WO2008121634A2 - Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs - Google Patents

Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008121634A2
WO2008121634A2 PCT/US2008/058183 US2008058183W WO2008121634A2 WO 2008121634 A2 WO2008121634 A2 WO 2008121634A2 US 2008058183 W US2008058183 W US 2008058183W WO 2008121634 A2 WO2008121634 A2 WO 2008121634A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
methyl
fluoro
hydroxy
phosphorylamino
phenoxy
Prior art date
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Ceased
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PCT/US2008/058183
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2008121634A3 (en
Inventor
Michael J. Sofia
Jinfa Du
Peiyuan Wang
Dhanapalan Nagarathnam
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gilead Pharmasset LLC
Original Assignee
Pharmasset Inc
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=39808855&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=WO2008121634(A2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority to EP08732818.3A priority Critical patent/EP2203462B2/en
Priority to ES08732818T priority patent/ES2492470T5/es
Priority to CN200880018024.2A priority patent/CN101918425B/zh
Priority to NZ579880A priority patent/NZ579880A/xx
Priority to EP14169060.2A priority patent/EP2801580B1/en
Priority to EP23197008.8A priority patent/EP4282482A3/en
Priority to RU2009139968K priority patent/RU2651892C2/ru
Priority to CA2682230A priority patent/CA2682230C/en
Priority to KR1020097022652A priority patent/KR101432860B1/ko
Priority to HRP20140667TT priority patent/HRP20140667T4/hr
Priority to BRPI0823519A priority patent/BRPI0823519A2/pt
Priority to RU2009139968A priority patent/RU2651892C3/ru
Priority to KR1020147036573A priority patent/KR101527701B1/ko
Priority to CN202310695479.4A priority patent/CN116731099A/zh
Priority to KR1020127004146A priority patent/KR101525293B1/ko
Priority to EP14179358.8A priority patent/EP2826784B1/en
Priority to PL14179358T priority patent/PL2826784T3/pl
Application filed by Pharmasset Inc filed Critical Pharmasset Inc
Priority to CN201811348434.5A priority patent/CN109776637B/zh
Priority to JP2010502196A priority patent/JP5318085B2/ja
Priority to SI200831244T priority patent/SI2203462T2/sl
Priority to MX2009010401A priority patent/MX2009010401A/es
Priority to CN202310694712.7A priority patent/CN116731098A/zh
Priority to AU2008232827A priority patent/AU2008232827C1/en
Priority to PL08732818T priority patent/PL2203462T3/pl
Priority to BRPI0809654-6A priority patent/BRPI0809654A2/pt
Priority to DK08732818.3T priority patent/DK2203462T4/da
Priority to FIEP08732818.3T priority patent/FI2203462T4/fi
Publication of WO2008121634A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008121634A2/en
Priority to ZA2009/06647A priority patent/ZA200906647B/en
Priority to IL201239A priority patent/IL201239A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Publication of WO2008121634A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008121634A3/en
Priority to IL217228A priority patent/IL217228A/en
Priority to IL222810A priority patent/IL222810A0/en
Priority to CY2014047C priority patent/CY2014047I2/el
Priority to LU92600C priority patent/LU92600I2/xx
Priority to FR14C0082C priority patent/FR14C0082I2/fr
Priority to NL300704C priority patent/NL300704I2/nl
Priority to LTPA2014040C priority patent/LTC2203462I2/lt
Priority to PH12014502771A priority patent/PH12014502771A1/en
Priority to NO2021031C priority patent/NO2021031I1/no
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
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    • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
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    • A61K31/7072—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid having two oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. uridine, uridylic acid, thymidine, zidovudine
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Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to nucleoside phosphoramidates and their use as agents for treating viral diseases. These compounds are inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA viral replication and are useful as inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase, as inhibitors of HCV replication and for treatment of hepatitis C infection in mammals.
  • the invention provides novel chemical compounds, and the use of these compounds alone or in combination with other antiviral agents for treating HCV infection.
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem that leads to chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, in a substantial number of infected individuals, estimated to be 2-15% of the world's population.
  • chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
  • According to the World Health Organization there are more than 200 million infected individuals worldwide, with at least 3 to 4 million people being infected each year. Once infected, about 20% of people clear the virus, but the rest can harbor HCV the rest of their lives.
  • Ten to twenty percent of chronically infected individuals eventually develop liver-destroying cirrhosis or cancer.
  • the viral disease is transmitted parenterally by contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated needles, or sexually and vertically from infected mothers or carrier mothers to their offspring.
  • Current treatments for HCV infection which are restricted to immunotherapy with recombinant interferon- ⁇ alone or in combination with the nucleoside analog ribavirin, are of limited clinical benefit.
  • the HCV virion is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus with a single oligoribonucleotide genomic sequence of about 9600 bases which encodes a polyprotein of about 3,010 amino acids.
  • the protein products of the HCV gene consist of the structural proteins C, El, and E2, and the non-structural proteins NS2, NS3, NS4A and NS4B, and NS5A and NS5B.
  • the nonstructural (NS) proteins are believed to provide the catalytic machinery for viral replication.
  • the NS3 protease releases NS5B, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from the polyprotein chain.
  • HCV NS5B polymerase is required for the synthesis of a double-stranded RNA from a single-stranded viral RNA that serves as a template in the replication cycle of HCV. Therefore, NS5B polymerase is considered to be an essential component in the HCV replication complex (K. Ishi, et al, Heptology, 1999, 29: 1227-1235; V. Lohmann, et al., Virology, 1998, 249: 108- 118). Inhibition of HCV NS5B polymerase prevents formation of the double- stranded HCV RNA and therefore constitutes an attractive approach to the development of HCV-specific antiviral therapies.
  • HCV belongs to a much larger family of viruses that share many common features.
  • the Flaviviridae family of viruses comprises at least three distinct genera: pestiviruses, which cause disease in cattle and pigs; flavivruses, which are the primary cause of diseases such as dengue fever and yellow fever; and hepaciviruses, whose sole member is HCV.
  • the flavivirus genus includes more than 68 members separated into groups on the basis of serological relatedness (Calisher et al., J. Gen. Virol, 1993,70,37-43). Clinical symptoms vary and include fever, encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever (Fields Virology, Editors: Fields, B. N., Knipe, D. M., and Howley, P.
  • Flaviviruses of global concern that are associated with human disease include the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever viruses (DHF), yellow fever virus, shock syndrome and Japanese encephalitis virus (Halstead, S. B., Rev. Infect. Dis., 1984, 6, 251-264; Halstead, S. B., Science, 239:476-481, 1988; Monath, T. P., New Eng. J. Med, 1988, 319, 64 1- 643).
  • DHF Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever viruses
  • Yellow fever virus yellow fever virus
  • shock syndrome and Japanese encephalitis virus
  • the pestivirus genus includes bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV, also called hog cholera virus) and border disease virus (BDV) of sheep (Moennig, V. et al. Adv. Vir. Res. 1992, 41, 53- 98). Pestivirus infections of domesticated livestock (cattle, pigs and sheep) cause significant economic losses worldwide. BVDV causes mucosal disease in cattle and is of significant economic importance to the livestock industry (Meyers, G. and Thiel, H.J., Advances in Virus Research, 1996, 47, 53-118; Moennig V., et al, Adv. Vir. Res. 1992, 41, 53-98). Human pestiviruses have not been as extensively characterized as the animal pestiviruses. However, serological surveys indicate considerable pestivirus exposure in humans.
  • BVDV bovine viral diarrhea virus
  • CSFV classical swine fever virus
  • BDV border disease virus
  • Pestiviruses and hepaciviruses are closely related virus groups within the Flaviviridae family.
  • Other closely related viruses in this family include the GB virus A, GB virus A-like agents, GB virus-B and GB virus-C (also called hepatitis G virus, HGV).
  • the hepacivirus group (hepatitis C virus; HCV) consists of a number of closely related but genotypically distinguishable viruses that infect humans. There are at least 6 HCV genotypes and more than 50 subtypes.
  • bovine viral diarrhea virus Due to the similarities between pestiviruses and hepaciviruses, combined with the poor ability of hepaciviruses to grow efficiently in cell culture, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is often used as a surrogate to study the HCV virus.
  • BVDV bovine viral diarrhea virus
  • RNA viruses possess a single large open reading frame (ORF) encoding all the viral proteins necessary for virus replication. These proteins are expressed as a polyprotein that is co- and post-translationally processed by both cellular and virus-encoded proteinases to yield the mature viral proteins.
  • the viral proteins responsible for the replication of the viral genome RNA are located within approximately the carboxy-terminal. Two- thirds of the ORF are termed nonstructural (NS) proteins.
  • NS nonstructural
  • the mature nonstructural (NS) proteins in sequential order from the amino-terminus of the nonstructural protein coding region to the carboxy-terminus of the ORF, consist of p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B.
  • the NS proteins of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses share sequence domains that are characteristic of specific protein functions.
  • the NS3 proteins of viruses in both groups possess amino acid sequence motifs characteristic of serine proteinases and of helicases (Gorbalenya et al., Nature, 1988, 333, 22; Bazan and Fletterick Virology , 1989,171,637-639; Gorbalenya et al., Nucleic Acid Res., 1989, 17, 3889-3897).
  • the NS5B proteins of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses have the motifs characteristic of RNA-directed RNA polymerases (Koonin, E. V. and DoIj a, V.V., Crir. Rev. Biochem. Molec. Biol. 1993, 28, 375-430).
  • NS3 serine proteinase is responsible for all proteolytic processing of polyprotein precursors downstream of its position in the ORF (Wiskerchen and Collett, Virology, 1991, 184, 341-350; Bartenschlager et al., J. Virol. 1993, 67, 3835-3844; Eckart et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1993,192, 399-406; Grakoui et al., J. Virol. 1993, 67, 2832-2843; Grakoui et al., Proc. Natl.
  • NS4A protein acts as a cofactor with the NS3 serine protease (Bartenschlager et al., J. Virol. 1994, 68, 5045-5055; Failla et al., J. Virol. 1994, 68, 3753-3760; Xu et al., J. Virol., 1997, 71:53 12-5322).
  • the NS3 protein of both viruses also functions as a helicase (Kim et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 1995, 215, 160-166; Jin and Peterson, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1995, 323, 47-53; Warrener and Collett, J. Virol. 1995, 69, 1720- 1726).
  • the NS5B proteins of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses have the predicted RNA-directed RNA polymerases activity (Behrens et al., EMBO, 1996, 15, 12-22; Lechmann et al., J. Virol, 1997, 71, 8416-8428; Yuan et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1997, 232, 231-235; Hagedorn, PCT WO 97/12033; Zhong et al, J. Virol., 1998, 72, 9365-9369).
  • RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is absolutely essential for replication of the single-stranded, positive sense, RNA genome and this enzyme has elicited significant interest among medicinal chemists.
  • Inhibitors of HCV NS5B as potential therapies for HCV infection have been reviewed: Tan, S.-L., et al., Nature Rev. Drug Discov., 2002, 1 , 867-881 ; Walker, M.P. et al., Exp. Opin. Investigational Drugs, 2003, 12, 1269-1280; Ni, Z-J., et al., Current Opinion in Drug Discovery and Development, 2004, 7, 446- 459; Beaulieu, P.
  • Nucleoside inhibitors of NS5B polymerase can act either as a non-natural substrate that results in chain termination or as a competitive inhibitor which competes with nucleotide binding to the polymerase.
  • the nucleoside analog must be taken up by the cell and converted in vivo to a triphosphate to compete for the polymerase nucleotide binding site. This conversion to the triphosphate is commonly mediated by cellular kinases which imparts additional structural requirements on a potential nucleoside polymerase inhibitor. Unfortunately, this limits the direct evaluation of nucleosides as inhibitors of HCV replication to cell-based assays capable of in situ phosphorylation.
  • nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs have been shown to be precursors of the active nucleoside triphosphate and to inhibit viral replication when administered to viral infected whole cells (McGuigan, C, et al., J. Med.
  • nucleosides are also limiting the utility of nucleosides as viable therapeutic agents. These poor properties can limit the intestinal absorption of an agent and limit uptake into the target tissue or cell.
  • prodrugs of nucleosides have been employed. It has been demonstrated that preparation of nucleoside phosphoramidates improves the systemic absorption of a nucleoside and furthermore, the phosphoramidate moiety of these "pronucleotides" is masked with neutral lipophilic groups to obtain a suitable partition coefficient to optimize uptake and transport into the cell dramatically enhancing the intracellular concentration of the nucleoside monophosphate analog relative to administering the parent nucleoside alone. Enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of the phosphate ester moiety produces a nucleoside monophosphate wherein the rate limiting initial phosphorylation is unnecessary.
  • the present invention is directed toward novel phosphoramidate prodrugs of nucleoside derivatives for the treatment of viral infections in mammals, which is a compound, its stereoisomers, salts (acid or basic addition salts), hydrates, solvates, or crystalline forms thereof, represented by the following structure:
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl; branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1 - 6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl, -N(R 1 ) 2 , C 1-6 acylamino, - NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(R r ) 2 , COR 1 - , and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 1' is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl, R 1- is -OR' or -N(R )
  • R 2 is hydrogen, C I-10 alkyl, R 3a or R 3b and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) n so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms, C(O)CR 3a R 3b NHR', where n is 2 to 4 and R 1 , R 3a , and R 3b ;
  • R 3a is CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHC(NH)NH 2 , CH 2 - imidazol-4-yl, CH 2 OH, CH(OH)CH 3 , CH 2 ((4'-OH)-Ph), CH 2 SH, or lower cycloalkyl and R 3b is H, where R 3 is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, or halogen, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, a lower alkyl, CN, vinyl, O-(lower alkyl), hydroxyl lower alkyl, i.e., -(CH 2 ) p OH, where p is 1 -6, including hydroxyl methyl (CH 2 OH), CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , alkyne (optionally substituted), or halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 and when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F and B is a purine base, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN,
  • the base is a naturally occurring or modified purine or pyrimidine base represented by the following structures:
  • Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • R 7 , R 8 ,R 9 , R 10 , and R n are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OR', SH,
  • R' is an optionally substituted alkyl , which includes, but is not limited to, an optionally substituted C 1-20 alkyl, an optionally substituted C 1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted lower alkyl; an optionally substituted cycloalkyl; an optionally substituted alkynyl of C 2 -C 6 , an optionally substituted lower alkenyl of C 2 -C 6 , or optionally substituted acyl, which includes but is not limited to C(O) alkyl, C(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms; and
  • R 12 is H, halogen (including F, Cl, Br, I), OH, OR', SH, SR', NH 2 , NHR',
  • a or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, a compound refers to one or more compounds or at least one compound.
  • a compound refers to one or more compounds or at least one compound.
  • the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more”, and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
  • both R's can be carbon, both R's can be nitrogen, or one R' can be carbon and the other nitrogen.
  • alkenyl refers to an unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain radical having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms having one or two olefinic double bonds, preferably one olefinic double bond.
  • C 2-N alkenyl refers to an alkenyl comprising 2 to N carbon atoms, where N is an integer having the following values: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
  • C 2-10 alkenyl refers to an alkenyl comprising 2 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • C 2-4 alkenyl refers to an alkenyl comprising 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • halogenated alkenyl refers to an alkenyl comprising at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I.
  • alkyl refers to an unbranched or branched chain, saturated, monovalent hydrocarbon residue containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • C 1- M alkyl refers to an alkyl comprising 1 to M carbon atoms, where M is an integer having the following values: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30.
  • C 1-4 alkyl refers to an alkyl containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • lower alkyl denotes a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon residue comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • C 1-20 alkyl refers to an alkyl comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • C 1 - K ) alkyl refers to an alkyl comprising 1 to 10 carbons.
  • alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, /-propyl, «-butyl, /-butyl, r-butyl or pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl.
  • the term (ar)alkyl or (heteroaryl)alkyl indicate the alkyl group is optionally substituted by an aryl or a heteroaryl group respectively.
  • cycloalkyl refers to an unsubstituted or substituted carbocycle, in which the carbocycle contains 3 to 10 carbon atoms; preferably 3 to 8 carbon atoms; more preferably 3 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., lower cycloalkyls).
  • Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, 2- methyl-cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • cycloalkyl alkyl refers to an additionally unsubstituted or substituted alkyl substituted by a lower cycloalkyl.
  • cycloalkyl alkyls include, but are not limited to, any one of methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl or pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl that is substituted with cyclopropyl, 2-methyl-cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • cycloheteroalkyl refers to an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, in which the heterocycle contains 2 to 9 carbon atoms; preferably 2 to 7 carbon atoms; more preferably 2 to 5 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of cycloheteroalkyls include, but are not limited to, aziridin-2-yl, N-C 1 - 3 -alkyl- aziridin-2-yl, azetidinyl, N-C 1 .
  • N-C 1-3 - alkyl-cycloheteroalkyls include, but are not limited to, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N-methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-2-yl, N-methyl-piperidin-3-yl, and N-methyl-piperidin-4-yl.
  • R 4 the point of attachment between the cycloheteroalkyl ring carbon and the oxygen occurs at any one of m'
  • heterocycle refers to an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle containing carbon, hydrogen, and at least one of N, O, and S, where the C and N can be trivalent or tetravalent, i.e., sp 2 - or sp 3 -hybridized.
  • heterocycles include, but are not limited to, aziridine, azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, imidazole, oxazole, piperazine, etc.
  • piperazine as related to R 10 for NR' 2 , the corresponding opposite nitrogen atom of the piperazinyl is substituted by a lower alkyl represented by the following structure:
  • the opposite nitrogen of the piperazinyl is substituted by a methyl group.
  • halogenated alkyl refers to an unbranched or branched chain alkyl comprising at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I.
  • C 1-M haloalkyl refers to an alkyl comprising 1 to M carbon atoms that comprises at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I, where M is an integer having the following values:
  • C r3 haloalkyl refers to a haloalkyl comprising 1 to 3 carbons and at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I.
  • halogenated lower alkyl refers to a haloalkyl comprising 1 to 3 carbons and at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I.
  • lower haloalkyl refers to a haloalkyl comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I. Examples include, but are not limited to, fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, bromomethyl, iodomethyl, difluoromethyl, dichloromethyl, dibromomethyl, diiodomethyl, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, tribromomethyl, triiodomethyl, 1 -fluoroethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1- iodoethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 2-iodoethyl, 2,2- difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloroethyl, 2,2-dibromomethyl, 2-2-diiodomethyl, 3- fluoropropyl, 3-ch
  • alkynyl refers to an unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chain radical having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and having one triple bond.
  • C 2-N alkynyl refers to an alkynyl comprising 2 to N carbon atoms, where N is an integer having the following values: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
  • C C 2-4 alkynyl refers to an alkynyl comprising 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • C 2-10 alkynyl refers to an alkynyl comprising 2 to 10 carbons. Examples include, but are limited to, ethynyl, 1- propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl or 3-butynyl.
  • halogenated alkynyl refers to an unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chain radical having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and having one triple bond and at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a saturated carbocyclic ring comprising 3 to 8 carbon atoms, i.e. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl.
  • C 3-7 cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl comprising 3 to 7 carbons in the carbocyclic ring.
  • alkoxy refers to an -O-alkyl group or an -O-cycloalkyl group, wherein alkyl and cycloalkyl are as defined above.
  • -O-alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, i- propyloxy, n-butyloxy, i-butyloxy, t-butyloxy.
  • “Lower alkoxy” as used herein denotes an alkoxy group with a "lower alkyl” group as previously defined.
  • C 1-10 alkoxy refers to an-O-alkyl wherein alkyl is C 1 .io.
  • Examples of -O-cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, -O-c-propyl, -O-c-butyl, -O-c-pentyl, and -O-c-hexyl.
  • halogenated alkoxy refers to an -O-alkyl group in which the alkyl group comprises at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I.
  • halogenated lower alkoxy refers to an -O-(lower alkyl) group in which the lower alkyl group comprises at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I.
  • amino acid includes naturally occurring and synthetic ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ or ⁇ amino acids, and includes but is not limited to, amino acids found in proteins, i.e. glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine and histidine.
  • the amino acid is in the L-configuration.
  • the amino acid can be a derivative of alanyl, valinyl, leucinyl, isoleucinyl, prolinyl, phenylalaninyl, tryptophanyl, methioninyl, glycinyl, serinyl, threoninyl, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, aspartoyl, glutaroyl, lysinyl, argininyl, histidinyl, ⁇ -alanyl, ⁇ -valinyl, ⁇ -leucinyl, ⁇ -isoleucinyl, ⁇ -prolinyl, ⁇ - phenylalaninyl, ⁇ -tryptophanyl, ⁇ -methioninyl, ⁇ -glycinyl, ⁇ -serinyl, ⁇ - threoninyl, ⁇ -cystein
  • amino acid When the term amino acid is used, it is considered to be a specific and independent disclosure of each of the esters of ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ or ⁇ glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine and histidine in the D and L-configurations.
  • aminoacyl includes N,N-unsubstituted, N,N-monosubstituted, and N,N-disubstituted derivatives of naturally occurring and synthetic ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ or ⁇ amino acyls, where the amino acyls are derived from amino acids.
  • the amino- nitrogen can be substituted or unsubstituted. When the amino-nitrogen is substituted, the nitrogen is either mono- or di-substituted, where the substituent bound to the amino-nitrogen is a lower alkyl or an alkaryl.
  • the expression "O(aminoacyl)" is used. It is understood that the C3' carbon of the ribose is bound to the oxygen "O", which is then bound to the carbonyl carbon of the aminoacyl.
  • alkylamino or arylamino refer to an amino group that has one or two alkyl or aryl substituents, respectively.
  • protected refers to a group that is added to an oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus atom to prevent its further reaction or for other purposes. A wide variety of oxygen and nitrogen protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
  • Non- limiting examples include: C(O)-alkyl, C(O)Ph, C(O)aryl, CH 3 , CH 2 -alkyl, CH 2 - alkenyl, CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -aryl, CH 2 O-alkyl, CH 2 O-aryl, SO 2 -alkyl, SO 2 -aryl, tert- butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, and 1,3-(I 9 1,3,3- tetraisopropyldisiloxanylidene).
  • aryl refers to substituted or unsubstituted phenyl (Ph), biphenyl, or naphthyl, preferably the term aryl refers to substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • the aryl group can be substituted with one or more moieties selected from among hydroxyl, F, Cl, Br, I, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, and phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in T. W. Greene and P.G. M. Wuts, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis," 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
  • alkaryl or “alkylaryl” refer to an alkyl group with an aryl substituent, such as benzyl.
  • aryl or “arylalkyl” refer to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent.
  • di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl refers to a lower alkyl substituted by an amino group that is itself substituted by two lower alkyl groups. Examples include, but are not limited to, (CH 3 ) 2 NCH 2 , (CH 3 ) 2 NCH 2 CH 2 , (CHa) 2 NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 , etc.
  • the examples above show lower alkyls substituted at the terminus carbon atom with an N,N-dimethyl-amino substituent. These are intended as examples only and are not intended to limit the meaning of the term "di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl" so as to require the same.
  • the lower alkyl chain can be substituted with an N,N-di(lower alkyl)-amino at any point along the chain, e.g., CH 3 CH(N-(lower alkyl) 2 )CH 2 CH 2 .
  • halo includes chloro, bromo, iodo and fluoro.
  • acyl refers to a substituent containing a carbonyl moiety and a non-carbonyl moiety. The carbonyl moiety contains a double-bond between the carbonyl carbon and a heteroatom, where the heteroatom is selected from among O, N and S. When the heteroatom is N, the N is substituted by a lower alkyl.
  • the non-carbonyl moiety is selected from straight, branched, and cyclic alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, a straight, branched, or cyclic C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, or lower alkyl; alkoxyalkyl, including methoxymethyl; aralkyl, including benzyl; aryloxyalkyl, such as phenoxymethyl; or aryl, including phenyl optionally substituted with halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), hydroxyl, C 1 to C 4 alkyl, or C 1 to C 4 alkoxy, sulfonate esters, such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl, including methanesulfonyl, the mono, di or triphosphate ester, trityl or monomethoxytrityl, substituted benzyl, trialkylsilyl (e.g. dimethyl-t-butylsilyl) or dipheny
  • lower acyl refers to an acyl group in which the non-carbonyl moiety is lower alkyl.
  • purine or "pyrimidine” base includes, but is not limited to, adenine, N 6 -alkylpurines, N 6 -acylpurines (wherein acyl is C(O)(alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or arylalkyl), N 6 -benzylpurine, N 6 -halopurine, N 6 -vinylpurine, N 6 - acetylenic purine, N 6 -acyl purine, N 6 -hydroxyalkyl purine, N 6 - allcylaminopurine, N 6 -thioallcyl purine, N 2 -alkylpurines, N 2 -alkyl-6-thiopurines, thymine, cytosine, 5-fluorocytosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-azapyrimidine, including 6-azacytosine, 2- and/or 4-mercaptopyrmidine, uracil, 5-halouracil, including 5-fluorouraci
  • Purine bases include, but are not limited to, guanine, adenine, hypoxanthine, 2,6- diaminopurine, and 6-chloropurine. Functional oxygen and nitrogen groups on the base can be protected as necessary or desired. Suitable protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art, and include trimethylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, and r-butyldiphenylsilyl, trityl, alkyl groups, and acyl groups such as acetyl and propionyl, methanesulfonyl, and p- toluenesulfonyl.
  • P* means that the phosphorous atom is chiral and that it has a corresponding Cahn-Ingold-Prelog designation of "R” or "S” which have their accepted plain meanings. It is contemplated that compounds of the formula I are racemic because the chirality at phosphorous. Applicants contemplate use of the racemate and/or the resolved enantiomers. In some instances, an asterisk does not appear next to the phosphoroamidate phosphorous atom. In these instances, it is understood that the phosphorous atom is chiral and that one of ordinary skill understands this to be so unless the substituents bound to the phosphorous exclude the possibility of chirality at phosphorous, such as in P(O)Cl 3 .
  • An aspect of the invention is directed to a compound, its salts, hydrates, solvates, crystalline forms, and the like represented by formula I:
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl; branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl, -N(R 1 ) 2 , C 1-6 acylamino, - NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(R r ) 2 , COR 1 - , and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 1' is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, Q -20 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl, R 1 " is -OR 1 or -N(R r)
  • R 2 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, R 3a or R 3b and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) n so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms,
  • R 3a is CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHC(NH)NH 2 , CH 2 - imidazol-4-yl, CH 2 OH, CH(OH)CH 3 , CH
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, or halogen, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, a lower alkyl, CN, vinyl, O-(lower alkyl), hydroxyl lower alkyl, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P OH, where p is 1 -6, including hydroxyl methyl (CH 2 OH), CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , alkyne (optionally substituted), or halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 and when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F and B is a purine base, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, NO 2 , OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkynyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkenyl), OC 1-10 haloalkyl, O(aminoacyl), O(C M o acyl), O(C 1-4 alkyl), O(C 2-4 alkenyl), S(C 1-4 acyl), S(C 1-4 alkyl), S(C 2-4 alkynyl), S(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO(C 1-4 acyl), SO(C 1-4 alkyl), SO(C 2-4 alkynyl), SO(C 2-4 alkenyl),
  • the base is a naturally occurring or modified purine or pyrimidine base represented by the following structures:
  • Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • R 7 , R 8 ,R 9 , R 10 , and R n are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OR', SH,
  • R' is an optionally substituted alkyl , which includes, but is not limited to, an optionally substituted C 1-20 alkyl, an optionally substituted C 1 .io alkyl, an optionally substituted lower alkyl; an optionally substituted cycloalkyl; an optionally substituted alkynyl of C 2 -C 6 , an optionally substituted lower alkenyl of C 2 -C 6 , or optionally substituted acyl, which includes but is not limited to C(O) alkyl, C(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms; and
  • R 12 is H, halogen (including F, Cl, Br, I), OH, OR', SH, SR', NH 2 , NHR',
  • a first embodiment of the invention is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-1 :
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl; branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl, -N(R 1 ) 2 , C 1-6 acylamino, - NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(R r ) 2 , COR 1 - , and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 1' is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, C 1-2 O alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, or C !-6 alkyl, R 1" is -OR or -N(R 1-6
  • R 2 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, R 3a or R 3b and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) n so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms, C(O)CR 32 R 313 NHR 1 , where n is 2 to 4 and R 1 , R 3a , and R 3b ;
  • R 3a and R 3b are (i) independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, -(CH 2 ) C (NR 3' ) 2 , C, -6 hydroxyalkyl, -CH 2 SH, -(CH 2 ) 2 S(O) d Me, -
  • R 5 is H, a lower alkyl, CN, vinyl, O-(lower alkyl), hydroxyl lower alkyl, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P OH, where p is 1 -6, including hydroxyl methyl (CH 2 OH), CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , alkyne (optionally substituted), or halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 and when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F and B is a purine base, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, NO 2 , OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkynyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkenyl), OC 1-10 haloalkyl, O(aminoacyl), O(C 1-]0 acyl), O(C 1-4 alkyl), O(C 2-4 alkenyl), S(C 1-4 acyl), S(C 1-4 alkyl), S(C 2 ⁇ alkynyl), S(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO(C 1-4 acyl), SO(C 1-4 alkyl), SO(C 2-4 alkynyl), SO(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO 2 (C 1-4 acyl), SO 2 (C
  • R 7 , R 8 ,R 9 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OR', SH, SR',
  • a first aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-1
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a and R 3b are independently (i) R 3a is hydrogen and R 3b and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) n so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms (v) R 3b is hydrogen and R 3a and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) n so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms, where c is 1 to 6, d is 0 to 2, e is 0 to 3, f is 3 to 5, n is 2 to 4, and where R 3 is independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl and R 3 " is -OR' or -N(R 3' ) 2 ); (vi) R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, - CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, or halogen, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , vinyl, OCH 3 , OCH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 (halo), such as CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 N 3 , CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH , base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 ;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, O(C 1-6 acyl),
  • R 7 , R 8 ,R 9 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OR', SH, SR 1 , NH 2 , NHR', NR' 2 , lower alkyl, halogenated (F, Cl, Br, I) lower alkyl, lower alkenyl of C 2 -C 6 , CO 2 H, CO 2 R', CONH 2 , CONHR', CONR' 2 , wherein R' is a C- 2 o alkyl; a C 1-20 cycloalkyl; a C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, a C 2 -C 6 alkynyl.
  • a second aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-1
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, where the substitutent of the substituted phenyl is at least one of a C 1-3 alkyl, a C 1-3 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, and a C 1-3 haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a and R 3b are independently (i) R 3a is hydrogen and R 3b and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) n so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms (v) R 3b is hydrogen and R 3a and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) n so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms, where c is 1 to 6, d is 0 to 2, e is 0 to 3, f is 3 to 5, n is 2 to 4, and where R 3 is independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl and R 3- is -OR' or -N(R 3' ) 2 ); (vi) R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -
  • R 3a is CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3- yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, r Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, or aminoacyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 (halo), such as CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 N 3 , CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH , base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 ;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , NH(vinyl), NH(acetyl), NH(C(O)CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , N(C(O)CH 3 ) 2 , or O(aminoacyl);
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 ; and G) R 9 is selected from among OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , OC(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), which include but are not limited to OC(O)(CH 2 ) s CH 3 , NHC(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), which include but are not limited to NHC(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 , and N(C(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • a third aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-1
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, where the substitutent of the substituted phenyl is at least one of a CH 3 , OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, and a CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I, and q is 1-3;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, or aminoacyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 (halo), such as CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 N 3 , CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH , base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 ;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 ,
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 , wherein R' is a C 1-20 alkyl; a C 1-20 cycloalkyl; a C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, a C 2 -C 6 alkynyl'; and
  • R 9 is selected from among OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , OC(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), which include but are not limited to OC(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 , NHC(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), which include but are not limited to NHC(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 , and N(C(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 ) 2 , which include but is not limited to N(C(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 ) 2 , where s is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19.
  • a fourth aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-2
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, w-propyl, /-propyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, where the substitutent of the substituted phenyl is at least one of a CH 3 , OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, and a CH3 -q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I, and q is 1-3;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 )2, CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1 _io alkyl, C 1- ]O alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, C ⁇ io haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 N 3 , CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH , base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 ;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , NH(vinyl), NH(acetyl), NH(C(O)CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , N(C(O)CH 3 ) 2 , or O(aminoacy 1) ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 , wherein R' is a C 1-20 alkyl; a C 1-20 cycloalkyl; a C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, a C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; and
  • R 9 is selected from among OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 ,
  • a fifth aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-2
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHC(NH)NH 2 , CH 2 -imidazol-4-yl, CH 2 OH, CH(OH)CH 3 , CH 2 ((4'- OH)-Ph), CH 2 SH, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, or aminoacyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, halogen, including F,
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 , or O(aminoacyl);
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 , wherein R 1 is a C 1-2 O alkyl; a C 1-20 cycloalkyl; a C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, a C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; and
  • R 9 is selected from among OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 ,
  • a sixth aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-2
  • R ! is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, OMe, CN, CH 2 F, F, Cl, Br, or I;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, or N 3 ;
  • Y is H, OH, CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, or N 3 , OCH 3 , OC(O)CH 3 , or O(aminoacyl);
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Br, SCH 3 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 ; and
  • O) R 9 is selected from among OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , OC(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), which include but are not limited to
  • NHC(O)(C 1-20 alkyl which include but are not limited to NHC(O)(CH 2 ) s CH 3
  • N(C(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 ) 2 which include but is not limited to N(C(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 ) 2 , where s is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19.
  • a seventh aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-2
  • R ! is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, «-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, r Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, OCH 3 , OC(O)CH 3 , or O(aminoacyl);
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Br, SCH 3 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 ; and
  • R 9 is selected from among OH, OCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , OC(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), which include but are not limited to OC(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 , NHC(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), which include but are not limited to NHC(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 , and N(C(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 ) 2 , which include but is not limited to
  • N(C(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 ) 2 where s is an integer selected from among 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19.
  • An eighth aspect of the first embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-2
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro- phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, OCH 3 , OC(O)CH 3 , or O(aminoacyl);
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Br, SCH 3 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • R 9 is selected from among OH, OCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • OC(O)(C 1-20 alkyl which include but are not limited to OC(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3
  • NHC(O)(C 1-20 alkyl) which include but are not limited to NHC(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3
  • N(C(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 ) 2 which include but is not limited to N(C(O)(CH 2 ) S CH 3 ) 2 , where s is an integer selected from among 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19.
  • a second embodiment of the invention is directed to a compound represented by formula I in which the base is a structure represented by formula b above, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3a , R 3b , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , X, Y, R 7 , and R 8 are defined in the Summary of the Invention section above.
  • a first aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-3
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl; branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1 -6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl, -N(R 1 ) 2 , C 1-6 acylamino, - NHSO 2 C) -6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(R r ) 2 , COR !- , and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 1' is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl, R 1- is -OR' or -N(R')
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1-1 O alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, a lower alkyl, CN, vinyl, O-(lower alkyl), hydroxyl lower alkyl, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P OH, where p is 1 -6, including hydroxyl methyl (CH 2 OH), CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , alkyne (optionally substituted), or halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 and when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F and B is a purine base, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN,
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OR', SH, SR',
  • the second aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-3
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1 _ 6 haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a and R 3b are independently (i) R 3a is hydrogen and R 3b and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) n so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms (v) R 3b is hydrogen and R 3a and R 2 together are (CH 2 ),, so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms, where c is 1 to 6, d is 0 to 2, e is 0 to 3, f is 3 to 5, n is 2 to 4, and where R 3 is independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl and R 3- is -OR' or -N(R 3' ) 2 ); (vi) R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, - CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, Q-, 0 haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , vinyl, OCH 3 , OCH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 (halo), such as CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 N 3 , CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, O(C 1-6 acyl),
  • NH 2 NH(C 1-4 alkyl), NH(C 2-4 alkenyl), NH(C 2-4 alkynyl), NH(C 1-4 acyl), N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , N(C 1-18 acyl) 2 , wherein alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl and vinyl are optionally substituted by N 3 , CN, one to three halogen (Cl, Br, F, I), NO 2 , OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkynyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkenyl), OC 1-10 haloalkyl, O(aminoacyl), 0(C 1-4 acyl), 0(C 1-4 alkyl), 0(C 2-4 alkenyl), S(C 1-4 acyl), S(C 1-4 acyl), S(C 1-4
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OR', SH, SR', NH 2 , NHR', NR' 2 , lower alkyl, halogenated (F, Cl, Br, I) lower alkyl, lower alkenyl of C 2 -C 6 , CO 2 H, CO 2 R', CONH 2 , CONHR 1 , C0NR' 2 , wherein R' is a Q- 20 alkyl; a C 1-20 cycloalkyl; a C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, a C 2 -C 6 alkynyl.
  • the third aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-3
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, where the substitutent of the substituted phenyl is at least one of a C 1-3 alkyl, a C 1-3 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, and a C 1-3 haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, CH 3 , R 3a or R 3b and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) 3 so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms, C(O)CR 33 R 313 NHR 1 , where n is 2 to 4 and R 1 , R 3a , and R 3b are as defined herein;
  • R 3a and R 3b are independently (i) R 3a is hydrogen and R 3b and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) n so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms (v) R 3b is hydrogen and R 3a and R 2 together are (CH 2 ) n so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms, where c is 1 to 6, d is 0 to 2, e is 0 to 3, f is 3 to 5, n is 2 to 4, and where R 3 is independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl and R 3- is -OR 1 or -N(R 3' ) 2 ); (vi) R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, - CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, t Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 (halo), such as CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 N 3 , CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , halogen, NH 2 , or N 3
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , NH(vinyl), NH(acetyl), NH(C(O)CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , N(C(O)CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • the fourth aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-3
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, where the substitutent of the substituted phenyl is at least one of a CH 3 , OCH 3 ,
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , -
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 (halo), such as CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 N 3 , CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , NH(vinyl), NH(acetyl), NH(C(O)CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , N(C(O)CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OCH 3 , SH,
  • SCH 3 NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 , wherein R' is a C 1-20 alkyl; a C 1-20 cycloalkyl; a C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, a C 2 -C 6 alkynyl.
  • the fifth aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-4
  • R is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, where the substitutent of the substituted phenyl is at least one of a CH 3 , OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, and a CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I, and q is 1-3;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHC(NH)NH 2 , CH 2 -imidazol-4-yl, CH 2 OH, CH(OH)CH 3 , CH 2 ((4'- OH)-Ph), CH 2 SH, or lower cycloalkyl or R 3a is CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 N 3 , CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , NH(vinyl), NH(acetyl), NH(C(O)CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , N(C(O)CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, 1, OH, OCH 3 , SH, SCH 3 , NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 , wherein R' is a C 1-20 alkyl; a C 1-2 O cycloalkyl; a C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, a C 2 -C 6 alkynyl,
  • the sixth aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-4 wherein
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, «-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, NH 2 , N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OCH 3 , SH,
  • SCH 3 NH 2 , NHCH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 , wherein R' is a C 1-20 alkyl; a C 1-20 cycloalkyl; a C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, a C 2 -C 6 alkynyl.
  • the seventh aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-4
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, OMe, CN, CH 2 F, F, Cl, Br, or I;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is H, OH, CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 , OCH3, or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Br, SCH 3 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • the eighth aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-4
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2, OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Br, SCH 3 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • the ninth aspect of the second embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-4
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro- phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H, F, Br, SCH 3 , CH 3 , CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I and q is 1 to 3, vinyl, CO 2 CH 3 , CONH 2 , CONHCH 3 , or CON(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • a third embodiment of the invention is directed to a compound represented by formula I in which the base is a structure represented by formula c above, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3a , R 3b , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , X, Y, Z, R 10 , R 11 , and R 12 are defined in the Summary of the Invention section above; with the proviso that R 11 is not H.
  • a first aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-5
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl; branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl, -N(R 1 ) 2 , C 1-6 acylamino, - NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(R r ) 2 , COR 1- , and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 1' is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl, R 1- is -OR' or -N(R r ) 2
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, a lower alkyl, CN, vinyl, O-(lower alkyl), hydroxyl lower alkyl, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P OH, where p is 1 -6, including hydroxyl methyl (CH 2 OH), CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , alkyne (optionally substituted), or halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 and when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F and B is a purine base, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, NO 2 , OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkynyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkenyl), OC 1-10 haloalkyl, O(aminoacyl), O(C 1-!0 acyl), 0(C 1-4 alkyl), 0(C 2-4 alkenyl), S(C 1-4 acyl), S(C 1-4 alkyl), S(C 2-4 alkynyl), S(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO(C 1-4 acyl), SO(C 1-4 alkyl), SO(C 2-4 alkynyl), SO(C 2-4 alkenyl),
  • R' is an optionally substituted alkyl , which includes, but is not limited to, an optionally substituted C 1-20 alkyl, an optionally substituted C 1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted lower alkyl; an optionally substituted cycloalkyl; an optionally substituted alkynyl of C 2 -C 6 , an optionally substituted lower alkenyl of C 2 -C 6 , or optionally substituted acyl, which includes but is not limited to C(O) alkyl, C(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms; and
  • (j) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a second aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-5
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H.
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, NH 2, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • G) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a third aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-5
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, z-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, ! Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 2 F, F, Cl, Br, or I; with the proviso that X is OH,
  • R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is H, OH, CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R 10 and R 1 x are independently H, F, Br, I, OH, OR 1 , NH 2 , NHR',
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • G) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a fourth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-5
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, rc-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • G) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a fifth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-5
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro- phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • (j) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a sixth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-5
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, w-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CHa) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHC(NH)NH 2 , CH 2 -imidazol-4-yl, CH 2 OH, CH(OH)CH 3 , CH 2 ((4'- OH)-Ph), CH 2 SH, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H.
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, NH 2 , N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 ;
  • R 10 is NH 2 and R 11 is H, F, Br, I, OH, OR', NH 2 , NHR', NR 2 ,
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • a seventh aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-5
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl -piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 2 F, F, Cl, Br, or I; with the proviso that X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is H, OH, CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • An eighth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-5
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • a ninth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-5
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro- phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, r Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, or N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • a tenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-6
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl; branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl, -N(R r ) 2 , C 1-6 acylamino, - NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(R r ) 2 , COR 1- , and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 1' is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl, R 1 - is -OR or -N(R r r
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, a lower alkyl, CN, vinyl, O-(lower alkyl), hydroxyl lower alkyl, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P OH, where p is 1 -6, including hydroxyl methyl (CH 2 OH), CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , alkyne (optionally substituted), or halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 and when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F and B is a purine base, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, NO 2 , OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkynyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkenyl), OC 1-10 haloalkyl, O(aminoacyl), 0(C 1-10 acyl), 0(C 1-4 alkyl), 0(C 2-4 alkenyl), S(C 1-4 acyl), S(C 1-4 alkyl), S(C 2-4 alkynyl), S(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO(C 1-4 acyl), SO(C 1-4 alkyl), SO(C
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • (j) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • An eleventh aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-6
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, w-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHC(NH)NH 2 , CH 2 -imidazol-4-yl, CH 2 OH, CH(OH)CH 3 , CH 2 ((4'- OH)-Ph), CH 2 SH, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-raethyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, NH 2 , N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 ;
  • R 10 and R 1 ' are independently H, F, Br, I, OH, OR', NH 2 , NHR',
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • a twelvth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-6
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, r ⁇ -propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, r Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 2 F, F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is H, OH, CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms; and Q) Z is N or CR 12 ; and
  • a thirteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-6
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • G) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a fourteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-6
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro- phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F,
  • R 5 cannot be H
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • (j) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a fifteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-6
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl; branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl, -N(R 1 ) 2 , Q -6 acylamino, - NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(R 1' ) 2 , COR 1" , and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 1' is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, C 1-2 O alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl, R 1- is -OR or -N(R r )
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3 _io cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, a lower alkyl, CN, vinyl, O-(lower alkyl), hydroxyl lower alkyl, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P OH, where p is 1 -6, including hydroxyl methyl (CH 2 OH), CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , alkyne (optionally substituted), or halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 and when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F and B is a purine base, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, NO 2 , OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkynyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkenyl), OC 1-10 haloalkyl, O(aminoacyl), 0(C 1-10 acyl), 0(C 1-4 alkyl), 0(C 2-4 alkenyl), S(C 1-4 acyl), S(C 1-4 alkyl), S(C 2-4 alkynyl), S(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO(C 1-4 acyl), SO(C 1-4 alkyl), SO(C 2-4 alkynyl), SO(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO 2 (C 1-4 acyl), SO 2 (C
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • (j) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • An sixteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-6
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHC(NH)NH 2 , CH 2 -imidazol-4-yl, CH 2 OH, CH(OH)CH 3 , CH 2 ((4'- OH)-Ph), CH 2 SH, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, halogen, including F,
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, NH 2 , N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 ,
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • G) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a seventeenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-6 wherein
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, rc-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 2 F, F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is H, OH, CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • G) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • An eighteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-6 wherein
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • (j) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a ninteenth aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-6 wherein
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro- phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • (j) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a fourth embodiment of the invention is directed to a compound represented by formula I in which the base is a structure represented by formula c above, where R 11 is H and R 2 , R 3a , R 3b , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , X, and Y are defined in the Summary of the Invention section above.
  • a first aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-7
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl; branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1 -6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl, -N(R 1 ) 2 , C 1-6 acylamino, - NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(R r ) 2 , COR 1- , and -SO 2 C L6 alkyl;
  • R 1' is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl, R 1- is -OR' or -N(R r )
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHC(NH)NH 2 , CH 2 - imidazol-4-yl, CH 2 OH, CH(OH)CH 3 , CH 2 ((4'-OH)-Ph), CH 2 SH, or lower cycloalkyl and R 3b is H, where R 3 is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C 1-1 O alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, C 1-10 haloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, a lower alkyl, CN, vinyl, O-(lower alkyl), hydroxyl lower alkyl, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P OH, where p is 1 -6, including hydroxyl methyl (CH 2 OH),
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, NO 2 , OC(O)O(C 14 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkynyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkenyl), OC 1-10 haloalkyl, O(aminoacyl), O(C 1-]0 acyl), 0(C 1-4 alkyl), 0(C 2-4 alkenyl), S(C 1-4 acyl), S(C 1-4 alkyl), S(C 2-4 alkynyl), S(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO(C 14 acyl), SO(C 1-4 alkyl), SO(C 14 acyl
  • R' is an optionally substituted alkyl , which includes, but is not limited to, an optionally substituted C 1-20 alkyl, an optionally substituted C 1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted lower alkyl; an optionally substituted cycloalkyl; an optionally substituted alkynyl of C 2 -C 6 , an optionally substituted lower alkenyl of C 2 -C 6 , or optionally substituted acyl, which includes but is not limited to C(O) alkyl, C(O)(C 1-20 alkyl), C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms; and
  • (j) Z is N or CR 12 ; and R 12 is H, halogen (including F, Cl, Br, I), OH, OR', SH, SR 1 , NH 2 , NHR', NR 2 , NO 2 lower alkyl of C 1 -C 6 , halogenated (F, Cl, Br, I) lower alkyl of C 1 -C 6 , lower alkenyl of C 2 -C 6 , halogenated (F, Cl, Br, I) lower alkenyl of C 2 -C 6 , lower alkynyl of C 2 -C 6 , halogenated (F, Cl, Br, I) lower alkynyl of C 2 -C 6 , lower alkoxy of C 1 -C 6 , halogenated (F, Cl, Br, I) lower alkoxy of C 1 -C 6 , CO 2 H, CO 2 R',
  • a second aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-7
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H.
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, NH 2, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R 1 comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • G) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a third aspect of the third embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-7
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 2 F, F, Cl, Br, or I; with the proviso that X is OH,
  • R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is H, OH, CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • G) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a fourth aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-7
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, z-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di ⁇ ower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F,
  • R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R 1 comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • Q) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a fifth aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-7
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro- phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • CO R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • (j) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a sixth aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-8
  • R 1 is hydrogen, n-alkyl; branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1 -6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl, -N(R 1 ) 2 , C 1-6 acylamino, - NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(R !' ) 2 , COR 1 ", and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl; (R 1' is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, C 1-2 O alkyl, Q.io alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl, R ! - is -OR' or
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 5 is H, a lower alkyl, CN, vinyl, O-(lower alkyl), hydroxyl lower alkyl, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P OH, where p is 1 -6, including hydroxyl methyl (CH 2 OH), CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , alkyne (optionally substituted), or halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 and when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F and B is a purine base, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, NO 2 , OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkynyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkenyl), OC 1-10 haloalkyl, O(aminoacyl), 0(C 1-10 acyl), 0(C 1-4 alkyl), 0(C 2-4 alkenyl), S(C 1-4 acyl), S(C 1-4 alkyl), S(C 2-4 alkynyl), S(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO(C 1-4 acyl), SO(C 1-4 alkyl), SO(C 2-4 alkynyl), SO(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO 2 (C 1-4 alkyl), SO 2 (C 1-4 alkyl), SO 2 (C 1-4 alky
  • R 10 is H, F, Br, I, OH, OR', NH 2 , NHR', NR' 2 , CO 2 R', CONH 2 ,
  • each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • G) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a seventh aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-8
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, NH 2 , N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 ,
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • O) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • An eighth aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-8
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, z-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl , N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 2 F, F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H; (f) R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is H, OH, CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R 1 is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms; and
  • O) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a ninth aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-8
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, z-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • O) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a tenth aspect of the fourth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-8
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro- phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • R' is a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, or C(O)(lower alkyl) or alternatively, in the instance of NR' 2 , each R' comprise at least one C atom that are joined to form a heterocycle comprising at least two carbon atoms;
  • Q) Z is N or CR 12 ;
  • a fifth embodiment of the invention is directed to a compound represented by formula I in which the base is a structure represented by formula d above, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3a , R 3b , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , X, and Y are defined in the Summary of the Invention section above.
  • the first aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-9
  • R is hydrogen, n-alkyl; branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with at least one of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1 -6 alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C 1-6 haloalkyl, -N(R 1 ) 2 , C 1-6 acylamino, - NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(R r ) 2 , COR 1- , and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 1' is independently hydrogen or alkyl, which includes, but is not limited to, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkyl, R 1 - is -OR' or -N(R r r
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, C -10 alkyl, C 1-1 O alkyl optionally substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, C -10 haloalkyl, C 3- io cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aminoacyl, di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is H, a lower alkyl, CN, vinyl, O-(lower alkyl), hydroxyl lower alkyl, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P OH, where p is 1 -6, including hydroxyl methyl (CH 2 OH), CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , alkyne (optionally substituted), or halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, base is cytosine and R 6 is H, R 5 cannot be N 3 and when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F and B is a purine base, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OMe, halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, NO 2 , OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 1-4 alkyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkynyl), OC(O)O(C 2-4 alkenyl), Od -10 haloalkyl, O(aminoacyl), 0(C 1-10 acyl), 0(C 1-4 alkyl), 0(C 2-4 alkenyl), S(C 1-4 acyl), S(C 1-4 alkyl), S(C 2-4 alkynyl), S(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO(C 1-4 acyl), SO(C 1-4 alkyl), SO(C 2-4 alkynyl), SO(C 2-4 alkenyl), SO 2 (C 1-4 acyl), SO 2 (C
  • a second aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-9
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H.
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , halogen, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, NH 2, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 ;
  • a third aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-9
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, «-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, r Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, f Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 2 F, F, Cl, Br, or I; with the proviso that X is OH,
  • R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is H, OH, CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 N 3 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • a fourth aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-9
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, «-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • a fifth aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-9
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro- phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, r Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • a sixth aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-10
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, /-propyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, where the substitutent of the substituted phenyl is at least one of a CH 3 , OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, and a CH 3-q X q , where X is F, Cl, Br, or I, and q is 1-3;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , -
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, N 3 , CH 2 CN, CH 2 N 3 ,
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 ,
  • a seventh aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-10
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, «-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, CH 2 -indol-3-yl, -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , -
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 F, halogen, including F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , F, or CN;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , Cl, Br, I, NH 2 , or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, H, CH 3 , vinyl, NH 2 , N 3 , CN, Cl, Br, F, I, OC(O)CH 3 , OCH 3 .
  • An eighth aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-10
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or CH 3 ;
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, 1 Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, CN, CH 2 F, F, Cl, Br, or I, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, F, OCH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is H, OH, CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, NH 2 or N 3 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • a ninth aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-10
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, /-propyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro-phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, n Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3 -yl, N-methy l-pyrrolidin-3 -y 1, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F, R 5 cannot be H;
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 ;
  • a tenth aspect of the fifth embodiment is directed to a compound represented by formula 1-10
  • R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, phenyl, p-bromo-phenyl, p-chloro- phenyl, p-fluorophenyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3a is H and R 3b is H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 Ph, or lower cycloalkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, CH 3 , Et, i Pr, "Pr, n Bu, 2-butyl, 'Bu, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, N-methyl-aziridin-2-yl, N- methyl-azetidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-methyl-pyrrolidin-4-yl, N- methyl-piperidin-4-yl, lower haloalkyl, or di(lower alkyl)amino-lower alkyl;
  • R 5 is H, with the provisos that when X is OH, R 6 is CH 3 or CH 2 F,
  • R 5 cannot be H
  • R 6 is H, CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , or F;
  • X is H, OH, OCH 3 , F, NH 2 or N 3 ;
  • Y is OH, NH 2 , OCH 3 , or OC(O)CH 3 .
  • the phosphoramidate substituent containing the substituents R 3a and R 3b are depicted without reference to stereochemical structure ⁇ cf. structures 1-1, 1-3, 1-5, 1-7, and 1-9 above). It is contemplated that the compounds recited below embody compounds in which R 3a projects toward the viewer while R 3b projects away from the viewer (cf. structures 1-2, 1-4, 1-6, 1-8, and 1-10). Moreover, it is contemplated that the compounds recited below also embody compounds in which R 3a projects away from the viewer while R 3b projects towards the viewer.
  • preferred compounds are those in which R 3a projects towards the viewer and R 3b projects away from the viewer such that the natural L-amino acid (S)-configuration is presented. Additionally, the inventors recognize that the phosphorus atom of the phosphoramidate moiety is another source of chirality.
  • the structures below do not specifically depict chirality at phosphorus, the inventors recognize that stereochemical configurations are possible such that in a staggered (or zig- zag) line structure the oxo-substitutent projects towards the viewer while the OR 1 substitutent projects away from the viewer, and vice versa, i.e., where the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog stereochemical designation of phosphorous is either R or S. Therefore, the structures below include all possible stereochemical configurations possible for phosphorus.
  • a sixth embodiment of the present invention is directed to a composition for the treatment of any of the viral agents disclosed herein said composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable medium selected from among an excipient, carrier, diluent, and equivalent medium and a compound, that is intended to include its salts (acid or basic addition salts), hydrates, solvates, and crystalline forms can be obtained, represented by formula I.
  • formulation of the sixth embodiment can contain any of the compounds contemplated in any of the aspects of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth embodiments or those specifically recited in the tables above or exemplified herein, either alone or in combination with another compound of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be formulated in a wide variety of oral administration dosage forms and carriers.
  • Oral administration can be in the form of tablets, coated tablets, hard and soft gelatin capsules, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or suspensions.
  • Compounds of the present invention are efficacious when administered by suppository administration, among other routes of administration.
  • the most convenient manner of administration is generally oral using a convenient daily dosing regimen which can be adjusted according to the severity of the disease and the patient's response to the antiviral medication.
  • a compound or compounds of the present invention, as well as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, together with one or more conventional excipients, carriers, or diluents, may be placed into the form of pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosages.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosage forms may be comprised of conventional ingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additional active compounds and the unit dosage forms may contain any suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate with the intended daily dosage range to be employed.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be employed as solids, such as tablets or filled capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, or liquids such as suspensions, emulsions, or filled capsules for oral use; or in the form of suppositories for rectal or vaginal administration.
  • a typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound or compounds (w/w).
  • preparation or “dosage form” is intended to include both solid and liquid formulations of the active compound and one skilled in the art will appreciate that an active ingredient can exist in different preparations depending on the desired dose and pharmacokinetic parameters.
  • excipient refers to a compound that is used to prepare a pharmaceutical composition, and is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipients that are acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.
  • the compounds of this invention can be administered alone but will generally be administered in admixture with one or more suitable pharmaceutical excipients, diluents or carriers selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” form of an active ingredient may also initially confer a desirable pharmacokinetic property on the active ingredient which were absent in the non-salt form, and may even positively affect the pharmacodynamics of the active ingredient with respect to its therapeutic activity in the body.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound as used herein means a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.
  • Such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, salicylic acid, muconic acid, and the like
  • Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, suppositories, and dispersible granules.
  • a solid carrier may be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.
  • the carrier In powders, the carrier generally is a finely divided solid which is a mixture with the finely divided active component.
  • the active component In tablets, the active component generally is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
  • Suitable carriers include but are not limited to magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
  • Solid form preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.
  • Liquid formulations also are suitable for oral administration include liquid formulation including emulsions, syrups, elixirs and aqueous suspensions. These include solid form preparations which are intended to be converted to liquid form preparations shortly before use. Emulsions may be prepared in solutions, for example, in aqueous propylene glycol solutions or may contain emulsifying agents such as lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia. Aqueous suspensions can be prepared by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents.
  • viscous material such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for administration as suppositories.
  • a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously, for example, by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and to solidify.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for vaginal administration. Pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Suitable formulations along with pharmaceutical carriers, diluents and expcipients are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 1995, edited by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Company, 19th edition, Easton, Pennsylvania, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the compounds of the present invention can also be encapsulated in liposomes, such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,180,134, 5,192,549, 5,376,380, 6,060,080, 6,132,763, each of which is incorporated by reference.
  • a skilled formulation scientist may modify the formulations within the teachings of the specification to provide numerous formulations for a particular route of administration without rendering the compositions of the present invention unstable or compromising their therapeutic activity.
  • the modification of the present compounds to render them more soluble in water or other vehicle may be easily accomplished by minor modifications (e.g., salt formulation), which are well within the ordinary skill in the art. It is also well within the ordinary skill of the art to modify the route of administration and dosage regimen of a particular compound in order to manage the pharmacokinetics of the present compounds for maximum beneficial effect in patients.
  • a seventh embodiment of the present invention is directed to a use of the compound represented by formula I in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any condition the result of an infection by any one of the following viral agents: hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, rhinovirus, polio virus, hepatitis A virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and Japanese encephalitis virus.
  • the term “medicament” means a substance used in a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of a subject in need thereof, wherein the substance includes, but is not limited to, a composition, a formulation, a dosage form, and the like, comprising the compound of formula I. It is contemplated that the compound of the use of the compound represented by formula I in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any of the antiviral conditions disclosed herein of the seventh embodiment can be any of the compounds contemplated in any of the aspects of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth embodiments or those specifically recited in the tables above or exemplified herein, either alone or in combination with another compound of the present invention.
  • a medicament includes, but is not limited to, any one of the compositions contemplated by the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
  • a eighth embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis in a subject in need thereof said method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound represented by formula I to the subject.
  • a first aspect of the eighth embodiment is directed to a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis in a subject in need thereof said method comprises administering a therapeutically effective of at least two or more different compounds falling within the scope of the compound represented by formula I to the subject.
  • a second aspect of the eighth embodiment is directed to a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis in a subject in need thereof said method comprises alternatively or concurrently administering a therapeutically effective of at least two compounds falling within the scope of the compound represented by formula I to the subject.
  • a subject in need thereof is one that has any condition the result of an infection by any of the viral agents disclosed herein, which includes, but is not limited to, hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, rhinovirus, polio virus, hepatitis A virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus or Japanese encephalitis virus, flaviviridae viruses or pestiviruses or hepaciviruses or a viral agent causing symptoms equivalent or comparable to any of the above-listed viruses.
  • the viral agents disclosed herein includes, but is not limited to, hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, rhinovirus, polio virus, hepatitis A virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus or Japanese encephalitis virus, flaviviridae viruses or pestiviruses or hepaciviruses or a viral agent causing symptoms equivalent or comparable to any of the above-listed viruses.
  • subject means a mammal, which includes, but is not limited to, cattle, pigs, sheep, chicken, turkey, buffalo, llama, ostrich, dogs, cats, and humans, preferably the subject is a human. It is contemplated that in the method of treating a subject thereof of the sixth embodiment can be any of the compounds contemplated in any of the aspects of the first, second, and third embodiments or those specifically recited in the tables above, either alone or in combination with another compound of the present invention.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount required to reduce symptoms of the disease in an individual.
  • the dose will be adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case. That dosage can vary within wide limits depending upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and general health condition of the patient, other medicaments with which the patient is being treated, the route and form of administration and the preferences and experience of the medical practitioner involved.
  • a daily dosage of between about 0.1 and about 10 g, including all values in between, such as 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, I 5 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, and 9.5, per day should be appropriate in monotherapy and/or in combination therapy.
  • a preferred daily dosage is between about 0.5 and about 7.5 g per day, more preferred 1.5 and about 6.0 g per day.
  • treatment is initiated with a large initial "loading dose" to rapidly reduce or eliminate the virus following by a decreasing the dose to a level sufficient to prevent resurgence of the infection.
  • Therapeutic efficacy can be ascertained from tests of liver function including, but not limited to protein levels such as serum proteins (e.g., albumin, clotting factors, alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferases (e.g., alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase), 5 '-nucleosidase, ⁇ - glutaminyltranspeptidase, etc.), synthesis of bilirubin, synthesis of cholesterol, and synthesis of bile acids; a liver metabolic function, including, but not limited to, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid and ammonia metabolism.
  • serum proteins e.g., albumin, clotting factors, alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferases (e.g., alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase), 5 '-nucleosidase, ⁇ - glutaminyltranspeptidase, etc.)
  • the therapeutic effectiveness may be monitored by measuring HCV-RNA. The results of these tests will allow the dose to be optimized.
  • a third aspect of the eighth embodiment is directed to a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis in a subject in need thereof said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective of a compound represented by formula I and a therapeutically effective amount of another antiviral agent; wherein the administration is concurrent or alternative.
  • the time between alternative administration can range between 1-24 hours, which includes any sub-range in between including, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 hours.
  • HCV NS3 protease inhibitors see WO 2008010921, WO 2008010921, EP 1881001, WO 2007015824, WO 2007014925, WO 2007014926, WO 2007014921, WO 2007014920, WO 2007014922, US 2005267018, WO 2005095403, WO 2005037214, WO 2004094452, US 2003187018, WO 200364456, WO 2005028502, and WO 2003006490); HCV NS5B Inhibitors (see US 2007275947, US20072759300, WO2007095269, WO 2007092000, WO 2007076034, WO 200702602, US 2005-98125, WO 2006093801, US 2006166964, WO 2006065590, WO 2006065335, US 2006040927, US 2006040890, WO 2006020082, WO 2006012078, WO 2005123087
  • HCV NS4 Inhibitors see WO 2007070556 and WO 2005067900
  • HCV NS5a Inhibitors see US 2006276511, WO 2006120252, WO 2006120251, WO 2006100310, WO 2006035061
  • Toll-like receptor agonists see WO 2007093901
  • other inhibitors see WO 2004035571, WO 2004014852, WO 2004014313, WO 2004009020, WO 2003101993, WO 2000006529.
  • a fourth aspect of the eighth embodiment is directed to a method of treatment in a subject in need thereof said method comprises alternatively or concurrently administering a therapeutically effective of a compound represented by formula I and another antiviral agent to the subject. It is understood that the time between alternative administration can range between 1-24 hours, which includes any sub-range in between including, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 hours.
  • a fifth aspect of the eighth embodiment is directed to a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis in a subject in need thereof said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective of at least one compound represented by formula I and a therapeutically effective amount of another antiviral agent; wherein the administration is concurrent or alternative.
  • the time between alternative administration can range between 1-24 hours, which includes any sub-range in between including, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 hours.
  • a sixth aspect of the eighth embodiment is directed to a method of treatment in a subject in need thereof said method comprises alternatively or concurrently administering a therapeutically effective of at least one compound represented by formula I and another antiviral agent to the subject. It is understood that the time between alternative administration can range between 1-24 hours, which includes any sub-range in between including, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 hours.
  • the another antiviral agent includes, but is not limited to interferon - ⁇ , interferon- ⁇ , pegylated interferon- ⁇ , ribavirin, levovirin, viramidine, another nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitor, a HCV non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor, a HCV protease inhibitor, a HCV helicase inhibitor or a HCV fusion inhibitor.
  • the active compound or its derivative or salt are administered in combination with another antiviral agent the activity may be increased over the parent compound.
  • the treatment is combination therapy, such administration may be concurrent or sequential with respect to that of the nucleoside derivatives.
  • Constant administration thus includes administration of the agents at the same time or at different times. Administration of two or more agents at the same time can be achieved by a single formulation containing two or more active ingredients or by substantially simultaneous administration of two or more dosage forms with a single active agent.
  • references herein to treatment extend to prophylaxis as well as to the treatment of existing conditions.
  • treatment also includes treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or a condition associated with or mediated by HCV infection, or the clinical symptoms thereof.
  • An ninth embodiment of the present invention is directed to a process for preparing the compound of formula I, which comprises reacting a suitably substituted phosphochloridate compound 4 with a nucleoside analog 5
  • substituents R 1 , R 2 , R 3a , R 3b , R 4 , R 5 , X, Y, R 6 , and base have their meanings as disclosed in the Detailed Description of the Invention and X' is a leaving group, such as Cl, Br, I, tosylate, mesylate, trifluoroacetate, trifluorosulfonate, pentafluorophenoxide, p-NO 2 -phenoxide, or other commonly used leaving groups as disclosed in Advanced Organic Chemistry by March, Fourth Edition. Leaving groups and methods that can be used to effect the formation of a phosphoramidate nucleoside conjugate are found in US 20060142238 and WO 2007095269.
  • the leaving group is Cl.
  • This reaction is performed in an anhydrous aprotic solvent such tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or both tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, or any functional equivalent thereof, with tetrahydrofuran being the preferred solvent.
  • the reaction is typically initiated at a temperature range from -78°C to 4O°C with the preferred reaction temperature being between O°C and room temperature.
  • the nucleoside is first stirred with a base (5 to 12 equivalents) such as N- methylimidazole, collidine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, 2, 6-'Bu-pyridine, etc.
  • a tertiary amine base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, etc.
  • an alkyl Grignard reagent such as tBuMgCl, tBuMgBr, MeMgCl, MeMgBr, etc.
  • the phosphorochloridate (3-10 equivalents) is dissolved in the reaction solvent and added to the mixture of the nucleoside and base.
  • the reaction is then allowed to stir over a period of time at a temperature between room temperature and 4O°C for a period of 30 min to 24 hr. with the preferred reaction temperature being room temperature and time being 24 hr.
  • the solvent is removed from the reaction mixture and the product is purified by chromatography on silica gel.
  • a tenth embodiment of the present invention is directed to a product obtained by a process which comprises reacting a suitably substituted phosphochloridate compound 4 with a nucleoside analog 5
  • This reaction can be performed in an anhydrous aprotic solvent or other suitable solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, with tetrahydrofuran being the preferred solvent.
  • the reaction is typically initiated at a temperature range from -78°C to 4O°C with the preferred reaction temperature being between O°C and room temperature.
  • the nucleoside is first stirred with a base (5 to 12 equivalents) such as N- methylimidazole, a tertiary amine base or tButyl Magnesium Chloride.
  • a phosphorochloridate (3-10 equivalents (or suitable "phosphoro-(leaving group)- date")) is dissolved in the reaction solvent and added to the mixture of the nucleoside and base.
  • the reaction is then allowed to stir over a period of time at a temperature between room temperature and 4O°C for a period of 30 min to 24 hr. with the preferred reaction temperature being room temperature and time being 24 hr.
  • the solvent is removed from the reaction mixture and the product is purified by chromatography on silica gel.
  • Phosphoramidate compounds of the present invention can be prepared by condensation of a nucleoside analog 5 with a suitably substituted phosphochloridate compound 4 (Scheme 1).
  • the nucleoside analog is made by conventional procedures disclosed in any one of U.S. Published Application Nos. 2005/0009737, 2006/0199783, 2006/0122146, and 2007/0197463, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

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FIEP08732818.3T FI2203462T4 (fi) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Nukleosidifosforamidaattiaihiolääkkeitä
SI200831244T SI2203462T2 (sl) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Predzdravila fosforamidat nukleozida
CN200880018024.2A CN101918425B (zh) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 核苷氨基磷酸酯前药
NZ579880A NZ579880A (en) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 (S)-2-{ [(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-Dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-ylmethoxy]-phenoxy-phosphorylamino} -propionic acid isopropyl ester
EP14169060.2A EP2801580B1 (en) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs
EP23197008.8A EP4282482A3 (en) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs
RU2009139968K RU2651892C2 (ru) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Нуклеозидфосфорамидаты в качестве противовирусных агентов
CA2682230A CA2682230C (en) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs
KR1020097022652A KR101432860B1 (ko) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 누클레오시드 포스포라미데이트 전구약물
HRP20140667TT HRP20140667T4 (hr) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Nukleozid fosforamidat prolijekovi
BRPI0823519A BRPI0823519A2 (pt) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 composto, seu estereoisômero, composição e uso do dito composto ou de seu estereoisômero
RU2009139968A RU2651892C3 (ru) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Нуклеозидфосфорамидаты в качестве противовирусных агентов
KR1020147036573A KR101527701B1 (ko) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 누클레오시드 포스포라미데이트 전구약물
CN202310695479.4A CN116731099A (zh) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 核苷氨基磷酸酯前药
KR1020127004146A KR101525293B1 (ko) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 누클레오시드 포스포라미데이트 전구약물
EP14179358.8A EP2826784B1 (en) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Composition comprising a HCV NS3 protease inhibitor and a phosphoramidate prodrug of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyluridine nucleoside
PL14179358T PL2826784T3 (pl) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Proleki amidofosforanów nukleozydów
CN202310694712.7A CN116731098A (zh) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 核苷氨基磷酸酯前药
CN201811348434.5A CN109776637B (zh) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 核苷氨基磷酸酯前药
JP2010502196A JP5318085B2 (ja) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 ヌクレオシドホスホロアミデートプロドラッグ
MX2009010401A MX2009010401A (es) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Profarmacos de nucleosido fosforamidato.
EP08732818.3A EP2203462B2 (en) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs
ES08732818T ES2492470T5 (en) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs
AU2008232827A AU2008232827C1 (en) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs
PL08732818T PL2203462T3 (pl) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Proleki fosforamidanu nukleozydu
BRPI0809654-6A BRPI0809654A2 (pt) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Composto, seu estereoisômero, sal, hidrato, solvato, ou forma cristalina do mesmo e processo para preparar o mesmo e uso do mesmo, composição para tratamento e/ou profilaxia de quaisquer agentes virais, uso de composto, método de tratar indivíduo
DK08732818.3T DK2203462T4 (da) 2007-03-30 2008-03-26 Nukleosid-phosphoramidat-prodrugs
ZA2009/06647A ZA200906647B (en) 2007-03-30 2009-09-23 Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs
IL201239A IL201239A (en) 2007-03-30 2009-09-29 (s)-2-{[(2r,3r,4r,5r)-5-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2h-pyrimidin-1-yl)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethoxy]-phenoxy-phosphorylamino}-propionic acid isopropyl ester or a stereoisomer thereof, (s)-isopropyl 2-(((s)-((2r,3r,4r,5r)-5-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate, a method of synthesizing the nucleotides and uses thereof
IL217228A IL217228A (en) 2007-03-30 2011-12-27 Compounds of Type 2'-Deoxy-2'-Fluoro-2'-c-Methyluridine Nucleoside Phosphoramide Compounds
IL222810A IL222810A0 (en) 2007-03-30 2012-11-01 Nucleoside phosphorramidate prodrugs
CY2014047C CY2014047I2 (el) 2007-03-30 2014-11-18 Προφαρμακα φωσφοραμιδικου νουκλεοσιδιου
LU92600C LU92600I2 (fr) 2007-03-30 2014-11-19 Sovaldi (sofosbuvir)
FR14C0082C FR14C0082I2 (fr) 2007-03-30 2014-11-19 Promedicaments de phosphoramidate de nucleoside
NL300704C NL300704I2 (enExample) 2007-03-30 2014-11-19
LTPA2014040C LTC2203462I2 (lt) 2007-03-30 2014-11-21 Nukleozidų fosforamidato provaistai
PH12014502771A PH12014502771A1 (en) 2007-03-30 2014-12-10 Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs
NO2021031C NO2021031I1 (no) 2007-03-30 2021-07-26 Sofosbuvir - forlenget SPC

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US98230907P 2007-10-24 2007-10-24
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US12/053,015 US7964580B2 (en) 2007-03-30 2008-03-21 Nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs
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