JP4886511B2 - 2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物による自己免疫疾患の治療または予防方法 - Google Patents
2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物による自己免疫疾患の治療または予防方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4886511B2 JP4886511B2 JP2006522105A JP2006522105A JP4886511B2 JP 4886511 B2 JP4886511 B2 JP 4886511B2 JP 2006522105 A JP2006522105 A JP 2006522105A JP 2006522105 A JP2006522105 A JP 2006522105A JP 4886511 B2 JP4886511 B2 JP 4886511B2
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Description
この出願は、米国特許法第119条119(e)項に基づき、2003年7月30日出願の出願番号第60/491,641号(代理人整理番号第28575/US/US/2号)2003年12月19日出願の出願番号第60/531,598号(代理人整理番号第28575/US/8号)および2004年5月15日に出願の出願番号第60/572,256(代理人整理番号第28575/US/9号)の利益を主張する。
本発明は、一般に2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物、そして当該化合物、中間体、当該化合物を生成する合成方法および当該化合物の使用法、また自己免疫疾患および・またはそれに伴う症状の治療または予防などのような様々な状況における組成物を含んだ薬剤組成物に関連する。
IgE(FcεRI)の高親和性受容体および・またはIgG(FcγRI)の高親和性受容体のようなFc受容体の架橋結合は、多数の有害事象の原因である化学伝達物質の放出をもたらす、肥満細胞、好塩基性細胞およびその他の免疫細胞中のシグナルカスケードを活性化する。例えばこのような架橋結合は、脱顆粒により顆粒中の貯蔵部位からの、ヒスタミンのようなタイプI(即時)アナフィラキシー性過敏反応の前もって形成されたメディエータの放出の原因となる。これはまた、ロイコトリエンやプロスタグランジンまた血小板活性化因子(PAF)を含む、炎症反応において重要な役割を果たす他のメディエータの放出をもたらす。Fc受容体の架橋結合により合成および放出される追加的なメディエータに、サイトカインおよび一酸化窒素が含まれる。
Valent et al., 2002, Intl. J. Hematol. 75(4):257−362
一つの態様において、当発明は、以下により詳しく説明されるように、おびただしい数の生物活性を有した新規の2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物を提供する。当該化合物は、通常以下の構造式および番号付けの方式を有する2,4−ピリミジンジアミン「核」を含む:
−S(O)NH−、−S(O)2NH−、−O−CH2−、−CH2−O−CH2−、−O−CH=CH−CH2−、その他)、単環または多環ヘテロアリル架橋(例えば、[3,4]フラノ、ピリジノ、チオフェノ、ピペリジノ、ピペラジノ、ピラジジノ、ピロリジノ、その他)、あるいはこれらの架橋の組み合わせであり得る。
L1およびL2はそれぞれに独立して、直接結合およびリンカーから成るグループから選択されており;
R2およびR4 は以下に記述されたものであり;
R5は、R6;一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C1−C6)アルキル;一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C1−C4)アルカニル;一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C2−C4)アルケニル;および一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C2−C4)アルキニルから成るグループから選択され;
各R6はそれぞれに独立して、水素、電気陰性基、−ORd、−SRd、(C1−C3)ハロアルキルオキシ、(C1−C3)パーハロアルキルオキシ、−NRcRc、ハロゲン、(C1−C3)ハロアルキル、(C1−C3)パーハロアルキル、−CF3、−CH2CF3、−CF2CF3、−CN、−NC、−OCN、
−SCN、−NO、−NO2、−N3、−S(O)Rd、−S(O)2Rd、−S(O)2ORd、−S(O)NRcRc、−S(O)2NRcRc、
−OS(O)Rd、−OS(O)2Rd、−OS(O)2ORd、−OS(O)NRcRc、−OS(O)2NRcRc、−C(O)Rd、−C(O)ORd、
−C(O)NRcRc、−C(NH)NRcRc、−OC(O)Rd、−SC(O)Rd、−OC(O)ORd、−SC(O)ORd、
−OC(O)NRcRc、−SC(O)NRcRc、−OC(NH)NRcRc、−SC(NH)NRcRc、−[NHC(O)]nRd、−[NHC(O)]nORd、−[NHC(O)]nNRcRc、および−[NHC(NH)]nNRcRc、一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C5−C10)アリル、一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換されたフェニル、一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C6−C16)アリルアルキル、一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された5−10員のヘテロアリル、および一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された6−16員のヘテロアリルアルキルからなるグループから選択され;
R8はRa、Rb、ひとつあるいはそれ以上の同一のまたは異なったRaまたはRbで任意的に置換されたRa、ひとつあるいはそれ以上の同一のまたは異なったRaまたはRbで任意的に置換された−ORa、−B(ORa)2、B(NRcRc)2、−(CH2)m−Rb、−(CHRa)m−Rb、−O−(CH2)m−Rb、−S−(CH2)m−Rb、−O−CHRaRb、−O−CRa(Rb)2、−O−(CHRa)m−Rb、−O−(CH2)m−CH[(CH2)mRb]Rb、−S−(CHRa)m−Rb、−C(O)NH−(CH2)m−Rb、−C(O)NH−(CHRa)m−Rb、−O−(CH2)m−C(O)NH−(CH2)m−Rb、−S−(CH2)m−C(O)NH−(CH2)m−Rb、−O−(CHRa)m−C(O)NH−(CHRa)m−Rb、−S−(CHRa)m−C(O)NH(CHRa)m−Rb、−NH−(CH2)m−Rb、−NH−(CHRa)m−Rb、−NH[(CH2)mRb]、−N[(CH2)mRb]2、−NH−C(O)−NH−(CH2)m−Rb、−NH−C(O)−(CH2)m−CHRbRbおよび−NH−(CH2)m−C(O)−NH−(CH2)m−Rbから成るグループから選択され;
各Raはそれぞれに独立して、水素、(C1−C6)アルキル、(C3−C8)シクロアルキル、シクロヘキシル、(C4−C11)シクロアルキルアルキル、(C5−C10)アリル、フェニル、(C6−C16)アリルアルキル、ベンジル、2−6員のヘテロアルキル、3−8員のシクロヘテロアルキル、モルホリニル、ピペラジニル、ホモピペラジニル、ピペリジニル、4−11員のシクロヘテロアルキルアルキル、5−10員のヘテロアリルおよび6−16員のヘテロアリルアルキルから成るグループから選択され;
各Rbは=O、−ORd、(C1−C3)ハロアルキルオキシ、−OCF3、=S、−SRd、=NRd、=NORd、
−NRcRc、ハロゲン、−CF3、−CN、−NC、−OCN、−SCN、−NO、−NO2、=N2、N3、−S(O)Rd、
−S(O)2Rd、−S(O)2ORd、−S(O)NRcRc、−S(O)2NRcRc、−OS(O)Rd、−OS(O)2Rd、−OS(O)2ORd、
−OS(O)2NRcRc、−C(O)Rd、−C(O)ORd、−C(O)NRcRc、−C(NH)NRcRc、−C(NRa)NRcRc、−C(NOH)Ra、−C(NOH)NRcRc、−OC(O)Rd、−OC(O)ORd、−OC(O)NRcRc、−OC(NH)NRcRc、−OC(NRa)NRcRc、
−[NHC(O)]nRd、−[NRaC(O)]nRd、−[NHC(O)]nORd、−[NRaC(O)]nORd、−[NHC(O)]nNRcRc、
−[NRaC(O)]nNRcRc、−[NHC(NH)]nNRcRcおよび−[NRaC(NRa)]nNRcRcから成るグループから選択された適切な基であり;
各Rcはそれぞれに独立して保護基またはRaであるか、あるいはまた各Rcはそれが結合している窒素原子とまとまって、5から8員のシクロヘテロアルキルまたはヘテロアリールを形成し、該シクロアリールは、一つ以上の同一のまたは異なった追加的なヘテロ原子を任意的に含み得、また一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったRaあるいは適切なRb基で任意的に置換され得;
各Rdはそれぞれ独立して保護基またはRaであり;
各mはそれぞれ独立して1から3までの整数であり;また
各nはそれぞれ独立して0から3までの整数である。
R2、R4、R5、R6、L1およびL2は化学構造式(I)について先に定義されたものであり;
R2bはプログループであり;
R4bはプログループあるいは例えばメチルのようなアルキル基であり、またさらに例によって定義される。
6.1 定義
当明細書での使用において、以下の用語は次の意味を有するように意図される:
「アルキル」とは、それ自身または他の置換基の一部として、親アルカン、アルケンまたはアルキンの一つの炭素原子から水素原子を一つ除去することによって得られる、規定数の炭素原子(即ち、C1−C6は1つから6つの炭素原子を意味する)を有する一価の飽和または不飽和の分岐、直鎖あるいは環状炭化水素基を指す。典型的なアルキル基には、これらに限定はされないが、エタニル、エテニル、エチニルのようなメチルエチル;プロパン−1−イル、プロパン−2−イル、シクロプロパン1−イル、プロパ−1−エン−1−イル、プロパ−1−エン−2−イル、プロパ−2−エン−1−イル、シクロプロパ−1−エン−1−イルのようなプロピル;シクロプロパ−2−エン−1−イル、プロパ−1−イン−1−イル、プロパ−2−イン−1−イルなど;ブタン−1−イル、ブタン−2−イル、2−メチル−プロパン−1−イル、2−メチル−プロパン−2−イル、シクロブタン−1−イル、ブタ−1−エン−1−イル、ブタ−1−エン−2−イル、2−メチル−プロパ−1−エン−1−イル、ブタ−2−エン−1−イル、ブタ−2−エン−2−イル、ブタ−1,3−ジエン−1−イル、ブタ−1,3−ジエン−2−イル、シクロブタ−1−エン−1−イル、シクロブタ−1−エン−3−イル、シクロブタ−1,3−ジエン−1−イル、ブタ−1−イン−1−イル、ブタ−1−イン−3−イル、ブタ−3−イン−1−イルなどのようなブチル;およびその他が含まれる。特定の飽和レベルを意図する場合は、以下に記されるように、「アルカニル」、「アルケニル」および・または「アルキニル」などの名称が使用される。好適実施例において、当アルキル基は(C1−C6)のアルキルである。
−S(O)2−、−S(O)NR’−、−S(O)2NR’−、およびそれらの組み合わせなどが含まれ、ここで各R’はそれぞれ独立して水素あるいは(C1−C6)のアルキルである。
当発明の化合物は、通常化学構造式(I)によって表される2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物であり:
L1およびL2はそれぞれに独立して、直接結合およびリンカーから成るグループから選択されており;
R2およびR4 は以下の実施例および例に記述されたものであり;
R5は、R6;一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C1−C6)アルキル;一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C1−C4)アルカニル;一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C2−C4)アルケニル;および一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C2−C4)アルキニルから成るグループから選択され;
各R6はそれぞれに独立して、水素、電気陰性基、−ORd、−SRd、(C1−C3)ハロアルキルオキシ、(C1−C3)パーハロアルキルオキシ、−NRcRc、ハロゲン、(C1−C3)ハロアルキル、(C1−C3)パーハロアルキル、−CF3、−CH2CF3、−CF2CF3、−CN、−NC、−OCN、
−SCN、−NO、−NO2、−N3、−S(O)Rd、−S(O)2Rd、−S(O)2ORd、−S(O)NRcRc、−S(O)2NRcRc、
−OS(O)Rd、−OS(O)2Rd、−OS(O)2ORd、−OS(O)NRcRc、−OS(O)2NRcRc、−C(O)Rd、−C(O)ORd、
−C(O)NRcRc、−C(NH)NRcRc、−OC(O)Rd、−SC(O)Rd、−OC(O)ORd、−SC(O)ORd、
−OC(O)NRcRc、−SC(O)NRcRc、−OC(NH)NRcRc、−SC(NH)NRcRc、−[NHC(O)]nRd、−[NHC(O)]nORd、−[NHC(O)]nNRcRc、および−[NHC(NH)]nNRcRc、一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C5−C10)アリル、一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換されたフェニル、一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された(C6−C16)アリルアルキル、一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された5−10員のヘテロアリル、および一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったR8基で任意的に置換された6−16員のヘテロアリルアルキルからなるグループから選択され;
R8はRa、Rb、ひとつあるいはそれ以上の同一のまたは異なったRaまたはRbで任意的に置換されたRa、ひとつあるいはそれ以上の同一のまたは異なったRaまたはRbで任意的に置換された−ORa、−B(ORa)2、B(NRcRc)2、−(CH2)m−Rb、−(CHRa)m−Rb、−O−(CH2)m−Rb、−S−(CH2)m−Rb、−O−CHRaRb、−O−CRa(Rb)2、−O−(CHRa)m−Rb、−O−(CH2)m−CH[(CH2)mRb]Rb、−S−(CHRa)m−Rb、−C(O)NH−(CH2)m−Rb、−C(O)NH−(CHRa)m−Rb、−O−(CH2)m−C(O)NH−(CH2)m−Rb、−S−(CH2)m−C(O)NH−(CH2)m−Rb、−O−(CHRa)m−C(O)NH−(CHRa)m−Rb、−S−(CHRa)m−C(O)NH(CHRa)m−Rb、−NH−(CH2)m−Rb、−NH−(CHRa)m−Rb、−NH[(CH2)mRb]、−N[(CH2)mRb]2、−NH−C(O)−NH−(CH2)m−Rb、−NH−C(O)−(CH2)m−CHRbRbおよび−NH−(CH2)m−C(O)−NH−(CH2)m−Rbから成るグループから選択され;
各Raはそれぞれに独立して、水素、(C1−C6)アルキル、(C3−C8)シクロアルキル、シクロヘキシル、(C4−C11)シクロアルキルアルキル、(C5−C10)アリル、フェニル、(C6−C16)アリルアルキル、ベンジル、2−6員のヘテロアルキル、3−8員のシクロヘテロアルキル、モルホリニル、ピペラジニル、ホモピペラジニル、ピペリジニル、4−11員のシクロヘテロアルキルアルキル、5−10員のヘテロアリルおよび6−16員のヘテロアリルアルキルから成るグループから選択され;
各Rbは=O、−ORd、(C1−C3)ハロアルキルオキシ、−OCF3、=S、−SRd、=NRd、=NORd、
−NRcRc、ハロゲン、−CF3、−CN、−NC、−OCN、−SCN、−NO、−NO2、=N2、N3、−S(O)Rd、
−S(O)2Rd、−S(O)2ORd、−S(O)NRcRc、−S(O)2NRcRc、−OS(O)Rd、−OS(O)2Rd、−OS(O)2ORd、
−OS(O)2NRcRc、−C(O)Rd、−C(O)ORd、−C(O)NRcRc、−C(NH)NRcRc、−C(NRa)NRcRc、−C(NOH)Ra、−C(NOH)NRcRc、−OC(O)Rd、−OC(O)ORd、−OC(O)NRcRc、−OC(NH)NRcRc、−OC(NRa)NRcRc、
−[NHC(O)]nRd、−[NRaC(O)]nRd、−[NHC(O)]nORd、−[NRaC(O)]nORd、−[NHC(O)]nNRcRc、
−[NRaC(O)]nNRcRc、−[NHC(NH)]nNRcRcおよび−[NRaC(NRa)]nNRcRcから成るグループから選択された適切な基であり;
各Rcはそれぞれに独立して保護基またはRaであるか、あるいはまた各Rcはそれが結合している窒素原子とまとまって、5から8員のシクロヘテロアルキルまたはヘテロアリールを形成し、該シクロアリールは、一つ以上の同一のまたは異なった追加的なヘテロ原子を任意的に含み得、また一つ以上の同一のまたは異なったRaあるいは適切なRb基で任意的に置換され得;
各Rdはそれぞれ独立してRaであり;
各mはそれぞれ独立して1から3までの整数であり;また
各nはそれぞれ独立して0から3までの整数である。
−C(O)ORa、フェニル、ハロフェニルおよび4−ハロフェニルが含まれ、ここでRaは化学構造式(I)について先に定義されたものである。
N4−(2,2−ジメチル−3−オキソ−4H−5−ピリド[1,4]オキサジン−6−イル)−N2−(3−クロロ−4−メトキシフェニル)−5−フルオロ−2,4−ピリミジンジアミン;
N4−(2,2−ジメチル−3−オキソ−4H−5−ピリド[1,4]オキサジン−6−イル)−N2−(3,5−ジメトキシフェニル)−5−フルオロ−2,4−ピリミジンジアミン;
N2−(3,4−ジクロロフェニル)−N4−(2,2−ジメチル−3−オキソ−4H−5−ピリド[1,4]オキサジン−6−イル)−5−フルオロ−2,4−ピリミジンジアミン;
N4−(2,2−ジメチル−3−オキソ−4H−5−ピリド[1,4]オキサジン−6−イル)−N2−(3−フルオロ−4−メトキシフェニル)−5−フルオロ−2,4−ピリミジンジアミン;
N2−(3,5−ジクロロフェニル)−N4−(2,2−ジメチル−3−オキソ−4H−5−ピリド[1,4]オキサジン−6−イル)−5−フルオロ−2,4−ピリミジンジアミン;および
N2−(3−クロロ−4−トリフルオロメトキシフェニル)−N4−(2,2−ジメチル−3−オキソ−4H−5−ピリド[1,4]オキサジン−6−イル)−5−フルオロ−2,4−ピリミジンジアミン。
N2−(3−クロロ−4−メトキシ−5−メチルフェニル)−N4−(2,2−ジメチル−3−オキソ−4H−5−ピリド[1,4]オキサジン−6−イル)−5−フルオロ−2,4−ピリミジンジアミン;
N2−(3−クロロ−4−ヒドロキシ−5−メチルフェニル)−N4−(2,2−ジメチル−3−オキソ−4H−5−ピリド[1,4]オキサジン−6−イル)−5−フルオロ−2,4−ピリミジンジアミン;および
N2−(3,5−ジメチル−4−メトキシフェニル)−N4−(2,2−ジメチル−3−オキソ−4H−5−ピリド[1,4]オキサジン−6−イル)−5−フルオロ−2,4−ピリミジンジアミン。
−CRaRb−O−C(O)−CRaRb−N(CH3)2、−C(O)R8、−C(O)CF3および−C(O)−NR8−C(O)R8から成るグループから選択される。
各R21、R22およびR23はそれぞれに独立して上述の通り、特にアルキル基であり;
各R28は独立してハロゲンあるいはアルコキシであり;
R29は(C1−C6)アルキルまたは(C3−C9)シクロアルキルであり;
R30はアルキル基あるいはハロゲンであり;
XはNおよびCHから成るグループから選択され;
Y、Z、R35、R36、R37およびR38は上述の通りであり;
各R46、R47およびR48は、R46、R47およびR48がすべて水素であることはなく、またR46、R47またはR48の一つがイソオキサゾール、ピペラジノ、N−アルキルピペラジン、モルホリノあるいはCH3NHC(O)CH2O−である場合、残ったR46、R47またはR48が水素となることを条件として、それぞれに独立して水素、アルキル、アルコキシ、ヒドロキシル、ハロゲン、イソオキサゾール、ピペラジノ、N−アルキルピペラジン、モルホリノおよびCH3CH3NHC(O)CH2O−から成るグループから選択され;
R50 はアルキル基または(CH2)qOH;
qは1から6の整数;
R52はアルキル基または置換アルキル基;
pは1、2、あるいは3であり;また
x = 1−8である。
ここでR21、R22およびR23は、その開示がここに参照用に組み込まれている米国特許第6,235,746号のR1、R2およびR3についてそれぞれ定義された通りである。この一番目の実施例の特定の実施例において、R21は水素、ハロ、一つ以上の同一のあるいは異なったR25基によって任意的に置換された直鎖または分岐の(C1−C6)アルキル、ヒドロキシル、一つ以上の同一のあるいは異なったフェニルまたはR25基によって任意的に置換された(C1−C6)アルコキシ、チオール(−SH)、一つ以上の同一のあるいは異なったフェニルまたはR25基によって任意的に置換された(C1−C6)アルキルチオ、アミノ(−NH2)、−NHR26または-NR26R26;R22およびR23はそれぞれ独立して、一つ以上の同一のあるいは異なったR25基によって任意的に置換された直鎖または分岐の(C1−C6)アルキル、;R25はハロ、ヒドロキシル、(C1−C6)アルコキシ、チオール、(C1−C6)アルキルチオ、(C1−C6)アルキルアミノ、および(C1−C6)ジアルキルアミノから成るグループから選択され;また各R26は独立して、一つ以上の同一のあるいは異なったフェニルまたはR25基または−C(O)R27によって任意的に置換された(C1−C6)アルキルであり、ここでR27は一つ以上の同一のあるいは異なったフェニルまたはR25基によって任意的に置換された(C1−C6)アルキルである。
R2は
三十九番目の実施例において、当発明は化学構造式(I)および(Ia)に基づいたピリミジンジアミン化合物を提供し、ここでR2は
当発明の化合物およびプロドラッグは、市販の出発物質および・または従来の合成方法によって合成された出発物質を使用した、様々な異なった合成経路によって合成される。当発明の2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物およびプロドラッグの合成に日常的に適用されるのにふさわしい例示的な方法は、それらの開示がここに参照用に組み込まれている、米国特許第5,958,935号、2003年1月31日出願の米国特許出願番号第10/355,543号(米国公開番号第US20040029902−A1号)、2003年8月1日公開WO 03/063794号、2003年7月29日出願の米国特許出願番号第10/631,029号、および2004年2月19日公開WO 2004/014382号に示されている。化学構造式(I)、(Ia)および(II)のすべての化合物は、これらの方法を日常的に適用することによって合成される。
当発明の活性2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物は、なかでも特に細胞の脱顆粒の原因となるFc受容体シグナルカスケードを抑制する。具体的な例として、当該化合物は好中球、好酸球、および好塩基球細胞などの免疫細胞の脱顆粒の原因となるFcεRIおよびFcγRIシグナルカスケードを抑制する。肥満細胞および好塩基球細胞は両方とも、例えばアレルギー性鼻炎やアレルギー性喘息などを含むアレルギー誘発型の疾患において中心的な役割を果たす。図1によると、アレルゲン特に花粉や寄生虫などに接触すると、IL−4(またはIL−13)およびIgEクラス特異性の抗体の合成に転換する、その他のメッセンジャーに活性化されたB細胞により、アレルゲン特異性のIgE抗体が合成される。これらのアレルゲン特異性IgEは、親和性の高いFcεRIに結合する。抗原が結合すると、FceR1に結合したIgEは架橋され、IgE受容体シグナル変換経路が活性化され、細胞の脱顆粒が起こる。またその結果として、ヒスタミン、プロテアーゼ(トリプターゼ、チマーゼなど)を含む化学複合体、ロイコトリエン(LTC4)などの脂肪複合体、血小板活性化因子(PAF)、プロスタグランジン(PGD2など)およびTNF−a、IL−4、IL−13、IL−5、IL−6、IL−8、GMCSF、VEGFおよびTGF−bを含む一連のサイトカインなどのホストの放出および合成が起こる。肥満細胞や好塩基球細胞からのこれらの複合体の放出および合成は、アレルゲン誘発の初期および後期段階の反応の原因となり、継続的な炎症状態を引き起こす下流事象と直接関連する。
前述のように、当発明の活性化合物はFc受容体シグナルカスケード、特に中でも、脱顆粒またはその他のプロセスのいずれかを介した、細胞からの化学伝達物質の放出および・または合成の原因となる、FcεRIおよび・またはFcγRIシグナルカスケードのようなガンマホモダイマーを含むFc受容体を抑制する。さらに前述のように、当該活性化合物はSykキナーゼの強力な抑制剤でもある。これらの活性の結果として、当発明の活性化合物は、Sykキナーゼ、Sykキナーゼが一因となるシグナルカスケード、Fc受容体シグナルカスケード、およびこのようなシグナルカスケードによって影響を受ける生物学的反応などを調整または抑制するために、生体外(in vitro)、生体内(in vivo)および生体外(ex vivo)などの様々な状態で使用される。例えば一つの実施例において、当該化合物は、Sykキナーゼを発現する実質的にすべての細胞において、生体外または生体内のいずれかでSykキナーゼを抑制するために使用される。これらはまた、Sykキナーゼが一因となる情報伝達カスケードを調整するためにも使用される。このようなSyk依存性の情報伝達カスケードに、これらに限定はされないが、FcεRI、FcγRI、FcγRIII、BCRおよびインテグリン情報伝達カスケードが含まれる。当該化合物はまた、このようなSyk依存性の情報伝達カスケードによって影響を受ける、細胞あるいは生物学的反応を調整、特に抑制するために、生体外あるいは生体内で使用される。このような細胞あるいは生物学的反応に、これらに限定はされないが、呼吸バースト、細胞接着、細胞脱顆粒、細胞伸展、細胞移動、細胞凝集、食作用、サイトカインの合成および放出、細胞成熟、およびCa2+流出などが含まれる。重要なことに、当該化合物は、Sykキナーゼの活性により媒介された疾病の治療または予防のための治療手段として、生体内でSykキナーゼを抑制するために使用される。当該化合物により治療または予防することのできるSykキナーゼに媒介された疾病の非限定的な例を以下でより詳しく説明する。
当発明の活性化合物またはプロドラッグまたはその組成物は、通常意図した結果を得るのに有効な量、例えば治療される特定の疾病の治療または予防のために有効な量で使用される。当化合物は、治療上の効用を得るために治療用として、または予防効果を得るために予防用に投与される。治療上の効用とは、治療されている基礎疾患の根絶または改善、および・または、たとえまだ当該基礎疾患に苦しめられているとしても、患者から気分あるいは病状の改善が報告されるような、当該基礎疾患にまつわる一つ以上の症状の根絶または改善を意味する。例えば、アレルギーに苦しむ患者ヘの化合物(調剤)の投与は、根本的なアレルギー反応が根絶・改善された場合だけではなく、患者からアレルゲンヘの接触によるアレルギー症状の重症度や持続時間の減少が報告された場合に治療上の効用をもたらしたことになる。別の例として、喘息における治療上の効用として、喘息発作が起きた後の呼吸作用の改善、または喘息の起こる頻度あるいはその重症度の軽減が含まれる。治改善が認められるか否かに関わらず、病気の進行が停止されるまたは減速されることがまた治療上の効用として含まれる。
7.1 2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物
ここに記載の工程に基づき、様々なN4−置換−N2−単置換−4−ピリミジンジアミンが生成された。このような化合物を表1に表す。
当発明の2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物がIgE誘発の脱顆粒を抑制する能力が、培養ヒト肥満細胞(CHMC)および・またはマウス骨髄由来細胞(BMMC)による様々な細胞分析において実証されている。脱顆粒の抑制は、顆粒特異性因子であるトリプターゼ、ヒスタミンおよびヘキソサミニダーゼの放出を定量化することにより、低細胞密度、高細胞密度の両方において測定される。脂質メディエーターの放出および・または合成の抑制はロイコトリエンLTC4の放出を測定することによって分析され、またサイトカインの放出および・または合成の抑制はTNF−a、IL−6およびIL−13の定量化によって監視される。トリプターゼおよびヘキソサミニダーゼは、それぞれの例に示されているように、蛍光発生基質によって定量化される。ヒスタミン、TNFa、IL−6、IL−13およびLTC4は、下記の市販のELISAキットを使用して定量化される:ヒスタミン(Immunotech #2015、Beckman Coulter)、TNFa(Biosource #KHC3011)、IL−6(Biosource #KMC0061)、IL−13(Biosource #KHC0132)およびLTC4(Cayman Chemical #520211)。様々な分析の手順を以下に示す。
ヒトの肥満細胞および好塩基球は、下記のように(また、その開示がここに参考として組み入れられている、2001年11月8日提出の同時係属米国出願番号第10/053,355号に記されている方法を参照)、CD34−陰性前駆細胞から培養される。
STEMPRO−34完全培地(“CM”)の作成のため、250 mLのSTEMPRO−34TM無血清培地(「SFM」;GibcoBRL、カタログ番号10640番)をろ過フラスコに入れる。ここに13 mLのSTEMPRO−34栄養サプリメント(「NS」;GibcoBRL、カタログ番号10641番)(下記に詳しく説明される要領で生成)を加える。このNS容器を約10 mLのSFMでゆすぎ、その洗浄液をろ過フラスコに入れる。5 mLのL−グルタミン(200 mM;Mediatech、カタログ番号MT 25−005−CI)および5 mLの100Xペニシリン・ストレプトマイシン(「pen−strep」;HyClone、カタログ番号SV30010)を加えた後、SFMで体積を500 mLにして、この溶液をろ過する。
培地および下記に説明する方法を使用して、比較的少数(1−5 x l06細胞)のCD34−陽性(CD34+)細胞の母集団を、比較的多数のCD34−陰性前駆細胞(約2−4 x l09細胞)に拡張する。CD34+細胞(単一ドナーによる)はAllcells社(Berkeley, CA)から入手した。Allcells社から通常得られるCD34+細胞の品質および数には程度の違いがあるため、新規に供給された細胞を15 mLの円錐形のチューブに移し入れ、使用に先立ちCM中で10 mLにしておく。
第二段階では、拡張されたCD34陰性前駆細胞が分化された粘膜肥満細胞に変換される。これらの培養されたヒト粘膜肥満細胞(「CHMC」)は、臍帯血から分離されたCD34+細胞から派生し、上述のようにCD34−陰性前駆細胞の増殖個体群を形成するために処理される。CD43陰性前駆細胞を生成するための当該培養物の再懸濁のサイクルは、培養が密度425,000細胞/mLで行われ、細胞数の測定なしで4日目あるいは5日目に15%の培地が追加される以外は、上述と同様ある。さらに、当該培地のサイトカイン組成物は、SCF(200 ng/mL)および組み換えヒトIL−6(200 ng/mL;Peprotech、カタログ番号200−06番、10 mMの滅菌酢酸中で100 ug/mLにもどされたもの)(「CM/SCF/IL−6培地」)を含むように調整されている。
CD34陰性前駆細胞の増殖個体群は上述のように生成され、処理されてトリプターゼ・チマーゼ陽性(結合組織)表現型を形成する。この方法は、粘膜肥満細胞について上述された要領で実施されるが、培養培地中のIL−4はIL−6と置き換えられる。このようにして得られた細胞は、結合組織の肥満細胞に特有なものである。
CD34陰性前駆細胞の増殖個体群は、上述のセクション7.4.1.2に記された要領で生成され、好塩基球の増殖個体群を形成するために使用される。CD34−陰性細胞は粘膜肥満細胞について上述された要領で処理されるが、培養培地中のIL−3(20−50 ng/mL)はIL−6に置き換えられる。
96孔のU字底プレート(Costar 3799)を複製するため、65 ulの化合物の希釈液、または2%のMeOHと1%のDMSOを含むMT[137 mMのNaCl、2.7 mMのKCl、1.8 mMのCaCl2、1.0 mMのMgCl2、5.6 mMのグルコース、20 mMのHepes(pH 7.4)、0.1%のウシ血清アルブミン、(Sigma A4503)]中で生成されたコントロール試料を加える。CHMC細胞(980 rpm、10分)を沈殿させ、前もってあたためておいたMT中に再懸濁させる。65 ulの細胞を96孔のプレートにそれぞれ加える。それぞれの特定のCHMCドナーの脱顆粒活性に基づき、各孔に1000−1500細胞を加える。4回混ぜて、その後37oCで1時間培養する。この1時間の培養中に、6Xの抗IgE溶液[MT緩衝中で1:167に希釈されたウサギの抗ヒトIgE(1 mg/ml、Bethyl Laboratories A80−109A)]を生成する。25 ulの6X抗IgE溶液を適切な孔に加えることによって細胞を刺激する。25 ulのMTを刺激されていないコントロール群の孔に加える。抗IgEを加えた後2回混合する。37oCで30分培養する。この30分の培養の間に、20 mMのトリプターゼ基質の原液[(Z−Ala−Lys−Arg−AMC.2TFA;Enzyme Systems製品、#AMC−246)]をトリプターゼ分析バッファー液[0.1のM Hepes(pH 7.5)、重量・体積比10 %のグリセロール、10 uMのヘパリン(Sigma H−4898)、0.01%のNaN3]中で1:2000に希釈する。細胞を沈殿させるため、プレートを1000 rpmで10分間回転させる。25 ulの上澄みを96孔の底の黒いプレートに移し、100 ulの新たに希釈したトリプターゼ基質溶液を各孔に加える。プレートを室温で30分培養する。分光高度測定プレートリーダー上、355nm/460nmでプレートの光学濃度を測定する。
CM培地中のIL−4(20 ng/ml)、SCF(200 ng/ml)、IL−6(200 ng/ml)、およびヒトIgE(Cortx Biochem製CP 1035K、発生世代により100−500ng/ml)により、培養ヒト肥満細胞(CHMC)を5日間感作する。感作の後、細胞数を測定し、沈殿させて(1000 rpm、5−10分)MTバッファー中に1−2 x106細胞/mlで再懸濁させる。100 ulの細胞懸濁液を、各孔と100 ulの化合物の希釈液に加える。最終的な賦形剤の濃度はDMSOの0.5%となる。これを37°C(5%のCO2)で1時間培養する。化合物を1時間処理した後、6Xの抗IgEで細胞を刺激する。当該細胞とよく混ぜ合わせ、プレートを37°C(5%のCO2)で1時間培養する。1時間の培養の後、細胞を沈殿させ(1000 RPMで10分間)、沈殿物をかき乱さないように注意しながら各孔から上澄みを200 ulずつ採取する。上澄みのプレートを氷上におく。7時間のステップ(次項参照)の間に、1:500に希釈された上澄みでトリプターゼ分析を行う。細胞の沈殿物を0.5%のDMSOと、対応する濃度の化合物を含んだ240 ulのCM培地に再懸濁させる。CHMC細胞を37°C(5%のCO2)で7時間培養する。培養の後、細胞を沈殿させ(1000 RPMで10分間)、各孔から225 ulずつ採取してELISASを行う準備ができるまで−80°Cの環境におく。供給業者の指示に従って適切に希釈された試料(試料の測定が標準カーブの範囲内となるように、各ドナーの細胞集団ごとに実験的に決定された)でELISASを実施する。
低密度CHMC分析の結果を表1に示す。表1において、報告値はすべてIC50(mM単位)である。テストされたほとんどの化合物のIC50は10mM未満であり、多くはサブミクロモル範囲のIC50を示した。表1において、報告値はすべてIC50(mM単位)である。「−」の値は、濃度10mMでは測定可能な活性のないIC50> 10mMであることを表す。テストされたほとんどの化合物のIC50は10mM未満であり、多くはサブミクロモル範囲のIC50を示した。「+]の値は、IC50< 10mMであることを表す。テストされた化合物のうち、BMMC値はCHMCの結果として現れたものと同程度である。
当発明の2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物の多くが、初期IgE受容体情報伝達カスケードを妨げる、あるいは抑制することによりその抑制作用を発揮することを確認するため、下記に示すように、何種類かの化合物についてイオノマイシン誘発の脱顆粒に関する細胞分析を行った。
1時間の培養の間に6Xのイオノマイシン溶液[MeOH(備え置き)中の5mMのイオノマイシン(Signma I−0634)をMT緩衝液(最終濃度2 mM)中で1:416.7に希釈]を生成し、この6Xイオノマイシン溶液25 mlを適切なプレートに加えることによって細胞を刺激した以外はCHMC低濃度IgE活性分析(セクション6.4.3、上述)について記載されている要領で、イオノマイシンの誘発による肥満細胞の脱顆粒の分析を行った。
IC50値(mM単位)として報告されたイオノマイシンの誘発による脱顆粒の分析結果を表1に表す。テストされた活性化合物(すなわちIgEに誘発された脱顆粒を抑制するもの)のうち、大多数はイオノマイシン誘発の脱顆粒を抑制せず、これらの活性化合物が初期(あるいは上流)IgE受容体情報伝達カスケードを選択的に抑制することが確認された。表1において、報告値はすべてIC50(mM単位)である。「−」の値は、濃度10mMでは測定可能な活性のないIC50> 10mMであることを表す。「+]の値は、IC50< 10mMであることを表す。
単離Sykキナーゼを使用した生化学蛍光偏光分析において、Sykキナーゼを触媒としたペプチド基質のリン酸化反応を抑制する能力について、多数の2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物をテストした。この実験において、キナーゼバッファー液(20 mMのHEPES、pH 7.4、5 mMのMgCl2、2 mMのMnCl2、1 mMのDTT、0.1 mg/mLのアセチル化ウシガンマグロブリン)中で、化合物を1%のDMSOに希釈する。1%のDMSO(最終値0.2%のDMSO)中の化合物とATP・基質溶液を室温で混合する。Sykキナーゼ(Upstate、Lake Placid、NY)を20 uLの最終反応物に加え、この反応物を室温で30分培養する。最終的酵素反応の条件は、20 mMのHEPES、pH 7.4、5 mMのMgCl2、2 mMのMnCl2、1 mMのDTT、0.1 mg/mLのアセチル化されたウシガンマグロブリン、0.125 ngのSyk、4 uMのATP、2.5 uMのペプチド基質(ビオチン−EQEDEPEGDYEEVLE−CONH2、SynPep Corporation)であった。製造業者(PanVera Corporation)の指示に基づいて、総合最終値40 uLで反応を中止するため、EDTA(最終値10 mM)・抗ホスホチロシン抗体(最終値1X)・蛍光ホスホペプチドトレーサー(最終値0.5X)をFP希釈バッファー液に加える。当該プレートを暗所で室温で30分培養する。プレートを、Polarion蛍光偏光プレートリーダー(Tecan)上で読み取る。チロシンキナーゼ分析キット、グリーン(PanVera Corporation)中に供給されているホスホペプチドコンペティターによる競争によってもたらされた検量線を用いて、データをホスホペプチドの存在量に変換する。
特定の2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物の自己免疫疾患に対する生体内の効能が、逆受身アルツス反応、抗原・抗体により媒介された組織障害の急性モデル、また自己免疫および炎症のいくつかの疾病モデルにおいて評価された。これらのモデルは、特定の抗原に対する抗体が免疫複合体により誘発された(IC−誘発)炎症性疾患およびそれに続く組織破壊を媒介するという点で類似している。特定の解剖学的部位ヘのIC堆積(実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎(EAE)は中枢神経系(CNS)またコラーゲン誘発関節炎(CIA)は滑膜)は、表面FcγRおよびFcεR、特に肥満細胞、マクロファージ、および好中球を発現する細胞の活性化の原因となり、その結果サイトカインの放出、また好中球の走化性が引き起こされる。炎症反応の活性化は、浮腫、出血、好中球浸潤、および炎症誘発性のメディエータの放出を含む、下流エフェクター反応の原因となる。IC誘発事象のこれらの結果を自己免疫疾患において識別するのは困難であるが、それにもかかわらず多くの研究者が、これらの動物モデルにおけるFcγRシグナル伝達経路の抑制が疾病の発症および重症度の著しい減少をもたらすことを例証している。
化合物810、944、994および1007がIC誘発の炎症性カスケードを抑制する生体内の効能が、逆受身アルツス反応(RPA反応)のマウスモデルで例証された。
免疫複合体(IC)媒介の急性炎症性組織障害は血管炎症候群、血清病症候群、全身性エリトマトーデス(SLE)、関節リウマチ、グッドパスチャー症候群、および糸球体腎炎を含む、ヒトの様々な自己免疫疾患に関連する。IC媒介の組織障害の古典的実験モデルとして逆受身アルツス反応がある。RPA反応モデルは、ICにより誘発された局所的炎症の研究をするための、全身的影響を伴わない、適切な生体内の方法である。鶏卵アルブミン(ウサギ抗OVA IgG)に特異的な抗体(Abs)の皮内注射と、その後に続く特に鶏卵アルブミン(オボアルブミン、OVA)の抗原(Ags)の静脈内(IV)注射により、ICの血管周辺ヘの堆積、また浮腫、好中球浸潤、おおよび注射部位の出血などを特徴とする急速な炎症反応が起こる。マウスRPA反応モデルの態様は、関節リウマチ、SLEおよび糸球体腎炎の患者の炎症反応に類似している。
このモデルシステムにおいて、AbsおよびAgsの投与に先立ち、何度かのタイムポイントでテスト化合物が投与される。ウサギ抗OVA IgG溶液(50mg in 25ml/マウス)を皮内注射し、その直後に1%のエヴァンスブルー染料を含んだ溶液中の鶏卵アルブミン(体重1 kgにつき20 mg)を静脈注射する。局所的な組織損傷の指標としてエヴァンスブルー染料を使用し、C57BL/6マウスの背面皮膚で浮腫および出血の度合いを測定する。精製ウサギポリクローナルIgGをコントロール群として使用する。
テスト化合物はすべて経口で投与された。
自己免疫疾患に対する化合物の生体内効能を、コラーゲン抗体誘発の関節炎(CAIA)のマウスモデルで例証することができる。
IC媒介の組織障害の実験モデルとして、げっ歯類におけるコラーゲン誘発関節炎(CIA)がしばしば使用される。タイプIIコラーゲンのマウスまたはラットヘの投与は、周辺組織の付随的な腫れを伴う遠位関節の軟骨および骨の炎症性破壊を特徴的に含む免疫反応の原因となる。関節リウマチおよびその他の炎症状態の治療薬として利用できる可能性のある化合物を評価するために、CIAは一般的に使用される。
当発明の化合物により治療された動物において、炎症および腫れの減少が顕著であり、また関節炎の進行がより緩慢である。賦形剤のみで治療された動物と比べ、臨床的関節炎は化合物による治療(b.i.d.)によって著しく低減される。
当発明の化合物の自己免疫疾患に対する生体内の効能をコラーゲン誘発関節炎(CIA)のラットモデルで例証することができる。
関節リウマチ(RA)は、最終的には不可逆的軟骨破壊につながる慢性的な関節の炎症を特徴とする。RA患者の滑膜組織には、IgGを含んだICが豊富である。当該疾病の病因および病理においてこれらの複合体が果たす役割についてはいまだに論議されているが、ICはFcγRを介して造血細胞と連絡している。
0日目に同種LOUラットに野生型トリCII/IFAで免疫性を与える(UCLAにて実施;実験責任者はE. Brahn)。関節炎の発症した日(10日目)から、4種類の投与レベルのうち一つ(強制経口投与による1、3、10、および30 mg/kgをq.d.)の対照賦形剤あるいは当発明の化合物で、合計59匹のラットを治療することができる。
関節の炎症の度合いに基づいた標準的方法を使用し、臨床的な関節炎の重症度について、後ろ脚のスコアを毎日記録する。研究の終わりに(28日目)に後ろ脚の高解像度デジタルラジオグラフを得ることができる。これらの足はまた、組織病理学的変化についても分析される。野生型CIIに対するIgG抗体はELISAにより四通りに測定される。
Claims (20)
- 次の構造式の2,4−ピリミジンジアミン化合物であって:
その塩、水和物および溶媒和物を含み、ここで:
XはNおよびCHから成るグループから選択され;
YはO、S、SO、SO2、SONR36、およびNHから成るグループから選択され;
ZはO、S、SO、SO2、SONR36、NH、およびNR35から成るグループから選択され;
各R31はそれぞれに独立してメチルまたは(C1−C6)アルキルであり;
各R36は独立して水素および(C1−C6)アルキルから成るグループから選択され;
R 35 は−C(O)R d 、(C1−C6)アルキル、−C(O)OR d で置換された(C1−C6)アルキル、および=Oから成るグループから選択され;
各Rdは(C1−C6)アルキルである
化合物。 - 各R31がメチルである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- YがO、S、およびSO 2 から成るグループから選択され、ZがNH、NC(O)CH 3 、NCH 3 、NCH 2 CO 2 CH 3 、およびN=Oから成るグループから選択される、請求項1または2に記載の化合物。
- XがNであり、YがOであり、かつZがNHである、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- YおよびZがそれぞれに独立してOおよびNHから成るグループから選択された、請求項1または2に記載の化合物。
- XがCHである、請求項5に記載の化合物。
- YおよびZがそれぞれOである、請求項6に記載の化合物。
- ZがNHである、請求項6に記載の化合物。
- YがOでZがNHである、請求項6記載の化合物。
- 下記より選択される化合物、またはその塩、水和物もしくは溶媒和物である、請求項1に記載の化合物:
N4-(2,2-ジメチル-1,1,3-トリオキソ-4H-ベンゾ[1,4]チアジン-6-イル)-5-フルオロ-2-(3,4,5-トリメトキシフェニル)-2,4-ピリミジンジアミン;
N4-(2,2-ジメチル-3-オキソ-4H-ベンゾ[1,4]チアジン-6-イル)-5-フルオロ-N2-(3,4,5-トリメトキシフェニル)-2,4-ピリミジンジアミン;
N4-(2,2-ジメチル-3-オキソ-4H-ベンゾ[1,4]オキサジン-6-イル)-5-フルオロ-N2-(3,4,5-トリメトキシフェニル)-2,4-ピリミジンジアミン;
N4-(4-アセチル-2,2-ジメチル-3-オキソ-ピリド[1,4]オキサジン-6-イル)-5-フルオロ-N2-(3,4,5-トリメトキシフェニル)-2,4-ピリミジンジアミン;
5-フルオロ-N4-(3-オキソ-2,2,4-トリメチル-5-ピリド[1,4]オキサジン-6-イル)-N2-(3,4,5-トリメトキシフェニル)-2,4-ピリミジンジアミン;および
N4-(2,2-ジメチル-4-カルボメトキシメチル-3-オキソ-5-ピリド[1,4]オキサジン-6-イル)-5-フルオロ-N2-(3,4,5-トリメトキシフェニル)-2,4-ピリミジンジアミン。 - 化合物がN4-(2,2-ジメチル-3-オキソ-4H-5-ピリド[1,4]オキサジン-6-イル)-5-フルオロ-N2-(3,4,5-トリメトキシフェニル)-2,4-ピリミジンジアミンであり、かつ塩がベンゼンスルホン酸塩、メタンスルホン酸塩、p-トルエンスルホン酸塩、ヒドロキシベンゼンスルホン酸塩、2,4,6-トリメチルベンゼンスルホン酸塩、ピリジン-3-スルホン酸塩、p-エチルベンゼンスルホン酸塩、1,2−エタン−ジスルホン酸塩、(1R)-10-ショウノウスルホン酸塩、(1S)-10-ショウノウスルホン酸塩および塩酸塩からなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の化合物の塩。
- 請求項1から12のいずれか一項に記載の化合物を含み、さらに薬学的に受容可能なキャリアー、希釈剤、または賦形剤を含む、薬剤組成物。
- 自己免疫疾患、および/またはそれに関連する一つ以上の症状を、処置または予防するための医薬の製造における、請求項1から12のいずれか一項に記載の化合物の使用。
- 自己免疫疾患が、同種移植片拒絶、橋本甲状腺炎、自己免疫性溶血性貧血、悪性貧血による自己免疫性萎縮性胃炎、自己免疫性脳脊髄炎、自己免疫性精巣炎、グッドパスチャー病、自己免疫性血小板減少症、交感性眼炎、重症筋無力症、グレーブス病、原発性胆汁性肝硬変、慢性侵攻性肝炎、膜性糸球体腎炎、および全身性の自己免疫性の障害を含む自己免疫疾患からなる群より選択される、請求項14に記載の使用。
- 自己免疫疾患が、全身性エリテマトーデス、関節リウマチ、シェーグレン症候群、ライター症候群、多発性筋炎-皮膚筋炎、全身性硬化症、結節性多発性動脈炎、多発性硬化症、および水疱性類天疱瘡からなる群より選択される全身性の自己免疫性の障害を含む、請求項14に記載の使用。
- 自己免疫疾患が同種片移植拒絶である、請求項14に記載の使用。
- 自己免疫疾患が全身性エリテマトーデスである、請求項14に記載の使用。
- 自己免疫疾患が関節リウマチである、請求項14に記載の使用。
- 自己免疫疾患が多発性硬化症である、請求項14に記載の使用。
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