放置的8-0平伏针迹来放置缝合的外部加强元件107.6。使用6-0包绕缝合线101.3和锯齿交叉针迹来将外部加强元件107.6缝合到支架上来衬套内表面,6-0包绕缝合线101.3和锯齿形交叉针迹围绕接合处附接区11b和/或固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c(未穿过孔眼)包覆。
参照内部加强元件107.7,材料优选为200μm的猪围心膜条,其为大约3.5mm宽,且被切割,且重叠到或卷绕到三层上。组织块的长度取决于是否仅加强接合处附接区11b或固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c。仅对于接合处附接区11b,需要大约5mm的三个短节段。通过具有8-0平伏针迹的粘性的缝合线101.4将条保持为重叠形状或卷绕的形状。内部加强元件107.7可构造成以便呈现出最小的尺寸,以避免在人工心脏瓣100的关闭期间引起小叶102之间中的腔109过大。内部加强元件107.7固定在人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104的内表面上,且经由孔眼12a固定到支架10上。作为优选,在外径上具有锁式针迹的4-0的缝合线101.1用于该目的。这些缝合线101.1在组装中最关键,且需要很紧而没有松弛且锁定。代替单条4-0的缝合线101.1,可构想出的是,为了冗余和类似的总体总强度使用两条6-0的缝合线。此外,4-0的缝合线101.1将外部加强元件107.6保持在适当位置上。
当开启和关闭人工心脏瓣100的小叶102时,外部加强元件107.6用作用以吸收在开启期间影响小叶102的冲击的缓冲区。内部加强元件107.7继而又传播通过缝合线101.1引起的压缩力,因此避免了人工心脏瓣100的过渡区域104处的应力集中。
在下文中,将对图7a、图7b进行参照,以用于进一步描述能够支承和锚定人工心脏瓣的心瓣支架的示例性实施例。详细而言,图7a示出了用于治疗窄心瓣或心瓣不全的经导管输送的内假体1的第一侧部透视图,其中内假体1包括根据支架(图5a至图5e)的第一示例性实施例的用于保持人工心脏瓣的心瓣支架10。图7b示出了图7a中绘出的内假体1的第二侧部透视图。
与图6a和图6b中所示的示例性实施例相比,图7a、图7b中绘出的内假体示出了根据第二瓣的实施例的人工心脏瓣100。即是说,附接到图7a、图7b的支架10上的人工心脏瓣100由沿它们的邻接边缘112缝在一起的三个分开的块120构成。这三个分开的块120可从单个围心囊(异种移植物或同种移植物)或从多个围心囊切下。
根据由图7a和图7b所示的示例性实施例的内假体1包括根据由图5a至图5e所绘出的第一支架的实施例的支架10。该支架10包括构造成定位在患者的天生心脏瓣的多个袋体内和定位在多个天生的心脏瓣小叶的第一侧上的多个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c,以及构造成定位在与第一侧相对的多个天生心脏瓣小叶的第二侧上的多个固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c,其中此外提供多个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c,其分别占据在多个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c中其中一个的两个臂15a',15a'',15b',15b'',15c',15c''之间。此外,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''优选为设有多个弯曲边缘33,以便将各个臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''分成多个臂节段,其中支架10的结构安排为使得固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''至少在支架10的扩张状态下具有弯曲形状。具体而言,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的形状应当限定成使得臂遵循附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的小叶102的形状。
在根据图7a和图7b中所绘出的实施例的支架10的结构中,一个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c设在各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c之间。因此,一个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c被分配给各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c。
各个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c具有大致U形或V形的结构,该结构接近支架10的下端2。具体而言,各个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c具有一定形状,该形状大致类似于定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的形状,且各个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c布置在对应的定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的臂内。此外,各个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c沿与定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c相同的方向延伸。
小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c优选为安排成以便它们在支架10处于其扩张状态时沿径向方向延伸到支架10的圆周的外侧。以此方式,当支架10处于其扩张状态和植入状态时,增大的接触力可施加到天生的(不健全的)心瓣的小叶上。这继而又允许了提高将支架10固定在原位的牢固性。
当支架10处于其扩张状态和植入状态时,小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c在定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c放置于天生小叶的外侧时,主动地保持不健全的小叶(即,天生的心瓣的小叶)免于侵害附接到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的小叶102。此外,小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c也可提供针对移位的附加锚定和固定。
图8a至图8d中示出了支架10的备选实施例(下文称为"第二支架实施例")。根据图8a至图8d中绘出的实施例的支架10基本上包括与参照图5a至图5e所述的支架的相同的特征。具体而言,支架10还包括定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c以及固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c和环形套环40。
与图5a至图5e中绘出的支架10的第一实施例,第二支架实施例的支架10包括固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c,其未设有一定数目的下小叶附接区11c,下小叶附接区11c分别具有提供成用于紧固人工心脏瓣100的组织构件的一定数目的附加紧固孔12a或孔眼。相反,第二支架实施例的支架设有固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c,其臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''通过多个弯曲边缘33分段,弯曲边缘33不仅用于限定两个相邻臂节段的弯曲点,而且还用作紧固凹口,紧固凹口可用于将人工心脏瓣假体100固定到支架10上。当然,可构想出的是,紧固凹口适于缝合线、线丝或丝线的厚度。具体而言,附加的凹口可为辐射式的,以最大限度地减小对缝合线、线丝或丝线的破坏。由于增加了沿固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c提供紧固凹口的弯曲边缘33的数目,故固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c允许沿其相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的整个长度的更为连续的弯曲,简化了所述固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c与人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104的附接。
更详细而言,图8a示出了依据支架10的第二实施例的心瓣支架10的平展开视图,由此支架10处于其非扩张状态。该平展开视图对应于切割图案的二维投影,切割图案可在依据第二实施例的支架10的制造中使用。这使一块的支架10能够从管的一部分切下,特别是从金属管。
图8b示出了根据第二支架实施例的心瓣支架10的第一侧部透视图,由此心瓣支架10示为处于其扩张状态,且图8c示出了根据第二支架实施例的支架10的第二侧部透视图,由此心瓣支架也示为处于其扩张状态。
图8d示出了根据支架的第二实施例的心瓣支架10的平展开视图。然而,与图8a所绘出的平展开视图相反,根据图8d的平展开视图示出了处于其扩张状态的心瓣支架10。
因此,根据第二支架实施例的支架10包括多个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c和多个固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c。多个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c中的各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c均构造成用以定位在患者的天生心脏瓣的多个袋体内,且定位在多个天生心脏瓣小叶的第一侧上。另一方面,多个固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c中的各个固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c构造成定位在与第一侧相对的多个天生心脏瓣小叶的第二侧上。
此外,提供了多个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c,其分别据占据多个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c中的其中一个的两个臂15a',15a'',15b',15b'',15c',15c''之间。此外,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''优选为设有多个弯曲边缘33,以便将各个臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''分成多个臂节段,其中支架10的结构安排为使得固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''至少在支架10的扩张状态下具有弯曲形状。具体而言,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的形状应当限定成使得臂遵循附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104的形状。
详细而言且如图8a中所示的平展开视图中所绘出的那样,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''设有多个弯曲边缘33。这些弯曲边缘33可沿各个固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的长度均匀地分配,从而将各个臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''分成多个臂节段。对应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的臂节段互连,从而构成固持弓形结构的臂,该臂在支架10的未扩张的状态下规定了基本上直的线。在此方面,将对图8a中绘出的平展开视图进行参照,图8a示出了固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的未弯曲的构造。
当制造支架10时,支架结构且特别是固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的结构安排成使得相应固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''在支架10的扩张状态下具有弯曲形状。相应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的形状应当限定成使得臂遵循附连到支架10(参看图8d)上的人工心脏瓣100的小叶的形状。
因此,人工心脏瓣100缝到或可缝到其上的相应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''将在支架10扩张时改变其形状,其中固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c在支架10的扩张状态下弯曲,但在支架10折叠时相对平直。因此,在处于扩张状态时,支架10的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c适于匹配人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104的形状。详细而言,在其扩张状态下,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c适于以基本上u形的方式发展,类似于天生的主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣的形状,以用于减小小叶102的开启动作和关闭动作期间的组织应力。
例如,如可在图8d中所见那样,相应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的基本上u形的曲率可通过使臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''分段来实现。详细而言,通过提供多个弯曲边缘33来使臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''分段。在支架10的扩张状态下,两个相邻的臂节段相对于彼此成角,其中这两个相邻的臂节段的弯曲点由弯曲边缘33限定,其设在相邻的臂节段之间。因此,设在固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''中的弯曲边缘33的数目越大,可在支架10的扩张状态下可沿不同的方向延伸的臂节段的数目就越多。在此方面,相应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的形状可适于附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的小叶102的形状。
根据第二支架实施例的设计,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''未设有紧固孔12a,例如,如同这是支架的第一实施例(图5a至图5e)中的情形。相反,在第二支架实施例中,设在固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''中的弯曲边缘33不仅用于限定两个相邻臂节段的弯曲点,而且还用作紧固凹口,紧固凹口可用于将人工心脏瓣100固定到支架10上。
例如,与依据图5a(第一支架实施例)的平展开视图的相比直接地示出了根据第二支架实施例的支架设计的相应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''比设有具有紧固孔12a的下小叶附接区的第一支架实施例的相应的固持弓形结构的臂至少部分更薄。通过减小固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的宽度,臂的可弯曲性增大,这允许了相应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的形状更精确地匹配附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104的形状。
此外,通过将设在固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''中的弯曲边缘33用作用于将心脏瓣假体固定到支架10上的紧固凹口,相比于紧固孔12a的数目可生成数目更多的附接点。在此方面,可有效地避免在各个单附接点处的高应力集中。此外,紧固凹口提供空间,且允许在瓣100折叠到导管中期间保护缝合线101。因此,支架10的相邻部件不会在人工心脏瓣100的折叠和配置期间侵害且破坏用于将人工心脏瓣100附接到固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c上的缝合线101。
此外,在支架的第二实施例中,用于将心脏瓣假体固定到支架10的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''上的附接点(弯曲边缘33)沿相应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''更均匀地分配,从而提供了心脏瓣假体与支架的更一致的固定。因此,可进一步减小心脏瓣假体相对于支架的轴向位移的风险。因此,设在相应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''中的各个单独的弯曲边缘30用于引导线丝或细线,人工心脏瓣的组织构件利用线丝或细线附连到或缝到支架10的对应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''上。详细而言,通过用作紧固凹口的弯曲边缘33的方式引导提供成用于将人工心脏瓣的组织构件紧固到相应的固持弓形结构的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''上的器件(线丝或细线),以便大致最大限度地减小人工心脏瓣相对于支架10的纵向位移。这也允许了人工心脏瓣相对于支架10的准确定位。
此外,根据第二支架实施例的支架10还可包括占据在两个相邻的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c之间的至少一个辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c,其中至少一个辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c包括在其第一端处连接到第一固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c上的第一臂18a',18b',18c'和在其第一端处连接到第二固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c上的第二臂18a'',18b'',18c'',以及其中至少一个辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的第一臂和第二臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''分别包括连接到环形套环40上的相应的第二端,环形套环40布置在支架本体的下端区段处。如在前文所述的支架设计(第一支架实施例)中,该至少一个套环40用作附加锚定措施,附加锚定措施用于通过使用图8a中绘出的切割图案从管的一部分上切下的支架。
详细而言,至少一个辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的相应的第一臂和第二臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''为支柱的一部分或网结构的一部分,支柱或网结构设在两个相邻的辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的第一臂和第二臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''之间,以便支承将附连到支架10(例如,见图11a和图11b)上的人工心脏瓣100。例如,如可从图8d中所见,支柱或网结构可由多个支柱或支柱状部件构成,支柱或支柱状部件互连以便形成加强结构。加强结构的各个支柱或支柱状元件用作加强部件,以便增大两个相邻的辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的第一臂和第二臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''之间的区域的强度或变形阻力。因此,加强结构向支架10提供了机械加强。此外,两个相邻的辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的第一臂和第二臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''之间的加强结构的加强部件向附接到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的裙部部分103提供附加支承。事实上,可构想出的是,如下文将参照图11a和图11b更为详细地阐述的那样,可借助于缝合线、线丝或细线将人工心脏瓣100的裙部部分103直接地附接到辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c上。
如本文使用的用语"强度"或"变形阻力"可用于表示与加强部件相关联的一定数目的不同性能中的各种性能。例如,用语可用于表示由其制造加强部件的材料的性能,如屈服强度、弹性模量、刚性模量或延伸百分率。同样,用语可用于表示加强部件的硬度。硬度可特征为与用于测量材料的硬度的设备相关的材料的"硬度计"。该用语还可用于表示加强部件的几何特征,如加强部件的厚度。用语"强度"或"变形阻力"还可用于表示上述性能以及附加的性能和/或特征的任何组合。
两个相邻的辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的第一臂和第二臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''之间的区域的强度或变形阻力可以以任意数目的方式增大。如可从图8d中所见,例如,通过提供由至少一个加强元件,且优选为通过互连到彼此上的多个加强元件(例如,支柱或支柱状部件)来增大两个相邻的辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的第一臂和第二臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''之间的区域的强度或变形阻力。
还可构想出的是,加强网可提供成以便增大两个相邻的辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的第一臂和第二臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''之间的区域的强度或变形阻力。该加强网也可由多个加强元件(例如,支柱或支柱状部件)构成,多个加强元件互连到彼此上,从而形成长菱形图案。
例如,可通过增大加强部件的厚度,通过消除支架10的设计中的应力集中立管,或通过改变加强部件的几何形状的其它方面来增大两个相邻的辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的第一臂和第二臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''之间的区域的强度或变形阻力。还可通过改变支架10和/或加强部件的材料性能来增大强度。例如,加强部件可由分别具有不同的硬度水平的一定数目的不同材料制成,优选为形状记忆材料。在此方面,可构想出的是,改变用于形成支架和加强部件的材料的化学计量成分,以便使支架10和/或加强部件的材料性能适应各个支架应用的特定需求。还可构想出的是,使用不同的材料(例如,镍钛诺和形状记忆聚合物)来用于形成支架和加强部件。以此方式,可为了各个支架应用的特定需求来定制加强部件的选择。例如,在预计有高外力的区中,具有高硬度的加强部件可为优选的。还可通过使材料性能与几何形状变化组合来增大强度。
如可从图8d中所见,根据第二支架实施例的支架10设有加强结构,加强结构由多个晶胞70构成,晶胞70由两个相邻(邻近)的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''之间的区域中的多个支柱形成,从而向附接到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104提供了附加支承。
此外,由在两个相邻的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相邻的臂之间的区域中的多个支柱形成的晶胞70的该结构可提供一致的支架结构,该支架结构可最大限度地减小具有附接到其上的心脏瓣假体的支架10的植入阶段中的血液渗漏。
形成晶胞70的结构的相应的支柱的上端区段连接到固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂上。作为优选,支柱的上端区段包括加宽的直径,以便增强支柱的上端区段与固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的臂之间的连接。
设在支架本体的下端区段处的已经提到的环形套环40一方面经由固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c与支架本体相连,而另一方面与至少一个辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的相应的臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''的第二端相连,其中至少一个辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c的这些臂18a',18a'',18b',18b'',18c',18c''为晶胞70的结构的一部分。具体而言,根据第二实施例的支架10设有环形套环40,环形套环40通过仅具有单排晶胞而在其长度上缩短。
如可从依据图8a的平展开视图所见,在支架本体的下端区段处的环形套环40呈现出多个支承网41,支承网41在支架10的非扩张状态下平行于支架10的纵轴线L延伸,且通过横向网42互连。然而,如可从依据图8c的二维展开视图所见,在支架10的扩张状态下,支承网41和横向网42形成长菱形或蛇状环形套环40,环形套环40在支架10的植入状态下抵靠血管壁。
为了进一步改善植入的且扩张的内假体1的位置的固定和防止前进的移位,根据第二支架实施例的支架10设有在其下端区段2处具有辐射式形状的外扩区段或锥形区段。详细而言且如图8b和图8c中所绘出的那样,在支架10的扩张状态下,环形套环40的下端区段构成支架10的外扩区段或锥形区段。如前文已经描述的那样,根据本公开内容的人工心脏瓣100可包括外扩下端区段或锥形下端区段,以便匹配所述支架的形状。
图8b和图8c中绘出的支架10在其下端区段2处具有带辐射式形状的外扩区段或锥形区段;然而,还可构想出的是,外扩区段或锥形区段不均匀地围绕支架10的圆周。例如,支架10可仅在定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的位置附近具有外扩部,其中没有外扩部设在接合处区附近,即,在两个相邻的定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的两个臂15a',15a'',15b',15b'',15c',15c''之间的区。
如图8b和图8c中所绘出的那样,根据第二支架实施例的支架10包括其下端区段2的连续设计。由于该连续设计,故在支架10的植入状态和扩张状态下,均匀的径向力经由支架10的下端区段2施加到血管的壁上,支架10配置在血管中。
如果植入且扩张的支架与附连到其上的人工心脏瓣一起在心脏的环带下方延伸太远,则可能存在一方面的由支架10和另一方面的人工心脏瓣100构成的植入内假体接触神经束和心脏阻滞的风险。神经束可在大致在心脏的环带下方的6mm至10mm的位置处进入。
为了避免植入的支架10的下端区段2触碰房室结,依据第二支架实施例的支架10设有环形套环40,环形套环40通过仅具有单排晶胞而在其长度上缩短。在此方面,降低了支架10的总高度且因此降低了植入患者的体内的内假体1的总高度。
此外,在安排过程中,在此期间所期望的(扩张的)支架结构的形状是固定的,环形套环40的支承网41可安排成以便当第二实施例的支架10处于其扩张状态时,仅环形套环40的上区段沿径向方向延伸到支架10的圆周的外侧,而环形套环40的下端区段相对于环形套环40的上区段沿径向方向在支架10的圆周的内侧弯曲。环形套环40的下端区段可弯曲,使得例如其大致平行于支架10的纵向方向L延伸。以此方式,通过环形套环40的上区段将增大的接触力(径向力)施加到血管的壁上,支架10配置在血管中,而减小环形套环40的下端区段可触碰房室结的风险。
重要的是要注意根据第二支架实施例的支架10包括围绕环形套环40的下端区段均匀地分配的一定数目的凹口12e。这些凹口12e可用于将人工心脏瓣(图8b和图8c中未示出)固定到支架10上,这可减小心脏瓣假体100相对于支架10的轴向位移的风险。由于多个凹口12e用作附加的紧固器件,故有可能使用环形套环40的每一个支承网41的下端区段来用于将心脏瓣假体附加地紧固到支架10上。这直接从依据图8a的平展开视图显现。
例如,与依据图5a(第一支架实施例)的平展开视图的相比直接地示出了在环形套环40的每一个支承网41的下端区段处提供孔眼12f需要与用于形成相应的凹口12e所需的材料量相比更多的材料来用于各个孔眼12f。由于对于支架10可构想出的是,为了呈现出从一部分管,特别是从金属管一体地切割结构,该结构结合了支架10的所有结构构件,特别是定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c、固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c和具有在其下端处的限定的附加紧固器件的环形套环40,故用于由原来的管部分形成支架10的设计的精细切割图案就很重要。具体而言,必须考虑必须从原来的管部分的有限侧向区域切下具有所有结构支架构件的支架10的结构。
因此,通过将代替孔眼12f的凹口12e提供为环形套环40的下端区段处的附加紧固器件,可生成与孔眼12f的数目相比更大的凹口12e的数目。详细而言,根据第二支架实施例,环形套环40的每一个支承网41的下端均设有用作附加的紧固器件的对应的凹口12e。相比之下,在支架(图5a至图5e)的第一实施例中,仅环形套环40的每一个第二支承网41的下端区段可设有用作附加紧固器件的对应的孔眼12f。
在此方面,根据第二支架实施例的支架设计与第一支架设计的不同之处在于,在环形套环40的每一个支承网41的下端区段处都提供了附加的紧固器件。这归因于事实上在支架10的第二实施例中,凹口12e用作附加的紧固器件。
因此,在第二支架实施例中,将用于将心脏瓣假体固定到支架10上的附加紧固器件围绕环形套环40的下端区段更均匀地分配,从而提供人工心脏瓣与支架的更一致的固定。因此,可进一步减小心脏瓣假体相对于支架的轴向位移的风险。因此,设在环形套环40的下端区段处的各个单独的凹口12e用于引导线丝或细线,人工心脏瓣的组织构件利用线丝或细线附连到或缝到支架10的环形套环40的下端区段上。详细而言,通过凹口12e的方式来引导提供成用于将人工心脏瓣100的组织构件紧固到环形套环40的下端区段上的器件(线丝或细线),以便大致最大限度地减小人工心脏瓣相对于支架10的纵向位移。这也允许了人工心脏瓣相对于支架10的定位。为此,如可在图1中所见,人工心脏瓣100可还包括在下端区段处的基本上锯齿形的图案。
此外,通过使用对应的凹口12e来用于将人工心脏瓣的组织构件牢固且限定地固定到支架10的环形套环40的下端区段上,当具有附连到其上的人工心脏瓣(即,内假体1)的支架10受压缩且被带入其折叠形状以便准备插入用于植入内假体1的导管系统中时,有效地防止了用于将组织构件紧固到支架10上的器件(线丝或细线)受挤压且因此退化。在此方面,减小了用于将人工心脏瓣100的组织构件紧固到支架10上的线丝或细线中的结构退化的风险。
凹口12e的截面形状可适于用于紧固人工心脏瓣100的组织结构的线丝或细线的截面形状。这允许了将人工心脏瓣100的组织构件在相对于支架10的精确预定位置处固定到支架10上。由于紧固孔12适于用于将人工心脏瓣100附连到支架10上的线丝或细线的厚度和/或截面形状,故在植入内假体1时,可有效地防止由心脏的蠕动动作造成的支架10与人工心脏瓣100的组织构件之间的相对移动。在内假体1的完全扩展和植入状态下,人工心脏瓣100的组织构件因此以最小游隙紧固到支架10上,基于此,最大限度地减小了用于附连人工心脏瓣的线丝或细线的摩擦引起的磨损。例如,如图8a中所示,凹口12e具有半圆形截面形状。
如特别是可从图8b至图8d所见,根据本发明的第二支架实施例的支架10还可包括至少一个径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c,径向弓形结构使支架10能够特别牢固地锚定在心脏中的植入地点,且径向弓形结构与多个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c中的至少一个定位弓形结构大致沿周向对准。除其径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c之外,支架10还设有分别包括两个小叶保护臂的总共三个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c。可从图8a中所示的平展开视图中所见的是,在根据第二支架实施例的支架的结构中,小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c设在各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c之间。因此,在根据第二支架实施例的支架中,小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c被分配给各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c。
参看图8a中所示的平展开视图,根据第二支架实施例的支架10的径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c从小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c朝支架10的上端3延伸。如图8a中最清楚地示出的那样,支架10具有三个径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c,其中各个弓形结构32a,32b,32c位于各个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c的两个臂之间。各个径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c均具有一定形状,该形状与各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c大致相反,且沿各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的相反方向延伸。
另一方面,各个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c具有大致U形或V形的结构,该结构接近支架的下端2。另外,各个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c具有一定形状,该形状大致类似于布置在对应的小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c之间的定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的形状。此外,各个小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c沿与定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c相同的方向延伸。
在第二支架实施例的支架设计中,小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c的各个臂大致在径向弓形结构32a,32b,32b的臂的长度的中点处汇合到相对的径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c的臂中。根据第二支架实施例的支架设计,小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c沿支架的纵向方向L突出,且具有减小的长度,使得定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c可在支架10的扩张期间配置,且小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c不会在配置期间干扰。
设置在支架10上且还设置在固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c上的定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c可以以凸起且弓形的方式沿至支架的下端区段的方向弯曲;即,朝支架的下端2,由此此类圆形形式可减小主动脉的损伤,以及便于在自动扩张期间展开。此类设计可使定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c能够容易插入天生的心瓣的袋体中,而不会相应地损伤相邻的组织或血管。
尽管根据图8a的平展开视图中未明确地示出,但在其中所期望(扩张)的支架结构的形状固定的安排过程中,小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c优选为安排成以便它们在第二支架实施例的支架10处于其扩张状态时沿径向方向延伸到支架10的圆周的外侧。以此方式,当第二支架实施例的支架处于其扩张状态和植入状态时,可将增大的接触力施加到天生的(不健全的)心瓣的小叶上。这继而又允许了提高在原位固定支架的牢固性。
当支架处于其扩张状态和植入状态时,小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c在定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c放置于天生小叶的外侧时,主动地保持不健全的小叶(即,天生的心瓣的小叶)免于侵害附接到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的小叶组织。此外,小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c也可提供针对移位的附加锚定和固定。相比于未设有用以推开不健全的小叶方式的定位弓形结构的从现有技术的支架设计中已知的笼,该特征可为独特的。
如可从图8a中绘出的展开视图所见,根据第二支架实施例的支架设计,各个径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c的两个臂32',32''借助于辐射式连接部分或头部,在支架10的上端3处连接在一起。该头部不但为辐射式的,而且在末梢处加宽,以便在支架10处于其扩张状态和植入状态时,头部在尽可能大的接触区域上抵靠血管的内壁。各个径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c的头部还可用作附加器件,通过该附加器件,可在植入之前和植入期间将支架10固持在导管中,和/或在植入之后取回支架。
在其中所期望(扩张)的支架结构的形状固定的安排过程中,径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c安排成以便它们在支架10处于其扩张状态时沿径向方向延伸到支架10的圆周的外侧。以此方式,可通过支架10的上端区将增大的接触力施加到管壁上。这继而又允许提高将支架10固定在原位的牢固性,从而减小了支架10移位的可能性。因此,在其扩张状态,除了定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的夹持效果之外,以及除了由小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c可获得的附加锚定之外,在植入时,通过由固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c、辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c、径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c和环形套环40施加的径向力将第二支架实施例的支架10固定在适当位置,它们所有都从支架10的圆周沿径向方向向外突出。
可从图8a中所示的平展开视图所见的是,径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c不会沿支架10的纵向方向L突出超过平面,导管固持器件23或具有紧固孔眼24的紧固器件位于该平面中。这可确保导管固持器件23可与适合的植入导管内的对应的器件协作,而不会干扰径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c的头部。实际上,如上文所述,头部自身可用作附加的导管固持器件或用以实现支架10的阐述内容的附加器件。
原则上,支架10可具有三个以上的径向弓形结构32,以便进一步增大径向接触力。还有可能的是,在径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c的所有或一些上提供倒刺元件,例如,以允许将支架10更好地锚定在植入地点。
此外,参照将支架10的上区域3固定到其中配置支架10的血管的壁上,针对支架10将可构想出的是,支架10包括倒刺部件,例如,倒刺部件布置在孔眼24上,倒刺的末梢指向支架10的下端2。
此外,通常为织物、聚合物或围心片、膜片等的衬里或护套可设在支架10的外部的至少一部分上,以覆盖从支架的下端区段附近的位置延伸到支架的上端区段附近的位置的支架10的外侧的所有表面或大部分表面。衬里可在至少一端上附接到支架10上,以及在所述端之间的多个位置处附接到支架上,从而形成外部覆盖层。此类外部覆盖层提供了针对血管内腔的内壁的周向密封,以便从而阻止支架10与内腔壁之间的血流的渗漏,且以防止血流绕过内假体1。
例如,衬里可沿多个沿周向间隔开的轴线以针缝或以其它方式固定到支架10上。此类附接允许了衬里在支架10受到沿径向的压缩时沿多个轴向折线折起。在框架扩张时,衬里将还能够开启和符合管状框架的内腔壁。作为备选,衬里可热焊接或超声波焊接到支架10上。衬里优选为可沿轴线固定到多个单独的弓形结构(定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c、固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c、辅助弓形结构18a,18b,18c、小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c)上。此外,衬里可固定到设在支架10的下端区段2处的环形套环40上。衬里优选为将针对支架10在至少一端处沿周向密封。
通过利用衬里或护套覆盖支架10的外表面的至少一部分,就极大地减小或消除了由露出的支架元件引起的内假体1的促凝性。在保持了具有支架结构的利益的同时实现了促凝性的这样减小,该支架结构用于使人工心脏瓣100展开且用于将人工心脏瓣100锚定在适当位置。
如已经提到的那样,可将支架10从松弛的大直径构造压缩至小直径构造来便于引入。当然,所需的是,外部衬里在其沿径向受压缩的构造和在其扩张松弛构造两者中都保持附接到支架10上。
衬里由围心材料或常规生物移植物材料构成,如,聚酯、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚氨基甲酸酯等,生物移植物材料通常为织造织物、非织造织物、聚合物片、膜片等的形式。当前优选的织物衬里材料为平纹织造聚酯,如Dacron?纱线(Dupont,特拉华州威明顿市)。
下文中将参照图9来描述根据本发明的支架10的第三实施例,图9为该实施例的平展开视图,由此心瓣支架10示为处于其扩张状态。
支架10的第三实施例在结构和功能上相对于第二实施例是相似的。因此,为了避免重复,将对以上的第二实施例的描述进行参照。具体而言,支架10的下端区段由环形套环40构成,环形套环40同样设有用作附加紧固器件的凹口12e。
此外,根据第三支架实施例的支架10设有固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c,其臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''通过多个弯曲边缘33分段,弯曲边缘33不仅用于限定两个相邻臂节段的弯曲点,而且还用作紧固凹口,紧固凹口可用于将心脏瓣假体100固定到支架10上。当组装内假体时,第三支架实施例的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c继而又适于沿人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡区域104延伸。
支架10的第三实施例还包括从定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c朝支架10的上端3延伸的径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c。如图9中所示,支架10具有三个径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c,其中各个弓形结构32a,32b,32c均位于各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的两个臂15a,15a',15b,15b',15c,15c'之间。各个弓形结构32a,32b,32c均具有一定形状,该形状与各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c大致相反,且沿各个定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的相反方向延伸。
然而,与第二支架实施例的支架设计相反,第三实施例的支架设计未设有小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c。此外,径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c的各个臂大致在支架10的长度的中点处汇合到相对的定位弓形结构15a,15b,15c的臂15a',15a'',15b',15b'',15c',15c''中。
下文中参照图10描述了根据本发明的支架10的第四实施例。详细而言,图10为第四支架实施例的平展开视图,由此心瓣支架10示为处于其扩张状态。
通过将图10与图8d的相比,可推导出的是,支架10的第四实施例在结构和功能上相对于第二实施例是相似的。因此,为了避免重复,将对以上的第二实施例的描述进行参照。
支架10的第四实施例与第二支架实施例的唯一不同在于除去了小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c的相应的下端区段。具体而言,除去了径向弓形结构32a,32b,32c的各个臂的汇合处的点之间的小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c的下端区段。
通过图11a至图11c示出了根据本公开内容的内假体1的另一个实施例。详细而言,内假体1的该第三实施例包括根据第二支架实施例(图8a至图8d)的支架10和附连到其上的根据第二心脏瓣实施例(图3和图4)的人工心脏瓣100。
具体而言,图11a示出了内假体1的第三实施例的第一侧视图。通过该第一侧视图,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的特征U形容易变得清楚。
如上文指出那样,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的这种U形可通过使臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''分段来实现。详细而言,通过提供多个弯曲边缘33来使臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''分段。在绘出的支架10的扩张状态下,两个相邻的臂节段相对于彼此成角,其中这两个相邻的臂节段的弯曲点由弯曲边缘33限定,其设置在两个相邻的臂节段之间。因此,设在固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''中的弯曲边缘33的数目越大,可在支架10的扩张状态下可沿不同的方向延伸的臂节段的数目就越多。在此方面,固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''的形状可适于将附连到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的过渡区域104的形状,其适于以便使固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c匹配人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104的发展。
正如此所述,图11a示出了提供用于将可弯曲的过渡区域104固定到支架10上的一定数目的紧固凹口的弯曲边缘。因此,在该第三内假体实施例中,沿固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的相应的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''不需要附加的紧固孔12a。相反,缝合线101围绕固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c包覆,且缝到可弯曲的过渡区域104上,同时通过紧固凹口保持在适当位置上,紧固凹口基本上沿与人工心脏瓣的可弯曲的过渡区域104相同的方向延伸。即是说,由于紧固凹口提供了与在根据本公开内容的图6a和图6b的实施例中使用的紧固孔12a的数目相比更多的附接点数目,故内假体1的本第三实施例的人工心脏瓣100更牢固地附接到支架10上。在此方面,可有效地避免在各个单附接点处的高应力集中。
已经就参照由图7a和图7b绘出的内假体的第二实施例描述的另一个特征为提供小叶保护弓形结构50a,50b,50c。为了避免重复,因此将对由图7a和图7b绘出的第二内假体实施例的以上描述进行参照。
图11b示出了裙部部分103与前述多个晶胞70之间的连接。由两个相邻(邻近)的固持弓形结构16a,16b,16c的臂16a',16a'',16b',16b'',16c',16c''之间的区域中的多个支柱形成的该多个晶胞70向附接到支架10上的人工心脏瓣100的可弯曲的过渡区域104提供了附加支承。如由图11b绘出的那样,人工心脏瓣100可借助于缝合线101、线丝或细线直接地缝到晶胞70上。
如还可从图11b中推导出的那样,根据内假体1的第三实施例的人工心脏瓣100包括在其邻接边缘112处缝在一起的三个分开的块120。图11c示出了内假体的第三实施例的顶部透视图。详细而言,图11c示出了以圆柱形方式沿其邻接的边缘112缝在一起的三个分开的块120的附接。在分开的块120的邻接边缘112对准且缝在一起时,分开的块120的衬套111转至外侧,且附接到支架10的接合处附接区11b上。将参照图19a至图19c和图20来描述该特定附接方法的更详细的描述。
应当注意的是,该第三内假体实施例并非意在限制。当然,还可构想出的是,将根据本公开内容的第一瓣实施例(图1)的一块人工心脏瓣附接到图8a至图8d中所示的支架10上。
在本说明书的附图中,人工心脏瓣100大体上安装到支架10的内表面上。当然,还可构想出的是,将人工心脏瓣100安装到支承支架10的外表面上。即是说,裙部部分102可与不健全的天生心脏瓣直接接触,且可借助于缝合线附接到支架10上。将人工心脏瓣100安装到支架10的外表面上支持负载从小叶102转移至支架10,且减小了附接区11b,11c附近的应力集中。这在关闭期间极大地减小了小叶102上的应力,且因此改善了其持久性。另外,在将裙部部分安装到支架的外表面上的情况下,有可能将瓣设计成获得改善的血液动力。此外,与不健全的天生心脏瓣直接接触的心脏瓣材料提供了用于克服渗漏(即,瓣膜旁的渗漏)而密封、组织内生长和附接的良好对接。
图3和图4,以及图19a至图19c和图20中示出了人工心脏瓣100的备选的第二实施例。
具体而言,图3和图4示出了具有基本上T恤状的形状的人工心脏瓣材料的扁平图案。根据该实现方式,人工心脏瓣100由呈现出绘出的T恤状的形状的三个分开的块120制成。三个分开的块120通过缝合在其邻接边缘112处连接到彼此上,以便形成人工心脏瓣100的圆柱形或圆锥形。可从一个以上的围心囊上切下三个分开的块120,以便获得具有匹配特征(例如,组织厚度和性能)的三个块120。此外,图3的图中包含了可弯曲的过渡区域104。即是说,除了过渡区域104和裙部部分103之外,各个分开的块120均旨在代表人工心脏瓣100的三个小叶102中的一个。图4示出了根据本公开内容的另一个示例性实施例的缝在一起且附接到支架的接合处附接区11b上的三个分开的块120的顶视图。
图19a至图19c绘出了用于三个分开的块120中的两个在其邻接的边缘112上连接的步骤。
在第一步骤中,如图19a中所示,使邻接的边缘112聚在一起,且使分开的块120的衬套111转到外侧。
然后,加强元件107.8可借助于缝合线101.1附接到衬套111的前表面上,优选应用饰缝针迹。同时,将借助于相同的缝合线101.1来将连续的边缘112缝在一起,又优选应用饰缝针迹。
在第三步骤中,加强衬套111甚至进一步转至外侧,以便它们结束向后折起到小叶102的表面上。然后,借助于针缝到加强元件107.8的外表面上的侧向缝合线101.2来固定该向后折起的位置。
图4中示出了缝在一起且附接到支架10的接合处附接区11b上的三个分开的块120的顶视图。如前文所述,三个分开的块120中的各个块均代表人工心脏瓣100的三个小叶102中的一者。
图20中示出了人工心脏瓣100与本公开内容的接合处附接区11b的附接的详细透视图。加强元件107.8围绕向后折起的衬套111包覆。通过连接加强元件107.8的相对端的侧向缝合线101.2来保持该向后折起的位置。加强元件107.8的材料优选为具有比三个分开的块120的心脏瓣材料更高的缝合固持强度。
出于此原因,加强元件107.8用于借助于缝合101.1来将人工心脏瓣100附接到支架10的接合处附接区11b上。因此,支架10与人工心脏瓣100之间的缝合101.1造成的应力主要被引入加强元件107.8的材料中,避免了人工心脏瓣100中的高应力集中。此外,该设计的意图在于,通过夹紧接合处区域来限制开启阶段期间的小叶行程,以防止小叶102撞击支架10。另外,该组装方法使瓣接合处从支架柱沿径向向内转移,以进一步限制小叶撞击支架。
图21示出了根据本公开内容的图3和图4的人工心脏瓣100的附接的备选方式。详细而言,相邻的分开的块120的衬套111形成为用以包围内部缓冲件107.2。因此,小叶102继而又从接合处附接区11b转移来限制小叶102撞击支架。此外,延伸穿过衬套111和内部缓冲件107.2的缝合线101.1更隐蔽,且衬套111的边缘藏到内部缓冲件107.2的下方。因此,在该实施例中,由于人工心脏瓣的小叶102未分别与缝合线101.1的线结或衬套111的边缘直接接触,故显著地减小了人工心脏瓣100的磨损。当然,对于任何描述的实施例大体上有利的是,借助于加强元件107.1至107.8来避免缝合线101的线结与人工心脏瓣材料之间的直接接触,以便减小磨损。
以上公开内容旨在为示范性的而非彻底的。该描述将向本领域的普通技术人员提出许多变型和备选方案。所有这些备选方案和变型都旨在包括在权利要求的范围内,其中用语"包括"意思是"包括但不限于"。熟悉本领域的技术人员可认识到本文所述的特定实施例的其它等同方案,这些等同方案也旨在由权利要求涵盖。
此外,在从属权利要求中提出的特定特征可以以本公开内容的范围内的其它方式与彼此组合,使得本公开内容应当被认识为是还明确地针对具有从属权利要求的特征的任何其它可能的组合的其它实施例。例如,出于权利要求公布的目的,如果此类多项从属格式是法规内的可接受的格式(例如,直接地从属于权利要求1的各项权利要求作为备选应当被看作是从属于所有前面的权利要求),后面的任何从属权利要求都应当被看作是由所有在前的权利要求以多项从属形式备选地写成,在前的权利要求拥有此类从属权利要求中提到的所有前提。在限制多项从属权利要求格式的法规中,以下从属权利要求应当分别还被看作是以各个单项从属权利要求的格式备选地写成,单项从属权利要求格式造成从属于除以下的此类从属权利要求中列出的特定权利要求之外的在前的拥有前提的权利要求。

Claims (24)

1.一种在心瓣狭窄和/或心瓣不全的治疗中使用的内假体(1),所述内假体包括人工心脏瓣(100)和所述人工心脏瓣(100)附连到其上的支架(10),
其中所述人工心脏瓣(100)与所述支架(10)的所述附连设有加强元件(107.1-107.7),以用于减小人工心脏瓣(100)的组织材料中的应力集中;以及
其中所述加强元件(107.1-107.7)中的附接到可弯曲的过渡区域(104)的内表面的一个加强元件(107.7)包括折起的猪围心膜条,且借助于缝合线(101.1)附接到所述人工心脏瓣(100)和所述支架(10)
2.根据权利要求1所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣(100)组装为一块的构造,所述一块的构造从围心组织切下,形成为构成扁平组织图案,且缝成圆柱形或圆锥形。
3.根据权利要求1所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣(100)的下端区段呈现出锥形形状或外扩形状。
4.根据权利要求1所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣(100)包括:
至少两个小叶(102),所述至少两个小叶(102)包括天然组织和/或合成材料,且具有用于开启心室的第一开启位置和用于关闭所述心室的第二关闭位置,所述至少两个小叶(102)能够响应于穿过心脏的血流在它们的第一开启位置与第二关闭位置之间切换;
裙部部分(103),其包括用于将所述人工心脏瓣(100)安装到支架(10)上的天然组织和/或合成材料;以及
所述可弯曲的过渡区域(104),其形成所述至少两个小叶(102)与所述裙部部分(103)之间的接合区,所述可弯曲的过渡区域(104)基本上以与天然主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣的小叶的形状类似的U形方式发展,以用于减小所述至少两个小叶(102)的开启动作和关闭动作期间的组织应力。
5.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述至少两个小叶(102)具有以椭圆方式、u形方式或眼窝方式形成的尖瓣几何形状。
6.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述至少两个小叶(102)设计成用以提供用于潜在的环形变形的冗余接合。
7.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣(100)包括沿所述可弯曲的过渡区域(104)的发展提供的多个紧固孔(106)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,借助于激光切割将所述紧固孔(106)引入所述人工心脏瓣的组织材料中,以用于增强围绕所述紧固孔(106)的组织区域。
9.根据权利要求1所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣(100)设计成用于在导管中折叠和输送。
10.根据权利要求1所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣(100)的组织材料为由牛的围心组织或猪的围心组织制成的异种移植物。
11.根据权利要求10所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣(100)的组织材料具有160μm至300μm的厚度。
12.根据权利要求1所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣(100)具有从19mm至28mm的直径范围。
13.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述人工心脏瓣(100)包括由围心组织制成的形成为构成扁平组织图案的三个分开的块(120)。
14.根据权利要求13所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述三个分开的块(120)中的各个块均具有以基本上t恤状的形状的扁平组织图案,呈现出用于在所述三个分开的块之间连接的衬套(111),所述三个分开的块(120)在邻接的边缘(112)处缝成圆柱形。
15.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述可弯曲的过渡区域(104)包括具有不同机械性能的各种材料的层,以便在所述可弯曲的过渡区域(104)的下部提供高缝合线固持,而所述可弯曲的过渡区域(104)的上部设计成柔性的,以用于改善所述人工心脏瓣(100)的持久性。
16.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,其特征在于,所述至少两个小叶(102)和所述裙部部分(103)通过各种交联过程呈现出不同的稳定性。
17.根据权利要求1所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述加强元件(107.1-107.7)的边缘为圆形以避免操作期间瓣组织的磨耗。
18.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述加强元件(107.1-107.7)包括至少一个内部缓冲件(107.1,107.2),所述内部缓冲件安装到所述人工心脏瓣(100)的可弯曲的过渡区域(104)的内表面上。
19.根据权利要求18所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述内部缓冲件通过由聚酯丝绒、PTFE或围心组织构成的一层或多层材料制成。
20.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述加强元件(107.1-107.7)包括线轨(107.3),所述线轨安装到所述人工心脏瓣(100)的可弯曲的过渡区域(104)的内表面上。
21.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述加强元件(107.1-107.7)包括内部附接轨道(107.4),所述内部附接轨道安装到所述人工心脏瓣(100)的可弯曲的过渡区域(104)的内表面上。
22.根据权利要求1所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述加强元件(107.1-107.7)被包覆在组织中以避免操作期间所述人工心脏瓣的组织的磨损。
23.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述加强元件(107.1-107.7)包括外部包覆元件(107.5),所述外部包覆元件在所述支架的接合处附接区(11b)处安装到所述人工心脏瓣(100)的可弯曲的过渡区域(104)的外表面上。
24.根据权利要求4所述的内假体(1),其特征在于,所述加强元件(107.1-107.7)附接到所述人工心脏瓣(100)的可弯曲的过渡区域(104)的内表面和外表面上。
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US9744031B2 (en) 2017-08-29
US10603164B2 (en) 2020-03-31
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US20230200982A1 (en) 2023-06-29
EP2575681B1 (en) 2022-06-22
US11589981B2 (en) 2023-02-28
JP2017018675A (ja) 2017-01-26
AU2011257298B2 (en) 2014-07-31
US20180008405A1 (en) 2018-01-11
CN103002833A (zh) 2013-03-27
WO2011147849A1 (en) 2011-12-01
CA2799459A1 (en) 2011-12-01
US20200323629A1 (en) 2020-10-15
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