CN102292487B - 热塑性无纺织物元件 - Google Patents

热塑性无纺织物元件 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102292487B
CN102292487B CN201080005095.6A CN201080005095A CN102292487B CN 102292487 B CN102292487 B CN 102292487B CN 201080005095 A CN201080005095 A CN 201080005095A CN 102292487 B CN102292487 B CN 102292487B
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China
Prior art keywords
bondedfibre fabric
fabric
region
bondedfibre
area
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CN201080005095.6A
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English (en)
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CN102292487A (zh
Inventor
布佩什·杜瓦
卡伦·A·霍金森
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Nike Innovation LP
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Nike International Ltd
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/08Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
    • D04H3/14Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between thermoplastic yarns or filaments produced by welding
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A41WEARING APPAREL
    • A41BSHIRTS; UNDERWEAR; BABY LINEN; HANDKERCHIEFS
    • A41B1/00Shirts
    • A41B1/08Details
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A41WEARING APPAREL
    • A41DOUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
    • A41D1/00Garments
    • A41D1/06Trousers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43FOOTWEAR
    • A43BCHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B1/00Footwear characterised by the material
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43FOOTWEAR
    • A43BCHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B23/00Uppers; Boot legs; Stiffeners; Other single parts of footwear
    • A43B23/02Uppers; Boot legs
    • A43B23/0245Uppers; Boot legs characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B23/0255Uppers; Boot legs characterised by the constructive form assembled by gluing or thermo bonding
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43FOOTWEAR
    • A43BCHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B23/00Uppers; Boot legs; Stiffeners; Other single parts of footwear
    • A43B23/02Uppers; Boot legs
    • A43B23/0245Uppers; Boot legs characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B23/026Laminated layers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43FOOTWEAR
    • A43BCHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B23/00Uppers; Boot legs; Stiffeners; Other single parts of footwear
    • A43B23/02Uppers; Boot legs
    • A43B23/0245Uppers; Boot legs characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B23/0265Uppers; Boot legs characterised by the constructive form having different properties in different directions
    • A43B23/027Uppers; Boot legs characterised by the constructive form having different properties in different directions with a part of the upper particularly flexible, e.g. permitting articulation or torsion
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43FOOTWEAR
    • A43BCHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B23/00Uppers; Boot legs; Stiffeners; Other single parts of footwear
    • A43B23/24Ornamental buckles; Other ornaments for shoes without fastening function
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A43BCHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B3/00Footwear characterised by the shape or the use
    • A43B3/0036Footwear characterised by the shape or the use characterised by a special shape or design
    • A43B3/0078Footwear characterised by the shape or the use characterised by a special shape or design provided with logos, letters, signatures or the like decoration
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43FOOTWEAR
    • A43BCHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B9/00Footwear characterised by the assembling of the individual parts
    • A43B9/16Footwear with soles moulded on to uppers or welded on to uppers without adhesive
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/022Particular heating or welding methods not otherwise provided for
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    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/003Protecting areas of the parts to be joined from overheating
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    • B29C66/112Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/12Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments; Tongue and groove joints; Tenon and mortise joints; Stepped joint cross-sections
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    • B29C66/1282Stepped joint cross-sections comprising at least one overlap joint-segment
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
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    • B29C66/128Stepped joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/1284Stepped joint cross-sections comprising at least one butt joint-segment
    • B29C66/12841Stepped joint cross-sections comprising at least one butt joint-segment comprising at least two butt joint-segments
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/13Single flanged joints; Fin-type joints; Single hem joints; Edge joints; Interpenetrating fingered joints; Other specific particular designs of joint cross-sections not provided for in groups B29C66/11 - B29C66/12
    • B29C66/133Fin-type joints, the parts to be joined being flexible
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29C66/14Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections the joint having the same thickness as the thickness of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/20Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines
    • B29C66/24Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being closed or non-straight
    • B29C66/244Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being closed or non-straight said joint lines being non-straight, e.g. forming non-closed contours
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/303Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
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    • B29C66/3032Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30325Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30326Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined in the form of porosity
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B29C66/431Joining the articles to themselves
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B29C66/433Casing-in, i.e. enclosing an element between two sheets by an outlined seam
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
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Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
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Abstract

一种无纺织物可由多个热塑性聚合物丝形成。无纺织物可具有第一区域和第二区域,且第一区域的丝比第二区域的丝熔融到更大的程度。多种产品,包括服装(例如,衬衫、裤子、鞋类),可结合有该无纺织物。在部分这些产品中,无纺织物可与另一织物元件相接合以形成接缝。更具体地,无纺织物的边缘区域可与其他织物元件的边缘区域在接缝处热结合。在其他产品中,无纺织物可与无论是织物的还是非织物的另一部件相接合。

Description

热塑性无纺织物元件
技术领域
本发明涉及无纺织物及其制造方法与应用。
背景
多种产品都至少部分地由织物形成。作为例子,服装物品(例如,衬衫、裤子、袜子、夹克、内衣、鞋类)、容器(例如,背包、袋子)以及用于家具(例如,椅子、沙发、汽车座椅)的装饰材料通常都由通过缝合或粘合剂结合而接合的各种织物元件形成。织物还可用于床罩(例如,床单、毯子)、桌罩、毛巾、旗子、帐篷、帆以及降落伞。用于工业目的的织物通常被称为产业用织物,并且可包括用于汽车和航空应用的结构、过滤器材料、医用织物(例如,绷带、纱布、植入物)、用于加固堤坝的土工织物、用于作物保护的农用织物(agrotextile),以及防护或隔离热和辐射的工业服装。因此,织物可被结合到个人目的和工业目的的多种产品中。
织物可被限定为由具有大体上二维结构(即,长度和宽度基本上大于厚度)的纤维、丝或纱线制造的任何制造品。一般来说,织物可被分类为机械操作的织物(mechanically-manipulated textile)或无纺织物。机械操作的织物通常通过对纱线或多个纱线进行编织或相互打环(例如,针织)而形成,通常是通过涉及编织机器或针织机器的机械工艺来进行。无纺织物是结合、熔融、互锁或以其它方式接合的丝的网或垫子。作为例子,无纺织物可通过将多个聚合物丝任意地沉放到诸如移动式输送带的表面上来形成。还可以使用各种压花工艺或压延成型工艺来确保无纺织物具有大体上恒定的厚度,使无纺织物的一个或两个表面都具有纹理,或进一步使无纺织物内的丝互相结合或熔融。尽管纺粘型无纺织物是由具有10至100微米的截面厚度的丝形成的,但熔喷型无纺织物是由具有小于10微米的截面厚度的丝形成的。
尽管一些产品由单种类型的织物形成,但很多产品还可以由两种或更多种类型的织物形成,以便使不同区域具有不同特性。作为例子,衬衫的肩部和肘部区域可以由给予耐用性(例如,抗磨)以及抗拉伸的织物形成,而其他区域可由给予透气性、舒适性、拉伸性以及吸湿性的织物形成。作为另一个例子,鞋类物品的鞋面可具有包括由多种类型的织物以及其他材料(例如,聚合物泡沫、皮革、合成皮革)形成的多层的结构,并且其中一些层还可以具有由不同类型的织物形成以给予不同特性的区域。再作为另一个例子,背包的带子可由无拉伸性的织物元件形成,背包的下部区域可由耐用并且防水的织物元件形成,而背包的其余部分可由舒适并且柔顺的织物元件形成。因此,很多产品都可结合多种类型的织物,以便使产品的不同部分具有不同的特性。
为了使产品的不同区域具有不同特性,由材料形成的织物元件必须被切割成期望的形状,然后通常通过缝合或粘合剂结合而接合在一起。随着被结合到产品中的织物元件的数量和类型的增加,与运输、储存、切割以及接合织物元件有关的时间和花费也可能增加。随着被结合到产品中的织物元件的数量和类型的增加,由切割工艺和缝合工艺产生的废料也积聚到很大的程度。此外,与由较少元件和材料形成的产品相比,具有大量织物元件以及其他材料的产品可能更难回收。因此,通过减少产品中所利用的元件和材料的数量,可以在增大制造效率以及可回收性的同时减少废料。
概述
以下将公开无纺织物和结合有该无纺织物的产品。无纺织物可由至少部分地由热塑性聚合物材料形成的多个丝形成。在无纺织物的一些构型中,丝或热塑性聚合物材料可以是弹性体的,或者可以在受拉破坏之前拉伸至少百分之一百。
无纺织物可具有第一区域和第二区域,且第一区域的丝比第二区域的丝熔融到更大的程度。取决于第一区域中熔融的程度,丝的热塑性聚合物材料可保持丝状的、变成非丝状的,或呈现部分丝状和部分非丝状的中间形式。第一区域中的熔融可改变诸如渗透性、耐用性以及抗拉伸性的特性。
多种产品,包括服装(例如,衬衫、裤子、鞋类),可结合无纺织物。在部分这些产品中,无纺织物可与另一织物元件或部件相接合以形成接缝。更具体地,无纺织物的边缘区域可与其他织物元件或部件的边缘区域在接缝处热结合。在其他产品中,无纺织物的表面可与另一织物元件或部件(例如,聚合物片、聚合物泡沫层或各种绳(strand))相接合,以形成复合元件。
在所附权利要求中具体给出了表征本发明的各方面的新颖性特征和优势。然而,为了获得对新颖性特征和优势的进一步的理解,可以参照描述和示出与本发明有关的各种构型和概念的附图以及以下描述性的内容。
附图说明
当结合附图阅读时,前述概述以及以下的详细描述将能得到更好的理解。
图1是无纺织物的立体图。
图2是无纺织物由图1中的剖面线2-2限定的剖面图。
图3是具有多个熔融区域的无纺织物的立体图。
图4A至图4C是由图3中的剖面线4-4限定的剖面图,描绘了无纺织物中的熔融区域的不同构型。
图5A至图5H是无纺织物中的熔融区域的进一步的构型的立体图。
图6A至图6F是对应于图4A至图4C的剖面图,并且描绘了无纺织物中的熔融区域的进一步的构型。
图7A至图7C是用于形成无纺织物中的熔融区域的第一过程的立体图。
图8A至图8C是用于形成无纺织物中的熔融区域的第二过程的立体图。
图9是用于形成无纺织物中的熔融区域的第三过程的立体图。
图10是包括无纺织物的第一复合元件的立体图。
图11是第一复合元件由图10中的剖面线11-11限定的剖面图。
图12A至图12C是用于形成第一复合元件的过程的立体图。
图13是用于形成第一复合元件的另一过程的示例性立体图。
图14是包括无纺织物的第二复合元件的立体图。
图15是第二复合元件由图14中的剖面线15-15限定的剖面图。
图16是包括无纺织物的第三复合元件的立体图。
图17是第三复合元件由图16中的剖面线17-17限定的剖面图。
图18A至图18C是第三复合元件的进一步的构型的立体图。
图19是包括无纺织物的第四复合元件的立体图。
图20是第四复合元件由图19中的剖面线20-20限定的剖面图。
图21是包括无纺织物的第五复合元件的立体图。
图22是第五复合元件由图21中的剖面线22-22限定的剖面图。
图23A至图23F是第五复合元件的进一步的构型的立体图。
图24是接合有第一接缝构型的无纺织物的两个元件的立体图。
图25是第一接缝构型由图24中的剖面线25-25限定的剖面图。
图26A至图26D是用于形成第一接缝构型的过程的侧视图。
图27是用于形成第一接缝构型的另一过程的立体图。
图28A和图28B是接合有其他元件以形成第一接缝构型的无纺织物的元件的立体图。
图29A至图29C是对应于图25的剖面图,并且描绘了第一接缝构型的进一步的实施例。
图30是接合有第二接缝构型的无纺织物的两个元件的立体图。
图31是第二接缝构型由图30中的剖面线31-31限定的剖面图。
图32A至图32C是用于形成第二接缝构型的过程的侧视图。
图33是用于形成第二接缝构型的另一过程的立体图。
图34A至图34C是对应于图31的剖面图,并且描绘了第二接缝构型的进一步的构型。
图35A至图35H是包括无纺织物的衬衫的各种构型的前视图。
图36A至图36H是衬衫的构型分别由图35A至图35H中的剖面线36A-36A至36H-36H限定的剖面图。
图37A至图37C是包括无纺织物的一条裤子的各种构型的前视图。
图38是该条裤子由图33A中的剖面线38-38限定的剖面图。
图39A至图39G是包括无纺织物的鞋类物品的各种构型的侧视图。
图40A至图40D是鞋类物品的构型分别由图39A至图39D中的剖面线40A-40A至40D-40D限定的剖面图。
图41是用于鞋类物品的包括无纺织物的鞋带环的立体图。
图42A至图42C是无纺织物的三维构型的立体图。
图43A至图43C是用于形成无纺织物的三维构型的过程的立体图。
图44A至图44D是无纺织物的带有纹理的构型的立体图。
图45A至图45C是用于形成无纺织物的带有纹理的构型的过程的立体图。
图46A至图46F是无纺织物的缝合的构型的立体图。
图47是包括无纺织物的带的元件的立体图。
图48是带由图47中的剖面线48-48限定的剖面图。
图49A至图49C是带的元件的附加构型的立体图。
图50是回收过程的示意图。
详细描述
以下讨论以及附图公开了一种无纺织物100以及结合了无纺织物100的各种产品。尽管为了举例的目的,在下面将无纺织物100公开为被结合到各种服装物品(例如,衬衫、裤子、鞋类),但是还可以将无纺织物100结合到各种其他产品中。例如,无纺织物100可以被用于其他类型的服装、容器以及用于家具的装饰材料。无纺织物100还可以用于床罩、桌罩、毛巾、旗子、帐篷、帆以及降落伞。无纺织物100的各种构型还可以用于工业目的,如用于汽车和航空应用、过滤器材料、医用织物、土工织物、农用织物以及工业服装。因此,无纺织物100可以用于个人目的以及工业目的的各种产品。
I无纺织物构型
无纺织物100在图1和图2中被描绘为具有第一表面101和相对的第二表面102。无纺织物100主要由包括热塑性聚合物材料的多个丝103形成。丝103在整个无纺织物100中任意分布,并且结合、熔融、互锁或以其他方式接合以形成具有相对恒定的厚度(即,表面101和102之间的距离)的结构。单个丝103可以位于第一表面101上、第二表面102上、表面101和102之间,或者位于表面101和102这二者上。取决于无纺织物100的形成方式,单个丝103的多个部分可以位于第一表面101上,单个丝103的不同部分可以位于第二表面102上,并且单个丝103的其他部分可以位于表面101和102之间。为了赋予一种互锁的结构,各个丝103可以相互缠绕,相互重叠地延伸,并穿过无纺织物100的各个区域。在两个或多个丝103相互接触的区域,形成丝103的热塑性聚合物材料可以结合或熔融以使丝103互相接合。相应地,丝103以多种方式有效地互相接合,以形成无纺织物100内的有结合性的结构。
在有关织物的术语中,纤维通常被界定为具有从一毫米到几厘米或更长的范围的相对短的长度,而丝通常被限定为具有比纤维长的长度或甚至是不确定的长度。如在本申请文件中所使用的,术语“丝”或其变形被界定为包括从织物术语定义来看的纤维长度以及丝长度。相应地,丝103或本文所指的其他丝可基本上具有任何长度。作为例子,因此,丝103可具有从一毫米到几百米或更长的范围的长度。
丝103包括热塑性聚合物材料。一般来说,热塑性聚合物材料在加热时熔化,并在冷却时返回到固体状态。更具体地,热塑性聚合物材料在经受足够的热量时从固体状态转变成软化状态或液体状态,并且接下来,热塑性聚合物材料在被充分冷却时从软化状态或液体状态转变成固体状态。因此,热塑性聚合物材料可以在多次循环中被熔化、模制、冷却、再熔化、再模制以及再次冷却。如以下将更详细地描述的,热塑性聚合物材料还可以被焊接或热结合到其他织物元件、板、片、聚合物泡沫元件、热塑性聚合物元件、热固性聚合物元件或由各种材料形成的多种其他元件。与热塑性聚合物材料相比,很多热固性聚合物材料在加热时不熔化,而只是燃烧。虽然有很多热塑性聚合物材料都可用于丝103,但一些合适的热塑性聚合物材料的例子包括热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯、聚酰胺、聚脂、聚丙烯以及聚烯烃。尽管以上提到的任何热塑性聚合物材料都可用于无纺织物100,但利用热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯的优势涉及热结合以及可着色性。与各种其他热塑性聚合物材料(比如,聚烯烃)相比,热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯相对容易与其他元件结合,如以下将更详细地讨论的,并且着色剂可以通过各种常规工艺添加到热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯。
尽管每个丝103都可以完全由单种热塑性聚合物材料形成,但各个丝103也可以至少部分地由多种聚合物材料形成。作为例子,各个丝103可具有护套芯子构型,其中,各个丝103的外部护套由第一类型的热塑性聚合物材料形成,而各个丝103的内部芯子由第二类型的热塑性聚合物材料形成。作为类似的例子,各个丝103可具有双部件构型,其中,各个丝103的一半由第一类型的热塑性聚合物材料形成,而各个丝103的相对的另一半由第二类型的热塑性聚合物材料形成。在一些构型中,对于护套芯子或双部件布置,各个丝103可由热塑性聚合物材料和热固性聚合物材料这二者形成。尽管所有丝103都可完全由单种热塑性聚合物材料形成,但丝103也可由多种聚合物材料形成。作为例子,一些丝103可由第一类型的热塑性聚合物材料形成,而其他丝103可由第二类型的热塑性聚合物材料形成。作为类似的例子,一些丝103可由热塑性聚合物材料形成,而其他丝103可由热固性聚合物材料形成。相应地,每个丝103、丝103的部分或至少一些丝103可由一种或多种热塑性聚合物材料形成。
用于无纺织物100(即,丝103)的热塑性聚合物材料或其他材料可选择为具有各种拉伸特性,并且可以考虑这些材料为弹性体。取决于将要结合无纺织物100的特定产品,无纺织物100或丝103在受拉破坏之前可拉伸百分之十到超过百分之八百。对于拉伸是一种有优势的特性的多种服装物品来说,无纺织物100或丝103在受拉破坏之前可拉伸至少百分之百。相关的,用于无纺织物100(即,丝103)的热塑性聚合物材料或其他材料可被选择为具有各种恢复特性。也就是说,无纺织物100可形成为在拉伸之后返回到原始形状,或者,无纺织物100可形成为在拉伸之后保持被伸长或拉伸的形状。结合了无纺织物100的多种产品,例如服装物品,可受益于允许无纺织物100在拉伸百分之百或更多之后返回或以其他方式恢复到原始形状的特性。
可利用多种常规工艺来制造无纺织物100。一般来说,用于无纺织物100的制造工艺包括:(a)由热塑性聚合物材料挤压或以其他方式形成多个丝103,(b)将丝103收集、放置或以其他方式沉放到诸如移动式输送机的表面上,(c)接合丝103,以及(d)通过压制或其他工艺给予期望的厚度。因为丝103在被沉放到表面上时可以是相对软的或部分熔化的,所以来自相互接触的丝103的聚合物材料在冷却后可变得结合或熔融在一起。
在上述一般的制造工艺之后,可在无纺织物100上实施各种后处理操作。例如,可利用压花或压延成型工艺来确保无纺织物100具有大体上恒定的厚度,使表面101和102中的一个或两个都具有纹理,或进一步使丝103相互结合或熔融。还可将涂层施加到无纺织物100。此外,还可以利用喷液、水力缠结(hydroentangelment)、针刺或缝编(stitchbonding)工艺来修改无纺织物100的特性。
无纺织物100可被形成为纺粘型或熔喷型材料。而纺粘型无纺织物由具有10到100微米的截面厚度的丝形成,熔喷型无纺织物由具有小于10微米的截面厚度的丝形成。无纺织物100可以是纺粘型的、熔喷型的,或是纺粘型和熔喷型的组合。此外,无纺织物100可形成为具有纺粘型和熔喷型的层,或还可以形成为使得丝103是纺粘型和熔喷型的组合。
除了各个丝103的厚度上的差别以外,无纺织物100的整个厚度可以明显不同。参照各图,无纺织物100以及其他元件的厚度可能被放大或以其他方式增加,以示出与无纺织物100有关的细节或其他特征,从而使各图清楚。然而,对于很多应用,无纺织物100的厚度可在0.5mm到10.0mm的范围,但可显著变化以超出该范围。对于很多服装物品,例如,1.0到3.0mm的厚度可能是合适的,但还可以使用其他厚度。如以下将更详细地讨论的,无纺织物100的区域可形成为使得形成丝103的热塑性聚合物材料熔融到比其他区域大的程度,并且无纺织物100在熔融区域中的厚度可基本上被减少。相应地,无纺织物100的厚度可显著变化。
II熔融区域
在图3中,无纺织物100被描绘为包括各种熔融区域104。熔融区域104是无纺织物100的已经经历过加热以便选择性地改变这些熔融区域104的特性的部分。无纺织物100或形成无纺织物100的至少各种丝103在上面讨论为包括热塑性聚合物材料。当被暴露于足够的热量时,热塑性聚合物材料从固体状态转变为软化状态或液体状态。当被充分冷却时,热塑性聚合物材料然后从软化状态或液体状态转变回到固体状态。因此,无纺织物100或无纺织物100的各区域可被暴露于热以便软化或熔化各个丝103。如以下将更详细地讨论的,可以利用将无纺织物100的各种区域(即,熔融区域104)暴露于热来选择性地改变这些区域的特性。尽管是单独以热来讨论的,但还可以单独利用压力或将压力与热组合来形成熔融区域104,并且在无纺织物100的一些构型中,可能会需要压力来形成熔融区域104。
熔融区域104可呈现各种形状,包括各种几何形状(例如,圆形、椭圆形、三角形、正方形、矩形)或各种非限定的、不规则的或其他的非几何形状。熔融区域104的位置可从无纺织物100的边缘向内间隔开,位于无纺织物100的一个或多个边缘上,或位于无纺织物100的角落。熔融区域104的形状和位置也可选择成延伸跨过无纺织物100的部分,或位于无纺织物100的两个边缘之间。尽管一些熔融区域104的面积可相对较小,但其他熔融区域104的面积可相对较大。如以下将进一步讨论的,无纺织物100的两个分开的元件可以接合在一起,一些熔融区域104可延伸跨过接合各元件的接缝,或一些熔融区域可延伸到其中其他部件被结合到无纺织物100的区域中。相应地,熔融区域104的形状、位置、尺寸和其他方面可显著变化。
当暴露于足够的热以及可能的压力时,无纺织物100的各个丝103的热塑性聚合物材料从固体状态转变到软化状态或液体状态。取决于丝103改变状态的程度,熔融区域104内的各个丝103可:(a)保持丝状构型,(b)完全熔化成将冷却为非丝状构型的液体,或(c)呈现中间构型,在该中间构型中,一些丝103或个别丝103的部分保持丝状的,而其他丝103或个别丝103的部分变成非丝状的。所以,尽管熔融区域104中的丝103一般比无纺织物100的其他区域中的丝103熔融到更大的程度,但熔融区域104中的熔融程度可显著变化。
图4A至图4C描绘了熔融区域104中丝103可被熔融的程度的差别。具体参照图4A,熔融区域104中的各种丝103保持处于丝状构型。也就是说,形成丝103的热塑性聚合物材料保持处于丝状构型,并且各个丝103保持是可识别的。具体参照图4B,熔融区域104中的各个丝103被完全熔化为将冷却成非丝状构型的液体。也就是说,形成丝103的热塑性聚合物材料熔化为将有效地形成熔融区域104中的固体聚合物片的非丝状状态,且各个丝103是不可识别的。具体参照图4C,各个丝103保持部分丝状的构型。也就是说,形成丝103的一些热塑性聚合物材料保持处于丝状构型,并且丝103的一些热塑性聚合物材料熔化为将有效地形成熔融区域104中的固体聚合物片的非丝状状态。熔融区域104中的形成丝103的热塑性聚合物材料的构型因此可以是丝状的、非丝状的,或丝状和非丝状的任何组合或比例。相应地,每个熔融区域104中的熔融程度可沿着从一端上的丝状延伸到相对端上的非丝状的范围(spectrum)而变化。
与无纺织物100的构型以及形成熔融区域104的工艺有关的多种因素决定了丝103在熔融区域104中被熔融的程度。作为例子,决定熔融程度的因素包括:(a)形成丝103的特定的热塑性聚合物材料,(b)熔融区域104所暴露的温度,(c)熔融区域104所暴露的压力,以及(d)熔融区域104被暴露于升高的温度和/或压力的时间。通过改变这些因素,在熔融区域104中产生的熔融程度也可沿着从一端上的丝状延伸到相对端上的非丝状的范围而变化。
图3中的熔融区域104的构型旨在提供一个可以改变熔融区域104的形状、位置、尺寸和其他方面的方式的例子。然而,熔融区域104的构型可以显著地改变。参照图5A,无纺织物100包括具有大致线性且平行的构型的多个熔融区域104。类似地,图5B描绘了包括具有大致弯曲且平行的构型的多个熔融区域104的无纺织物100。如图5C所描绘的,熔融区域104可具有成段的构型。无纺织物100还可具有呈现如图5D的三角形形状的重复样式的构型,如图5E的圆形形状的重复样式的构型,或者任何其他形状或多种形状的重复样式的构型的多个熔融区域104。如图5F所描绘的,在无纺织物100的一些构型中,一个熔融区域104可形成连续区域,该连续区域为无纺织物100的其余部分限定了离散区域。熔融区域104还可具有边缘或角落互相接触的构型,如图5G的棋盘状的样式。此外,各种熔融区域104的形状可具有非几何或不规则的形状,如图5H。相应地,熔融区域104的形状、位置、大小和其他方面可显著地变化。
无纺织物100的厚度可在熔融区域104中减少。参照图4A至图4C,例如,与其他区域相比,无纺织物100在熔融区域104中呈现较小的厚度。如以上所讨论的,熔融区域104是其中丝103大致熔融到比无纺织物100的其他区域中的丝103大的程度的区域。此外,形成熔融区域104的无纺织物100或无纺织物100的部分在形成熔融区域104的同时可被挤压。结果,与无纺织物100的其他区域相比,熔融区域104的厚度可被减小。再次参照图4A至图4C,表面101和102在无纺织物100的熔融区域104和其他区域之间都呈现了直角的或陡的过渡。然而,取决于熔融区域104的形成方式,表面101和102可呈现其他构型。作为例子,在图6A中,仅有第一表面101具有到熔融区域104的直角过渡。尽管可通过直角或陡的过渡来产生熔融区域104的厚度的减少,但也可利用弯曲的或更平缓的过渡,如图6B和图6C所描绘的。在其他构型中,可在无纺织物100的熔融区域104和其他区域之间形成成角度的过渡,如图6D。尽管通常会在熔融区域104中出现厚度的减少,但厚度不减少或厚度减少得很小也是可能的,如图6E中所描绘的。取决于无纺织物100中所利用的材料以及熔融区域104的形成方式,熔融区域104可实际上膨胀或在厚度上以其他方式增大,如图6F所描绘的。在图6A至图6F中的每一个中,熔融区域104被描绘为具有非丝状的构型,但也可具有丝状的构型或以上所讨论的中间构型。
基于以上讨论,无纺织物100由包括热塑性聚合物材料的多个丝103形成。尽管丝103在整个无纺织物100中被结合、熔融、互锁或以其他方式接合,但熔融区域104是其中丝103大致熔融到比无纺织物100的其他区域中的丝103大的程度的区域。熔融区域104的形状、位置、尺寸和其他方面可显著地变化。此外,丝103被熔融的程度也可被显著地改变为将是丝状的、非丝状的或丝状和非丝状的任何组合或比例。
III熔融区域的特性
熔融区域104的特性可不同于无纺织物100的其他区域的特性。此外,其中一个熔融区域104的特性可不同于另一个熔融区域104的特性。在制造无纺织物100以及形成熔融区域104时,可以将特定的特性施加给无纺织物100的各个区域。更具体地,熔融区域104的形状、熔融区域104的位置、熔融区域104的尺寸、丝103在熔融区域104内熔融的程度,以及无纺织物100的其他方面可变化,以赋予无纺织物100的特定区域特定的特性。相应地,无纺织物100可被建造、设计或以其他方式构造为在不同区域具有不同特性。
可通过添加或配置熔融区域104而变化的特性的例子包括渗透性、耐用性以及抗拉伸性。通过在无纺织物100的特定区域中形成其中一个熔融区域104,那个特定区域的渗透性一般将会减少,而耐用性和抗拉伸性一般会增大。如以下将更详细地讨论的,丝103相互熔融的程度对渗透性、耐用性以及抗拉伸性的变化有显著的影响。可影响渗透性、耐用性以及抗拉伸性的其他因素包括形成丝103的特定热塑性聚合物材料和熔融区域104的形状、位置和尺寸。
渗透性通常是指空气、水和其他流体(不论是气体还是液体)穿过或以其他方式透过无纺织物100的能力。取决于丝103相互熔融的程度,渗透性可显著改变。一般来说,渗透性在无纺织物100的其中丝103熔融最少的区域中是最高的,并且渗透性在无纺织物100的其中丝103熔融最多的区域中是最低的。因此,取决于丝103相互熔融的程度,渗透性可沿着一范围变化。无纺织物100的与熔融区域104分开的区域(即,无纺织物100的非熔融区域)通常呈现相对高的渗透性。其中大部分丝103都保持丝状构型的熔融区域104也呈现相对高的渗透性,但是渗透性通常比与熔融区域104分开的区域小。其中丝103既处于丝状构型又处于非丝状构型的熔融区域104具有较小的渗透性。最后,其中丝103的大部分或所有热塑性聚合物材料都呈现非丝状构型的区域可具有相对小的渗透性或甚至没有渗透性。
耐用性通常涉及无纺织物100保持完整、有结合性或未被以其他方式损坏的能力,并且可包括对磨损、磨蚀以及由于化学物质以及光而产生降解的抵抗力。取决于丝103相互熔融的程度,耐用性可显著地变化。一般来说,耐用性在无纺织物100的其中丝103熔融最少的区域中是最低的,并且耐用性在无纺织物100的其中丝103熔融最多的区域中是最高的。因此,取决于丝103相互熔融的程度,耐用性可沿着一范围变化。无纺织物100的与熔融区域104分开的区域通常呈现相对低的耐用性。其中大部分丝103都保持丝状构型的熔融区域104也呈现相对低的耐用性,但是耐用性通常比与熔融区域104分开的区域大。其中丝103既处于丝状构型又处于非丝状构型的熔融区域104具有较大的耐用性。最后,其中丝103的大部分或所有热塑性聚合物材料都呈现非丝状构型的区域可具有相对高的耐用性。可影响无纺织物100的熔融区域104以及其他区域的总的耐用性的其他因素包括无纺织物100的初始厚度以及密度、形成丝103的聚合物材料的类型,以及形成丝103的聚合物材料的硬度。
抗拉伸性通常涉及无纺织物100在受到织物力时抵抗拉伸的能力。与渗透性和耐用性一样,取决于丝103相互熔融的程度,无纺织物100的抗拉伸性可显著地变化。与耐用性一样,抗拉伸性在无纺织物100的其中丝103熔融最少的区域中是最低的,并且抗拉伸性在无纺织物100的其中丝103熔融最多的区域中是最高的。如上所述,用于无纺织物100(即,丝103)的热塑性聚合物材料或其他材料可被考虑为弹性体的或可以在受拉破坏之前拉伸至少百分之一百。尽管无纺织物100的抗拉伸性可以在无纺织物100的其中丝103熔融最多的区域中可能较大,但熔融区域104仍然可以是弹性体的,或可以在受拉破坏之前拉伸至少百分之一百。可影响无纺织物100的熔融区域104以及其他区域的总的拉伸特性的其他因素包括无纺织物100的初始厚度以及密度、形成丝103的聚合物材料的类型,以及形成丝103的聚合物材料的硬度。
如以下将更详细地讨论的,无纺织物100可被结合到多种产品中,包括各种服装物品(例如,衬衫、裤子、鞋类)。以衬衫作为例子,无纺织物100可形成衬衫的大部分,包括躯干区域和两个臂区域。考虑到可能由于流汗而在衬衫内积聚湿气,所以衬衫的大部分可由无纺织物100的不包括熔融区域104的部分形成,以便提供相对高的渗透性。考虑到在穿着衬衫时,衬衫的肘部区域可能会经受相对高的磨损,所以可以将一些熔融区域104定位在肘部区域,以便赋予较大的耐用性。此外,考虑到当将衬衫穿在人身上和从人身上脱下时,颈部开口可能会被拉伸,所以可以将其中一个熔融区域104定位在颈部开口周围,以便赋予较大的抗拉伸性。相应地,可以在整个衬衫中使用一种材料(即,无纺织物100),但通过将不同区域熔融到不同程度,在衬衫的不同区域中,特性可以有利地变化。
以上讨论主要集中在渗透性、耐用性以及抗拉伸性的特性上。还可以通过添加或配置熔融区域104来改变多种其他特性。例如,无纺织物100的整个密度可以随着丝103的熔融程度的增加而增加。无纺织物100的透明度也可以随着丝103的熔融程度的增加而增加。取决于各种因素,无纺织物100的颜色的暗度也可以随着丝103的熔融程度的增加而增加。尽管多少如以上所讨论的,无纺织物100的整个厚度可以随着丝103的熔融程度的增加而减少。无纺织物100在被拉伸后恢复的程度、无纺织物100的整个柔性以及对各种破坏模式的抵抗力也可取决于丝103的熔融程度而改变。相应地,多种特性可通过形成熔融区域104来改变。
IV熔融区域的形成
可利用多种工艺来形成熔融区域104。参照图7A至图7C,方法的一个例子涉及第一板111和第二板112,该第一板111和第二板112可以是压机(press)的压盘。最初,将无纺织物100和隔离元件113放置在板111和112之间,如图7A所描绘的。隔离元件113具有与熔融区域104相对应的孔114或其他空缺区域(absent area)。也就是说,隔离元件113暴露了无纺织物100的对应于熔融区域104的区域,同时覆盖了无纺织物100的其他区域。
板111和112然后朝向彼此平移或以其他方式移动,以便挤压无纺织物100与隔离元件113或导致无纺织物100与隔离元件113之间的接触,如图7B所描绘的。为了形成熔融区域104,将热施加于无纺织物100的对应于熔融区域104的区域,但是由于隔离元件113的存在,而将较少的热或不将热施加于无纺织物100的其他区域。也就是说,无纺织物100的对应于熔融区域104的各种区域的温度被升高,而不显著地升高其他区域的温度。在这个示例性的方法中,第一板111被加热,以便通过传导而升高无纺织物100的温度。然而,无纺织物100的一些区域由于隔离元件113的存在而被隔离。因此,无纺织物100中只有通过孔114暴露的区域被暴露于热,以便软化或熔化丝103内的热塑性聚合物材料。用于隔离元件113的材料可变化以包括将限制热从第一板111到无纺织物100的传递的金属板、纸片、聚合物层、泡沫层或多种其他材料(例如,具有低热传导性)。在一些工艺中,隔离元件113可以是第一板111的整体部分,或被以其他方式结合到第一板111。
在将板111和112分离之后,如图7C所描绘的,无纺织物100和隔离元件113相互分离。尽管无纺织物100被隔离元件113中的孔114暴露的区域形成了熔融区域104,而被隔离元件113覆盖或以其他方式受到隔离元件113保护的区域却保持基本上未受影响。在一些方法中,隔离元件113可被构造为允许一些熔融区域104经受比其他熔融区域104高的温度,从而在一些熔融区域104中比在其他熔融区域104中更大程度地熔融丝103的热塑性聚合物材料。也就是说,隔离元件113的构型可被构造为将熔融区域104加热到不同的温度,以便赋予各个熔融区域104不同的特性。
可使用各种方法将热应用于无纺织物100的特定区域以及形成熔融区域104。如上所述,第一板111可被加热,以便通过传导而升高无纺织物100的温度。在一些工艺中,板111和112都被加热,并且可将两个隔离元件113放置到无纺织物100的相对侧上。尽管可通过传导来应用热,但还可使用射频加热,在射频加热的情况中,隔离元件113可防止特定波长的电磁辐射通过。在利用化学加热的工艺中,隔离元件113可防止化学物质接触无纺织物100的区域。在利用辐射加热的其他工艺中,隔离元件113可以是防止辐射热升高无纺织物100的各个区域的温度的反射材料(即,金属箔)。还可利用涉及传导元件的类似工艺。更具体地,可利用传导元件来将热直接传导到熔融区域104。尽管在对应于熔融区域104的区域中不存在隔离元件113,但可在熔融区域104中存在传导元件,以将热传导到无纺织物100的那些区域。
可利用来形成无纺织物100中的熔融区域104的另一工艺的例子描绘在图8A至图8C中。最初,将无纺织物100放置为邻近第二板112或另一表面,或将无纺织物100放置在第二板112或另一表面之上,如图8A所描绘的。然后,使具有其中一个熔融区域104的形状的加热模115接触并挤压无纺织物100,如图8B所描绘的,以加热无纺织物100的被限定的区域。在移除模115之后,暴露其中一个熔融区域104。可以利用具有其他熔融区域104的大致形状的其他模以类似方式来形成剩余的熔融区域104。这种工艺的一个优势是,模115和每个其他模可以被加热到不同的温度,保持与无纺织物100接触不同的时间段,并且用不同的力来挤压无纺织物100,从而改变各个熔融区域104的所得到的特性。
可利用来形成无纺织物100中的熔融区域104的又一工艺的例子描绘在图9中。在该工艺中,无纺织物100被放置在第二板112或另一表面上,并且利用激光装置116来加热无纺织物100的特定区域,从而熔融丝103的热塑性聚合物材料并形成熔融区域104。通过调节激光装置116的功率、焦点或速度中的任何一项或所有项,可以调节或以其他方式改变熔融区域104被加热的程度。此外,可以将不同的熔融区域104加热到不同的温度,以改变丝103被熔融的程度,从而改变各个熔融区域104的所得到的特性。适合的激光装置116的例子是多种常规的CO2或Nd:YAG激光装置中的任一个。
V复合元件
无纺织物100可与各种织物、材料或其他部件接合,以形成复合元件。通过接合无纺织物100和其他部件,无纺织物100和其他部件这二者的特性都被组合到复合元件中。图10和图11描绘了复合元件的一个例子,其中,部件120在第二表面102处接合到无纺织物100。尽管将部件120描绘为具有与无纺织物100的尺寸类似的尺寸,但部件120可具有更小或更大的长度、更小或更大的宽度,或者更小或更大的厚度。例如,如果部件120是吸水或芯吸水的织物,则无纺织物100和部件120的组合可能适合于在穿着服装的人容易出汗的体育运动期间应用的服装物品。作为另一个例子,如果部件120是可压缩的材料,例如,聚合物泡沫,则无纺织物100和部件120的组合可能适合于缓冲(即,衰减冲击力)是优势的服装物品中,例如,用于体育活动的可能涉及与其他运动员或设备接触或冲击的垫料。作为又一个例子,如果部件120是板或片,则无纺织物100和部件120的组合可能适合于给予保护以免受到剧烈冲击的服装物品。相应地,多种织物、材料或其他部件都可与无纺织物100的表面接合,以形成具有附加特性的复合元件。
丝103中的热塑性聚合物材料可用于将无纺织物100固定到部件120或其他部件。如以上所讨论的,热塑性聚合物材料在加热时熔化,并在充分冷却时返回到固体状态。基于热塑性聚合物材料的这个特性,可以利用热结合工艺来形成接合复合元件的各部分诸如无纺织物100和部件120的热结合部(heatbond)。如本文所使用的,术语“热结合”或其变体被定义为两个元件之间的固定技术,该技术涉及至少一个元件内的热塑性聚合物材料的软化或熔化,使得该元件的材料在被冷却时固定到彼此。类似地,术语“热结合部”或其变体被定义为接合部、联接部或通过一工艺来接合两个元件的结构,该工艺涉及至少一个元件内的热塑性聚合物材料的软化或熔化,使得该元件的材料在被冷却时固定到彼此。作为例子,热结合可涉及:(a)结合了热塑性聚合物材料的两个元件的熔化或软化,使得热塑性聚合物材料相互混合(例如,跨过热塑性聚合物材料之间的边界层扩散)并在在被冷却时固定到一起;(b)结合了热塑性聚合物材料的第一织物元件的熔化或软化,使得热塑性聚合物材料延伸到或渗入到第二织物元件的结构(例如,围绕第二织物元件中的丝或纤维延伸,或与第二织物元件中的丝或纤维相结合),以在被冷却时将织物元件固定到一起;以及(c)结合了热塑性聚合物材料的织物元件的熔化或软化,使得热塑性聚合物材料延伸到或渗入到在另一元件(例如,聚合物泡沫或片、板、结构性装置)中形成的裂缝或腔中,以在被冷却时将元件固定到一起。热结合可发生在仅有一个元件包括热塑性聚合物材料时或可发生在两个元件都包括热塑性聚合物材料时。此外,热结合一般不涉及使用缝合或粘合剂,但涉及用热将元件直接结合到彼此。然而,在一些情况中,可利用缝合或粘合剂来补充热接合部或通过热结合来接合元件。还可利用针刺工艺来接合元件或补充热接合部。
尽管可利用热结合工艺来形成接合无纺织物100和部件120的热接合部,热结合部的构型至少部分地取决于部件120的材料和结构。作为第一个例子,如果部件120至少部分地由热塑性聚合物材料形成,则无纺织物100和部件120的热塑性聚合物材料可相互混合,以在被冷却时将无纺织物100和部件120固定在一起。然而,如果部件120的热塑性聚合物材料的熔点明显高于无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料的熔点,则无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料可延伸到部件120的结构、裂缝或腔中,以在被冷却时将元件固定在一起。作为第二个例子,部件120可由不包括热塑性聚合物材料的织物形成,并且无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料可围绕部件120中的丝延伸,或与部件120中的丝相结合,以在被冷却时将织物元件固定在一起。作为第三个例子,部件120可以是包括热塑性聚合物材料的聚合物泡沫材料、聚合物片或板,并且无纺织物100和部件120的热塑性聚合物材料可相互混合,以在被冷却时将无纺织物100和部件120固定在一起。作为第四个例子,部件120可以是不包括热塑性聚合物材料的聚合物泡沫材料、聚合物片或板,并且无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料可延伸或渗入到部件120内的裂缝或腔中,以在被冷却时将元件固定在一起。参照图11,多个热结合元件105(例如,无纺织物100和部件120中的一个或这二者的热塑性聚合物材料)被描绘为在无纺织物100和部件120之间延伸,以将元件接合在一起。相应地,即使在部件120由多范围的材料形成或具有多种结构中的一种结构的情况下,仍可利用热结合来接合无纺织物100和部件120。
现在将参照图12A至图12C来讨论用于形成复合元件的一般制造工艺。最初,将无纺织物100和部件120放置在第一板111和第二板112之间,如图12A所描绘的。然后使板111和112朝向彼此位移或以其他方式移动,以便挤压或引起无纺织物100和部件120之间的接触,如图12B所描绘的。为了形成热结合部并接合无纺织物100和部件120,将热应用于无纺织物100和部件120。也就是说,无纺织物100和部件120的温度被升高,以引起无纺织物100和部件120之间的分界处的热塑性聚合物材料软化或熔化。取决于无纺织物100和部件120这二者的材料,以及部件120的整个构型,可仅加热第一板111,可仅加热第二板112,或可以既加热板111又加热板112,以便通过传导来升高无纺织物100和部件120的温度。在分离板111和112之后,如图12C所描绘的,可移除由无纺织物100和部件120形成的复合元件,并可进行冷却。
相对于图12A至图12C讨论的制造工艺一般涉及:(a)分别形成无纺织物100和部件120,以及(b)随后接合无纺织物100和部件120,以形成复合元件。参照图13,将描绘在制造无纺织物100期间,将丝103直接沉放到部件120上的工艺。最初,将部件120放置在板112上,板112也可以是移动式输送器。挤压喷嘴121然后挤出多个丝103或以其他方式由热塑性聚合物材料形成多个丝103。随着丝103落在部件120上,丝103积聚到、倒在或以其他方式沉放到部件120的表面上,从而形成无纺织物100。一旦被冷却,无纺织物100就被有效地接合到部件120,从而形成复合元件。相应地,在制造无纺织物100期间,可将丝103直接沉放到部件120上。作为类似的制造工艺,可将材料(例如,泡沫、熔化的聚合物、涂层)喷涂、沉放或以其他方式应用到无纺织物100的表面,以形成复合元件。此外,可通过重复沉放丝103的层来形成包括两层或更多层无纺织物100的复合元件。当每层丝103都具有不同的特性或由不同的聚合物材料形成时,所得到的复合元件可具有各个层的组合的特性。
尽管可利用以上所讨论的一般工艺来用无纺织物100和部件120形成复合元件,还可利用其他方法。代替通过传导来加热无纺织物100和部件120,还可利用包括射频加热或化学加热的其他方法。在一些工艺中,第二表面102以及部件120的表面可在板111和112之间挤压之前通过辐射加热来加热。利用辐射加热来仅升高形成热结合部的表面的温度的优势在于,无纺织物100和部件120的其他部分内的热塑性聚合物材料不会被明显地加热。在一些工艺中,还可在无纺织物100和部件120之间使用缝合或粘合剂,以补充热结合。
无纺织物100在图10至图12C中被描绘为具有不包括熔融区域104的构型。为了赋予复合元件不同的特性。可以在无纺织物100中形成熔融区域104。在一些工艺中,熔融区域104可在使无纺织物100与另一部件(例如,部件120)接合之前形成。然而,在其他工艺中,熔融区域104可在热结合工艺期间或在热结合工艺之后形成。相应地,熔融区域104可在复合元件的各种制造工艺的任何阶段形成。
VI复合元件构型
以上给出了有关复合元件的一般结构以及用于形成该复合元件的工艺的概念。作为更具体的例子,下面的讨论公开了各种复合元件构型,其中,无纺织物100与机械操作的织物130、片140、泡沫层150和多个绳160中的每个相接合。
在图14和图15中描绘了包括无纺织物100和机械操作的织物130的复合元件的例子。无纺织物100由任意分布的丝103形成,而织物130通过机械操作一个或多个纱线131以形成编织或相互打环的结构而形成。当以相互打环的结构制造时,织物130可通过多种编织工艺形成,例如,包括横编、宽管圆编(wide tube circular knitting)、窄管圆编提花(narrow tubecircular knit jacquard)、单面针织圆编提花(single knit circular knitjacquard)、双面针织圆编提花、经编提花以及双针床拉舍尔编织(doubleneedle bar raschel knitting)。相应地,织物130可具有多种构型,并且可利用各种纬编技术以及经编技术来制造织物130。尽管织物130的纱线131可至少部分地由热塑性聚合物材料形成,但多种机械操作的织物是由天然丝(例如,棉、蚕丝(silk))或热固性聚合物材料形成的。为了在无纺织物100和织物130之间形成热结合,无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料围绕纱线131延伸或与纱线131相结合,或延伸到纱线131的结构中,以在被冷却时将无纺织物100和织物130固定在一起。更具体地,各种热结合元件105在图15中被描绘为围绕纱线131延伸,或延伸到纱线131中,以形成热结合。可利用与以上关于图12A至图12C所讨论的工艺类似的工艺来在无纺织物100和织物130之间形成热结合。也就是说,无纺织物100和织物130之间的热结合可例如通过在板111和112之间挤压和加热元件来形成。
无纺织物100和织物130的组合可赋予一些优于无纺织物100和织物130中的任何一个单独的优势。例如,织物130可呈现单向拉伸,其中,纱线131的构型允许织物130在一个方向拉伸,但是限制在垂直的方向的拉伸。当无纺织物100和织物130相接合时,复合元件也可呈现相应的单向拉伸。作为另一个例子,复合元件也可被结合到各种服装物品中,其中将织物130定位成接触穿着服装的人的皮肤,并且为织物130选择的材料以及织物130的结构可比单独的无纺织物100赋予更多的舒适性。除了这些优势,可在无纺织物100中形成各种熔融区域104,以赋予复合元件的特定区域不同程度的渗透性、耐用性以及抗拉伸性。相应地,复合元件可具有这样一种构型,这种构型可赋予无纺织物100和织物130中的任何一个都不能单独赋予的组合特性。
在图16和图17中描绘了包括无纺织物100和片140的复合元件的另一个例子。例如,片140可由聚合物、绒面革、合成绒面革、金属或木质材料的片或板形成,并且可以是柔性的或非柔性的。为了在无纺织物100和片140之间形成热结合,无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料可延伸或渗透到片140内的裂缝或腔中,以在被冷却时将元件固定在一起。在片140由热塑性聚合物材料形成的情况中,于是,无纺织物100和片140的热塑性聚合物材料可相互混合(例如,跨过热塑性聚合物材料之间的分界层扩散),以在被冷却时将无纺织物100和片140固定在一起。可利用与以上相对于图12A至图12C讨论的工艺类似的工艺来在无纺织物100和片140之间形成热结合。作为可选择的方案,可利用缝合或粘合剂以及针刺工艺来将丝103推到片140中,或使丝103穿过片140,以接合无纺织物100和片140,从而补充热结合。
例如,无纺织物100和片140的组合可适合于给予保护以免受到剧烈冲击的服装物品。通过不用缝合、铆钉或其他元件来接合无纺织物100和片140,形成了相对平滑的界面。当被结合到服装物品中时,在接合无纺织物100和片140的区域中没有不连续性,这赋予了穿着服装的人舒适性。作为另一个例子,片140的边缘被描绘为从无纺织物100的边缘向内隔开。当将复合元件结合到诸如服装的产品中时,无纺织物100的边缘可用来将复合元件接合到服装的其他织物元件或部分。除了这些优势,可以在无纺织物100中形成各种熔融区域104,以赋予复合元件的各区域不同程度的渗透性、耐用性以及抗拉伸性。
尽管片140被描绘为具有固体或其他的连续构型,但片140还可以存在于复合元件的各种区域中。参照图18A,片140具有延伸跨过无纺织物100的各种材料条的构型。在图18B中描绘了类似的构型,其中,片140具有网格的构型。除了赋予复合元件强度和抗扯性,片140的条构型和网格构型还暴露了无纺织物100的部分,从而允许在暴露的区域有渗透性。在图16至图18B中的每个中,片140被描绘为具有与无纺织物100的厚度相当的厚度。然而,在图18C中,片140被描绘为具有实质上比无纺织物100的厚度小的厚度。即使具有减小了的厚度,片140仍可赋予强度和抗扯性,同时还允许有渗透性。
在图19和20中描绘了包括泡沫层150和两层无纺织物100的复合元件。泡沫层150可由热固性或热塑性的起泡的聚合物材料形成。在泡沫层150由热固性聚合物材料形成的构型中,两层无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料可延伸或渗透到泡沫层150的相对侧的裂缝或腔中,以形成热结合,并将元件固定在一起。在泡沫层150由热塑性聚合物材料形成的构型中,泡沫层150和两层无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料可相互混合,以形成热结合,并将元件固定在一起。
可利用与以上相对于图12A至图12C所讨论的工艺类似的工艺来在两层无纺织物100和泡沫层150之间形成热结合。更具体地,可将泡沫层150放置在两层无纺织物100之间,而这三个元件可被放置在板111和112之间。在挤压和加热后,可在两层无纺织物100和泡沫层150的相对侧之间形成热结合。此外,两层无纺织物100可围绕泡沫层150的周边相互热结合。也就是说,可利用热结合来将两层无纺织物100接合到彼此。除了泡沫层150,可在两层无纺织物100之间结合其他中间元件(例如,织物130或片140)。还可利用针刺工艺来将丝103推动到泡沫层150中,或使丝103穿过泡沫层150,以接合无纺织物100和泡沫层150或补充热结合,同样可利用缝合或粘合剂。
泡沫层150和两层无纺织物100的组合可适合于缓冲(即,衰减冲击力)是优势的服装物品中,例如,用于体育活动的可能涉及与其他运动员或设备接触或冲击的垫料。在接合无纺织物100的层和泡沫层150的区域中不存在不连续性,这可赋予穿着服装的人舒适性。两层无纺织物100的边缘可用来将复合元件接合到服装的其他织物元件或部分。除了这些优势,可以在无纺织物100中形成各种熔融区域104,以赋予复合元件不同程度的渗透性、耐用性以及抗拉伸性。
图21和图22中描绘了包括无纺织物100和多个绳160的复合元件的例子。绳160固定到无纺织物100,并在基本上平行于表面101和102中任何一个的方向延伸。参照图22的剖视图,绳160相对于表面101和102的位置可显著地改变。更具体地,绳160可位于第一表面101上,绳160可部分地嵌入在第一表面101内,绳160可被隐藏到第一表面101之下并邻近该第一表面101,绳160可从第一表面101向内隔开并位于表面101和102之间,或者绳160可邻近第二表面102。可利用热结合工艺将绳160固定到无纺织物100。也就是说,无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料可被软化或熔化,以形成将绳160接合到无纺织物100的热结合部。取决于无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料被软化或熔化的程度,绳160可被定位在第一表面101之上,或位于第一表面101以内。
绳160可由长度实质上大于宽度和厚度的任何大致一维的材料形成。取决于所利用的材料和所期望的特性,绳160可以是单独的丝、包括多个丝的纱线,或包括多个纱线的线。如以下将更详细地讨论的,用于绳160的适合的材料包括人造纤维、尼龙、聚酯、聚丙烯酸物、蚕丝、绵、碳、玻璃、芳族聚酰胺(例如,对位芳香族聚酰胺纤维(para-aramid fiber)和间位芳香族聚酰胺纤维)、超高分子量的聚乙烯和液晶聚合物,例如。在一些构型中,绳160还可以是金属丝或线缆。
与形成无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料相比,以上所提到的用于绳160的多种材料都呈现较大的拉伸强度和抗拉伸性。也就是说,绳160可比无纺织物100结实,并且在受到拉伸力时可呈现比无纺织物100小的拉伸。无纺织物100和绳160的组合给予了这样一种结构,在这种结构中,复合元件可在一个方向拉伸,并且在另一个方向基本上是抗拉伸的,并且具有更大的强度。参照图21,两个垂直的方向由箭头161和162表示。当复合元件在箭头161的方向经受拉伸力(即,被拉伸)时,无纺织物100可被明显拉伸。然而,当复合元件在箭头162的方向经受拉力(即,被拉伸)时,绳160抵抗该力,并且比无纺织物100更抗拉。相应地,绳160可被定向为在特定方向给予复合元件强度和抗拉伸性。尽管绳160在此被讨论为给予抗拉伸性,但绳160也可由明显拉伸的材料形成。绳160也可被用于给予复合元件其他特性。例如,绳160可以是导电的,以允许传输电力或数据,或者绳160可以位于无纺织物100内,以赋予特别的美感。
在图21中,绳160被描绘为基本上相互平行,并且绳160的末端被描绘为从无纺织物100的边缘向内隔开。在其他复合元件构型中,绳160可以被布置在其他方向,并且可以完全或仅部分地延伸跨过无纺织物100。参照图23A,绳160被描绘为相互交叉。在绳160相对于彼此成角度地定向的情况下,绳160可以只部分地限制箭头161方向的拉伸,但是复合元件在箭头162的方向可以是基本上是抗拉伸的。在图23B中描绘了类似的构型,其中,绳160相互成直角交叉。在这种构型中,绳160可以在箭头161和162的方向均赋予抗拉伸性。也就是说,复合元件可以由于绳160的定向而在所有方向抗拉伸。另一方面,尽管绳160的末端在图23A中从无纺织物100的边缘向内隔开,但绳160的末端在图23B中延伸到无纺织物100的边缘。绳160在图23C中被描绘为具有波浪状或非线性的构型。在这种构型中,绳160可允许在箭头162的方向有一些拉伸。然而,一旦绳160由于拉伸而变直,则绳160可基本上抗拉伸,并且在箭头162的方向提供强度。另一构型描绘在图23D中,在这种构型中,绳160被布置为非平行的构型以向外辐射。
在复合元件的一些构型中,可以增加熔融区域104以进一步影响复合元件的特性。参照图23E,单个熔融区域104在箭头161的方向延伸跨过无纺织物100。在熔融区域104可比无纺织物100的其他区域呈现更多的抗拉伸性的情况下,图23E中的熔融区域可在箭头161的方向赋予一些抗拉伸性,并且绳160可在箭头162的方向赋予抗拉伸性。在一些构型中,熔融区域可沿着绳160以及箭头162的方向延伸,如图23F所描绘的。相应地,熔融区域104可与绳160一起使用,以赋予复合元件特定的特性。
绳160的材料特性涉及绳160内所使用的特定材料。可以与选择用于绳160的特定材料有关的材料特性的例子包括拉伸强度、拉伸模量、密度、柔性、韧性以及耐用性。以上所提到的适用于绳160的每种材料都呈现各材料特性的不同组合。相应地,这些材料中的每种材料的材料特性可在选择用于绳160的特定材料时进行比较。拉伸强度是在受到拉伸(即,伸长)力时抵抗断裂的度量。也就是说,与具有低的拉伸强度的材料相比,具有高的拉伸强度的材料不太可能在受到拉伸力时断裂。拉伸模量是当受到拉伸力时抵抗拉伸的度量。也就是说,与具有低的拉伸模量的材料相比,具有高的拉伸模量的材料不太可能在受到拉伸力时拉伸。密度是每单位体积的质量的度量。也就是说,具有高密度的特定体积的材料比具有低密度的相同体积的材料更重。
当与其他材料中的每种材料相比时,尼龙具有相对低的拉伸强度、相对低的拉伸模量以及平均的密度。当与其他材料相比时,钢具有平均的拉伸强度、适度高的拉伸模量以及相对高的密度。尽管尼龙的密度比钢的密度小(即,比钢轻),但与钢相比,尼龙具有较小的强度,并且对于拉伸具有更大的倾向性。相反地,尽管钢较强,并且呈现较少的拉伸,但钢的密度明显更大(即,比尼龙重)。每种工程纤维(例如,碳纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、超高分子量的聚乙烯和液晶聚合物)均呈现与钢相当的拉伸强度和拉伸模量。此外,工程纤维呈现与尼龙相当的密度。也就是说,工程纤维具有相对高的拉伸强度和拉伸模量,但还具有相对低的密度。一般来说,每种工程纤维均具有大于0.60吉帕斯卡的拉伸强度、大于50吉帕斯卡的拉伸模量以及小于2.0克每立方厘米的密度。
除了材料特性,可以在选择复合元件的特定构型时考虑绳160的各种构型的结构特性。绳160的结构特性涉及用于形成绳160的特定结构。例如,可以与选择用于绳160的特定构型有关的结构特性的例子包括旦尼尔、层数、断裂力、扭曲以及单个丝的数量。
基于以上讨论,无纺织物100可以被热结合或以其他方式接合(例如,通过缝合或粘合剂结合)到多种其他部件,以形成复合元件。将无纺织物100接合到其他部件的优势在于复合元件通常包括来自无纺织物100和其他部件的组合的特性。作为例子,复合元件可通过将无纺织物100接合到织物130、片140、泡沫层150以及绳160中的任何一个来形成。
VII接缝形成
为了将无纺织物100结合到产品中,无纺织物100通常与产品的其他元件相接合以形成接缝。例如,无纺织物100可与其他无纺织物元件、各种机械操作的织物元件或聚合物片相接合。尽管可利用缝合和粘合剂结合来将无纺织物100接合到产品的其他元件,但接缝还可通过热结合工艺来形成。
作为无纺织物100可结合到另一元件的方式的例子,图24和图25描绘了无纺织物100的被接合以形成接缝106的一对元件。也就是说,一个无纺织物100的边缘区域在接缝106处与其他无纺织物100的边缘区域相接合。更具体地,接缝106通过热结合一个无纺织物100的第一表面101与其他无纺织物100的第一表面101来形成。与一些常规的缝合接缝一样,每个无纺织物100的第一表面101都在接缝106处向内翻以面对彼此,并且第一表面101被接合到彼此。与一些常规的缝合接缝相比,利用热结合来将每个无纺织物100的第一表面101接合到彼此。然而,在一些构型中,也可以利用缝合或粘合剂结合来加强接缝106。
现在,将参照图26A至图26D来讨论用于形成接缝106的一般制造工艺。最初,将无纺织物100的一对元件放置在第一接缝形成模117和第二接缝模118之间,如图26A中所描绘的。然后使接缝形成模117和118朝向彼此平移或以其他方式移动,以便挤压无纺织物100的一对元件的边缘区域或引起无纺织物100的一对元件的边缘区域之间的接触,如图26B所描绘的。为了形成热结合并接合无纺织物100的元件的边缘区域,接缝形成模117和118将热施加到边缘区域。也就是说,接缝形成模117和118使无纺织物100的一对元件的边缘区域的温度升高,以引起边缘区域之间的分界处的热塑性聚合物材料的软化或熔化。在将接缝形成模117和118分离之后,如图26C所描绘的,在无纺织物100的一对元件的边缘区域之间形成了接缝106。在允许冷却之后,无纺织物100的一对元件可被展开,如图26D所描绘的。在形成之后,还可对接缝106进行修整,以限制无纺织物100的一对元件的边缘区域在接缝106处向下延伸的程度。
尽管可利用以上所讨论的一般工艺来形成接缝106,但还可以利用其他方法。除了通过传导来加热无纺织物100的元件的边缘区域,还可以利用包括射频加热、化学加热或辐射加热的其他方法。在一些工艺中,还可以在无纺织物100的一对元件之间利用缝合或粘合剂以补充热结合。作为可替代的方法,可将无纺织物100的一对元件放置在一表面上,例如放置在第二板112上,并且可用加热的辊119来形成接缝106,如图27中所描绘的。
与熔融区域104的形成一样,接缝106的形成涉及软化或熔化位于接缝106的区域中的各种丝103中的热塑性聚合物材料。取决于丝103改变状态的程度,接缝106的区域中的各种丝103可以:(a)保持丝状构型,(b)完全熔化成冷却为非丝状构型的液体,或(c)呈现中间构型,在该中间构型中,一些丝103或个别丝103的部分保持丝状的,而其他丝103或个别丝103的部分变成非丝状的。参照图25,丝103被描绘成在接缝106的区域中保持丝状构型,但可以熔化成非丝状构型,或可以呈中间构型。相应地,尽管接缝106的区域中的丝103通常熔融到比无纺织物100的其他区域中的丝103大的程度,但熔融的程度可显著改变。
在无纺织物100的一对元件之间形成接缝106时,各个丝103的热塑性聚合物材料相互混合,并在被冷却时固定在一起。无纺织物100也可与其他类型的元件相接合以形成类似的接缝106。作为第一个例子,在图28A中,无纺织物100被描绘为在接缝106处与机械操作的织物130相接合。尽管织物130的纱线131可至少部分地由热塑性聚合物材料形成,但很多机械操作的织物是由天然丝(例如,棉、蚕丝)或热固性聚合物材料形成的。为了使无纺织物100和织物130在接缝106处形成热结合部,无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料围绕纱线131延伸或与纱线131相结合,或延伸到纱线131的结构中,以在被冷却时在接缝106处将无纺织物100和织物130固定在一起。作为第二个例子,在图28B中,无纺织物100被描绘为在接缝106处与片140相结合。在一些构型中,片140可以是柔性的聚合物片。为了使无纺织物100和片140在接缝106处形成热结合部,无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料可延伸或渗透到片140的裂缝或腔中,以在被冷却时将元件固定在一起。在片140由热塑性聚合物材料形成的情况中,则无纺织物100和片140的热塑性聚合物材料可相互混合,以在被冷却时在接缝106处将无纺织物100和片140固定在一起。
无纺织物100的元件的厚度被描绘为是大致上均匀的,即使在接缝106的区域中也是如此。取决于用于形成接缝106的温度和压力,可以改变接缝106的构型,以包括各种其他构型。参照图29A,无纺织物100的元件在接缝106的区域中呈现减少的厚度,并且丝103的热塑性聚合物材料被描绘为处于非丝状构型。如图29B所描绘的,接缝106还可以呈现尖状构型(pointed configuration)。如图29C所描绘的,用于形成接缝106的温度和压力还可赋予阶梯状的结构。所以,无纺织物100的一对元件在接缝106处的构型可显著地改变。此外,当无纺织物100与诸如织物130或片140的其他元件相接合时,可以得到接缝106的类似构型。
作为可将无纺织物100接合到另一元件的方式的另一例子,图30和图31描绘了被接合以形成接缝107的无纺织物100的一对元件。在这种构型中,无纺织物100的边缘区域与其他无纺织物100的边缘重叠,并在接缝107处与该其他无纺织物100的边缘相接合。尽管可利用热结合来使无纺织物100的一对元件相互接合,还可利用缝合或粘合剂结合来加强接缝107。此外,单个无纺织物100也可与其他类型的元件相接合,包括织物130和片140,以形成类似的接缝107。
现在将参照图32A至图32C来讨论用于形成接缝107的一般制造工艺。最初,在第一接缝形成模117和第二接缝形成模118之间将无纺织物100的一对元件定位成重叠构型,如图32A所描绘的。然后使接缝形成模117和118朝向彼此平移或以其他方式移动,以便挤压一对无纺织物元件100的边缘区域或引起一对无纺织物元件100的边缘区域之间的接触,如图32B中所描绘的。为了形成热结合并接合无纺织物100的元件的边缘区域,接缝形成模117和118将热施加到边缘区域。也就是说,接缝形成模117和118使无纺织物100的一对元件的边缘区域的温度升高,以引起边缘区域之间的分界处的热塑性聚合物材料的软化或熔化。在将接缝形成模117和118分离之后,如图32C所描绘的,在无纺织物100的一对元件的边缘区域之间形成了接缝107。
尽管可利用以上所讨论的一般工艺来形成接缝107,但还可以利用其他方法。除了通过传导来加热无纺织物100的元件的边缘区域,还可以利用包括射频加热、化学加热或辐射加热的其他方法。在一些工艺中,还可以在无纺织物100的一对元件之间利用缝合或粘合剂以补充热结合。作为可替代的方法,可将无纺织物100的一对元件放置在一表面上,例如放置在第二板112上,并且可用加热的辊119来形成接缝107,如图33中所描绘的。参照图31,丝103在接缝107的区域中被描绘成保持丝状构型,但可以熔化成非丝状构型,或可以呈中间构型。相应地,尽管接缝107的区域中的丝103通常比无纺织物100的其他区域中的丝103熔融到更大的程度,但熔融的程度可显著改变。
无纺织物100的一对元件的第一表面101被描绘为相互共面或齐平,如图30和图31中所描绘的。类似地,无纺织物100的一对元件的第二表面102也被描绘为相互共面或齐平。取决于用于形成接缝107的温度和压力,可以改变接缝107的构型,以包括各种其他构型。参照图34A,表面101和102在接缝107处向内弯,并且热塑性聚合物材料被描绘为具有非丝状构型。在图34B中,表面101和102更陡峭地向内成角度,这可能是由接缝形成模117和118所施加的压力造成的。作为另一构型,图34C将无纺织物100的一对元件描绘为在107处接合为非共面的构型。所以,无纺织物100的一对元件在接缝107处的构型可显著改变。此外,当无纺织物100与诸如织物130或片140的其他元件相接合时,可以得到接缝107的类似构型。
VIII一般产品构型
无纺织物100、无纺织物100的多个元件,或各种复合元件构型可用在服装物品(例如,衬衫、夹克和其他外套、裤子、鞋类)、容器以及用于家具的装饰材料。无纺织物100的各种构型还可用于床罩、桌罩、毛巾、旗子、帐篷、帆和降落伞,以及包括汽车和航空应用、过滤器材料、医用织物、土工织物、农用织物和工业服装的工业目的。因此,无纺织物100可被用于个人目的和工业目的的多种产品中。
尽管无纺织物100可用在多种产品中,但下面的讨论将提供结合有无纺织物100的服装物品的例子。也就是说,下面的讨论说明了无纺织物100可被结合到衬衫200、一条裤子300和鞋类物品400中的各种方式。此外,将提供衬衫200、裤子300和鞋类400的各种构型的例子,以便说明与将无纺织物100应用在产品中有关的各种概念。相应地,尽管以下所描述的概念被具体应用到各种服装物品,但这些概念还可被应用到各种其他产品。
IX衬衫构型
在图35A至图35H中,衬衫200的各种构型被描绘为包括躯干区域201和从躯干区域201向外延伸的一对手臂区域202。躯干区域201对应于穿着者的躯干,并在被穿着时覆盖躯干的至少一部分。躯干区域201的上部区域限定颈部开口203,当衬衫200被穿着时,穿着者的颈部和头部通过颈部开口203伸出。类似地,躯干区域201的下部区域限定腰部开口204,当衬衫200被穿着时,穿着者的腰部或骨盆区域通过腰部开口204伸出。手臂区域202分别对应于穿着者的左手臂和右手臂,并且当衬衫200被穿着时覆盖右手臂和左手臂的至少一部分。每个手臂区域202都限定手臂开口205,当衬衫200被穿着时,穿着者的手、腕或手臂通过手臂开口205伸出。衬衫200具有衬衫型服装的构型,特别是长袖衬衫。一般来说,衬衫型服装覆盖穿着者的躯干的一部分,并可在穿着者的手臂上延伸。在进一步的例子中,具有衬衫200的一般结构的服装可具有其他衬衫型服装的构型,包括短袖衬衫、背心、汗衫、夹克或外衣。
在图35A和图36A中描述了衬衫200的第一构型。衬衫200的大部分由无纺织物100形成。更具体地,躯干区域201和每个手臂区域202主要由无纺织物100形成。尽管衬衫200可由无纺织物100的单个元件形成,但是衬衫200一般由无纺织物100的多个相接合的元件形成。如所描绘的,例如,躯干区域201的至少前部区域由无纺织物100的一个元件形成,并且每个手臂区域202由无纺织物100的不同的元件形成。一对接缝206在躯干区域201和手臂区域202之间延伸,以便将无纺织物100的各个元件接合在一起。一般来说,接缝206限定无纺织物100的元件的边缘区域相互热接合的区域。参照图36A,其中一个接缝206被描绘为具有接缝106的一般构型,但还可以具有接缝107或另一种类型的接缝的构型。还可以利用缝合和粘合剂结合来形成或补充接缝206。
在图35B和图36B中描绘了衬衫200的第二构型。与图35A的构型一样,衬衫200的大部分由无纺织物100形成。为了赋予衬衫200的特定区域不同的特性,在无纺织物100中形成了各种熔融区域104。更具体地,围绕颈部开口203、腰部开口204和每个手臂开口205形成熔融区域104。考虑到开口203至205中的每个在衬衫200被穿着在人身上和从人身上脱下时可能受到拉伸,熔融区域104被定位为围绕开口203至205,以便赋予这些区域更大的抗拉伸性。衬衫200的熔融区域104中的丝103通常熔融到比衬衫200的其他区域中的丝103大的程度,且可呈现非丝状构型,如图36B所描绘的。衬衫200的熔融区域104中的丝103还可呈现丝状构型或中间构型。除了提供较大的抗拉伸性,熔融区域104赋予围绕开口203至205的区域增强的耐用性。
在图35C和图36C中将衬衫200的第三构型描绘为包括另外的熔融区域104。考虑到衬衫200的肘部区域在衬衫200被穿着时可能经受相对高的磨损,可将一些熔融区域104定位在肘部区域以赋予更大的耐用性。此外,在衬衫200的肩部区域上延伸的背带(backpack strap)可能会磨擦和拉伸肩部区域。因此,将附加的熔融区域200定位在衬衫200的肩部区域中,以赋予耐用性和抗拉伸性。无纺织物100的位于肩部区域中以及围绕接缝206的区域有效地形成肩部区域中的接缝206和熔融区域104,如图36C所描绘的。可利用两个分离的工艺来形成这些区域。也就是说,第一热结合工艺可形成接缝206,并且第二加热工艺可形成肩部区域中的熔融区域104。然而,作为可替换的方案,肩部区域中的接缝206和熔融区域104可通过单个热结合/加热工艺来形成。
尽管衬衫200中的熔融区域104的尺寸可显著改变,但一些熔融区域104通常具有至少一平方厘米的连续区域。如上所述,可在用于无纺织物100的制造工艺中利用各种压花工艺或压延成型工艺。一些压花工艺或压延成型工艺可形成多个相对小的区域(即,一到十平方毫米),其中丝103多少会熔融到彼此。与通过压花工艺或压延成型工艺形成的区域相比,一些熔融区域104具有至少一平方厘米的连续区域。如此处所使用的,“连续区域”或其变形被定义为相对完整的或不间断的区域。用为例子,并且参照图35C,围绕颈部开口203的熔融区域104单独形成连续区域,衬衫200的肘部区域中的每个熔融区域104单独形成连续区域,并且衬衫200的肩部区域中的每个熔融区域104单独形成连续区域。所有熔融区域104(即,围绕开口203至205和在肩部区域和肘部区域中)不是共同的一个连续区域,因为无纺织物100的没有明显熔融的部分在这些熔融区域104之间延伸。
在图35D和图36D中描绘了衬衫200的第四构型。参照图35B和图36B,利用熔融区域104来为围绕开口203至205的区域提供抗拉伸性。可利用来提供抗拉伸性以及不同的美感的另一结构涉及折叠无纺织物100以及将无纺织物100在各个结合区域207热结合或以其他方式固定到其自身,如图36D中所大致描绘的。尽管该结构可用于任何开口203至205,但其中织物100被热结合到其自身的结合区域207被描绘为围绕腰部开口204和手臂开口205延伸。
在图35E和图36E中描绘了衬衫200的第五构型。虽然在图35A至图35D中描绘的衬衫200的构型主要由无纺织物100形成,但是衬衫200的这个构型中的手臂区域202由织物130形成,该织物130是机械操作的织物。如以上所讨论的,具有接缝106和107的构型的接缝可使无纺织物100与多种其他材料接合,包括织物130。因此,接缝206接合躯干区域201的无纺织物和手臂区域202的织物130的元件。在衬衫200内利用各种类型的织物材料例如可增强衬衫200的舒适性、耐用性或美学质量。尽管手臂区域202被描绘为由织物130形成,但是其他区域也可另外地或可选择地由织物130或其他材料形成。例如,躯干区域201的下部部分可由织物130形成,只有围绕颈部开口203的区域可由织物130形成,或图35E的构型可反转,使得躯干区域201由织物130形成,而每个手臂区域202由无纺织物100形成。尽管将织物130作为例子,但也可将由片140或泡沫层150的材料形成的元件结合到衬衫200中并与无纺织物100接合。所以,服装物品,例如衬衫200,可结合无纺织物100和各种其他织物或材料。也可以在躯干区域201的无纺织物100中形成有各种熔融区域104,以便赋予衬衫200结合有无纺织物100的特定区域不同的特性。
在图35F和图36F中描绘了衬衫200的第六构型,在这种构型中,衬衫200的大部分都由无纺织物100和织物130的复合元件形成。更具体地,形成衬衫200的材料具有包括无纺织物100的外层和织物130的内层的层状结构。无纺织物100和织物130的组合可赋予一些优于无纺织物100和织物130中任何一种单独的优势。例如,织物130可呈现赋予复合元件单向拉伸的单向拉伸。织物130还可被定位成接触穿着衬衫200的人的皮肤,并且与单独的无纺织物100相比,选择为用于织物130和织物130的结构的材料可赋予更多的舒适性。作为其他方面,存在无纺织物100允许元件通过热结合来接合。参照图36F,包括无纺织物100的复合材料的表面被热结合到彼此,以接合躯干区域201的元件和手臂区域202的元件。在区域201和202中还形成有各种熔融区域104,以便赋予衬衫200的特定区域不同的特性。
在图35G和图36G中描绘了衬衫200的第七构型。为了给穿着者提供保护,各种片140和泡沫层150被热结合到无纺织物100的内表面。更具体地,在衬衫200的肩部区域中定位有两个片140,在手臂区域202中定位有两个片140,并在躯干区域201的侧面定位有两个泡沫层150。还在无纺织物100中形成有各种熔融区域104。更具体地,一对熔融区域104围绕在躯干区域201中定位泡沫层150的区域延伸,且一对熔融区域104在手臂区域202中定位片40的区域上延伸。例如,可利用这些熔融区域104来加强或增加围绕泡沫层150的区域的抗拉伸性,或给片140上的区域提供更大的耐用性。
在图35H和图36H中描绘了衬衫200的第八构型。除了在无纺织物100中形成的各种熔融区域104,还在无纺织物100内嵌入了多个绳160,以例如,赋予衬衫200的特定区域抗拉伸性或附加的强度。更具体地,七个绳160从躯干区域201的上部部分中的位置向外且向下发散,两个绳160沿着每个手臂区域202平行延伸,并且至少一个绳160延伸跨过衬衫200的肩部区域中的接缝206。一些绳160延伸通过各种熔融区域104,这可以例如赋予围绕绳160的区域附加的抗拉伸性或耐用性。在躯干区域201中,每个绳160穿过其中一个熔融区域104,而其中两个绳160沿着一对熔融区域104延伸。在衬衫200的肩部区域中,一对绳160完全位于熔融区域104中。所以,可单独利用绳160,或绳160可与熔融区域104成对使用。
基于以上的讨论,可在诸如衬衫200的服装物品中利用无纺织物100。在一些构型中,具有接缝106或107中任何一种的构型的接缝206还可用于接合织物元件,包括无纺织物100的元件。为了赋予衬衫200的各区域不同的特性,可形成多种熔融区域104,可将不同类型的织物结合到衬衫200中,并且可通过将织物130、片140、泡沫层150、绳160或多种其他部件中的一种或多种接合到无纺织物100来形成复合元件。通过在无纺织物100中形成熔融区域104以及使无纺织物100与其他部件相组合来形成复合元件,可将各种特性以及特性的组合赋予衬衫200的不同区域。也就是说,可单独或组合地利用本文所公开的各种概念来构造衬衫200的特性以及为了特定目的来定制衬衫200。在无纺织物100结合有热塑性聚合物材料的情况下,接缝206和复合元件可通过热结合来形成。
X裤子构型
在图37A至图37C中将裤子300的各种构型描绘为包括骨盆区域301和从骨盆区域301向下延伸的一对腿部区域302。骨盆区域301对应于穿着者的下部躯干以及骨盆骨骼,并且在被穿着时覆盖下部躯干的至少一部分。骨盆区域301的上部区域限定腰部开口303,当裤子300被穿着时,躯干穿过腰部开口303延伸。腿部区域302分别对应于穿着者的左腿和右腿,并且当裤子300被穿着时,覆盖左腿和右腿的至少一部分。每个腿部区域302都限定脚踝开口304,当裤子300被穿着时,穿着者的脚踝和足部穿过脚踝开口304伸出。裤子300具有裤子类型的服装的构型,尤其是一条运动裤子的构型。总的来说,裤子类型的服装覆盖穿着者的下部躯干并且可在穿着者的腿上延伸。在进一步的例子中,具有裤子300的一般结构的服装可具有其他裤子类型的服装的构型,包括短裤、牛仔裤、短内裤、游泳衣以及内衣。
在图37A中描绘了裤子300的第一构型。裤子300的大部分由无纺织物100形成。更具体地,骨盆区域301和每个腿部区域302主要由无纺织物100形成。尽管裤子300可由无纺织物100的单个元件形成,但裤子300通常由无纺织物100的多个相接合的元件形成。尽管没有描绘,但可利用类似于接缝106、107的接缝来将无纺织物100的各种元件接合在一起。还可利用缝合和粘合剂结合来形成或补充接缝。
在裤子300中形成有口袋305,并且该口袋305可用于保持或以其他方式容纳相对小的物体(例如,钥匙、钱包、身份证、手机、便携式音乐播放器)。利用无纺织物100的两个重叠的层来形成口袋305,如图38中所描绘的。更具体地,利用结合区域306来使无纺织物100的层相互热结合。然而,无纺织物100的其中一个层的中心区域保持未结合,以在口袋305中形成容纳物体的区域。还可在其他产品和包括衬衫200的服装物品中形成类似于口袋305的口袋。
在图37B中描绘了裤子300的第二构型。与图37A的构型一样,裤子300的大部分由无纺织物100形成。为了赋予裤子300的特定区域不同的特性,在无纺织物100中形成了各种熔融区域104。更具体地,围绕腰部开口303和每个腿部开口304形成熔融区域104。另一熔融区域104形成在口袋305的开口处。考虑到开口303和304以及口袋305的开口中的每一个可被拉伸,可利用熔融区域104来赋予这些区域更大的抗拉伸性。也就是说,裤子300的熔融区域104中的丝103通常熔融到比裤子300的其他区域中的丝103大的程度,并且可具有以上所讨论的丝状构型、非丝状构型或中间构型中的任何。除了提供较大的抗拉伸性,熔融区域104可赋予增强的耐用性。考虑到当裤子300被穿着时裤子300的膝部区域可经受相对高的磨损,附加的熔融区域104可位于膝部区域中,以赋予更大的耐用性。
在图37C中描绘了裤子300的第三构型。与衬衫200一样,可利用熔融区域104、织物130、片140、泡沫层150以及绳160来为裤子300的不同区域赋予特性。在腿部区域302中,例如,织物130被热结合到无纺织物100的内表面。在骨盆区域301的侧面区域中,一对片140被热结合到裤子300,并且熔融区域104的围绕腰部开口303的部分在片140之下延伸。在裤子300的膝部区域中还定位有一对泡沫层150,并且沿着腿部区域302延伸的绳160在泡沫层150之下(例如,在无纺织物100和泡沫层150之间)延伸。在腿部区域302的下部区域中,绳160的端部区域也延伸到熔融区域104中。所以,熔融区域104、织物130、片140、泡沫层150以及绳160可按多种方式利用或组合,以便为裤子300的不同的各种区域赋予特性。尽管片140和泡沫层150的各种元件在图35G中与衬衫200的内表面热结合,但是片140和泡沫层150的各种元件在图37C中与裤子300的外表面热结合。取决于各种结构和美观方面的因素,复合元件以及包括复合元件的服装可由位于无纺织物100的外部或内部上的部件(例如,织物130、片140、泡沫层150、绳160)来形成。
基于以上的讨论,无纺织物100可被利用在诸如裤子300的服装物品中。各种类型的接缝可用于接合织物元件,包括无纺织物100的元件。为了赋予裤子300的区域不同的特性,可形成各种熔融区域104,可将不同类型的织物结合到衬衫200中,并且可通过将织物130、片140、泡沫层150、绳160或各种其他部件中的一种或多种接合到无纺织物100来形成复合元件。通过在无纺织物100中形成熔融区域104以及使无纺织物100与其他部件相组合来形成复合元件,可将各种特性以及特性的组合赋予到裤子300的不同区域。也就是说,此处所公开的各种概念可被单独使用或被组合地使用,以构造裤子300的特性,以及为了特定目的来定制裤子300。在无纺织物100结合有热塑性聚合物材料的情况下,接缝和复合元件可通过热结合来形成。
XI鞋类构型
在图39A至图39G中将鞋类400的各种构型描绘为包括鞋底结构410和鞋面420。鞋底结构410固定到鞋面420,并且在鞋类400被穿着在足部上时,在穿着者的足部和地面之间延伸。除了提供附着摩擦力,鞋底结构410可在行走、跑步或其他步行活动期间在足部和地面之间被压缩时衰减地面反作用力。如所描绘的,鞋底结构410包括流体填充室411、被结合到室411并围绕室411的外部延伸的加强结构412,以及固定到室411的下表面的鞋外底413,该鞋底结构410类似于公开在Dojan等人的美国专利第7,086,179号中的鞋底结构,该美国专利通过引用方式并入本文。鞋底结构410的构型可显著改变以包括多种其他常规的或非常规的结构。作为例子,鞋底结构410可取代室411和加强结构412而结合聚合物泡沫元件,并且聚合物泡沫元件可至少部分地封装流体填充室,如Swigart等人的美国专利第7,000,335号以及Goodwin的7,386,946号中所公开的,这些专利都以引用方式并入本文。作为另一例子,鞋底结构410可结合具有内部泡沫拉伸构件的流体填充室,如Schindler的美国专利第7,131,218号中所公开的,该美国专利以引用方式并入本文。所以,鞋底结构410可具有多种构型。
鞋面420在鞋类400内限定用于容纳足部和相对于鞋底结构410固定足部的空腔。更具体地,鞋面420被构造为沿着足部的外侧面延伸,沿着足部的内侧面延伸,在足部之上延伸,以及在足部之下延伸,使得鞋面420内的空腔被成形为容纳足部。借助于位于鞋类400的至少鞋跟部区域中的脚踝开口421来实现进入空腔。鞋带422延伸穿过鞋面420中的各种鞋带孔423,并允许穿着者改变鞋面420的尺寸以适应足部的比例。鞋带422还允许穿着者放松鞋面420以易于足部进入空腔和从空腔移除。尽管没有描绘,但鞋面420可包括在鞋带422下方延伸的鞋舌以增强鞋类400的舒适性或可调节性。
在图39A和图40A中描绘了鞋类400的第一构型。鞋面420的沿着足部的侧面、在足部之上以及在足部之下延伸的部分可由无纺织物100的各种元件形成。尽管没有描绘,但可以使用类似于接缝106和107的接缝来接合无纺织物100的元件。在很多鞋类物品中,利用缝合或粘合剂来接合鞋面和鞋底结构。然而,鞋底结构410可至少部分地由热塑性聚合物材料形成。更具体地,室411和加强结构412可至少部地由通过热结合接合到鞋面420的热塑性聚合物材料形成。也就是说,可利用热结合工艺来接合鞋底结构410和鞋面420。在一些构型中,可利用缝合或粘合剂来接合鞋底结构410和鞋面420,或可利用缝合或粘合剂来补充热结合。
鞋类400的相当大的部分可由热塑性聚合物材料形成。如以上所讨论的,无纺织物100、室411以及加强结构412可至少部分地由热塑性聚合物材料形成。尽管鞋带422一般不通过结合或缝合来接合到鞋面420,鞋带422还可由热塑性聚合物材料形成。类似地,鞋外底413也可由热塑性聚合物材料形成。取决于鞋类400的结合有热塑性聚合物材料或完全由热塑性聚合物材料形成的元件的数量,由热塑性聚合物材料形成的鞋类400按质量计的百分比可以在百分之三十到百分之一百的范围。在一些构型中,鞋面420和鞋底结构410的组合质量的至少百分之六十可以由无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料以及以下各项中的至少一项的热塑性聚合物材料形成:(a)鞋面420的其他元件(即,鞋带422),以及(b)鞋底结构410的元件(即,室411、加强结构412、鞋外底413)。在进一步的构型中,鞋面420和鞋底结构410的组合的质量的至少百分之八十或者甚至至少百分之九十可以由无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料以及以下各项中的至少一项的热塑性聚合物材料形成:(a)鞋面420的其他元件,以及(b)鞋底结构410的元件。所以,鞋类400的大部分或者甚至全部可由一种或多种热塑性聚合物材料形成。
在图39B和图40B中描绘了鞋类400的第二构型,在该第二构型中,三个大致线性的熔融区域104从鞋类400的鞋跟部区域延伸到鞋前部区域。如以上所详细讨论的,与无纺织物100的其他区域相比,形成无纺织物100的丝103的热塑性聚合物材料在熔融区域104中被熔融到更大的程度。丝103的热塑性聚合物材料也可以被熔融以形成无纺织物100的非丝状部分。因此,三个熔融区域104形成这样一种区域,在这种区域中,丝103熔融到比鞋面420的其他区域中大的程度。熔融区域104通常比无纺织物100的其他区域具有更大的抗拉伸性。在熔融区域104在鞋类400的鞋跟部区域和鞋前部区域之间纵向地延伸的情况下,熔融区域104可减少鞋类400中的纵向拉伸的量。也就是说,熔融区域104可在鞋跟部区域和鞋前部区域之间的方向赋予鞋类400更大的抗拉伸性。熔融区域104还可以增加鞋面420的耐用性,并减少鞋面420的渗透性。
在图39C和图40C中描绘了鞋类400的第三构型。在无纺织物100中形成了各种熔融区域104。其中一个熔融区域104围绕脚踝开口421延伸并靠近该脚踝开口421,这可为围绕脚踝开口421的区域增加较大的抗拉伸性,并有助于稳固地将足部保持在鞋面420内。另一熔融区域104位于鞋跟部区域中,并围绕鞋类的后部区域延伸,以形成抵抗足跟在鞋面420内的运动的鞋跟稳定器(heel counter)。另外的熔融区域104位于鞋前部区域中并邻近鞋底结构,这为鞋前部区域增加了较大的耐用性。更具体地,鞋面420的鞋前部区域可能会比鞋面420的其他部分经受更大的磨损,并且在鞋前部区域中增加熔融区域104可增强鞋类400在鞋前部区域中的抗磨损性。附加的熔融区域104围绕一部分鞋带孔423延伸,这可增强接纳鞋带422的区域的耐用性和抗拉伸性。熔融区域104还从靠近鞋带孔423的区域向下延伸到靠近鞋底结构410的区域,以便沿着鞋类400的侧面增强抗拉伸性。更具体地,鞋带422的张紧可将张力施加到鞋面420的侧面中。通过形成沿着鞋面420的侧面向下延伸的熔融区域104,可减少鞋面420中的拉伸。
鞋类400中的熔融区域104的尺寸可显著改变,但熔融区域104通常具有至少一平方厘米的连续区域。如以上所提到的,可在用于无纺织物100的制造工艺中利用各种压花工艺或压延成型工艺。一些压花工艺或压延成型工艺可形成多个相对小的区域(即,一到十平方毫米),其中丝103多少会熔融到彼此。与通过压花工艺或压延成型工艺形成的区域相比,熔融区域104具有至少一平方厘米的连续区域,如以上所限定的。
尽管鞋面420的大部分可由单层无纺织物100形成,但还可利用多层。参照图40C,鞋面420包括在两层无纺织物100之间的中间泡沫层150。这种构型的优点是,泡沫层赋予鞋面420的侧面附加的缓冲作用,从而保护足部并赋予足部更大的舒适性。一般来说,鞋面420的结合有泡沫层150的部分可以形成为具有以上相对于图19和图20所讨论的复合元件的大致构型。此外,可以利用与以上相对于图12A至图12C所讨论的工艺相类似的热结合工艺来形成鞋面420的结合有泡沫层150的部分。作为泡沫层150的可替代的方案,织物130或片140还可以热结合到鞋类400中的无纺织物100。所以,将各种复合元件结合到鞋类400中可赋予一种具有不同特性的层状构型。
在图39D和图40D中描绘了鞋类400的第四构型,在该构型中,各种绳160被嵌入在无纺织物100内。与形成无纺织物100的热塑性聚合物材料相比,以上所提到的用于绳160的多种材料可呈现较大的拉伸强度和抗拉伸性。也就是说,绳160可比无纺织物100强度大,并且当受到拉伸力时可比无纺织物100呈现较少的拉伸。因此,当使用在鞋类400中时,与无纺织物100相比,绳160可以用于赋予较大的强度以及抗拉伸性。
绳160被嵌入在无纺织物100内,或以其他方式结合到无纺织物100。多个绳160在大致平行于无纺织物100的表面的方向延伸至少五厘米的距离。将至少一些绳160形成为延伸至少五厘米的距离的优点在于,鞋类400的一个区域上的拉伸力可以沿着绳160传递到鞋类400的另一区域。一组绳160从鞋类400的鞋跟部区域延伸到鞋前部区域,以增加强度并减少鞋类400中的纵向拉伸的量。也就是说,这些绳160可以在鞋跟部区域和鞋前部区域之间的方向赋予鞋类400较大的强度和抗拉伸性。另一组绳160从靠近鞋带孔423的区域向下延伸到靠近鞋底结构410的区域,以便沿着鞋类400的侧面增加强度和抗拉伸性。更具体地,鞋带422的张紧可将张力施加到鞋面420的侧面中。通过将绳160定位成沿着鞋面420的侧面向下延伸,可减少鞋面420中的拉伸,同时增加强度。另一组绳160也位于鞋跟部区域中,以有效地形成增加鞋类400的稳定性的鞋跟稳定器。有关具有包括类似于绳160的绳的构型的鞋类的附加细节公开在Meschter的美国专利申请公布US2007/0271821中,该美国专利申请公布的内容以引用方式并入本文。
在图39E中描绘了鞋类400的第五构型。与图39D和图40D的构型相比,在无纺织物100中形成了各种熔融区域104。更具体地,熔融区域104位于绳160的组的区域中,绳160的组(a)从靠近鞋带孔423的区域向下延伸到靠近鞋底结构410的区域,以及(b)位于鞋跟部区域中。绳160的至少一部分延伸通过熔融区域104,这赋予了鞋面420的结合有绳160的区域附加的抗拉伸性和较大的耐用性,从而为绳160提供了较大的保护。熔融区域104可具有至少一平方厘米的连续区域,并且熔融区域104内的丝103的热塑性聚合物材料可以是丝状的、非丝状的,或丝状和非丝状的组合。
在图39F中描绘了鞋类400的第六构型。鞋类400的侧面中的这些熔融区域104具有字母“A”、“B”和“C”的形状。如以上所讨论的,熔融区域104可用于改变无纺织物100的各种特性,包括渗透性、耐用性以及抗拉伸性的特性。一般来说,也可通过形成熔融区域104来改变各种美观特性,包括无纺织物100的透明度以及颜色的暗度。也就是说,熔融区域104的颜色可比无纺织物100的其他部分的颜色深。通过利用美观特性的这种改变,可利用熔融区域104来在鞋类400的区域中形成标记。也就是说,可利用熔融区域104来形成团队或公司的名字或标识、个人的名字或名字的首字母,或无纺织物100中的美学图案、图画或元件。类似地,可利用熔融区域104来在衬衫200、裤子300或结合有无纺织物100的任何其他产品中形成标记。
可利用熔融区域104来在鞋类400的侧面中形成标记,如图39F中所描绘的,并且也可在衬衫200、裤子300或结合有无纺织物100的多种其他产品中形成标记。作为相关的方面,无纺织物100的元件可被热结合或以其他方式接合到各种产品以形成标记。例如,无纺织物100的具有字母“A”、“B”和“C”的形状的元件可被热结合到其中鞋面主要由合成皮革形成的鞋类物品的侧面。在无纺织物100可被热结合到多种其他材料的情况下,无纺织物100的元件可被热结合到产品,以便形成标记。
可在鞋类400的任何构型中利用类似于接缝106和107的接缝来接合无纺织物100的元件。参照图39F,一对接缝424在大致斜线方向延伸通过鞋面420以接合无纺织物100的不同元件。尽管可以利用热结合来形成接缝424,但还可以利用缝合或粘合剂。如以上所提到的,除了包括室411和增强结构412的结构外,鞋底结构410还可具有多种结构。再次参照图39F,可代替室411和增强结构412而使用热塑性聚合物泡沫材料425,并且鞋面420可被热结合到泡沫材料425以将鞋底结构410接合到鞋面420。当在鞋底结构410中使用热固性聚合物泡沫材料时,也可以使用热结合。
在图39G中描绘了鞋类400的第七构型,在该构型中,利用无纺织物100来形成替换或补充鞋带422的一对带子426。一般来说,带子426允许穿着者改变鞋面420的尺寸以适应足部的比例。带子426还允许穿着者放松鞋面420以易于足部进入空腔和从空腔移除。带子426的一个端部可永久地固定到鞋面420,而带子426的其余部分可与钩环紧固件相接合,例如。这种构型允许带子由穿着者来调节。如以上所讨论的,无纺织物100可拉伸,并且可在被拉伸之后返回到原始构型。利用这种特性,穿着者可拉伸带子426以赋予张力,从而围绕足部紧固鞋面420。通过拉起带子,张力可被释放,以允许足部进入和移除。
除了形成鞋面420的沿着足部并围绕足部延伸以形成用于容纳足部的空腔的部分,无纺织物100还可以形成鞋类400的结构元件。作为例子,在图41中描绘了鞋带环427。鞋带环427可被结合到鞋面420中,以作为多个鞋带孔423中的一个或多个的替换或备选方案。虽然鞋带孔423是穿过鞋面420以接纳鞋带422的开口,但鞋带环427是无纺织物100的折叠或重叠的区域,该区域限定鞋带422穿过其延伸的通道。在形成鞋带环427时,无纺织物100在结合区域428处热结合到其自身以形成通道。
基于以上的讨论,无纺织物100可被用在具有诸如鞋类400的鞋类物品的构型的服装中。为了赋予鞋类400的区域不同的特性,可以形成各种熔融区域104,可以将不同类型的织物结合到鞋类400中,并且可以通过将织物130、片140、泡沫层150、绳160或各种其他部件中的一种或多种接合到无纺织物100来形成复合元件。在无纺织物100结合有热塑性聚合物材料的情况下,可利用热结合工艺来将鞋面420接合到鞋底结构410。
XII形成无纺织物、使无纺织物具有纹理,以及对无纺织物进行着色
图1中描绘的无纺织物100的构型具有大致平坦的构型。无纺织物100还可以呈现多种三维构型。作为例子,在图42A中,无纺织物100被描绘为具有波纹或起伏状的构型。在图42B中描绘了具有方波的类似构型。作为另一个例子,无纺织物可具有在两个方向延伸的波纹,以赋予装蛋箱的构型(egg crate configuration),如图42C所描绘的。所以,无纺织物100可形成为具有多种非平坦的或三维的构型。
可利用多种工艺来在无纺织物100中形成三维构型。参照图43A至图43C,将方法的例子描绘为涉及第一板111和第二板112,这些板各自都具有对应于无纺织物100的所得到的三维外观的表面。最初,将无纺织物100定位在板111和板112之间,如图43A所描绘的。然后使板111和112朝向彼此位移或以其他方式移动,以便接触和挤压无纺织物100,如图43B所描绘的。为了在无纺织物100中形成三维构型,将热从板111和112中的一个或两个应用于无纺织物100,以便使丝103中的热塑性聚合物材料软化或熔化。在分离板111和112之后,如图43C所描绘的,无纺织物100由于板111和112的表面而呈现三维构型。尽管可通过传导来应用热,但还可以使用射频或辐射加热。作为可以利用来在无纺织物100中形成三维构型的工艺的另一例子,可以在用于制造无纺织物100的工艺中将丝103直接沉放在三维表面上。
除了将无纺织物100形成为具有三维外观,可以为表面101和102中的一个或两个赋予纹理。参照图44A,无纺织物100具有这样一种构型,在这种构型中,第一表面101被形成纹理以包括多个波纹状的特征。在图44B中描绘了另一构型,在这种构型中,第一表面101被形成纹理以包括多个X形的特征。纹理还可以用于传递信息,如在图44C中,在第一表面101中形成的成系列的字母数字符号中的信息。此外,纹理可用于赋予其他材料的外观,例如,在图44D中的合成皮革的纹理。
可以利用多种工艺来赋予无纺织物100纹理。参照图45A至图45C,方法的例子被描绘为涉及第一板111和第二板112,这些板各自具有带有纹理的表面。最初,将无纺织物100定位在板111和板112之间,如图45A所描绘的。然后使板111和112朝向彼此位移或以其他方式移动,以便接触和挤压无纺织物100,如图45B所描绘的。为了在无纺织物100中赋予有纹理的构型,将热从板111和112中的一个或两个应用于无纺织物100,以便使丝103中的热塑性聚合物材料软化或熔化。在分离板111和112之后,如图45C所描绘的,无纺织物100由于板111和112的表面而呈现纹理。尽管可通过传导来应用热,但还可以使用射频或辐射加热。作为可以利用来在无纺织物100中形成有纹理的表面的工艺的另一例子,可以邻近无纺织物100放置具有纹理的隔离纸(textured release paper)。在挤压以及加热之后,隔离纸上的纹理可被转移到无纺织物100。
取决于用于无纺织物100的聚合物材料的类型,可以利用多种着色工艺来赋予无纺织物100颜色。例如,可以利用数字印刷来将染料或颜料沉积到表面101或102上,以形成标记、图形、标识或其他美学特征。还可以将说明、尺寸标识或其他信息印刷在无纺织物100上。此外,可以在将无纺织物100结合到产品中之前或之后利用着色工艺。可以利用其他着色工艺,包括丝网印刷以及激光印刷,以赋予颜色或改变无纺织物100的部分的整个颜色。
基于以上的讨论,可以形成无纺织物100的三维的、带有纹理的以及着色的构型。当被结合到产品(例如,衬衫200、裤子300、鞋类400)中时,这些特征可为产品提供结构以及美观方面的提升。例如,三维构型可通过增加表面积来提供增强的冲击力衰减以及较大的渗透性。纹理可增加防滑作用,还能提供一定范围的美学作用。此外,有色无纺织物100可以用于传递信息以及增加产品的可见性。
XIII缝合构型
可以利用缝合来将无纺织物100的元件接合到无纺织物100的其他元件、其他织物或多种其他材料。如以上所讨论的,可以单独使用缝合,或与热结合或粘合剂相组合地来使用缝合,以接合无纺织物100。此外,可以利用缝合、刺绣或缝编来形成复合元件,并为无纺织物100提供结构或美学元件。参照图46A,将线(thread)163缝合到无纺织物100中,以形成延伸跨过无纺织物100的多个平行的线。尽管绳160在大致平行于表面101或102的方向延伸,线163在表面101和102之间(即,穿过无纺织物100)重复地延伸,以形成缝合的构型。然而,与绳160类似,线163可赋予抗拉伸性,并且可以增加无纺织物100的整个强度。线163还可以增强无纺织物100的整体美观。当被结合到具有无纺织物100的产品(例如,衬衫200、裤子300、鞋类400)中时,线163可为产品提供结构以及美观方面的提升。
线163可被缝合以提供多种缝合构型。作为例子,线163具有图46B中的锯齿形缝合的构型,以及图46C中的链式缝合的构型。尽管在图46A和图46B中,线163形成大致平行的缝合线,但在图46C中由线163形成的缝合是非平行的,并且是相互交叉的。线163还可以被刺绣以形成各种构型,如图46D中所描绘的。还可以用线163利用缝合来形成更复杂的构型,如图46E所描绘的。无纺织物100还可以包括各种熔融区域104,其中由线163形成的缝合延伸通过无纺织物100的熔融的以及未熔融的区域,如图46F中所描绘的。所以,可利用线163来形成多种缝合类型,以赋予抗拉伸性,提高强度,或增强无纺织物100的整体美观。此外,还可在无纺织物100中形成熔融区域104以改变其他特性。
XIV胶带
带170的元件在图47和图48中被描绘为具有包括无纺织物100和粘合剂层171的复合元件的构型。带170可用于多种目的,包括用作包装带、用作涂色带(painting tape)或用作医用或治疗用带。例如,利用带170作为医用或治疗用带的优点是,除了其他特性外,还可以控制渗透性以及抗拉伸性。关于渗透性,当带170被粘着到人的皮肤时(即,用粘合剂层171),空气和水可以穿过带170以赋予渗透性,并允许下面的皮肤被清洗或以其他方式进行清洁。带170还可以在粘着到人的皮肤时抵抗拉伸,以为周围的软组织提供支撑。用于粘合剂层171的适合的材料的例子包括用在包括医疗级丙烯酸粘合剂的带型产品中的任何常规的粘合剂。
可利用多种结构来赋予带170特定程度的抗拉伸性。作为例子,可通过无纺织物100的厚度或形成无纺织物100中的丝103的材料来控制带170的抗拉伸性。参照图49A,还可以在带170中形成熔融区域104,以控制抗拉伸性。还可以将绳160结合到带170中,以赋予较高级别的抗拉伸性,如图49B中所描绘的。此外,带170的一些构型可既包括熔融区域104又包括绳160,如图49C中所描绘的。
XV回收无纺织物
无纺织物100的丝103包括热塑性聚合物材料。在无纺织物100的一些构型中,丝103的大部分或基本上全部都由热塑性聚合物材料形成。在衬衫200和裤子300的很多构型都主要由无纺织物100形成的情况下,则衬衫200和裤子300的大部分或基本上全部都由热塑性聚合物材料形成。类似地,鞋类400的相当大比例也可以由热塑性聚合物材料形成。与很多服装物品不同,衬衫200、裤子300以及鞋类400的材料可在它们的使用寿命结束之后被回收。
利用衬衫200作为例子,衬衫200的热塑性聚合物材料可被提取、回收,并作为无纺织物、聚合物泡沫或聚合物片而被结合到另一产品(例如,服装、容器、装饰材料)。图50大致示出了这个工艺,其中,在回收中心180回收衬衫200,并且将衬衫200的热塑性聚合物材料结合到另外的衬衫200、裤子300或鞋类400中的一种或多种中。此外,在衬衫200的大部分或基本上全部都由热塑性聚合物材料形成的情况下,则热塑性聚合物材料的大部分或基本上全部可以在回收后利用在另一产品中。例如,尽管衬衫200的热塑性聚合物材料最初被利用在无纺织物100中,但衬衫200的热塑性聚合物材料随后可被利用在无纺织物100的另一元件、包括热塑性聚合物材料的另一织物、聚合物泡沫或聚合物片中。结合有无纺织物100的裤子300、鞋类400以及其他产品可通过类似的工艺回收。此外,形成具有以上所讨论的各种构型的衬衫200、裤子300、鞋类400或其他产品的优点涉及可回收性。
XVI结论
无纺织物100包括至少部分地由热塑性聚合物材料形成的多个丝103。可在无纺织物100中形成各种熔融区域104,以改变包括渗透性、耐用性以及抗拉伸性的特性。还可将各种部件(织物、聚合物片、泡沫层、绳)固定到或组合到无纺织物100(例如,通过热结合),以赋予无纺织物100附加的特性或优点。此外,熔融区域104和部件可相组合以赋予无纺织物100各种构型。
参照多种构型,在以上并在附图中公开了本发明。然而,公开的目的是提供与本发明相关的各种特征以及概念的例子,而不是要限制本发明的范围。本领域的技术人员将认识到,可对以上所描述的构型作出多种改变和修改而不偏离由所附权利要求限定的本发明的范围。

Claims (20)

1.一种无纺织物,该无纺织物由结合有热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯材料的多个聚合物丝形成,所述无纺织物具有第一区域和第二区域,所述第一区域和所述第二区域中的每个都具有至少一平方厘米的连续区域,并且所述第一区域的所述聚合物丝比所述第二区域的所述聚合物丝熔融到更大的程度。
2.如权利要求1所述的无纺织物,其中,所述聚合物丝在受拉破坏之前拉伸至少百分之一百。
3.如权利要求1所述的无纺织物,其中,所述第一区域是所述无纺织物的非丝状部分。
4.如权利要求1所述的无纺织物,其中,所述第一区域的渗透性小于所述第二区域的渗透性。
5.如权利要求1所述的无纺织物,其中,所述第一区域的抗拉伸性大于所述第二区域的抗拉伸性。
6.如权利要求1所述的无纺织物,其中,所述无纺织物限定第一表面和相对的第二表面,所述第二表面的至少一部分被接合到第二织物元件。
7.如权利要求6所述的无纺织物,其中,所述无纺织物的所述聚合物丝被热结合到所述第二织物元件的丝。
8.如权利要求1所述的无纺织物,其中,所述无纺织物限定第一表面和相对的第二表面,所述第二表面的至少一部分被接合到聚合物泡沫元件。
9.如权利要求1所述的无纺织物,其中,所述无纺织物被结合到服装物品中。
10.如权利要求1所述的无纺织物,其中,所述无纺织物被结合到鞋类物品中。
11.一种服装物品,该服装物品包括至少一个无纺织物元件,所述无纺织物元件包括至少部分地由热塑性聚合物材料形成的多个丝,所述无纺织物元件具有第一区域和第二区域,所述第一区域和所述第二区域中的每个都具有至少一平方厘米的连续区域,并且来自所述第一区域的丝的所述热塑性聚合物材料被熔融以形成所述无纺织物元件的非丝状部分。
12.如权利要求11所述的服装物品,其中,所述服装物品是衬衫类型的服装。
13.如权利要求12所述的服装物品,其中,所述第一区域位于所述衬衫类型的服装的肩部区域。
14.如权利要求12所述的服装物品,其中,所述第一区域位于所述衬衫类型的服装的颈部开口、手臂开口以及腰部开口中的至少一个的周围。
15.如权利要求11所述的服装物品,其中,所述服装物品是裤子类型的服装。
16.如权利要求15所述的服装物品,其中,所述第一区域位于所述裤子类型的服装的膝部区域。
17.如权利要求15所述的服装物品,其中,所述第一区域位于所述裤子类型的服装的腰部开口和腿部开口中的至少一个的周围。
18.如权利要求11所述的服装物品,其中,所述至少部分地由热塑性聚合物材料形成的多个丝在受拉破坏之前拉伸至少百分之一百。
19.如权利要求11所述的服装物品,其中,所述服装物品还包括第二织物元件,所述无纺织物元件的边缘区域与所述第二织物元件的边缘区域热结合。
20.如权利要求11所述的服装物品,其中,所述服装物品是鞋类物品。
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