TWI528435B - 用於電漿切割半導體晶圓的方法與設備 - Google Patents
用於電漿切割半導體晶圓的方法與設備 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI528435B TWI528435B TW104113510A TW104113510A TWI528435B TW I528435 B TWI528435 B TW I528435B TW 104113510 A TW104113510 A TW 104113510A TW 104113510 A TW104113510 A TW 104113510A TW I528435 B TWI528435 B TW I528435B
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Classifications
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Description
本發明係關於從半導體晶圓形成個別元件晶片之設備的用途,且特別關於一種使用電漿蝕刻將晶圓分離成個別晶粒的設備。
相關申請案的交互參照
本申請案主張來自申請日為2011年3月14日之美國臨時專利申請案第61/452,450號優先權,且與該共同擁有的美國案係相關的。該案名稱為:用於電漿切割半導體晶圓的設備,此臨時專利申請案係併入本文做參考。
半導體元件係在薄晶圓形式的基板上製造。矽被普遍使用作為基板材料,但也使用其他材料,像是III-V化合物(例如GaAs和InP)。在一些例子中(例如,製造LED),基板為藍寶石或碳化矽晶圓,在上面沉積有半導體材料的薄層。這種基板的尺寸範圍從直徑2英吋和3英吋高至200mm、300mm和450mm,且存在許多描述這些基板尺寸的標準(例如,SEMI)。
電漿蝕刻裝備係廣泛地用在加工這些基板以生產半導體元
件。這些裝備典型地包括一個裝配用於確保高蝕刻率之高濃度電漿源例如感應耦合電漿(ICP)的真空腔體,其對於高成本效益的製造是必須的。為了移除在加工期間產生的熱,基板係典型地被夾持於一經冷卻的支座。冷卻氣體(典型為氦氣)係維持在基板和支座之間以提供熱傳導路徑使熱移除。可使用一種在基板上端施加一向下力的機械夾持機構,經此方式可能會因為夾子和基板間的接觸而造成污染。更多的是使用靜電吸盤(ESC)以提供夾持的力。
許多適用於蝕刻材料的氣體化學品已被開發。這些通常是採用鹵素(氟、氯、溴或碘)或含鹵素的氣體以及加入以改善蝕刻品質(例如,蝕刻非等向性、遮罩選擇性和蝕刻均勻性)的額外氣體。含氟氣體,例如SF6、F2或NF3係用於以高速蝕刻矽。特別是在高速矽蝕刻步驟與鈍化步驟交替以控制蝕刻側壁的製程中(Broch或TDM),其中此製程係常用於在矽上蝕刻深的形貌。含氯和溴的氣體係常用於蝕刻III-V材料。
電漿蝕刻並不限於半導體基板和元件。該技術可應用於任何基板形式,其中可用於蝕刻該基板之適當氣體化學品係可取得的。其他基板形式可包括含碳的基板(包括聚合物基板)、陶瓷基板(例如,AlTiC和藍寶石)、金屬基板和玻璃基板。
為了確保結果一致、低損壞和容易操作,在製造過程中一般使用機器式晶圓處理。處理器件係設計以最小的接觸來支撐晶圓以最小化可能的污染和減少粒子的產生。通常採用的是只接觸邊緣,或是由底側接觸只在一些位置(通常在晶圓邊緣的3-6mm)靠近晶圓邊緣。設計處理的方案以處理如上所提到的標準晶圓尺寸,其中該方案包括晶圓放置架、機器
手臂以及在製程腔體中的固定器包括晶圓支座和ESC。
在基板上製造完成之後,且在封裝或被用於其他電子線路之前,個別的元件(晶粒或晶片)被彼此分開。許多年來,一直使用機械方法來將晶粒彼此分開。這種機械方法包括了沿著與基板晶軸對齊的切割道來破壞晶圓或利用高速鑽石切割刀切進或切透基板上晶粒之間的區域(街道)。更近期地,已經使用雷射來幫助劃線的處理。
這樣的機械晶圓切割技術具有限制,其影響了此方法的成本效益。沿著晶粒邊緣的裂片和破壞會減少良品晶粒的數量,且由於晶圓厚度的減少而變得更有問題。因為切割刀片(切口)的區域浪費可能多於100微米,其為有價值卻無法用於晶粒生產的區域。對於含有小晶粒(例如,晶粒尺寸為500微米x 500微米的個別半導體元件)的晶圓而言,這表示著高於20%的損失。而且,對於有許多小晶粒且因此有許多街道的晶圓,因為每個街道都被個別的切割,所以切割的次數增加且生產率降低。機械方法對於延著直線分離和正方形或長方形晶片的製造也是有限制的。此可能無法表示在下方的元件布局(例如,高功率二極體係圓的),且因此直線的晶粒形式會造成可用基板區域嚴重的流失。雷射切割也有限制,由於其會遺留殘餘材料在晶粒表面或引起壓力至晶粒。
重要的是要注意到切割和雷射切割技術基本上是接續的操作。因此,隨著元件尺寸的減小,切割晶圓的時間隨著晶圓上總切割道長度成比例增加。
最近,電漿蝕刻技術已被提出作為分離晶粒並克服其中一些這些限制的一種方法。在元件製造之後,基板被適當的遮罩材料遮罩,留
下在晶粒間的開放區域。然後被遮罩的基板使用反應氣體電漿處理,其中該反應氣體電漿會蝕刻曝露在晶粒間的基板材料。基板的電漿蝕刻可部分地或完全地透過基板進行。在部分電漿蝕刻的情況裡,晶粒藉由隨後的切割步驟分離,留下經分離的個別晶粒。比起機械切割,此技術提供若干優點:1)減少破壞和裂片;2)可將切口尺寸很好地減至20微米以下;3)隨著晶粒數目的增加,加工時間不會有明顯的增加;4)對於較薄的晶圓,加工時間減少;以及5)晶粒布局不侷限於直線的形式。
在元件製造之後但在晶粒分離之前,可藉由機械研磨或類似的方法將基板薄化至少於幾百微米的厚度,或甚至到少於一百微米。
在切割製程之前,基板係典型地被固定在在切割固定器上。此固定器係典型地含有一支撐膠膜的剛性框架。被切割的基板黏在該膜上。此固定器支撐住經分離的晶粒以進行之後的下游操作。大部分用於晶圓切割的工具(鋸片或以雷射為基礎的工具)係設計用來以此配置處理基板且已建立許多標準固定器;然而,這樣的固定器和它們所支撐的基板是非常不同的。雖然這樣的固定器係最佳地被用於目前的晶圓切割設備,但是它們無法在已被設計用來處理標準基板的設備中進行。因此,目前的自動化電漿蝕刻裝備並不適用於處理被固定供切割的基板,且其也難以實現電漿蝕刻技術在晶粒分離上應有的優點。
有些團體已經考慮使用電漿從晶圓基板單顆化晶粒。美國專
利第6,642,127號描述一種電漿切割技術,其中在設計用於處理矽晶圓之設備中使用電漿處理之前,基板晶圓首先透過黏合材料被貼附於載體晶圓上。此技術提出改變待切割之基板的形狀因子,使其與標準基板處理設備相容。雖然此技術允許標準電漿設備切割晶圓,但是提出的技術無法與切割操作下游的標準設備相容。需要額外的步驟改變下游設備或恢復基板的形狀因子用於標準的下游設備。
美國專利申請案2010/0048001考慮使用晶圓貼附於一薄膜並在一框架中受到支撐。然而,在2010/0048001申請案中,遮罩的製程係藉由將遮罩材料貼附到晶圓的背面且在電漿處理之前以及使用雷射以定出蝕刻街道而達成。對比於從前面單顆化基板的標準切割技術,此技術導入了可能消除電漿切割一些優點的額外複雜且昂貴的步驟。其也要求背面遮罩與前面元件圖樣的對齊之額外需求。
因此,需要的是一種電漿蝕刻設備,其可用於將半導體基板切割為個別晶粒且與已建立之處理固定於膠帶的基板且在框架中受到支撐的晶圓切割技術相容,且也與標準的正面遮罩技術相容。
在先前技術中都沒有提供本發明所伴隨的優點。
因此,本發明的一個目標是提供一種克服先前技術元件不適當處且對使用電漿蝕刻設備的半導體基板切割的進步有重大貢獻之改進。
本發明的另一目標是提供一種電漿切割基板的方法,該方法包含:提供一具有牆的製程腔體;提供一鄰近該製程腔體之牆的電漿源;
提供一在製程腔體中的工作件支座;將基板放在載體支座上以形成工作件;將該工作件載入至工作件支座;提供一蓋環放置在工作件上;從電漿源產生電漿;以及通過產生的電漿蝕刻該工作件。
本發明的又一目標是提供一種電漿切割基板的方法,該方法包含:提供一具有牆的製程腔體;提供一鄰近該製程腔體之牆的電漿源;提供一在製程腔體中的工作件支座,該工作件支座具有靜電吸盤;將基板放在載體支座上以形成工作件;將該工作件載入至工作件支座上;透過靜電吸盤使工作件夾持在工作件支座上;提供一蓋環放置在工作件上;從電漿源產生電漿;透過產生的電漿蝕刻該工作件;以及在蝕刻步驟期間控制蓋環的溫度。
本發明的又一目標是提供一種電漿切割基板的方法,該方法包含:將基板放在載體支座上以形成工作件;將該工作件載入至工作件支座;將電漿製程腔體中的工作件使用第一蝕刻劑氣體曝露於第一電漿蝕刻製程中;在單顆化後結束第一電漿蝕刻;以及將電漿製程腔體中的工作件使用第二蝕刻劑氣體曝露於第二電漿蝕刻製程中。
本發明的另一目標是提供一種電漿切割基板的設備,其包含:一具有牆的製程腔體;一鄰近該製程腔體之牆的電漿源;一在製程腔體的工作件支座;一具有靜電吸盤的工作件支座;一具有基板在載體支座上的工作件,該工作件係放置在工作件支座上;以及一放置在工作件上的蓋環,該蓋環係與製程腔體的牆熱耦合。
前面概述了一些本發明的相關目標。這些目標應看作僅是例示所請發明的一些顯著特徵和應用。許多其他有益的結果可藉由以不同方
法應用本發明或在揭露範疇內修改本發明達到。因此,除了由申請專利範圍與伴隨的附圖所定義的本發明範疇外,可藉由參考本發明的概要和較佳具體實例的詳細敘述來得知本發明的其他目標和較完整的理解本發明。
本發明描述一種電漿處理設備,其可以電漿切割半導體基板。在元件製造和晶圓薄化後,基板的正面(電路面)係使用傳統的遮罩技術遮蓋以保護電路組件且留下在晶粒間未受保護的區域。基板係固定於被支撐在剛性框架內的薄膠帶上。該基板/膠帶/框架組合係轉移至真空製程腔體且曝露於反應氣體電漿,使晶粒間未受保護的區域被蝕刻掉。在此製程期間,框架和膠帶係被保護以避免被反應氣體電漿損壞。此製程使晶粒完全的分離。在蝕刻後,該基板/膠帶/框架組合被額外曝露於電漿中以將潛在的損害殘餘物從基板表面移除。在將基板/膠帶/框架組合從製程腔體中轉移後,以眾所周知的技術將晶粒從膠帶上移除且然後進一步做需要的處理(例如,封裝)。
本發明的另一特徵是提供一種電漿切割基板的方法。該基板可具有一半導體層例如矽,和/或該基板可具有一III-V層例如GaAs。該基板可具有保護層例如在基板電路面圖樣化的光阻層。提供一具有牆的製程腔體且一電漿源鄰近該製程腔體的牆。該電漿源可為高密度電漿源。可提供一在流體中與製程腔體連通的真空泵和在流體中與製程腔體連通的氣體入口。提供一在製程腔體中的工作件支座。藉由將基板放置在載體支座上形成一工作件。可藉由將基板黏附至一支座膜且然後將帶有支座膜的基板固定到框架上來形成工作件。該支座膜可具有聚合物層和/或導電層。該支座膜可為標準的切割膠帶。該框架可為導電層和/或金屬層。然後將工作件
載入至工作件支座上以進行電漿處理。可用RF電源與工作件支座耦合以在工作件周圍產生電漿。可藉由從工作件支座提供加壓氣體例如氦氣至工作件來提供在工作件和工作件支座之間的熱耦合。一靜電吸盤可併入工作件支座中,其中該靜電吸盤可將支座膜夾持於靜電吸盤。該靜電吸盤可具有單極或多極的固定電極且透過庫倫或Johnen-Rahbek效應提供夾持力。靜電吸盤可具有比基板直徑大的直徑。靜電吸盤可具有比框架內直徑小的直徑。靜電吸盤可具有平的上表面。靜電吸盤可具有比經單顆化後之晶粒尺寸小的特徵。一起升機構可併入工作件支座中,其中該工作件係載入至起升機構上。該起升機構係設計為使其只接觸到工作件的框架。可提供填充環,其中該填充環係從靜電吸盤的外直徑延伸到起升機構。填充環可由介電材料製造。可在高密度源和工作件之間提供機械分隔。該分隔可為導電的、由鋁製造的屏幕。一蓋環係放置在工作件上。蓋環的內直徑可比基板的外直徑小。可透過真空泵減少在製程腔體中的壓力且可透過氣體入口將製程氣體導入製程腔體。電漿係透過電漿源產生,其中工作件透過產生的電漿進行蝕刻。在電漿蝕刻步驟期間,可控制蓋環的溫度。在電漿蝕刻步驟期間,可將蓋環冷卻至低於80℃。蓋環可藉由使用製程腔體的牆和/或散熱器冷卻。可藉由使蓋環接觸控制溫度的流體來控制其溫度。蓋環可具有複數個洞、一電漿阻擋層、一金屬層和/或一陶瓷層。可提供一與真空相容的轉移模組,其與製程腔體連通。工作件可被載入至與真空相容的轉移模組之轉移臂,其中該製程腔體在從與真空相容的轉移模組轉移至製程腔體期間係維持在真空。在轉移期間,轉移臂可為平的轉位(indexed)至框架,只接觸到框架和/或維持與基板實質地共平面。在轉移至製程腔體之前,可用
機械對準或光學對準來對準工作件。在轉移至製程腔體之前,可對準框架和/或基板。
本發明的另一特徵是提供一種電漿切割基板的方法。該基板可具有一半導體層例如矽,和/或該基板可具有一III-V層例如GaAs。該基板可具有保護層例如在基板電路面圖樣化的光阻層。提供一具有牆的製程腔體且一電漿源鄰近該製程腔體的牆。電漿源可為高密度的電漿源。可提供一在流體中與製程腔體連通的真空泵和在流體中與製程腔體連通的氣體入口。提供一在製程腔體中的工作件支座。藉由將基板放置在載體支座上形成一工作件。可藉由將基板黏附至一支座膜且然後將帶有支座膜的基板固定到框架上來形成工作件。該支座膜可具有聚合物層和/或導電層。該支座膜可為標準的切割膠帶。該框架可為導電層和/或金屬層。然後將工作件載入至工作件支座上以進行電漿處理。可用RF電源與工作件支座耦合以在工作件周圍產生電漿。可藉由從工作件支座提供加壓氣體例如氦氣至工作件來提供在工作件和工作件支座之間的熱耦合。將一靜電吸盤併入工作件支座中,其中該靜電吸盤將工作件夾持於靜電吸盤。該靜電吸盤可具有單極或多極的固定電極。靜電吸盤可使用庫倫或Johnen-Rahbek效應固定基板。靜電吸盤可具有比基板直徑大的直徑。靜電吸盤可具有比框架內直徑小的直徑。靜電吸盤可具有平的上表面。靜電吸盤可具有比經單顆化後晶粒尺寸小的特徵。一起升機構可併入工作件支座中,其中該工作件係載入至起升機構上。該起升機構係設計為使其只接觸到工作件的框架。可提供填充環,其中該填充環係從靜電吸盤的外直徑延伸到起升機構。填充環可由介電材料製造。可在高密度源和工作件之間提供機械分隔。該分隔可為
導電的、由鋁製造的屏幕。一蓋環係放置在工作件上。蓋環的內直徑可比基板的外直徑小。可透過真空泵減少在製程腔體中的壓力且可透過氣體入口將製程氣體導入製程腔體。電漿係透過電漿源產生,其中工作件透過產生的電漿進行蝕刻。在電漿蝕刻步驟期間,可控制蓋環的溫度。在電漿蝕刻步驟期間,可將蓋環冷卻至低於80℃。蓋環可藉由使用製程腔體的牆和/或散熱器冷卻。蓋環可具有複數個洞、一電漿阻擋層、一金屬層和/或一陶瓷層。可提供一與真空相容的轉移模組,其與製程腔體連通。工作件可被載入至與真空相容的轉移模組之轉移臂,其中該製程腔體在從與真空相容的轉移模組轉移至製程腔體期間係維持在真空。在轉移期間,轉移臂可為平的轉位至框架,只接觸到框架和/或維持與基板共平面。在轉移至製程腔體之前,可用機械對準或光學對準來對準工作件。在轉移至製程腔體之前,可對準框架和/或基板。
本發明的又一特徵是提供一種電漿切割基板的方法。藉由將基板放置在載體支座上形成一工作件。可藉由將基板黏附至一支座膜且然後將帶有支座膜的基板固定到框架上來形成工作件。該支座膜可具有聚合物層和/或導電層。該支座膜可為標準的切割膠帶。該框架可為導電層和/或金屬層。然後將工作件載入至工作件支座上以進行電漿處理。可在工作件上放置一蓋環。在電漿製程腔體中,該工作件使用第一蝕刻劑氣體曝露於第一電漿蝕刻製程中。第一蝕刻劑氣體可為含有鹵素的氣體,例如含有氟的氣體或含有氯的氣體。第一蝕刻製程可為分時多工的蝕刻製程。第一電漿蝕刻製程係在晶粒被單顆化後終止。第一電漿蝕刻製程的終止可發生在基板和支座膜的介面,其可利用標準的端點技術來決定。然後,可在電
漿製程腔體中,使用第二蝕刻劑氣體將該工作件曝露於第二電漿蝕刻製程。第二電漿蝕刻製程可為低蝕刻率的製程,其係設計用來減少底切。第二蝕刻劑氣體可為第二含鹵素的氣體,例如含有氟的氣體或含有氯的氣體。第二蝕刻製程可為第二個分時多工的蝕刻製程。然後,可在電漿製程腔體中,使用第三蝕刻劑氣體將該工作件曝露於第三電漿蝕刻製程。第三電漿蝕刻製程可移除在曝露於第一電漿蝕刻製程和/或第二電漿蝕刻製成後存在元件上不要的殘餘物。第三蝕刻劑氣體可為含有氫的氣體。
本發明的另一特徵是提供一種電漿切割基板的設備,其包含一具有牆的製程腔體且一電漿源鄰近該製程腔體的牆。電漿源可為高密度的電漿源。製程腔體可具有一在流體中與製程腔體連通的真空泵和在流體中與製程腔體連通的氣體入口。一在製程腔體中具有靜電吸盤的工作件支座。具有基板放置在載體支座上的一工作件被固定在工作件支座上。工作件可具有基板在支座膜上且然後被固定到框架上。該支座膜可具有聚合物層和/或導電層。該支座膜可為標準的切割膠帶。該框架可為導電層和/或金屬層。一蓋環係放置在工作件上且該蓋環與製程腔體的牆和/或散熱器熱耦合。蓋環可具有複數個洞。可在高密度源和工作件之間放置機械分隔。一起升機構可被放置在工作件支座之間。可包括一從靜電吸盤外直徑延伸到起升機構的填充環。
前面已概述了本發明適當和重要的特徵,使下面的本發明詳細敘述可更好的被理解從而本發明對現有技術的貢獻能夠被完全領會。本發明的其他特徵將描述於下,其形成本發明申請專利範圍的標的。所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者應注意的是所揭露的概念和特定具體實例可容易
地被用作基礎進行改變或設計其他結構以進行與本發明相同的目的。所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者還應注意的是這些均等的結構並不偏離如隨附申請專利範圍知本發明的精神和範疇。
1‧‧‧基板
1A‧‧‧工作件(基板/膠帶/框架組合)
2‧‧‧元件結構
3‧‧‧街道區域
4‧‧‧保護材料
5‧‧‧膠帶
6‧‧‧剛性框架
7‧‧‧電漿/反應性電漿蝕刻製程
8‧‧‧個別晶粒
10‧‧‧真空製程腔體
10W‧‧‧製程腔體牆
11‧‧‧氣體入口
12‧‧‧高密度電漿源
13‧‧‧工作件支座
14‧‧‧RF電源
15‧‧‧真空泵
16‧‧‧靜電吸盤(ESC)
17‧‧‧起升機構
18‧‧‧填充環
19‧‧‧電壓
20‧‧‧蓋環
21‧‧‧洞
25‧‧‧導電屏幕
26‧‧‧洞
27‧‧‧洞
30‧‧‧散熱器
32‧‧‧厚絕緣層/厚絕緣材料
33‧‧‧電極
34‧‧‧介電材料/介電層/介電
35‧‧‧耦合電容器
40‧‧‧轉移臂
41‧‧‧對準固定器
圖1係舉例說明由街道分離之個別元件的半導體基板的俯視圖;圖2係舉例說明由街道分離之個別元件的半導體基板的截面圖;圖3係半導體基板固定在膠帶和框架上的截面圖;圖4係固定在膠帶和框架上之半導體基板被電漿製程蝕刻的截面圖;圖5係分離的半導體元件固定在膠帶和框架上的截面圖;圖6係真空製程腔體的截面圖;圖7係製程中晶圓/框架位置的截面圖;圖8係在真空製程腔體中框架和蓋環的放大截面圖;圖9係蓋環固定在腔體牆上之腔體內部的截面圖;圖10係蓋環固定在內部散熱器之腔體內部的截面圖;圖11係固定在膠帶和框架上由轉移臂支撐之半導體基板的俯視圖;圖12係固定在膠帶和框架上由轉移臂支撐之半導體基板的截面圖;圖13係晶圓/框架在轉移位置的截面圖;圖14係屏幕的俯視圖;圖15係靜電吸盤的截面圖;以及圖16係腔體在轉移位置的示意圖。
在圖式中的各種視圖,相似的元件符號適用於相似的部件。
製造元件之後的典型半導體基板係舉例說明於圖1。基板(1)在其表面具有許多含有元件結構(2)的區域,其由街道區域(3)分開,沒有其他的結構可使元件/結構分離成個別的晶粒。雖然矽常被用作基板材料,但也常因為特別的特性選擇使用其他材料。這樣的基板材料包括砷化鎵和其他III-V材料或在其上沉積一半導體層的非半導體基板。
在本發明中,如圖2所示的截面結構,然後在元件結構(2)上覆蓋保護材料(4)而街道區域(3)維持未受保護。此保護材料(4)可為光阻,其由眾所周知技術施用和圖樣化。對於一些元件,如同最終製程步驟一般,以施用於整個基板的保護介電層例如二氧化矽或PSG塗佈。此可藉由以光阻圖樣化且蝕刻該介電材料而選擇性地從街道區域(3)移除,此係產業中眾所周知的。此留下受到介電材料保護的元件結構(2)且基板(1)在街道區域(3)係實質未受保護的。要注意到在某些情況,可能會在街道區域(3)測試特徵以檢查晶圓品質。視特定晶圓製造製程流程而定,在晶圓切割製程中,這些測試特徵可能會或可能不會受到保護。雖然舉例說明的元件圖樣顯示長方形的晶粒,但這並非必要的,且個別元件結構(2)可為任何能夠最適合最佳利用基板(1)的其他形狀,例如六角形。重要的是要注意到雖然前面的例子考慮介電材料作為保護膜,但本發明可用大範圍的保護膜包括半導體和導體保護膜來執行。再者,保護層可由多種材料組成。也很重要的是要注意到保護膜的一些部分可作為最終元件結構的整體部分。(例如,鈍化介電、金屬銲墊等)。
基板(1)可典型地藉由研磨製程薄化,其使基板厚度減少至幾百微米,薄至約30微米或更少。如圖3所示,然後該薄基板(1)係黏附至膠帶(5)上,然後將其固定在剛性框架(6)以形成工作件(1A)。典型地,膠帶(5)係由含碳聚合物材料製造,且可額外具有薄的導電層施加於其表面。膠帶(5)為薄基板(1)提供支撐,否則其將太脆而難以不受損壞地處理。應注意的是,圖樣化、薄化、和然後固定的順序並非關鍵的,且該步驟可調整至最適合特殊元件和基板以及所使用的製程裝備。雖然前面的例子考慮的是由將基板(1)固定到黏合膠帶(5)上然後接著貼附到框架(6)所構成的工作件(1A),但重要的是要注意到本發明不受晶圓和載體構造的限制。晶圓載體可包含各種材料。在電漿切割製程期間載體支撐基板。再者,晶圓不必然使用黏貼的方式附著至載體一將晶圓保持在載體且允許基板與陰極熱耦合的任何方法係足夠的。(例如,靜電夾持載體,帶有機械夾持機構的載體等。)
在將基板(1)與膠帶(5)固定到切割框架(6)後,將工作件(1A)轉移到真空製程腔體。理想地,轉移模組也在真空下,其允許製程腔體在轉移期間維持真空,減少製程時間以及防止製程腔體曝露在大氣並防止可能的汙染。如圖6所顯示,真空製程腔體(10)裝配有一氣體入口(11)、一高密度電漿源(12)以產生高密度電漿,例如感應耦合電漿(ICP)、一工作件支座(13)支撐工作件(1A)、一RF電源(14)將RF電力透過工作件支座(13)耦合至工作件(1A)、以及一真空泵(15)用來從製程腔體(10)泵送氣體。在製程期間,使用電漿蝕刻製程(7)將基板(1)未受保護的區域蝕刻掉,如圖4所示。此留下分離成個別晶粒(8)的元件(2),如圖5所示。在本發明的另一具體實例中,基板(1)未受保護的區域係部分的被使用反應性電漿蝕刻製程(7)蝕刻掉。在
此情況中,可使用下游的操作,例如機械破壞操作完成晶粒分離。這些下游方法係所述技術領域中眾所周知的。
雖然前面的例子描述了本發明使用真空腔體連同高密度電漿,但也可能的是使用各種不同的電漿製程來蝕刻未受保護的區域。例如,所屬技術領域中熟習技藝者可想到本發明的變化是在真空腔體中使用低密度電漿源或甚至在接近大氣壓下使用電漿。
當基板/膠帶/框架組合(1A)在電漿處理的位置時,重要的是框架(6)係被保護而沒有曝露於電漿(7)的。曝露於電漿(7)將會造成加熱框架(6),然後其將造成固定膠帶(5)的局部加熱。在溫度高於約100℃時,膠帶(5)的物理性質和其黏結能力可能被破壞且將不再黏附於框架(6)。此外,框架(6)曝露於反應性電漿氣體可能造成框架(6)的退化。因為框架(6)典型地在晶圓切割後會再使用,所以這樣可能會限制了框架(6)可用的壽命。框架(6)曝露於電漿(7)也可能不利地影響蝕刻製程:例如,框架材料可能與製程氣體反應,有效的減少該氣體在電漿中的濃度,此將減少基板材料的蝕刻率,因而增加製程的時間。為了保護框架(6),如圖6、7和8所顯示的保護蓋環(20)係放置於框架(6)上。蓋環(20)不會碰到框架(6),因為其和框架(6)的接觸(在轉移至製程腔體(10)的期間)會產生不想要的粒子。
在圖8中,尺寸(A)代表蓋環(20)與框架(6)之間的距離。此尺寸可從少於約0.5mm到大於約5mm,且最佳為1.5mm。如果距離(A)太大,電漿(7)將會與框架(6)接觸,且將會失去蓋環(20)的好處。
控制蓋環(20)的溫度是重要的,否則其溫度將會因為曝露於電漿(7)而增加,然後透過熱輻射加熱膠帶(5)和框架(6),造成上面所提到的
退化。在蓋環(20)被冷卻的情況裡,蓋環(20)的冷卻係藉由使其與冷卻體直接接觸來達成,例如與圖9所示的製程腔體牆(10W)或與如圖10所示位於製程腔體(10)內的散熱器(30)接觸。為了確保熱被充份地從蓋環(20)移至散熱器(30),蓋環(20)應由具有好的熱傳導之材料製造。這些材料包括許多金屬,例如鋁,但是也可使用其他熱傳導材料,例如氮化鋁,和其他陶瓷材料。蓋環材料的選擇係選取能夠與所使用的電漿製程氣體相容者。雖然鋁在以氟為基礎的製程中是令人滿意的,但其他材料例如氮化鋁或其他保護膜例如氧化鋁對於以使用氯為基礎的製程中可能是需要的。在電漿處理期間的蓋環(20)操作溫度係典型地少於80℃,其最小化了對膠帶(5)和框架(6)的熱輻射且確保膠帶(5)維持其機械完整性。或者,蓋環(20)可藉由使蓋環(20)與控制溫度的流體接觸來控制其溫度。此流體可為液體或氣體。在蓋環(20)溫度由流體控制的情況裡,蓋環(20)可含有若干的流體通道以幫助熱轉移。這些流體通道可於蓋環(20)內部、附加於外部、或某一兩者的組合。
在一實例中,蓋環(20)可從基板直徑連續延伸至內部腔體直徑。為了避免在泵送傳導中的損失,其會不利地影響在製程腔體(10)中之壓力控制,可在蓋環(20)上加入複數個洞(21),其允許足夠的製程氣體傳導同時仍提供從蓋環(20)移除熱的路徑。在圖9和10中,顯示複數個洞(21)以特殊的幾何排列,但洞(21)的密度、大小、圖樣和對稱性可視製程腔體(10)尺寸和要求的泵送傳導而改變。
基板/膠帶/框架組合(1A)藉由轉移臂(40)轉移進入和離開製程腔體(10),該轉移臂會支撐框架(6)和基板(1)而使它們維持如圖11和12所顯示的共平面。轉移臂(40)可支撐膠帶(5)和框架(6)兩者或單獨支撐框架
(6),但重要的是,因為薄基板(1)易碎的本質,在基板(1)區域下的組合(1A)不被單獨支撐。轉移臂(40)具有附加於其上的對準固定器(41),其使框架(6)在被轉移至製程腔體(10)前對準於一可重複的位置。框架(6)也可以其他在半導體製程中眾所周知的技術(例如,光學對準)對準。該對準也可在基板(1)上藉由眾所周知的技術進行。重要的是,基板/膠帶/框架組合(1A)可在放置到製程腔體(10)前被對準以避免如下所說明的錯誤處理。
在圖8中,尺寸(D)表示基板(1)外直徑和框架(6)內直徑間的距離。此可為20mm至30mm(例如,對於200mm的基板,Disco公司的切割框架為250mm,因此尺寸(D)係名義上為25mm)。在將晶圓(1)固定至在框架(6)內之膠帶(5)上的期間,晶圓(1)位置的偏差可為差不多2mm,使在基板(1)外直徑與蓋環(20)內直徑間的距離尺寸(B)也可視組合而有高至2mm的變化。如果在某些點(B)少於零,蓋環(20)將覆蓋基板(1)邊緣。此點將被遮蓋且免於被蝕刻,其會妨礙晶粒分離且在接下來的製程步驟中產生問題。在轉移前基板/膠帶/框架組合(1A)的對準是必要的以避免這樣的問題。再者,為了再確保尺寸(B)不少於零,蓋環內直徑應比基板(1)直徑大,較佳比基板大約直徑5mm(例如,205mm的蓋環內直徑用於200mm的基板)。圖8中的尺寸(F)表示從蓋環(20)內直徑到框架(6)內直徑的距離。在轉移進入製程腔體(10)前對準框架(6)確保(F)在整個基板(1)周圍的環境裡維持固定且任何沒有藉由靜電吸盤(ESC)(16)接觸的膠帶(5)部分被遮蔽免於電漿(7)接觸。
當基板/膠帶/框架組合(1A)轉移至製程腔體(10)時,其被放置在起升機構(17)並從轉移臂(40)移除。在從製程腔體(10)將基板/膠帶/框架
組合(1A)轉移出期間,發生相反的處理。起升機構(17)接觸框架(6)區域且沒有對基板(1)的點接觸。基板(1)的點接觸會造成對基板(1)的損壞,特別是在晶粒分離之後和卸載基板/膠帶/框架組合(1A)時,因為膠帶(5)的彈性會造成晶粒彼此接觸並產生損壞。圖13顯示起升機構(17)從下面接觸框架(6):然而,框架(6)也可從轉移臂(40)藉由使用夾持裝置與上表面或外直徑接觸而被移除。為了處理基板(1),框架(6)、工作件支座(13)和蓋環(20)係彼此相對地移動。此可藉由移動蓋環(20)、工作件支座(13)或起升機構(17)之一或三者的任意組合來完成。
在電漿處理期間,熱被轉移至所有電漿(7)接觸的表面包括基板(1)、膠帶(5)和框架(6)。蓋環(20)會最小化至膠帶(5)和框架(6)區域的熱轉移,但基板(1)必須維持曝露於電漿(7)以供處理。如圖6所顯示,導電屏幕(25)(例如,由鋁或塗佈一適當之抗電漿塗層的鋁所製造)可放置在基板(1)和電漿(7)之間。此會減少在基板(1)上的離子轟擊並因此減少基板(1)的加熱。圖14顯示屏幕(25)上提供了複數個洞(26),其允許中性物種從電漿(7)到達基板(1)使得蝕刻率僅會些許減少。洞(27)允許將屏幕(25)固定至製程腔體(10)。
藉由使用靜電吸盤(ESC)(16)提供基板(1)額外的冷卻。這樣的ESC(16)係常見使用於半導體製程中以施加對基板(1)的向下力,同時被加壓的氣體例如氦氣仍維持在基板(1)和電極之間。此確保熱轉移會在基板(1)和電極間發生而被冷卻。典型地,ESC(16)係與基板有相同或較小的直徑以避免ESC(16)表面於潛在之腐蝕電漿氣體中不想要的曝露,其會減少ESC(16)的壽命。基板/膠帶/框架組合(1A)中,基板(1)直徑外面的區域是膠
帶(5)。因為蓋環(20)比基板(1)的直徑大,使用典型的ESC(16),會有一膠帶(5)區域未被ESC(16)夾持和冷卻或未被蓋環(20)遮蔽以防止與電漿(7)接觸因而曝露於電漿製程。這樣的膠帶(5)區域會達到高溫且可能會掉落。因此,圖8顯示所使用的ESC(16)係有目的地做的比基板直徑大,使得任何在範圍(E)處曝露於電漿的膠帶(5)也都被夾持和冷卻。此直徑可向外延伸至框架(6)的外直徑,但較佳要比框架(6)內直徑少2mm。圖8顯示填充環(18)從ESC(16)的外直徑延伸至起升機構(17)。此填充環(18)係用於防止任何曝露的膠帶(5)之背表面被電漿(7)接觸。雖然顯示了分離的填充環(18),但ESC(16)的延伸也可以防止電漿(7)曝露至膠帶(5)的背面。填充環(18)典型係由介電材料製造,例如陶瓷(例如氧化鋁)或塑膠材料(例如聚四氟乙烯(PTFE、鐵氟龍)),其係因為低熱導度和低電導度而被選擇。典型用於半導體製程的ESC(16)具有淺的形貌圖樣製造於其表面以幫助氦氣分佈或最小化基板(1)背面的接觸以減少粒子的形成。這樣的ESC(16)可被用於當基板(1)分開成多個晶粒時的電漿切割,提供在ESC表面的形貌尺寸小於晶粒的大小。當晶粒尺寸接近和變得小於ESC形貌大小時,膠帶會順應形貌並折曲,可能造成晶粒彼此接觸,其可能導致損壞。使用實質性共平面的ESC表面消除了此問題。注意到雖然前面的例子描述ESC冷卻了基板,但對於一些材料(例如需約180℃的含銦基板)需要較高溫度以幫助電漿蝕刻製程的,有較高控制溫度的ESC(16)溫度可能是所希望的。
典型的ESC(16)(圖15的庫倫設計)係由一或多個電極(33)構成,對其施加高電壓(19),藉由厚的絕緣層(32)從工作件支座(13)分離,且從藉由介電材料(34)的薄層從被夾持的材料分離。藉由靜電力產生的夾持
力隨著此介電層(34)的厚度減少而增加,且隨著施加的電壓增加而增加。在本實例中,當基板(1)被固定到絕緣膠帶(5)上時,膠帶(5)的厚度會增加放置於電極(33)和基板(1)之間的總介電厚度。此總厚度不應主要由膠帶後度決定,因為其很可能由於不一樣的夾持性能而是有變化的。寧願ESC介電(34)是相對厚的(約幾百微米的等級)以維持夾持性能與膠帶厚度相互獨立。高夾持力可藉由操作高夾持電壓(高至約10kV)而達到。
在電漿處理期間,RF電源(14)係與基板(1)耦合以控制在基板(1)上的離子轟擊,並控制蝕刻特性。此RF的頻率可從每秒100MHz低至幾百kHz。當蝕刻基板材料向下至絕緣層時(在此實例為固定膠帶),伴隨之絕緣層充電的蝕刻問題係眾所周知的。這樣的問題包括在基板/絕緣介面局部的嚴重底切,其在晶粒分離期間是不希望的,因為此會影響單顆化晶粒的進行。如同在所屬技術中眾所周知的,這樣的充電問題可藉由以低RF頻率操作和在低頻率額外的脈衝或調節RF電源來減少。因為在這樣低頻率的RF耦合透過厚介電材料(32)是沒有效率的,RF與基板(1)耦合較佳係透過一或多個ESC電極,例如透過耦合電容器(35)而非透過RF加電的工作件支座(13)。為了維持RF至基板一致的耦合,ESC電極或電極們也應一致地分佈在基板(1)後。如果使用多個電極,這會是困難的,因為在電極間必要的間隙會造成在RF耦合中局部的變化,其會不利地影響蝕刻的品質,特別是在基板/膠帶介面的底切。因此,一ESC設計的較佳具體實例併入了所謂的單極設計,其中使用單個電極提供夾持力。此外,應有儘可能少之透過此電極的穿透(例如關於引腳的起升),因為這些穿透也會干擾RF耦合且使蝕刻效能退化。
基板可使用在半導體產業中眾所周知的技術處理。矽基板一般使用以氟為基礎的化學品處理,例如SF6。SF6/O2化學品因為其高速率和非等向性輪廓,係常見用於蝕刻矽。此化學品的缺點是其對於遮罩材料相對低的選擇性,例如對於光阻為15-20:1。或者,可使用分時多工(TDM)製程,其在沉積和蝕刻間交替以產生高度非等向性的深輪廓。例如,一蝕刻矽的交替製程使用C4F8步驟沉積聚合物在所有矽基板曝露的表面(即,遮罩表面、蝕刻側牆和蝕刻基板)且然後使用SF6步驟選擇性地從蝕刻基板移除聚合物且然後等向地蝕刻小量的矽。重複這些步驟直到終止。這樣的TDM製程可產生非等向性形貌深至矽中,且對於遮罩層的選擇性高於200:1。此使得TDM製程在電漿分離矽基板中是希望使用的方法。注意到本發明不限於使用含氟的化學品或分時多工(TDM)製程。例如,如同所屬技術領域中所知的,矽基板也可用含Cl、HBr或I的化學品蝕刻。
對於III-V基板例如GaAs在半導體產業中係廣泛的使用以氯為基礎的化學品。在製造RF-無線元件中,薄的GaAs基板係以元件端向下固定至載體,然後被薄化且以光阻圖樣化。將GaAs蝕刻掉以將電接點曝露於前端的電路。此眾所周知的製程也可用於藉由如上發明所述的前端製程來分離元件。其他半導體基板和適當的電漿製程也可用於上述發明中的晶粒分離。
為了進一步減少在基板/膠帶介面充電帶來的問題,製程可做改變,其中介面係曝露於一第二製程,其具有較少的底切傾向,且係典型的低蝕刻率製程。改變發生的時間點視基板厚度而定,其很可能是變化的。為了彌補此一變化性,到達基板/膠帶介面的時間係使用端點技術偵測。
監控電漿發射的光學技術係常見用於偵測端點,且美國專利第6,982,175號和第7,101,805號描述了這樣的端點技術,其係適用於TDM製程。
在半導體基板的單顆化之後,可能會有不要的殘餘物存在元件上。常使用鋁作為半導體元件的電接觸,且當其曝露於以氟為基礎的電漿時,在其表面形成一AlF3層。AlF3在正常電漿處理條件下係非揮發的,且不會從基板被泵送離開系統,且在處理後仍會維持在表面。AlF3在鋁上係常見造成元件故障的原因,因為線路至電接點結合強度大大的被減低。因此,在電漿處理後從電接點表面移除AlF3係重要的。可使用濕式方法;然而,因為分離的晶粒易碎的本質,這會變的困難,且對於膠帶的可能損害會造成晶粒釋出。因此,可在基板仍於真空腔體中的同時,將製程改變到設計用來移除形成之AlF3的第三製程。美國專利7,150,796號描述了一種使用以氫為基礎的電漿原位移除AlF3的方法。同樣地,當其他含鹵素的氣體用於蝕刻基板時,可使用原位處理來移除其他含鹵素殘餘物。
本揭露包括隨附的申請專利範圍,以及前面的描述。雖然此發明已以其較佳的形式和特定程度的特殊性描述,但要理解的是本揭露僅是以舉例的方式進行,且在不偏離本發明精神和範疇的情況下,可採取對於各種結構詳細的改變和部分的組合及調整的手段。
現在本發明以被描述於後。
1‧‧‧基板
1A‧‧‧工作件(基板/膠帶/框架組合)
2‧‧‧元件結構
3‧‧‧街道區域
4‧‧‧保護材料
5‧‧‧膠帶
6‧‧‧剛性框架
7‧‧‧電漿/反應性電漿蝕刻製程
Claims (5)
- 一種用於電漿切割基板的方法,該方法包括:提供具有一牆的一製程腔體;提供鄰近該製程腔體之該牆的一電漿源,該電漿源在該製程腔體中產生一電漿;提供在該製程腔體內的一工作件支座;提供該基板以具有一頂表面和一底表面,該頂表面具有複數個元件結構和街道區域;將該基板的該底表面放置在一框架上的一支座膜上以形成一工作件;提供在該電漿源和該工作件之間的一屏幕,該屏幕減少在該基板上的離子轟擊,該屏幕減小該基板的加熱;透過該電漿源產生一電漿;以及將該屏幕定位於該電漿源下方並且將該屏幕定位在該工作件上方,透過從該電漿源產生的該電漿來對在該製程腔體內的該工作件的該基板的該頂表面上方的未受保護的街道區域進行蝕刻。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該屏幕進一步包括一導電材料。
- 根據申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中該屏幕進一步被一抗電漿塗層塗覆。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該屏幕進一步包括複數個洞,該複數個洞允許中性物種從該電漿到達該基板。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該屏幕被安裝到該製程腔體。
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