WO2002022603A1 - Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors - Google Patents

Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002022603A1
WO2002022603A1 PCT/US2001/028738 US0128738W WO0222603A1 WO 2002022603 A1 WO2002022603 A1 WO 2002022603A1 US 0128738 W US0128738 W US 0128738W WO 0222603 A1 WO0222603 A1 WO 0222603A1
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Prior art keywords
ring
optionally substituted
aliphatic
halo
phenyl
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PCT/US2001/028738
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Robert Davies
Pan Li
Jean-Damien Charrier
David Bebbington
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Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Priority to HK03108474.5A priority Critical patent/HK1057747B/en
Priority to DE60119748T priority patent/DE60119748T2/de
Priority to MXPA03002295A priority patent/MXPA03002295A/es
Priority to AU2001290912A priority patent/AU2001290912A1/en
Priority to EP01970969A priority patent/EP1317447B1/en
Application filed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority to JP2002526856A priority patent/JP4922539B2/ja
Priority to CA2422367A priority patent/CA2422367C/en
Publication of WO2002022603A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002022603A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to AU2006201391A priority patent/AU2006201391C1/en
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Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of medicinal chemistry and relates to compounds that are protein kinase inhibitors, compositions containing such compounds and methods of use. More particularly, this invention relates to compounds that are inhibitors of GSK-3 and Aurora-2 protein kinases . The invention also relates to methods of treating diseases associated with these protein kinases, such as diabetes, cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Protein kinases mediate intracellular signal transduction. They do this by effecting a phosphoryl transfer from a nucleoside triphosphate to a protein acceptor that is involved in a signaling pathway. There are a number of kinases and pathways through which extracellular and other stimuli cause a variety of cellular responses to occur inside the cell . Examples of such stimuli include environmental and chemical stress signals (e.g. osmotic shock, heat shock, ultraviolet radiation, bacterial endotoxin, H 2 0 2 ) , cytokines (e.g. interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ ) ) , and growth factors (e.g.
  • environmental and chemical stress signals e.g. osmotic shock, heat shock, ultraviolet radiation, bacterial endotoxin, H 2 0 2
  • cytokines e.g. interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ )
  • GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage- colony-stimulating factor
  • FGF fibroblast growth factor
  • Aurora-2 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has been implicated in human cancer, such as colon, breast and other solid tumors . This kinase is believed to be involved in protein phosphorylation events that regulate the cell cycle. Specifically, Aurora-2 may play a role in controlling the accurate segregation of chromosomes ' during mitosis.
  • Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase comprised of ⁇ and ⁇ isoforms that are each encoded by distinct genes [Coghlan et al., Chemistry & Biology, 7, 793-803 (2000); Kim and Kimmel, Curr. Opinion Genetics Dev. , 10, 508-514 (2000)] .
  • GSK-3 has been implicated in various diseases including diabetes, Alzheimer's disease,, CNS disorders such as manic depressive disorder and neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiomyocete hypertrophy [WO 99/65897; WO 00/38675; and Haq et al., J. Cell Biol . (2000) 151, 117].
  • GSK-3 has been found to phosphorylate and modulate the activity of a number of regulatory proteins . These proteins include glycogen synthase which is the rate limiting enzyme necessary for glycogen synthesis, the microtubule associated protein Tau, the gene transcription factor ⁇ -catenin, the translation initiation factor elF2B, as well as ATP citrate lyase, axin, heat shock factor-1, c-Jun, c-Myc, c-Myb, CREB, and CEPB ⁇ . These diverse protein targets implicate GSK-3 in many aspects of cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation and development.
  • GSK-3 is a negative regulator of the insulin-induced signal.
  • the presence of insulin causes inhibition of GSK-3 mediated phosphorylation and deactivation of glycogen synthase .
  • the inhibition of GSK-3 leads to increased glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake [Klein et al., PNAS, 93, 8455-9 (1996); Cross et al . , Biochem. J. , 303, 21-26 (1994); Cohen, Biochem. Soc. Trans . , 21, 555-567 (1993); Massillon et al., Biochem J.
  • Alzheimer's disease This disease is characterized by the well-known ⁇ -amyloid peptide and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.
  • the neurofibrillary tangles contain hyperphosphorylated Tau protein where Tau is phosphorylated on abnormal sites.
  • GSK-3 has been shown to phosphorylate these abnormal sites in cell and animal models.
  • inhibition of GSK-3 has been shown to prevent hyperphosphorylation of Tau i cells [Lovestone et al., Current Biology 4, 1077-86 (1994); Brownlees et al . , Neuroreport 8, 3251-55 (1997)] . Therefore, it is believed that GSK-3 activity may promote generation of the neurofibrillary tangles and the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
  • ⁇ -catenin Another substrate of GSK-3 is ⁇ -catenin which is degradated after phosphorylation by GSK-3. Reduced levels of ⁇ -catenin have been reported in schizophrenic patients and have also been associated with other diseases related to increase in neuronal cell death
  • GSK-3 As a result of the biological importance of GSK-3, there is current interest in therapeutically effective GSK-3 inhbitors . Small molecules that inhibit GSK-3 have recently been reported [WO 99/65897 (Chiron) and WO 00/38675 (SmithKline Beecham) ] .
  • Z 1 to Z 4 are as described below;
  • Ring A is selected from the group consisting of :
  • G is Ring C or Ring D
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or 1, 2,4-triazinyl ring, wherein said Ring C has one or two ortho substituents independently selected from -R 1 , any substitutable non- ortho carbon position on Ring C is independently substituted by -R 5 , and two adjacent substituents on Ring C are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-6 membered ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, said fused ring being optionally substituted by halo, oxo, or -R 8 ; Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen
  • R x and R y are independently selected from T-R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-8 membered ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, wherein any substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R x and R ⁇ is substituted by oxo or T-R 3 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R x and R y is substituted by R 4 ;
  • T is a valence bond or a C ⁇ _ 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 and R 2' are independently selected from -R, -T-W-R s , or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, 5-8 membered, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R 2 and R 2 ' is substituted by halo, oxo, -CN, -N0 2 , -R 7 , or -V-R 6 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by R 4 ,-
  • aliphatic as used herein means straight-chain, branched or cyclic C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 hydrocarbons which are completely saturated or which contain one or more units of unsaturation but which are not aromatic .
  • suitable aliphatic groups include substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl) alkyl, (eyeloalkenyl) alkyl or (cycloalkyl) alkenyl.
  • alkyl used alone or as part of a larger moiety includes both straight and branched chains containing one to twelve carbon atoms.
  • alkenyl and “alkynyl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety shall include both straight and branched chains containing two to twelve carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl used alone or as part of a larger moiety shall include cyclic C 3 -C ⁇ 2 hydrocarbons which are completely saturated or which , contain one or more units of unsaturation, but which are not aromatic .
  • haloalkyl means alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxy, as the case may be, substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
  • halogen means F, Cl, Br, or I.
  • heteroatom means nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen and sulfur, and the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen.
  • nitrogen includes a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring.
  • the nitrogen in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3 , 4-dihydro-2JJ-pyrrolyl) , NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR + (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl) .
  • carrier means an aliphatic ring system having three to fourteen members.
  • carrier refers to rings that are optionally substituted.
  • carrier also include aliphatic rings that are fused to one or more aromatic or nonaromatic rings, such as in a decahydronaphthyl or tetrahydronaphthyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the aliphatic ring.
  • aryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl” , “aralkoxy” , or “aryloxyalkyl” , refers to aromatic ring groups having five to fourteen members, such as phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthracyl and 2- anthracyl.
  • aryl also refers to rings that are optionally substituted.
  • aryl may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring” .
  • Aryl also includes fused polycyclic aromatic ring systems in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more rings.
  • aryl is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non-aromatic rings, such as in an indanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the aromatic ring.
  • heterocycle includes non-aromatic ring systems having five to fourteen members, preferably five to ten, in which one or more ring carbons, preferably one to four, are each replaced by a heteroatom such as N, 0, or S.
  • heterocyclic rings examples include 3-1H- benzimidazol-2-one, (1-substituted) -2-oxo-benzimidazol-3- yl, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2- tetrahydropyranyl, 3-tetrahydropyranyl, 4- tetrahydropyranyl, [1,3] -dioxalanyl, [1,3] -dithiolanyl, [1, 3] -dioxanyl, 2-tetrahydrothiophenyl, 3- tetrahydrothiophenyl , 2-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, 4- morpholinyl, 2-thiomorpholinyl, 3-thiomorpholinyl, 4- thiomorpholinyl, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidinyl, 3- pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, 1- piperidinyl
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic”, as it is used herein, is a group in which a non-aromatic heteroatom-containing ring is fused to one or more aromatic or non-aromatic rings, such as in an indolinyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroguinolinyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the non-aromatic heteroatom-containing ring.
  • heterocycle is a group in which a non-aromatic heteroatom-containing ring is fused to one or more aromatic or non-aromatic rings, such as in an indolinyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroguinolinyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the non-aromatic heteroatom-containing ring.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic” whether saturated or partially unsaturated, also refers to rings that are optionally substituted. .
  • heteroaryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “heteroaralkyl” or
  • heteroarylalkoxy refers to heteroaromatic ring groups having five to fourteen members.
  • heteroaryl rings include 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl, N-imidazolyl, 2- imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4- isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-oxadiazolyl, 5-oxadiazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5r-oxazolyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2- pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2- pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-pyrimidyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 2- thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 5-tetrazolyl, 2- triazolyl, 5-triazolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thiazolyl, 5-
  • heteroaryl is a group in which a heteroatomic ring is fused to one or more aromatic or nonaromatic rings where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring. Examples include tetrahydroguinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl , and pyrido [3 , 4-d] pyrimidinyl .
  • heteroaryl also refers to rings that are optionally substituted.
  • heteroaryl may be used interchangeably with the term “heteroaryl ring” or the term “heteroaromatic” .
  • An aryl (including aralkyl, aralkoxy, aryloxyalkyl and the like) or heteroaryl (including heteroaralkyl and heteroarylalkoxy and the like) group may contain one or more substituents .
  • suitable substituents on the unsaturated carbon atom of an aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl group include a halogen, -R°, -OR°,. -SR°, 1, 2-methylene-dioxy, 1, 2-ethylenedioxy, protected OH (such as acyloxy), phenyl (Ph) . , substituted Ph, -O(Ph), substituted -O(Ph),
  • substituents on the aliphatic group or the phenyl ring of R° include amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl , halogen, alkyl, alkylaminocarbonyl , dialkylaminocarbonyl , alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl , alkylcarbonyl , hydroxy, haloalkoxy, or haloalkyl.
  • An aliphatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring may contain one or more substituents .
  • substituents on the aliphatic group include amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, halogen, alkyl, alkylaminocarbonyl , dialkylaminocarbonyl , alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, or haloalkyl.
  • Suitable substituents on the nitrogen of a nonaromatic heterocyclic ring include -R + , -N(R + ) , -C(0)R + , -C0 2 R + , -C(0)C(0)R + , -C (O) CH 2 C (O) R + , -S0 2 R + , -S0 2 N(R + ) 2 ,
  • R + is hydrogen, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, phenyl (Ph) , substituted Ph, -O(Ph), substituted -O(Ph) , CH 2 (Ph) , substituted CH 2 (Ph) , or a unsubstituted heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring.
  • substituents on the aliphatic group or the phenyl ring include amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, halogen, alkyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl , alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, or haloalkyl .
  • the term "linker group” or “linker” means an organic moiety that connects two parts of a compound. Linkers are typically .
  • a linker comprised of an atom such as oxygen or sulfur, a unit such as -NH-, -CH 2 -, -C(0)-, -C(0)NH-, or a chain of atoms, such as an alkylidene chain.
  • the molecular mass of a linker is typically in the range of about 14 to 200, preferably in the range of 14 to 96 with a length of up to about six atoms.
  • linkers include a saturated or unsaturated ⁇ - 6 alkylidene chain which is optionally substituted, and wherein one or two saturated carbons of the chain are optionally replaced by -C(O)-, -C(0)C(0)-, -C0NH-, -CONHNH-, -C0 2 -, -OC(O)-, -NHC0 2 -, -0-, -NHCONH-, -OC(0)NH-, -NHNH- , -NHCO-, -S-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -NH-, -S0 2 NH-, or -NHS0 2 - .
  • alkylidene chain refers to an optionally substituted, straight or branched carbon chain that may be fully saturated or have one or more units of unsaturation.
  • the optional substituents are as described above for an aliphatic group.
  • a combination of substituents or variables . is permissible only if such a combination results in a stable or chemically feasible compound.
  • a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one in which the chemical structure is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 40 °C or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13 C- or 14 C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
  • compositions may be formulated into compositions.
  • the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the composition comprises an amount of the protein kinase inhibitor effective to inhibit a protein kinase, particularly GSK-3, in a biological sample or in a patient.
  • compounds of this invention and pharmaceutical compositions thereof which comprise an amount of the protein kinase inhibitor effective to treat or. prevent a GSK-3-mediated condition and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle, may be formulated for administration to a patient.
  • GSK-3-mediated condition or “disease”, as used herein, means any disease or other deleterious condition or state in which GSK-3 is known to play a role.
  • diseases or conditions include, without limitation, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease,
  • Huntington's Disease Parkinson's Disease, AIDS- associated dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AML) , multiple sclerosis (MS) , schizophrenia, cardiomycete hypertrophy, reperfusion/ischemia, and baldness.
  • AML amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • MS multiple sclerosis
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of enhancing glycogen synthesis and/or lowering blood levels of glucose in a patient in need thereof, which method comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. This method is especially useful for diabetic patients . Another method relates to inhibiting the production of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, which is useful in halting or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Another method relates to inhibiting the phosphorylation of ⁇ -catenin, which is useful for treating schizophrenia.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with a GSK-3 inhibitor of formula I.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Aurora-2 activity in a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an Aurora-2-mediated disease with an Aurora-2 inhibitor, which.method comprises administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutical composition • thereof .
  • Aurora-2-mediated condition or “disease”, as used herein, means any disease or other deleterious condition in which Aurora is known to play a role.
  • the term “Aurora-2-mediated condition” or “disease” also means those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with an Aurora-2 inhibitor. Such conditions include, without limitation, cancer.
  • cancer includes, but is not limited to the following cancers: colon and ovarian.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting Aurora-2 activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with the Aurora-2 inhibitor of formula I, or a composition thereof .
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a CDK-2-mediated diseases with a CDK-2 inhibitor, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutical composition thereof .
  • CDK-2-mediated condition or “disease”, as used herein, means any disease or other deleterious condition in which CDK-2 is known to play a role.
  • CDK-2-mediated condition or “disease” also means those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a CDK-2 inhibitor. Such conditions include, without limitation, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, restenosis, angiogenesis, glomerulonephritis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, herpes, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, alopecia, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis ' . See Fischer, P.M.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting CDK-2 activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an ERK-2-mediated diseases with an ERK-2 inhibitor, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutical composition thereof .
  • ERK-mediated condition means any ' disease state or other deleterious condition in which ERK is known to play a role.
  • ERK-2-mediated condition or “disease” also means those diseases- or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a ERK-2 inhibitor.
  • cancer includes, but is not limited to the following cancers: breast, ovary, cervix, prostate, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus, larynx, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, stomach, skin, keratoacanthoma, lung, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, bone, colon, adenoma, pancreas, adenocarcinoma, thyroid, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, sarcoma, bladder carcinoma, liver carcinoma and
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting ERK-2 activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an AKT-mediated diseases with an AKT inhibitor, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • AKT-mediated condition means any disease state or other deleterious condition in which AKT is known to play a role.
  • the term “AKT-mediated condition” or “disease” also means those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a AKT inhibitor.
  • AKT-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, proliferative disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • the association of AKT, also known as protein kinase B, with various diseases has been described [Khwaja, A. , Nature, pp. 33-34, 1990; Zang, Q. Y. , et al, Oncogene, 19 2000; Kazuhiko, N. , et al, The Journal of Neuroscience, 20 2000] . •
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting AKT activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a Src-mediated disease with a Src inhibitor, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Src-mediated condition as used herein .means any disease state or other deleterious condition in which Src is known to play a role.
  • the term “Src-mediated condition” or “disease” also means those diseases or conditions that. are alleviated by treatment with a Src inhibitor. Such conditions include, without limitation, hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, cancer, symptomatic treatment of bone metastasis, and Paget ' s disease.
  • Src protein kinase and its implication in various diseases has been described [Soriano, Cell , 69, 551 (1992); Soriano et al . , Cell , 64, 693 (1991); Takayanagi, J " . Clin.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting Src activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I or a composition comprising said compound.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that may be administered to a patient, together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof .
  • patient includes human and veterinary subjects.
  • biological sample includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; preparations of an enzyme suitable for in vitro assay; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.
  • the amount " effective to inhibit protein kinase, for example, GSK-3 and Aurora-2, is one that measurably inhibits the kinase activity where compared to the activity of the enzyme in the absence of an inhibitor. Any method may be used to determine inhibition., such as, for example, the Biological Testing Examples described below.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in these pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, " serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
  • serum proteins such as human serum albumin
  • buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty
  • compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
  • compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously.
  • Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents .
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally- acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol .
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
  • Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation .
  • injectables as are natural pharmaceutically- acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions .
  • oils such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions .
  • These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions .
  • Other commonly ' used surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
  • invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
  • carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
  • Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
  • useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch.
  • aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
  • Such materials can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non- irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable non- irritating excipient include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
  • compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract .
  • Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs .
  • Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation.
  • Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers .
  • Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
  • compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
  • compositions to treat or prevent the above-identified diseases or disorders .
  • a "pharmaceutically acceptable derivative or prodrug” means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound of this invention which, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof .
  • Particularly favored derivatives or prodrugs are those that increase the bioavailability of the compounds of this invention when such compounds are administered to a patient (e.g., by allowing an orally administered compound to be more readily absorbed into the blood) or which enhance delivery of the parent compound to a biological compartment (e.g., the brain or lymphatic system) relative to the parent species.
  • compositions of this invention include, without limitation, esters, amino acid esters, phosphate esters, metal salts and sulfonate esters.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases .
  • Suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochlor ' ide, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pi
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N + (C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl) 4 salts.
  • alkali metal e.g., sodium and potassium
  • alkaline earth metal e.g., magnesium
  • ammonium and N + (C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl) 4 salts e.g., sodium and potassium
  • N + (C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl) 4 salts e.g., sodium and potassium
  • This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization.
  • the amount of the protein kinase inhibitor that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the patient treated and the particular mode of administration.
  • the compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg/kg body weight/day of
  • a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated.
  • the amount of the inhibitor will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.
  • additional therapeutic agents which are normally administered to treat or prevent that condition, may be administered together with the inhibitors of this invention.
  • additional therapeutic agents which are normally administered to treat or prevent that condition, may be administered together with the inhibitors of this invention.
  • additional therapeutic agents which are normally administered to treat or prevent that condition, may be administered together with the inhibitors of this invention.
  • agents include, without limitation, insulin or insulin analogues, in injectable or inhalation form, glitazones, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides, insulin sensitizers, and sulfonyl ureas .
  • agents the inhibitors of this invention may also be combined with include, without limitation, chemotherapeutic agents or other anti- proliferative agents such as adriamycin, dexamethasone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, topotecan, tax ⁇ l, interferons, and platinum derivatives; anti- inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids, TNF blockers, IL-1 RA, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and sulfasalazine; immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin, tacrolimus, rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil, interferons, corticosteroids, cyclophophamide, azathioprine, and sulfasalazine; neurotrophic factors such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, MAO inhibitors, interferons, anti- convulsants, ion channel blockers, anti
  • Those additional agents may be administered separately from the protein kinase inhibitor-containing composition, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with the protein kinase inhibitor of this invention in a single composition.
  • Compounds of this invention may exist in alternative tautomeric forms, as in tautomers 1 and 2 shown below. Unless otherwise indicated, the representation of either tautomer is meant to include the other .
  • R x and R y' may be taken together to form a fused ring, providing a bicyclic ring system containing Ring A.
  • Preferred R x /R y rings include a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, wherein said R x /R y ring is optionally substituted. Examples of Ring A systems are shown below by compounds I-A through I-DD, wherein Z 1 is nitrogen or C(R 9 ) and Z 2 is nitrogen or C(H) .
  • Preferred bicyclic Ring A systems include I-A, I-B, I-C, I-D, I-E, I-F, I-G, I-H, I-I, I-J, I-K, -L, and I-M, more preferably I-A, I-B, I-C, I-F, and I-H, and most preferably I-A, I-B, and I-H.
  • preferred R x groups when present, include hydrogen, alkyl- or dialkylamino, acetamido, or a C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic group such as methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl or t-butyl.
  • Preferred R y groups when present, include T-R 3 wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene, and R 3 is -R, -N(R 4 ) 2 , or -OR.
  • R y include 2-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl, piperidinyl, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl,. isopropyl, t-butyl, alkyl- or dialkylamino, acetamido, optionally substituted phenyl such as phenyl or halo- substituted phenyl, and methoxymethyl .
  • the ring formed when R x and R y are taken together may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R 2 and R 2' may be taken together to form a fused ring, thus providing a bicyclic ring system containing a pyrazole ring.
  • Preferred fused rings include benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, and a partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring, wherein said fused ring is optionally substituted. These are exemplified in the following formula .1 compounds having a pyrazole-containing bicyclic ring system:
  • Preferred substituents on the R 2 /R 2' fused ring include one or more of the following: -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , - ⁇ -. 3 alkyl, -C ⁇ _ 3 haloalkyl; -N0 2 , -0(C ⁇ _ 3 alkyl) , -C0 2 (C 1 .
  • preferred R 2 groups include hydrogen, C x - 4 aliphatic, alkoxycarbonyl, (un) substituted phenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl , aminoalkyl , alkylaminoalkyl , dialkylaminoalkyl , phenylaminocarbonyl , and (N- heterocyclyl) carbonyl. Examples of such preferred R 2 .
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or 1, 2, 4-triazinyl ring, wherein said Ring C has one or two ortho substituents .
  • any substitutable non- ortho carbon position on Ring C is independently substituted by -R 5 , and two adjacent substituents on Ring C are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-6 membered ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, said fused ring being optionally substituted by halo, oxo, or -R 8 ;
  • R 1 is selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 , T-V-R 6 , phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl ring, or C x - 6 aliphatic group, said phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl rings each optionally substituted by up to three groups independently selected from halo, oxo, or -R 8 , said C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halo, cyano,
  • T is a valence bond or a C ⁇ _ 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 and R 2' are independently selected from -R, -T-W-R 6 , or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, 5-8 membered, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each substitutable carbon on said fused ring ⁇ formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by halo, oxo, -CN, -N0 2 , -R 7 , or -V-R 6 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by R 4 ;
  • each R is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from x . & aliphatic, C 6 . 10 aryl, a heteroaryl ring having 5-10 ring atoms, or a heterocyclyl ring having 5-10 ring atoms ; each R 4 is independently selected from -R 7 , -COR 7 ,
  • V is -0-, -S-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R 6 )-, .
  • preferred R x /R y rings include a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, wherein said R x /R y ring is optionally substituted.
  • This provides a bicyclic ring system containing a pyrimidine ring. Examples of preferred pyrimidine ring systems of formula II are the mono- and bicyclic systems shown below.
  • More preferred pyrimidine ring systems of formula II include II-A, II-B, II-C, II-F, and II-H, most preferably II-A, II-B, and II-H.
  • preferred R x groups include hydrogen, alkyl- or dialkylamino, acetamido, or a C x - 4 aliphatic group such as methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl or t-butyl.
  • Preferred R y groups include T-R 3 wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene, and R 3 is -R, -N(R 4 ) , or -OR.
  • a preferred R is an optionally substituted group selected from C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic, phenyl, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring.
  • preferred R y include 2-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, piperidinyl, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, alkyl- or dialkylamino, acetamido, optionally substituted phenyl such as phenyl or halo-substituted phenyl, and methoxymethyl :
  • the ring formed when R x and R y are taken together may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R x /R y ring substituents include -halo, -R, -OR, -COR, -C0 2 R, -CON(R 4 ) 2 , -CN, or -N(R 4 ) 2 wherein R is an optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group.
  • R 2 and R 2' groups of formula II may be taken together to form a fused ring, thus providing a bicyclic ring system containing a pyrazole ring.
  • Preferred fused rings include benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, and a partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring. These are exemplified in the following formula II compounds having a pyrazole-containing bicyclic ring system:
  • Preferred substituents on the R 2 /R 2' fused ring of formula II include one or more of the following: -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C ⁇ - 4 alkyl, -C ⁇ haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -0(C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl), -C0 2 (d- 4 alkyl) , -CN, -S0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2/ -NH 2 S0 2 (C 1 .
  • preferred R 2 groups include hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group.
  • preferred R 2 groups include methyl, t-butyl, -CH 2 OCH 3 , cyclopropyl, furanyl, thienyl, and phenyl.
  • a preferred R 2 ' group is hydrogen. .
  • More preferred ring systems of formula II are the following, which may be substituted as described above, wherein R 2 and R 2' are taken together with the pyrazole ring to form an indazole ring; and R x and R y are each methyl, or R x and R y are taken together with the pyrimidine ring to form a quinazoline or tetrahydroquinazoline ring:
  • Ring C groups are phenyl and pyridinyl. When two adjacent substituents on Ring C are taken together to form a fused ring, Ring C is contained in a bicyclic ring system.
  • Preferred fused rings include a benzo or pyrido ring. Such rings preferably are fused at ortho and meta positions of Ring C. Examples of preferred bicyclic Ring C systems include naphthyl, guinolinyl and isoquinolinyl .
  • R 1 ortho substituent on Ring C An important feature of the formula II compounds is the R 1 ortho substituent on Ring C.
  • An ortho position on Ring C or Ring D is defined relative to the position where Ring A is attached.
  • Preferred R 1 groups include -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -0C(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 .
  • R 1 is an optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group
  • the most preferred optional substituents are halogen.
  • preferred R 1 groups include -CF 3 , -Cl, -F, -CN, -C0CH 3 ,
  • -0CH 3 -OH, -CH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 3 , -CF 2 CH 3 , cyclohexyl, t- butyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, -C ⁇ CH, -C ⁇ C-CH 3 , -S0 2 CH 3 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 5 substituents include -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , optionally substituted C ⁇ - ⁇ aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )C0R, -S0 2 N(R) 2 , and -N(R 4 )S0R. More preferred R 5 substituents include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic), -N(C 1 .
  • R 5 substituents include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2/ -NHMe, -NMe , -OEt, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t- butyl, and -C0 2 Et.
  • Preferred formula II compounds have one or more, and more preferably all, of the feature's selected from the group consisting of: (a) Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is selected from a naphthyl, quinolinyl or iso uinolinyl ring;
  • R x is hydrogen or C- 4 aliphatic and R y is T-R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-2 ring nitrogens;
  • R 1 is -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 ; and (d) R 2' is hydrogen and R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a C ⁇ - 6 -aliphatic group, or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to • form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring.
  • More preferred compounds of formula II have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of :
  • Ring is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and -two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring;
  • Ci-g aliphatic group phenyl, or -CN
  • R 2' is hydrogen and R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, or a Q L - S aliphatic group, or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring; and
  • each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R ) , optionally substituted C ⁇ . 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R)COR,
  • R x is ' hydrogen or methyl and R y is methyl, methoxymethyl , ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, alkyl- or an optionally substituted group selected from 2-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, piperidinyl, or phenyl, or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted benzo ring or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring;
  • R 1 is -halo, a C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halogen, or -CN;
  • R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring optionally substituted with -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -d-4 alkyl, -C ⁇ .4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -O (C 1 .4 alkyl) , -C0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -CN, -S0 2 (C ⁇ _4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (d- 4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (Ci- 4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , or -CO (d- alkyl) , wherein the (C1- 4 alkyl) is a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group
  • each.R 5 is independently selected from -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(C ⁇ _4 aliphatic), -N(d- 4 aliphatic) 2 , -0(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic), C1. 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (C ⁇ -4 aliphatic).
  • this invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula II and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula II .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a GSK-3 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula II.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of enhancing glycogen synthesis and/or lowering blood levels of glucose in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula II .
  • This method is especially useful for diabetic patients .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the production of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula II.
  • This method is especially useful in halting or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the phosphorylation of ⁇ -catenin in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula II. This method is especially useful for treating schizophrenia.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Aurora activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula II.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with an Aurora inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula II.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, such as colon, ovarian, and breast cancer.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting CDK-2 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of .formula II .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatmen with a CDK-2 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula II.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, Alzheimer's disease, restenosis, angiogenesis, glomerulonephritis, cytomegaloyirus, HIV, herpes, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, alopecia, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Another method relates to inhibiting GSK-3, Aurora, or CDK-2 activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with the GSK-3 or Aurora inhibitor of formula II, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, in an amount effective to inhibit GSK-3, Aurora or CDK-2.
  • Each of the aforementioned methods directed to the inhibition of GSK-3, Aurora or CDK-2, or the treatment of a disease alleviated thereby, is preferably carried out with a preferred compound of formula II, as described above .
  • Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, wherein Ring D is substituted at any substitutable ring carbon by oxo or -R 5 , and at any substitutable ring nitrogen by -R 4 , • provided that when Ring D is a six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring, -R 5 is hydrogen at each ortho carbon position of Ring D;
  • R x and R y ' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, benzo ring or a 5-8 membered carbocyclo ring, wherein any substitutable carbon on said fused ring • formed by R x and R y is substituted by oxo or T-R 3 ;
  • T is a valence bond or a C ⁇ - 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 and R 2 ' are independently selected from -R, -T- -R 6 , or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, 5-8 membered, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by halo, oxo, -CN, -N0 2 , -R 7 , or -V-R 6 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by R 4 ;
  • V is -0-, -S-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R 6 )-, -N(R 6 )-, -CO-, -C0 2 -, -N(R 6 )CO-, -N (R 6 ) C (0) O- , -N(R 6 )CON(R 6 ) -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 N(R 6 ) -, -N(R 6 ) N(R 6 ) - , -C(0)N(R 6 )-, -OC(0)N(R 6 )-, -C(R 6 ) 2 0-, -C(R 6 ) 2 S-, .
  • R 6 is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted C x - 4 aliphatic group, or two R 6 groups on the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the nitrogen atom to form a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring; and each R 7 is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted d- 6 aliphatic group, or two R 7 on the same nitrogen are taken together with the nitrogen to form a 5-8 membered heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring.
  • Ring D monocyclic rings include substituted and unsubstituted phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, azepanyl, and morpholinyl rings. When two adjacent substituents on Ring D are taken together to form a fused ring, the Ring D system is bicyclic.
  • Preferred formula III Ring D bicyclic rings include 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolinyl , 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroquinolinyl ,
  • R 5 substituents on Ring D of formula III include halo, oxo, CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , -N(R 4 )S0 2 R, -SR, -OR, -C(0)R, or substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or C ⁇ . 6 aliphatic.
  • R 5 substituents include -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - 10 aryl, or d- 6 aliphatic.
  • Ring D substituents include -OH,- phenyl, methyl, CH 2 0H, CH 2 CH 2 OH, pyrrolidinyl, OPh, CF 3 , C ⁇ CH, Cl, Br, F, I, NH 2 , C(0)CH 3 , i-propyl, tert-butyl, SEt, OMe, N(Me) 2 , methylene dioxy, and ethylene dioxy.
  • Preferred rings formed when the R x and R ⁇ groups of formula III are taken together to form a fused ring include a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclo ring, wherein any substitutable carbon on said fused ring is substituted by oxo or T-R 3 . Examples of preferred bicyclic ring systems are shown below.
  • R x /R y fused ring More preferred substituents on the R x /R y fused ring include halo, CN, oxo, d_ 6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, * (C1-6 alkyl) carbonyl, (C1- 6 alkyl) sulfonyl, mono- or dialkylamino, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl.
  • R 2 substituents of formula III include hydrogen, Ci- 4 aliphatic, alkoxycarbonyl, (un) substituted phenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, phenylaminocarbonyl, and (N- heterocyclyl) carbonyl.
  • preferred R 2 /R 2 ' ring systems containing the pyrazole ring include benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, 3-oxo-2H-pyridazino, and a partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring.
  • preferred R 2 /R 2' ring systems containing the pyrazole ring include the following:
  • Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, a.zepanyl, morpholinyl, 1, 2, 3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-lH-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl ring;
  • R x and R ⁇ are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted benzo ring or a 5-7 membered carbocyclo ring;
  • R 2 ' is hydrogen or methyl and R 2 is T-W-R 6 or R, wherein W is -C(R 6 ) 2 0-, -C (R 6 ) 2 N(R 6 ) - , -CO-, -C0 2 -, -C(R 6 )OC(0) -, -C(R 6 ) 2 N(R 6 )CO-, -C (R 6 ) 2 N (R 6 ) C (O) O- , or -C0N(R 6 )-, and R is an optionally substituted group selected from d- 6 aliphatic or phenyl, or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstitutedbenzo, pyrido, pyrimido, or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring.
  • More preferred compounds of formula III have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of:
  • Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1, 2, 3 , 4 -tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-lH-isoindolyl, 2, 3 -dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl ,-
  • R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo ring or a 5-7 membered carbocyclo ring optionally substituted.
  • each R 5 is independently selected from halo, oxo, CN, N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , -N(R 4 )S0 2 R, -SR, -OR, -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 . 10 aryl, or C ⁇ -6 aliphatic.
  • R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo or 6-membered partially unsaturated carbocyclo ring optionally substituted with halo, CN, oxo, d- 6 alkyl, C ⁇ -6 alkoxy, (d- 6 alkyl) carbonyl, ' (d- 6 alkyl) sulfonyl, mono- or dialkylamino, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group " selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ 0 aryl, or d- 6 aliphatic; and
  • R 2 ' is hydrogen and R 2 is selected from R 2' is hydrogen or methyl and R 2 is T-W-R 6 or R, wherein W is -C(R e ) 2 0-, -C(R ⁇ ) 2 N(R e )-, -CO-, -C0 2 -, -C (R 6 ) OC (O) - , -C(R 6 ) 2 N(R 6 )CO-, or -CON(R 6 )-, and R is an optionally substituted group selected from C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic or phenyl, or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo, pyrido, or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring optionally substituted with -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl, -Ci- 4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -0
  • this invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula III and a . pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a GSK-3 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of enhancing glycogen synthesis and/or lowering blood levels of glucose in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III. This method is especially useful for diabetic patients .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the production of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III .
  • This method is especially useful, in halting or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the phosphorylation of ⁇ -catenin in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III. This method is especially useful for treating schizophrenia.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Aurora activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with an Aurora inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, such as colon, ovarian, arid breast cancer.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting CDK-2 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a CDK-2 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III .
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, Alzheimer's disease, restenosis, angiogenesis, glomerulonephritis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, herpes, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, alopecia, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Src activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a Src inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula II .
  • This method is especially useful for treating hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, cancer, symptomatic treatment of bone metastasis, and Paget ' s disease.
  • Another method relates to inhibiting GSK-3, Aurora, ' CDK-2, or Src activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with the GSK-3, Aurora, CDK-2, or Src inhibitor of formula III, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, in an amount effective to inhibit GSK-3, Aurora, CDK-2, or Src.
  • Each of the aforementioned methods directed to the inhibition of GSK-3, Aurora, CDK-2, or Src, or the treatment of a disease alleviated thereby is preferably carried out with a preferred compound of formula III, as described above.
  • Compounds of formula III wherein R 2 ' is hydrogen and R x and R ⁇ are taken together with the pyrimidine ring to form an optionally substituted quinazoline ring system, are also inhibitors of ERK-2 and AKT protein kinases. Accordingly, another method of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting ERK-2 or AKT activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III, wherein R 2 ' is hydrogen and R x and R y are taken together with the pyrimidine ring to form an optionally substituted quinazoline ring system.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a ERK-2 or AKT inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula III, wherein R 2 ' is hydrogen and R x and R ⁇ are taken together with the pyrimidine ring to form an optionally substituted " quinazoline ring system.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, stroke, hepatomegaly, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, viral disease, autoimmune diseases, restenosis, psoriasis, allergic disorders including asthma, inflammation, and neurological disorders.
  • Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, wherein Ring D is substituted at any substitutable ring carbon by oxo or -R 5 , and at any substitutable ring nitrogen by -R 4 , provided that when Ring D is a six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring, -R 5 is hydrogen at each ortho carbon position of Ring D; R x and R y are independently selected from T-R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-8 membered ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, wherein any substitutable carbon on said fused
  • T is a valence bond or a C ⁇ - 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 and R 2 ' are independently selected from -R, -T-W-R ⁇ , or R 2 and R 2 ' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, 5-8 membered, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, ring containing 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said fused ring is optionally substituted by up to three groups independently selected from halo, oxo, -CN, -N0 2 , -R 7 , or -V-R 6 ;
  • V is -0-, -S-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -N(R ⁇ )S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R 6 )-,
  • Preferred formula IV Ring D monocyclic rings include substituted and unsubstituted phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, azepanyl, and morpholinyl rings.
  • Preferred formula IV Ring D bicyclic rings include 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2 , 3 -dihydro- 1H-isoindolyl, 2 , 3 -dihydro- 1H-indolyl , isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, and naphthyl. Examples of more preferred Ring D bicyclic rings include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl .
  • Preferred substituents on Ring D of formula IV include halo, oxo, CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , -N(R)S0 2 R, -SR, -OR, -C(0)R, or substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic.
  • R 5 substituents include -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ 0 aryl, or C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic.
  • Ring D substituents include -OH, phenyl, methyl, CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 0H, pyrrolidinyl, OPh, CF 3 C ⁇ CH, Cl, Br, F, I, NH 2 , C(0)CH 3 , i-propyl, tert-butyl, SEt, OMe, N(Me) 2 , methylene dioxy, and ethylene dioxy.
  • preferred R x /R ⁇ rings include a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 1-2 heteroatoms. This provides a bicyclic ring system containing the pyrimidine ring .
  • preferred pyrimidine ring systems of formula IV are the mono- and bicyclic systems shown below .
  • More preferred pyrimidine ring systems of formula IV include IV-E, IV-G, IV-H, IV-J, IV-K, IV-L, IV- , IV-T, and IV-U.
  • preferred R x groups include hydrogen, amino, nitro, alkyl- or dialkylamino, acetamido, or a C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic group such as methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl or t-butyl.
  • Preferred R y groups include T-R 3 wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene, and R 3 is -R, -N(R 4 ) 2 , or -OR.
  • a preferred R is an optionally substituted group selected from C ⁇ -6 aliphatic, phenyl, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring.
  • R y groups include 2-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, piperidinyl, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, alkyl- or dialkylamino, acetamido, optionally substituted phenyl such as phenyl, methoxyphenyl , trimethoxyphenyl , or halo-substituted phenyl , and methoxymethyl .
  • the ring formed when R x and R y are taken together may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R is a substituted or unsubstituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group.
  • R 2 and R 2' groups of formula IV may be taken together to form a fused ring, thus providing a bicyclic ring system containing a pyrazole ring.
  • Preferred fused rings include benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, and a partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring. These are exemplified in the following formula IV compounds having a pyrazole-containing bicyclic ring system:
  • Preferred substituents on the R 2 /R 2 ' fused ring of formula IV include one or more of the following: -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -Ci-4 alkyl, -d- 4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -0(d- 4 alkyl), -C0 2 (d-4 alkyl) , -CN, -S0 2 (C 1 -4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (C 1 - 4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (C 1 - 4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , and -CO (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , wherein the (d- 4 alkyl) is a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group.
  • the (Ci- 4 alkyl) group is methyl.
  • preferred R 2 groups include hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group.
  • preferred R 2 groups include methyl, t-butyl, -CH 2 OCH 3 , cyclopropyl , furanyl , thienyl , and phenyl .
  • a preferred R 2' group is hydrogen.
  • Preferred formula IV compounds have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of:
  • Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, azepanyl, morpholinyl, 1, 2 , 3 , 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3 -dihydro-Iff-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl ring;
  • R x is hydrogen or C 1 -.
  • R y is T- R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms ;
  • R 2 ' is hydrogen or methyl and R 2 is T-W-R 6 or R, wherein W is -C(R 6 ) 2 0-, -C (R 6 ) 2 N(R 6 ) - , -CO-, -C0 2 -, -C(R 6 )OC(0) -, -C(R 6 ) 2 N(R 6 )CO-, -C (R 6 ) 2 N (R 6 ) C (O) O- , or -CON(R 6 )-, and R is an optionally substituted group selected from d- 6 aliphatic or phenyl, or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring.
  • More preferred compounds of formula IV have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of :
  • Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1, 2, 3 , 4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-Iff-isoindolyl, 2, 3-dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl;
  • R x and R ⁇ are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 6-membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 1-2 ring nitrogens, optionally substituted with halo, CN, oxo, C ⁇ - 6 alkyl, C ⁇ - 6 alkoxy, (C ⁇ - 6 alkyl) carbonyl, (C ⁇ - 6 alkyl) sulfonyl, mono- or dialkylamino, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - 10 aryl, or C ⁇ -6 aliphatic; and
  • R 2' is hydrogen and R 2 is T-W-R 6 or R, wherein W is -C(R 6 ) 2 0-, -C (R 6 ) 2 N(R 6 ) - , -CO-, -C0 2 -, -C(R 6 )OC(0) -, -C(R 6 ) 2 N(R 6 )CO-, or -CON(R 6 )-, and R is an optionally substituted group selected from d- 6 aliphatic or phenyl, or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo,
  • this invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula IV and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula IV.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a GSK-3 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula IV.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of enhancing glycogen synthesis and/or lowering blood levels of glucose in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula IV. This method is especially useful for diabetic patients.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the production of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula IV. This method is especially useful in halting or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the phosphorylation of ⁇ -catenin in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula IV. This method is especially useful for treating schizophrenia.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Aurora activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula IV.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with an Aurora inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula IV.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, such as colon, ovarian, and breast cancer.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting CDK-2 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition, comprising a compound of formula IV.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a CDK-2 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such- a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula IV.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, Alzheimer's disease, restenosis, angiogenesis, glomerulonephritis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, herpes, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, alopecia, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Another method relates to inhibiting GSK-3, Aurora, or CDK-2 activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with the GSK-3 or Aurora inhibitor of formula IV, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, in an amount effective to inhibit GSK-3, Aurora or CDK-2.
  • Each of the aforementioned methods directed to the inhibition of GSK-3, Aurora or CDK-2, or the treatment of a disease alleviated thereby, is preferably carried out with a preferred compound of formula IV, as described above.
  • Another embodiment of this invention relates to compounds of formula V:
  • Z 1 is N, CR a , or CH and Z 2 is N or CH, provided that one of Z 1 and Z 2 is nitrogen;
  • G is Ring C or Ring D
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl , pyridinyl , pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or 1, 2 , 4-triazinyl ring, wherein said Ring C has one or two ortho substituents independently selected from -R 1 , any substitutable non- ortho carbon position on Ring C is independently substituted by -R 5 , and two adjacent substituents on Ring C are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-6 membered ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, said fused ring being optionally substituted by halo, oxo, or -R 8 ;
  • Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, wherein Ring D is substituted at any substitutable ring carbon by oxo or -R 5 , and at any substitutable ring nitrogen by -R 4 , provided that when Ring D is a six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring, -R 5 is hydrogen at each ortho carbon position of Ring D;
  • R 1 is selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , T-V-R 6 , phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl ring, or Ci- ⁇ aliphatic group, said phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl rings each optionally substituted by up to three groups independently selected from halo, oxo, or -R 8 , said C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halo, cyano, nitro, or oxygen, or R 1 and an adjacent substituent taken together with their intervening atoms form said ring fused to Ring C;
  • R x and R y are independently selected from T-R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-8 membered ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, wherein any substitutable • carbon on said fused ring . formed by R x and R y is substituted by oxo or T-R 3 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R x and R y is substituted by R 4 ,-
  • T is a valence bond or a d- 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 and R 2' are independently selected from -R, -T-W-R 6 , or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, 5-8 membered, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by halo, oxo, -CN, -N0 2 , -R 7 , or -V-R 6 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by R 4 ;
  • V is -O-, -S-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R 6 )-, -N(R 6 )-, -CO-, -C0 2 -, -N(R 6 )CO-, -N(R 6 ) C (0) O- , -N(R 6 )CON(R 6 ) -, -N(R s )S0 2 N(R 6 ) -, -N (R 6 )N (R 6 ) - , -C(0)N(R 6 )-, -OC(0)N(R s )-, -C(R 6 ) 2 0-, -C(R 6 ) 2 S-, -C(R 6 ) 2 SO-, -C(R 6 ) 2 S0 2 -, -C(R 6 ) 2 S0 2 N(R 6 )-,
  • preferred R x /R y rings include a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, wherein said R x /R y ring is optionally substituted.
  • This provides a bicyclic ring system containing a pyridine ring. Examples of preferred bicyclic ring systems of formula V are shown below.
  • More preferred bicyclic ring systems of formula V include Va-A, Vb-A, Vc-A, Va-B, Vb-B, Vc-B, Va-D, Vb-D, Vc-D, Va-E, Vb-E, Vc-E, Va-J, Vb-J, Vc-J, Va-K, Vb-K, Vc-K, Va- , Vb-L, Vc-L, Va-M, Vb-M, and Vc-M, most preferably Va-A, Vb-A, Vc-A, Va-B, Vb-B, and Vc-B.
  • preferred R x groups include hydrogen, alkyl- or dialkylamino,' acetamido, or a Ci-4 aliphatic group such as methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl or t-butyl.
  • Preferred R y groups include T-R 3 wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene, and R 3 is -R, -N(R 4 ) 2 , or -OR.
  • a preferred R is an optionally substituted group selected from C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic, phenyl, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring.
  • preferred R y include 2-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, piperidinyl, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, alkyl- or dialkylamino, acetamido, optionally substituted phenyl such as phenyl or halo-substituted phenyl, and methoxymethyl .
  • the ring formed when R x and R y are taken together may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R x /R y ring substituents include -halo, -R, -OR, -COR, -C0 2 R, -CON(R 4 ) 2 , -CN, or -N(R 4 ) 2 wherein R is an optionally substituted d- 6 aliphatic group.
  • R 2 and R 2 ' groups of formula V may be taken together to form a fused ring, thus providing a bicyclic ring system containing a pyrazole ring.
  • Preferred fused rings include benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, and a partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring. These are exemplified in the following formula V compounds having a pyrazole-containing bicyclic ring system:
  • R 2 /R 2' fused ring of formula V include one or more of the following: -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -Ci-4 alkyl, -C ⁇ _ 4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -0 (Ci-4 alkyl) , -C0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -CN, -S0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (C ⁇ _4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , and -CO (Ci- 4 alkyl) , wherein the (C 1 _ 4 alkyl) is a straight, ⁇ branched, or cyclic alkyl group.
  • the (d- 4 alkyl) group is methyl.
  • preferred R 2 groups include hydrogen, C 1 - 4 aliphatic, alkoxycarbonyl, (un) substituted phenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, phenylaminocarbonyl , and (N- heterocyclyl) carbonyl.
  • R 2 substituents examples include methyl, cyclopropyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, t-butyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, C0 2 H, C0 2 CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 OCH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 0H, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 Ph, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHCOOC (CH 3 ) 3 ,
  • a preferred R 2' group is hydrogen.
  • More preferred ring systems of formula V are the following, which may be substituted as described above, wherein R 2 and R 2' are taken together with the pyrazole ring to form an optionally substituted indazole ring,- and R x and R y are each methyl, or R x and R y are taken together with the pyridine ring to form an optionally substituted quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline or tetrahydroisoquinoline ring:
  • Ring C groups are phenyl and pyridinyl.
  • Ring C is contained in a bicyclic ring system.
  • Preferred fused rings include a benzo or pyrido ring. Such rings preferably are fused at ortho and meta positions of Ring C.
  • Examples of preferred bicyclic Ring C systems include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl.
  • R 1 groups include -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 .
  • R 1 is an optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group
  • the most preferred optional substituents are halogen.
  • R 1 groups examples include -CF 3 , -Cl, -F, -CN, -COCH 3 , -OCH 3 , -OH, -CH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 3 , -CF 2 CH 3 , cyclohexyl, t-butyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, -C ⁇ CH,
  • R 5 substituents when present, include -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , optionally substituted C1- 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )C0R, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , and -N(R 4 )S0 2 R.
  • R 5 substituents include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic), -N(d- aliphatic) 2 , -0(d- aliphatic), d- 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic).
  • R 5 substituents examples include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NHMe, -NMe 2 , -OEt, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, and -C0 2 Et.
  • Ring D monocyclic rings include substituted and unsubstituted phenyl ,• pyridinyl , piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, azepanyl, and morpholinyl rings.
  • Ring D system is bicyclic.
  • Ring D bicyclic rings include 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3 -dihydro-Iff-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, and naphthyl .
  • Examples of more preferred bicyclic Ring D systems include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl.
  • Preferred substituents on Ring D of formula V include one or more of the following: halo, oxo, CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R)COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , -N(R 4 )S0 2 R, -SR, -OR, -C(0)R, or substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or C ⁇ - S aliphatic .
  • Ring D substituents include -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 3 - 10 aryl, or C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic.
  • Ring D substituents include -OH, phenyl, methyl, CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 0H, pyrrolidinyl, OPh, CF 3 , C-sCH, Cl, Br, F, I, NH 2 , C(0)CH 3 , i-propyl, tert-butyl, SEt, OMe, N(Me) 2 , methylene dioxy, and ethylene dioxy.
  • Preferred formula V compounds have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of :
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is selected from a naphthyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, an Optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 ; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl
  • R 2 ' is hydrogen and R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, or R 2 and " R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring.
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a d- 6 haloaliphatic group, a C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, or -CN; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2 , 3 -dihydro-Iff-isoindolyl, 2,
  • R 2 ' is hydrogen and R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, or a d- 6 aliphatic group, or R 2 and R 2 ' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido; pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring; and (d) Ring D is substituted by oxo or R 5 , wherein each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R ) 2 , optionally substituted d-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , or -N(R 4 )S0 2 R.
  • Even more preferred compounds of formula V have one or more, and more preferably
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halogen, or -CN; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl ;
  • R x is hydrogen or methyl and R y is methyl, methoxymethyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, alkyl- or an optionally substituted group selected from 2-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, piperidinyl, or phenyl, or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo ring or a 6-membered partially unsaturated carbocyclo ring optionally substituted with halo, CN, oxo, d-6 alkyl, d-6 alkoxy, (d-6 alkyl) carbonyl, (d- 6 alkyl) sulfonyl, mono- or dialkylamino, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl;
  • R 2 and R 2 ' are taken together .with their intervening atoms to form a benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring optionally substituted with -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -d- 4 alkyl,
  • -Ci- 4 haloalkyl -N0 2 , -O (d_ 4 alkyl) , -C0 2 (d- 4 alkyl) , -CN, -S0 2 (Ci- 4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (d- 4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (Ci- 4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , or -CO (d- 4 alkyl) , wherein the, (Ci- 4 alkyl) is a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group; and
  • Ring D is substituted by oxo or R 5 , wherein each' R s is independently selected from -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(Ci- 4 aliphatic), -N(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic) 2 , -0(d- 4 aliphatic), C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (C ⁇ - aliphatic).
  • R s is independently selected from -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(Ci- 4 aliphatic), -N(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic) 2 , -0(d- 4 aliphatic), C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (C ⁇ - aliphatic).
  • R s is independently selected from -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(C
  • this invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula V and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier One aspect of this invention relates to a
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a GSK-3 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula V.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of enhancing glycogen -synthesis and/or lowering blood levels of glucose in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula V. This method is especially useful for diabetic patients.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the production of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula V. This method is especially useful in halting or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the phosphorylation of ⁇ -catenin in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula V. This method is especially useful for treating schizophrenia.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Aurora activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula V.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with an Aurora inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula V.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, such as colon, ovarian, and breast cancer.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting CDK-2 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula V.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a CDK-2 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula V.
  • This method is especially useful .for treating cancer, Alzheimer's disease, restenosis, angiogenesis, glomerulonephritis, cytomegalovirus , HIV, herpes, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, alopecia, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis .
  • Another method relates • to inhibiting GSK-3, Aurora, or CDK-2 activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with the GSK-3 or Aurora inhibitor of formula V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, in an amount effective to inhibit GSK-3, Aurora or CDK-2.
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or 1, 2, 4-triazinyl ring, wherein said Ring C has one or two ortho substituents independently selected from -R 1 , any substitutable non- ortho carbon position on Ring C is independently substituted by -R 5 , and two adjacent substituents on Ring C are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-6 membered ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, said fused ring being optionally substituted by halo, oxo, or -R 8 ; Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen,
  • R y is T-R 3 '
  • T is a valence bond or a Ci- 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 and R 2' are independently selected from -R, -T-W-R 6 , or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, 5-8 membered, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by halo, oxo, -CN, -N0 2 , -R 7 , or -V-R 6 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by R 4 ,-
  • R 3 ' is an optionally substituted group selected from C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic, C 3 - ⁇ o carbocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, a heteroaryl ring having 5-10 ring atoms, or a heterocyclyl ring having 5-10 ring atoms; each R is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, a heteroaryl ring having 5-10 ring atoms, or a heterocyclyl ring having 5-10 ring atoms ,- each R 4 is independently selected from -R 7 , -COR 7 ,
  • -C(R 6 ) N-0-, -C(R 6 ) 2 N(R 6 )N(R 6 ) -, -C (R 6 ) 2 N (R 6 ) S0 2 N(R 6 ) - , or -C(R 6 ) 2 N(R 6 )CON(R 6 ) -;
  • R y groups of formula VI include T-R 3' wherein T. is a valence bond or a methylene, and R 3 ' is an optionally substituted group selected from d_ 6 aliphatic, C 3 - ⁇ o carbocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, a heteroaryl ring having 5-10 ring atoms, or a heterocyclyl ring having 5-10 ring atoms.
  • a preferred R 3 ' group is an optionally substituted group selected from C 3 - 6 carbocyclyl, phenyl, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring.
  • R y examples include 2-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, and optionally substituted phenyl such as phenyl or halo-substituted phenyl .
  • R 2 and R 2' groups of formula VI may be taken together to form a fused ring, thus providing a bicyclic ring system containing a pyrazole ring.
  • Preferred fused rings include benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, and a partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring. These are exemplified in the following formula VI compounds having a pyrazole-containing bicyclic ring system:
  • Preferred substituents on the R 2 /R 2' fused ring include one or more of the following: -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -d- 4 alkyl, -C X -4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -O (Ci- 4 alkyl) , -C0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl), -CN, -S0 2 (C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (d- 4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (d- 4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , and -C0(Ci_ alkyl), wherein the (d- 4 alkyl) is a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group.
  • the (C ⁇ . 4 alkyl) group is methyl.
  • preferred R 2 groups of formula VI include hydrogen, C 1 - 4 aliphatic, alkoxycarbonyl, (un) substituted phenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, phenylaminocarbonyl , and (N- heterocyclyl) carbonyl.
  • preferred R 2 substituents include methyl, cyclopropyl, ethyl, isopropyl,.
  • Ring C preferred formula VI Ring C groups are phenyl and pyridinyl.
  • Ring C is contained in a bicyclic ring system.
  • Preferred fused rings include a benzo or pyrido ring. Such rings preferably are fused at ortho and ⁇ meta positions of Ring C.
  • Examples of preferred bicyclic Ring C systems include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl.
  • R 1 groups include -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ - e aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -C0NH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 .
  • R 1 is an optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group
  • the most preferred optional substituents are halogen.
  • R 1 groups examples include -CF 3 , -Cl, -F, -CN, -COCH 3 , -OCH 3 , -OH, -CH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 3 , -CF 2 CH 3 , cyclohexyl, t-butyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, -G ⁇ CH, -C ⁇ C-CH 3 , -S0 2 CH 3 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -C0 2 CH 3 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOCH 3 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NHS0 2 CH 3 , and -OCF 3 .
  • R 5 substituents when present, include -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , optionally substituted d- 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R) 2 , and -N (R 4 ) S0 2 R.
  • R 5 substituents include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(C 1 _ 4 aliphatic), -N(d- 4 aliphatic) 2 , -0 (d- 4 aliphatic), d- 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (d-- aliphatic).
  • R s substituents examples include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NHMe, -NMe 2 , -OEt, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, and -C0Et.
  • Ring D monocyclic rings include substituted and unsubstituted phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, azepanyl, and morpholinyl rings.
  • Ring D system is bicyclic.
  • Ring D bicyclic rings include 1, 2, 3 , 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2 , 3-dihydro-lff-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, and naphthyl .
  • Examples of more preferred bicyclic Ring D systems include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl.
  • Preferred substituents on formula VI Ring D include one or more of the following: halo, oxo, CN, -N0 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R)COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , -N(R 4 )S0 2 R, -SR, -OR, -C(0)R, or substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic.
  • More preferred Ring D substituents include -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic.
  • Ring D substituents include -OH, phenyl, methyl, CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 OH, pyrrolidinyl, OPh, CF 3 , C ⁇ CH, Cl, Br, F, I, NH 2 , C(0)CH 3 , i-propyl, tert-butyl, SEt, OMe, N(Me) 2 , methylene dioxy, and ethylene dioxy.
  • Preferred formula VI compounds have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of :
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is selected from a naphthyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -C0NH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 ; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrroli
  • R y is T-R 3' , wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene; and (c) R 2 ' is hydrogen and R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring.
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a d- 6 haloaliphatic group, a d_ 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, or -CN; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-Iff-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydr
  • R y is T-R 3 ', wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene and R 3' is an optionally substituted group selected from d- 6 aliphatic, C 3 _ 6 carbocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, a heteroaryl ring having 5-10 ring atoms, or a heterocyclyl ring having 5-10 ring atoms;
  • R 2' is hydrogen and R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, or a d- 6 aliphatic group, or R 2 and R 2 ' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring,- and
  • Ring D is substituted by oxo or R 5 , wherein each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 ,
  • -N(R 4 ) optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )C0R, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , or -N(R)S0 2 R.
  • R y is T-R 3 ', wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene and R 3 ' is an optionally substituted group selected from C 1 - 4 aliphatic, C 3 . 6 carbocyclyl, phenyl, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring;
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a C 1 - 4 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halogen, or -CN; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2, 3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl ;
  • R 2 and R 2 ' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring optionally substituted with -halo, -N(R ) , -C ⁇ - 4 alkyl, -d- 4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -0(d- 4 alkyl) , -C0 2 (d- 4 alkyl) , -CN, -S0 2 (Ci- 4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (d- 4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (C 1 - 4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , or -CO (Ci- 4 alkyl) , wherein the (d- 4 alkyl) is a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group
  • Ring D is substituted by oxo or R 5 , wherein each R 5 is independently selected from -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic), -N(d- 4 aliphatic) 2 , -0(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic), d- 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic).
  • G is Ring C or Ring D
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or 1, 2, 4-triazinyl ring, wherein said Ring C has one or two ortho substituents independently selected from -R 1 , any substitutable non- ortho carbon position on Ring C is independently substituted by -R 5 , and two adjacent substituents on Ring C are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-6 membered ring having 0-3 ⁇ heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, said fused ring being optionally substituted by halo, oxo, or -R 8 ,-
  • Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or ' heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, wherein Ring D is substituted at any substitutable ring carbon by oxo or -R 5 , and at any substitutable ring nitrogen by -R 4 , provided that when Ring D is a six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring, -R 5 is hydrogen at each ortho carbon position of Ring D;
  • R 1 is selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , T-V-R 6 , phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl ring, or C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, said phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl rings each optionally substituted by up to three groups independently selected from
  • T is a valence bond or a C ⁇ - 4 alkylidene chain;
  • R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, 5-8 membered, unsaturated or partially, unsaturated, ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by halo, oxo, -CN, -N0 2 , -R 7 , or -V-R 6 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by R 4 ; each R is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, a heteroaryl ring having 5-10 ring atoms, or a heterocyclyl ring having 5-10 ring atoms ,- each R 4 is independently selected from -R 7 , -C
  • V is -0-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -N(R 6 )S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R 6 )-, -N(R 6 )-, -CO-, -CO 2 -, -N(R 6 )CO-, -N (R
  • W is -C(R 6 ) 2 0-, -C(R 6 ) 2 S-, -C(R e ) 2 SO-, -C(R 6 ) 2 S0 2 -,
  • Preferred rings formed by the R 2 and R 2' groups of formula Via include benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, and a partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring. These are exemplified in the following formula Via compounds having a pyrazole-containing bicyclic ring system:
  • Preferred substituents on the R 2 /R 2' fused ring include one or more of the following: -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -Ci- alkyl, -C ⁇ _ 4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -0(C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -C0 (d_ 4 alkyl), -CN, -S0 2 (C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (d-4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , and -CO (d-4 alkyl), wherein the (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) is a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group.
  • the (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) group is methyl.
  • Ring C preferred formula Via Ring C groups are phenyl and pyridinyl .
  • Ring C is contained in a bicyclic ring system.
  • Preferred fused rings include a benzo or pyrido ring. Such rings preferably are fused at ortho and meta positions of Ring C. Examples of preferred bicyclic Ring C systems include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl.
  • R 1 groups include -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 .
  • R 1 is an optionally substituted d- 6 aliphatic group, the most preferred optional substituents are halogen.
  • R 1 groups examples include -CF 3 , -Cl, -F, -CN, -COCH 3 , -OCH 3 , -OH, -CH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 3 -CF 2 CH 3 , - cyclohexyl, t-butyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, -C-sCH,
  • R 5 substituents when present, include -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , and -N(R 4 ) S0 2 R.
  • R 5 substituents include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic), -N(d- 4 aliphatic) 2 , -0(C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic), C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic).
  • R 5 substituents include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NHMe, -NMe 2 , -OEt, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, and -C0 2 Et.
  • Ring D preferred formula Via Ring D monocyclic rings include substituted and unsubstituted phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, azepanyl, and morpholinyl rings.
  • Ring D When two adjacent substituents on Ring D are taken together to form a fused ring, the Ring D system is bicyclic.
  • Ring D bicyclic rings include 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2 , 3-dihydro-Iff-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, and naphthyl.
  • Examples of more preferred bicyclic Ring D systems include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl .
  • Preferred substituents on the formula Via Ring D include one or more of the following: halo, oxo, CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C0 2 R, -C0NH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , -N(R 4 )S0 2 R, -SR, -OR, -C(0)R, or substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic.
  • Ring D substituents include -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or d- 6 aliphatic.
  • Ring D substituents include -OH, phenyl, methyl, CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 OH, pyrrolidinyl, OPh, CF 3 , C ⁇ CH, Cl, Br, F, I, NH 2 , C(0)CH 3 , i-propyl, .
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is selected from a naphthyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, an optionally substituted Ci-e aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 ,
  • R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6- membered carbocyclo ring.
  • More preferred compounds of formula Via have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of:
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a d- 5 haloaliphatic group, a d-6 aliphatic group, phenyl, or -CN; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2, 3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3 -dihydro-Iff-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or
  • Ring D is substituted by oxo or R 5 , wherein each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , or -N(R 4 )S0 2 R.
  • R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , or -N(R 4 )S0 2 R.
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halogen, or -CN; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, q ⁇ iinolinyl, or naphthyl ; (b) R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo, pyrido, or partially unsaturated
  • Ring D is substituted by oxo or R 5 , wherein each R 5 is independently selected from -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(d-4 aliphatic), -N(d-4 aliphatic) 2 , -0(d- 4 aliphatic), C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic).
  • this invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula VI or Via and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a method of inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a patient comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VI or Via.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a GSK-3 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VI or Via.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of enhancing glycogen synthesis and/or lowering blood levels of glucose in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VI or Via. This method is especially useful for diabetic patients .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the production of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VI or Via. This method is especially useful in halting or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the phosphorylation of ⁇ -catenin in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a.compound of formula VI or Via. This method is especially useful for treating schizophrenia.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Aurora activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VI or Via.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with an Aurora inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VI or Via.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, such as colon, ovarian, and breast cancer.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting CDK-2 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VI or Via.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a CDK-2 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VI or Via.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, Alzheimer's disease, restenosis, angiogenesis, glomerulonephritis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, herpes, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, alopecia, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis .
  • Another method relates to inhibiting GSK-3, Aurora, or CDK-2 activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with the GSK-3 or Aurora inhibitor of formula VI or Via, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, in an amount effective to inhibit GSK-3, Aurora or CDK-2.
  • Each of the aforementioned methods directed to the inhibition of GSK-3, Aurora or CDK-2, or the treatment of a disease alleviated thereby, is preferably carried out with a preferred compound of formula VI or Via, as described above.
  • Another embodiment of this invention relates to compounds of formula VII:
  • G is Ring C or Ring D
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or 1, 2,4-triazinyl ring, wherein said Ring C has one or two ortho substituents independently selected from -R 1 , any substitutable non- ortho carbon position on Ring C is independently substituted by -R 5 , and two adjacent substituents on Ring C are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-6 membered ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, said fused ring being optionally substituted by halo, oxo, or -R 8 ; Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen
  • R y is hydrogen or T-R 3 ";
  • T is a valence bond, hydrogen, or a C ⁇ - 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 and R 2' are independently selected from -R, -T-W-R 6 , or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, 5-8 membered, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by halo, oxo, -CN, -N0 2 , -R 7 , or -V-R 6 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by R 4 ;
  • R 3 " is selected from an optionally substituted group selected from C 3 - ⁇ 0 carbocyclyl, C 6 - 10 aryl, a heteroaryl ring having 5-10 ring atoms, or a heterocyclyl ring having 5-10 ring atoms; each R is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from d- 6 aliphatic, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, a heteroaryl ring having 5-10 ring atoms, or a heterocyclyl ring having 5-10 ring atoms ; each R 4 is independently selected from -R 7 , -COR 7 ,
  • -C0 2 (optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic) , -C0N(R 7 ) 2 , or -S0R 7 , or two R 4 on the same nitrogen are taken ⁇ together to form a 5-8 membered heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring; .
  • Preferred R y groups of formula VII include T-R 3 " wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene.
  • Preferred R 3 " groups include an optionally substituted group selected from C 3 - 6 carbocyclyl, phenyl, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring.
  • Examples of preferred R y include 2-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, piperidinyl, cyclopropyl, and an optionally substituted phenyl such as phenyl or halo-substituted phenyl.
  • R 2 and R 2' groups of formula VII may be taken together to form a fused ring, thus providing a bicyclic ring system containing a pyrazole ring.
  • Preferred fused rings include benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, and a partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring. These are exemplified in the following formula VII compounds having a pyrazole-containing bicyclic ring system:
  • Preferred substituents on the R 2 /R 2' fused ring include one or more of the following: -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C 1 - 4 alkyl, -C X - 4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -O (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -C0 2 (C ⁇ -4 alkyl), -CN, -S0 2 (Ci- 4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (d- 4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , and -CO (d- 4 alkyl) , wherein the (C ⁇ _ alkyl) is a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group.
  • the (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) group is methyl.
  • preferred R 2 groups include hydrogen, C ⁇ - aliphatic, alkoxycarbonyl, (un) substituted phenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl , dialkylaminoalkyl , phenylaminocarbonyl , and (N- heterocyclyl) carbonyl.
  • a preferred R 2' group is hydrogen.
  • Ring C preferred formula VII Ring C groups are phenyl and pyridinyl.
  • Ring C is contained in a bicyclic ring system.
  • Preferred fused rings include a benzo or pyrido ring. Such rings preferably are fused at ortho and meta positions of Ring C.
  • Examples of preferred bicyclic Ring C systems include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl.
  • R x groups include -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 .
  • R 1 is an optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group
  • the most preferred optional substituents are halogen.
  • R 1 groups examples include -CF 3 , -Cl, -F, -CN, -COCH 3 , -OCH 3 , -OH, -CH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 3 , -CF 2 CH 3 , cyclohexyl, t-butyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, -C- ⁇ CH, -C ⁇ C-CH 3 , -S0 2 CH 3 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -C0 2 CH 3 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOCH 3 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NHS0 2 CH 3 , and -OCF 3 .
  • R 5 substituents when present, include -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) , optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , and -N(R)S0 2 R.
  • R 5 substituents include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic), -N(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic) 2 , -0(d- 4 aliphatic), d- 4 aliphatic, and -CO 2 (d- 4 aliphatic).
  • R 5 substituents include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NHMe, -NMe 2 , -OEt, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, and -C0 2 Et.
  • Ring D preferred formula VII Ring D monocyclic rings include substituted and unsubstituted phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, azepanyl, and morpholinyl rings.
  • Ring D system is bicyclic.
  • Ring D bicyclic rings include 1, 2, 3 ,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2 , 3-dihydro-lff-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, and naphthyl.
  • Examples of more preferred bicyclic Ring D systems include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl .
  • Preferred substituents on Ring D include one or more of the following: halo, oxo, CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )C0R, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , -N(R 4 )S0 2 R, -SR, -OR, -C(0)R, or substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or d- 6 aliphatic .
  • More preferred Ring D substituents include -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 . 10 aryl, or d-e aliphatic.
  • Ring D substituents include -OH, phenyl, methyl, CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 0H, pyrrolidinyl, OPh, CF 3 , C ⁇ CH, Cl, Br, F, I, NH 2 , C(0)CH 3 , i-propyl, tert-butyl, SEt, OMe, N(Me) 2 , methylene dioxy, and ethylene dioxy.
  • Preferred formula VII compounds have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of :
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is selected from a naphthyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl - ring, and R 1 is -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 ; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidin
  • R y is T-R 3 ", wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene
  • R 2 ' is hydrogen and R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a d- 6 aliphatic group, or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring. More preferred compounds of formula VII have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of :
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a d- 6 haloaliphatic group, a d- 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, or -CN; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-lff-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or nap
  • R y is T-R 3 ", wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene and R 3 " is an optionally substituted group selected from C 3 - 6 carbocyclyl, phenyl, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring;
  • R 2 ' is hydrogen and R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, or a C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring; and
  • Ring D is substituted by oxo or R 5 , wherein each R s is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , optionally substituted d- 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , or -N(R 4 )S0 2 R.
  • R y is T-R 3 ", wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene and R 3 " is an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring;
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halogen, or -CN; or
  • Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,
  • R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring optionally substituted with -halo, -N(R 4 ) , -Ci- 4 alkyl, -Ci-4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -0 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -C0 2 (C 1 - 4 alkyl) , -CN, -S0 2 (d- 4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -0C(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (C 1 -4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , or -CO (C 1 - 4 alkyl) , wherein the (C 1 - 4 alkyl).
  • Ring D is substituted by oxo or R 5 , wherein each R 5 is independently selected from -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(d- 4 aliphatic), -N(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic) 2 , -0(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic), C 1 - 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (Ci- 4 ' aliphatic) .
  • this invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula VII and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier .
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VII.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a GSK-3 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VII.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of enhancing glycogen synthesis and/or lowering blood levels of glucose in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VII .
  • This method is especially useful for diabetic patients.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the production of- hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VII .
  • This method is especially useful in halting or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the phosphorylation of ⁇ -catenin in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VII.
  • This method is especially useful for treating schizophrenia.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Aurora activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VII.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with an Aurora inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VII .
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, such as colon, ovarian, and breast cancer.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting CDK-2 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VII .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a CDK-2 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VII.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, Alzheimer's disease, restenosis, angiogenesis, glomerulonephritis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, herpes, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, alopecia, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Another method relates to inhibiting GSK-3, Aurora, or CDK-2 activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with the GSK-3 or Aurora inhibitor of formula VII, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, in an amount effective to inhibit GSK-3, Aurora or CDK-2.
  • Each of the aforementioned methods directed to the inhibition of GSK-3, Aurora or CDK-2, or the treatment of a disease alleviated thereby, is preferably carried out with a preferred compound of formula VII, as described above.
  • Z 1 is N or CR 9
  • Z 2 is N or CH
  • Z 3 is N or CR X , provided that one of Z 1 and Z 3 is nitrogen;
  • G is Ring C or Ring D
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or 1, 2, 4-triazinyl ring, wherein said Ring C has one or two ortho substituents independently selected from -R 1 . Any substitutable non- ortho carbon position on Ring C is independently substituted by -R 5 , and two adjacent substituents on
  • Ring C are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-6 membered ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, said fused ring being optionally substituted by halo, oxo, or -R 8 ;
  • Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, wherein Ring D is substituted at any substitutable ring carbon by halo, oxo, or -R 5 , and at any substitutable ring nitrogen by -R 4 , provided that when Ring D is a six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring, -R 5 is hydrogen at each ortho carbon position of Ring D;
  • R 1 is selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , T-V-R 6 , phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl ring, or C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, said phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl rings each optionally substituted by up to three groups independently selected from halo, oxo, or -R 8 , said C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halo, cyano, nitro, or oxygen, or R 1 and an adjacent substituent taken together with their intervening atoms form said ring fused to Ring C;
  • R x is T-R 3 ;
  • T is a valence bond or a C ⁇ - 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 and R 2' are independently selected from -R, -T-W-R 6 , or R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, 5-8 membered, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by halo, oxo, -CN, -N0 2 , -R 7 , or ⁇ -V-R 6 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R 2 and R 2' is substituted by R 4 ;
  • V is -0-, -S-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R 6 )-, -N(R 6 )-, -CO-, -C0 2 -, -N(R 6 )CO-, -N (R 6 ) C (O) O- , -N(R 6 )CON(R 6 ) -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 N(R 6 ) -, -N (R 6 ) N (R 6 ) - , -C(0)N(R 6 )-, -OC(0)N(R 6 )-, -C(R 6 ) 2 0-, -C(R 6 ) 2 S-, -C(R 6 ) 2 SO-, -C(R 6 ) 2 S0 2 -, -C(R 6 ) 2 S0 2 N(R 6 )-, -C
  • -C N-0R, -N(R 4 )CON(R) 2 , -N (R 4 ) S0 2 N (R 4 ) 2 , -N(R 4 )S0 2 R, or
  • the present invention relates to compounds of formula Villa, Vlllb, VIIIc and Vllld as shown below:
  • R x groups of formula VIII include T-R 3 wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene and R 3 is CN, -R, or -OR.
  • preferred R 3 groups include an optionally substituted group selected from d_ 6 aliphatic, phenyl, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring.
  • preferred R groups include an optionally substituted group C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group such as alkyl- or dialkylaminoalkyl and aminoalkyl.
  • R x examples include acetamido, CN, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, imidazol-1-yl, imidazol- 2-yl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH, and NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 0.
  • Preferred R 9 groups of formula VIII, when present, include R, OR, and N(R) 2 .
  • R 9 examples include methyl, ethyl, NH 2 , NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH, N(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH, N(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 0, (piperidin-1-yl) CH 2 CH 2 0, and NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 0.
  • the R 2 and R 2' groups of formula VIII may be taken together to form a fused ring, thus providing a bicyclic ring system containing a pyrazole ring.
  • Preferred fused rings include benzo, pyrido, pyrimido, and a partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring.
  • Preferred substituents on the formula VIII R 2 /R 2' fused ring include one or more of the following: -halo, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -Ci- 4 alkyl, -C 1 - 4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -0(C ⁇ - 4 alkyl), -C0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -CN, -S0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (C ⁇ -4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (C1-4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , and -CO (C 1 - 4 alkyl) , wherein the (C 1 - 4 alkyl) is a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group.
  • the (C 1 - 4 alkyl) group is methyl.
  • preferred R 2 groups include hydrogen, C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic, alkoxycarbonyl, (un) substituted phenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl , dialkylaminoalkyl , phenylaminocarbonyl , and (N- heterocyclyl) carbonyl.
  • R 2 substituents examples include methyl, cyclopropyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, t-butyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, C0 2 H, C0 2 CH 3 , CH 2 0H, CH 2 OCH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 Ph, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHCOOC (CH 3 ) 3 ,
  • a preferred R 2' group is hydrogen.
  • Ring C preferred formula VIII Ring C groups are phenyl and pyridinyl .
  • Ring C is contained in a bicyclic ring system.
  • Preferred fused rings include a benzo or pyrido ring. Such rings preferably are fused at ortho and meta positions of Ring C.
  • Examples of preferred bicyclic Ring C systems include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl.
  • R 1 groups include -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 .
  • R 1 is an optionally substituted C 1 - 6 aliphatic group
  • the most preferred optional substituents are halogen.
  • R 1 groups examples include -CF 3 , -Cl, -F, -CN, -COCH 3 , -OCH 3 , -OH, -CH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 3 , -CF 2 CH 3 , cyclohexyl, t-butyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, -C ⁇ CH, -C ⁇ C-C ⁇ 3 , ⁇ -S0 2 CH 3 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -C0 2 CH 3 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOCH 3 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NHS0 2 CH 3 , and -OCF 3 .
  • R 5 substituents when present, include -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , optionally substituted d- 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )C0R, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , and -N(R 4 )S0 2 R.
  • R 5 substituents include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(d- 4 aliphatic), -N(C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic) 2 , -0(d- 4 aliphatic), C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic).
  • R 5 substituents include -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NHMe, -NMe 2 , -OEt, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, and -C0 2 Et.
  • Ring D preferred formula VIII Ring D monocyclic rings include substituted and unsubstituted phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, azepanyl, and morpholinyl rings.
  • Ring D system is bicyclic.
  • Ring D bicyclic rings include 1, 2, 3 , 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-lff-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoqiiinolinyl, quinolinyl, and naphthyl.
  • Examples of more preferred bicyclic Ring D systems include naphthyl and isoquinolinyl .
  • R 5 substituents on Ring D of formula VIII include halo, oxo, CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , -N(R 4 )S0 2 R, -SR, -OR, -C(0)R, or substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or C ⁇ - e aliphatic.
  • R 5 substituents include -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic.
  • Ring D substituents include -OH, phenyl, methyl, CH 2 OH, CH 2 CH 2 OH, pyrrolidinyl, OPh, CF 3 , C ⁇ CH, Cl, Br, F, I, NH 2 , C(0)CH 3 , i-propyl, ter -butyl, SEt, OMe, N(Me) 2 , methylene dioxy, and ethylene dioxy.
  • Preferred formula VIII compounds have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of :
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is selected from a naphthyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 ; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl
  • R x is T-R 3 wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene
  • R 2' is hydrogen and R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, or R 2 and R 2 ' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring.
  • More preferred compounds of formula VIII have . one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of :
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a C ⁇ _ 6 haloaliphatic group, a C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, or -CN; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl , 2 , 3-dihydro-lff-isoindolyl , 2,3- dihydro-Iff-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoliny
  • R x is T-R 3 wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene and R 3 is CN, -R or -OR;
  • R 2' is hydrogen and R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, or a d- 6 aliphatic group, or R 2 and R 2 ' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring; and
  • each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , optionally substituted d- 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , or -N(R 4 )S0 2 R.
  • R x is T-R 3 wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene and R 3 is -R or -OR wherein R is an optionally substituted group selected from d- 6 aliphatic, phenyl, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring;
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halogen, or -CN; or
  • Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinol
  • R 2 and R 2' are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo, pyrido, pyrimido or partially unsaturated 6-membered carbocyclo ring optionally substituted with -halo, -N(R) , -C ⁇ - 4 alkyl, -C ⁇ - 4 haloalkyl, -N0 2 , -O (C ⁇ - alkyl) , -C0 2 (C ⁇ - 4 alkyl) , -CN, -S0 2 (d- 4 alkyl) , -S0 2 NH 2 , -OC(0)NH 2 , -NH 2 S0 2 (C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl) , -NHC(O) (Ci-4 alkyl) , -C(0)NH 2 , or -CO (d- 4 alkyl) , wherein the (Ci-4 alkyl) is a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group; (d)
  • R 9 is R, OR, or N(R 4 ) 2 .
  • this invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula VIII and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VIII.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a GSK-3 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VIII.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of enhancing glycogen synthesis and/or lowering blood levels of glucose in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VIII. This method is especially useful for diabetic patients.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the production of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VIII. This method is especially useful in halting or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of inhibiting the phosphorylation of ⁇ -catenin in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VIII. This method is especially useful for treating schizophrenia.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Aurora activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VIII.
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating - a disease that is alleviated by treatment with an Aurora inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VIII .
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, such as colon, ovarian, and breast cancer.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting CDK-2 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VIII .
  • Another aspect relates to a method of treating a disease that is alleviated by treatment with a CDK-2 inhibitor, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula VIII.
  • This method is especially useful for treating cancer, Alzheimer's disease, restenosis, angiogenesis, glomerulonephritis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, herpes, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, alopecia, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Another method relates to inhibiting GSK-3, Aurora, or CDK-2 activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with the GSK-3 or Aurora inhibitor of formula VIII, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, in an amount effective to inhibit GSK-3, Aurora or CDK-2.
  • Z 1 is nitrogen or CR 9 and Z 2 is nitrogen or CH, provided that at least one of Z 1 and Z 2 is nitrogen;
  • G is Ring C or Ring D;
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or 1, 2, 4-triazinyl ring, wherein said Ring C has one or two ortho substituents independently selected from -R 1 , any substitutable non- ortho carbon position on Ring C is independently substituted by -R 5 , and two adjacent substituents on Ring C are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-6 membered ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, said fused ring being optionally substituted by halo, oxo, or -R 8 ;
  • Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, wherein Ring D is substituted at any substitutable ring carbon by oxo or -R 5 , and at any substitutable ring nitrogen by -R 4 , provided that when Ring D is a six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring, -R 5 is hydrogen at each ortho carbon position of Ring D;
  • R 1 is selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , T-V-R 6 , phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl ring, or C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, said phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl rings each optionally substituted by up to three groups independently selected from halo, oxo, or -R 8 , said d-6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halo, cyano, nitro, or oxygen, or R 1 and an adjacent substituent taken together with their intervening atoms form said ring fused to Ring C;
  • R x and R y are independently selected from T-R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-8 membered ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, wherein any substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R x and R y is substituted by oxo or T-R 3 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R x and R y is substituted by R 4 ;
  • T is a valence bond or a C ⁇ - 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 is -R or -T-W-R 6 ;
  • V is -0-, -S-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -N(R s )S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R 6 )-, -N(R 6 )-, -CO-, -C0 2 -, -N(R 6 )CO-, -N (R 6 ) C (O) O- , -N(R 6 )CON(R 6 ) -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 N(R 6 ) -, -N (R 6 ) N(R 6 ) - , -C(0)N(R 6 )-, -0C(0)N(R 6 ) -, -C(R 6 ) 2 0 ⁇ , -C(R 6 ) 2 S-, -C(R 6 ) 2 SO-, -C(R 6 ) 2 S0 2 -, -C(R 6 ) 2 S0 2 N(R 6 )-
  • R x and R y groups of formula IX may be taken together to form a fused ring, providing a bicyclic ring system containing Ring A.
  • Preferred R x /R y rings include a 5 - , 6- , 7 - , or 8 -membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-2 heteroatoms , wherein said R x /R y ring is optionally substituted.
  • Ring A systems are shown below by compounds IX-A through IX-DD , wherein Z 1 is nitrogen or C (R 9 ) and Z 2 is nitrogen or C (H) .
  • Preferred bicyclic Ring A systems of formula IX include IX-A, IX-B, IX-C, IX-D, IX-E, IX-F, IX-G, IX-H, IX-I, IX-J, IX-K, IX-L, and IX-M, more preferably IX-A,
  • IX-B, IX-C, IX-F, and IX-H and most preferably IX-A, IX- B, and IX-H.
  • preferred R x groups include hydrogen, alkyl- or dialkylamino, acetamido, or a C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic group such as methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl or t-butyl.
  • Preferred R y groups when present, include T-R 3 wherein T is a valence bond or a methylene, and R 3 is -R, -N(R 4 ) 2 , or -OR.
  • R y examples include 2-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl, piperidinyl, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, alkyl- or dialkylamino, acetamido, optionally substituted phenyl such as phenyl or halo- substituted phenyl, and methoxymethyl.
  • the ring formed by R x and R y taken together may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R x /R y ring substituents include -halo, -R, -OR, -COR, -C0 2 R, -CON(R 4 ) 2 , -CN, or -N(R 4 ) 2 wherein R is an optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group.
  • Preferred R 2 groups of formula IX include hydrogen, C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic, alkoxycarbonyl, (un) substituted phenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl , dialkylaminoalkyl, phenylaminocarbonyl , and (N- heterocyclyl) carbonyl .
  • Examples of such preferred R 2 substituents include methyl, cyclopropyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, t-butyl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, C0 2 H,
  • An embodiment that is particularly useful for treating GSK3-mediated diseases relates to compounds of formula X wherein ring A is a pyrimidine ring:
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or 1, 2,4-triazinyl ring, wherein said Ring C has one or two ortho substituents independently selected from -R 1 , any substitutable non- ortho carbon position on Ring C is independently substituted by -R 5 , and two adjacent substituents on Ring C are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-6 membered ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, said fused ring being optionally substituted by halo, oxo, or -R 8 ; R 1 is selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , T-V-R 6 , phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl
  • T is a valence bond or a C ⁇ _ 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 is -R or -T-W-R 6 ;
  • Compounds of formula X are structurally similar to compounds of formula II except for the replacement of the pyrazole ring moiety by the triazole ring moiety.
  • Preferred R 2 , R x , R y and Ring C groups of formula X are as described above for the formula II compounds .
  • Preferred formula X compounds have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of:
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is selected from a naphthyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl ring;
  • R x is hydrogen or d- aliphatic and R y is T- R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-2 ring nitrogens;
  • R 1 is -halo, an optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -CONH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -0C(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 ; and (d) R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group.
  • More preferred compounds of formula X have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of:
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring;
  • R x is hydrogen or methyl and R y is -R,
  • R 1 is -halo, a C ⁇ - 6 haloaliphatic group, a d- 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, or -CN;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl or a d- 6 aliphatic group ;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) , optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -C0NH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )C0R, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , or -N(R 4 )S0 2 R.
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring;
  • R x is hydrogen or methyl and R y is methyl, methoxymethyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, alkyl- or an optionally substituted group selected from
  • R 1 is -halo, a d_ 4 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halogen, or -CN;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or a d- 6 aliphatic group; and (e) each R 5 is independently selected from -Cl, -F, -CN, -CF 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(Ci_4 aliphatic), -N(d-4 aliphatic) 2 , -0(d-4 aliphatic), C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic, and -C0 2 (d- 4 aliphatic).
  • Another embodiment of this invention relates to compounds of formula XI :
  • Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, wherein Ring D is substituted at "any substitutable ring carbon by oxo or -R 5 , and at any substitutable ring nitrogen by -R 4 , provided that when Ring D is a six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring, -R 5 is hydrogen at each ortho carbon position of Ring D;
  • R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused benzo ring or 5-8 membered carbocyclo ring, wherein any substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R x and R y is substituted by oxo or T-R 3 ;
  • T is a valence bond or a C ⁇ _ 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 is -R or -T-W-R 6 ;
  • V is -0-, -S-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R 6 )-, -N(R 6 )-, -CO-, -C0 2 -, -N(R 6 )CO-, -N (R 6 ) C (O) O- , -N(R 6 )CON(R 6 ) -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 N(R 6 ) -, -N(R 6 ) N (R 6 ) - ,
  • Compounds of formula XI are structurally similar to compounds of formula III except for the replacement of the pyrazole ring moiety by the triazole ring moiety.
  • Preferred R 2 , R x , R y , and Ring D groups of formula XI are as described above for the formula III compounds.
  • Preferred formula XI compounds have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of :
  • Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, azepanyl, morpholinyl, 1, 2, 3 , 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-lH-isoindolyl, 2,3- dihydro-lH-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl ring;
  • R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted benzo ring or 5-7 membered carbocyclo ring; and (c) R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a d-6 aliphatic group.
  • More preferred compounds of formula XI have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of :
  • Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1, 2, 3 , 4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-lH-isoindolyl, 2, 3 -dihydro- 1H-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl or a C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group; and (d) each R 5 is independently selected from halo,
  • OXO CN, N0 2 , -N(R ) 2 , -C0 2 R, -C0NH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , -N(R )S0 2 R, -SR, -OR, -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or d- 6 aliphatic.
  • Even more preferred compounds of formula XI have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of: (a) R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo ring or 6-membered carbocyclo ring, wherein said ring formed by R x and R y is optionally substituted with halo, CN, oxo, C ⁇ - 6 alkyl, C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxy, (C ⁇ - e alkyl) carbonyl, (d- 6 alkyl) sulfonyl, mono- or dialkylamino, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or d- 6 aliphatic; and
  • R 2 is hydrogen or a C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group. Another embodiment of this invention relates to compounds of formula XII :
  • Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, wherein Ring D is substituted at any substitutable ring carbon by oxo or -R 5 , and at any substitutable ring nitrogen by -R 4 , provided that when Ring D is a six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring, -R 5 is hydrogen at each ortho carbon position of Ring D; R x and R y are independently selected from T-R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-8 membered ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, wherein any substitutable carbon on said fused
  • T is a valence bond or a d-4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 is -R or -T-W-R 6 ;
  • Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thienyl, azepanyl, morpholinyl, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl , 2,3 -dihydro-lH-isoindolyl , 2,3- dihydro-li ⁇ -indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl ring;
  • R x is hydrogen or C ⁇ - 4 aliphatic and R y is T-
  • R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms; and (c) R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a
  • More preferred compounds of formula XII have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of:
  • Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolinyl , 1,2,3, 4 -tetrahydroquinolinyl , 2, 3 -dihydro-lH-isoindolyl, 2, 3 -dihydro- 1H-indolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl or a d- 6 aliphatic group ;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from halo, oxo, CN, N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R )COR, -S0 2 N(R ) 2 , -N(R )S0 2 R, -SR, -OR, -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or d- 6 aliphatic.
  • Even more preferred compounds of formula XII have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of : (a) R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 6-membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 1-2 ring nitrogens, optionally substituted with halo, CN, oxo, C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl, C ⁇ - 6 alkoxy, (C ⁇ - 6 alkyl) carbonyl, (C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl) sulfonyl, mono- or dialkylamino, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyl, mono- or dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -oxo, -SR, -OR, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(0)R, or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 - ⁇ o aryl, or C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic; and
  • R 2 is hydrogen or a C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group.
  • Another embodiment of this invention relates to compounds of formula XIII :
  • Z 1 is nitrogen, CR a , or CH, and Z 2 is nitrogen or CH; provided that one of Z 1 and Z 2 is nitrogen;
  • G is Ring C or Ring D
  • Ring C is selected from a phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or 1, 2,4-triazinyl ring, wherein said Ring C has one or two ortho substituents independently selected from -R 1 , any substitutable non- ortho carbon position on Ring C is independently substituted by -R 5 , and two adjacent substituents on Ring C are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-6 membered ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, said fused ring being optionally substituted by halo, ⁇ xo, or -R 8 ;
  • Ring D is a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or- 8-10 membered bicyclic ring selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl, said heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, wherein Ring D is substituted at any substitutable ring carbon by oxo or -R 5 , and at any substitutable ring nitrogen by -R 4 , provided that when Ring D is a six-me bered aryl or heteroaryl ring, -R 5 is hydrogen at each ortho carbon position of Ring D;
  • R 1 is selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , T-V-R 6 , phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl ring, or C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, said phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl rings each optionally substituted by up to three groups independently selected from halo, oxo, or -R 8 , said d- 6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halo, cyano, nitro, or oxygen, or R 1 and an adjacent substituent taken together with their intervening atoms form said ring fused to Ring C;
  • R x and R y are independently selected from T-R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a fused, unsaturated or partially unsaturated, 5-8 membered ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, wherein any substitutable carbon on said fused ring formed by R x and R y is substituted by oxo or T-R 3 , and any substitutable nitrogen on said ring formed by R x and R y is substituted by R 4 ,-
  • T is a valence bond or a C ⁇ _ 4 alkylidene chain
  • R 2 is -R or -T-W-R 6 ;
  • V is -0-, -S-, -SO-, -S0 2 -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R 6 )-, -N(R 6 )-, -CO-, -C0 2 -, -N(R 6 )CO-, -N (R 6 ) C (0) O- , -N(R 6 )CON(R 6 ) -, -N(R 6 )S0 2 N(R 6 ) -, -N (R 6 ) N (R 6 ) - , -C(0)N(R 6 )-, -OC(0)N(R 6 )-
  • Preferred formula XIII compounds have one or more, and more preferably all, of the features selected from the group consisting of : (a) Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is selected from a naphthyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, an optionally substituted d- 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, -COR 6 , -OR 6 , -CN, -S0 2 R 6 , -S0 2 NH 2 , -N(R 6 ) 2 , -C0 2 R 6 , -C0NH 2 , -NHCOR 6 , -OC(0)NH 2 , or -NHS0 2 R 6 ; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from
  • R x is hydrogen or C ⁇ _ 4 aliphatic and R y is T- R 3 , or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-2 ring nitrogens;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, or a C ⁇ -6 aliphatic group.
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a C ⁇ - 6 haloaliphatic group, a d_ 6 aliphatic group, phenyl, or -CN; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1, 2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, 2, 3 -dihydro-Iff-isoindolyl, 2,
  • R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from aryl, or a C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from -halo, -CN, -N0 2 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , optionally substituted C ⁇ - 6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(0)R, -C0 2 R, -CONH(R 4 ), -N(R 4 )COR, -S0 2 N(R ) 2 , or -N(R)S0 2 R, and, when Ring G is Ring D, Ring D is substituted by oxo or R 5 .
  • R x is hydrogen or methyl and R y is methyl, methoxymethyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, alkyl- or an optionally substituted group selected from 2-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, piperidinyl, or phenyl, or R x and R y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a benzo ring or a 6-membered carbocyclo ring wherein said ring formed by R x and R y is optionally substituted with halo, CN, oxo, d_ 6 alkyl, d- 6 alkoxy, (C ⁇ - 6 alkyl) carbonyl, (C x - 6 alkyl) sulfonyl, mono- or dialkylamino, mono-
  • Ring C is a phenyl or pyridinyl ring, optionally substituted by -R 5 , wherein when Ring C and two adjacent substituents thereon form a bicyclic ring system, the bicyclic ring system is a naphthyl ring, and R 1 is -halo, a d- 4 aliphatic group optionally substituted with halogen, or -CN; or Ring D is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, or naphthyl ,-
  • R 2 is hydrogen or a C ⁇ _ 6 aliphatic group; and (d) each R 5 is independently selected from -Cl,

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