JP5209649B2 - マロン酸ニトリル誘導体アニオン塩、及びイオン伝導性材料としてのそれらの使用 - Google Patents
マロン酸ニトリル誘導体アニオン塩、及びイオン伝導性材料としてのそれらの使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5209649B2 JP5209649B2 JP2010006864A JP2010006864A JP5209649B2 JP 5209649 B2 JP5209649 B2 JP 5209649B2 JP 2010006864 A JP2010006864 A JP 2010006864A JP 2010006864 A JP2010006864 A JP 2010006864A JP 5209649 B2 JP5209649 B2 JP 5209649B2
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- -1 Malonic acid nitrile Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 79
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 38
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 27
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 56
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 50
- 150000008040 ionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 26
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002892 organic cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000005024 alkenyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012766 organic filler Substances 0.000 claims 1
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 126
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 121
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 98
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 97
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 69
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 60
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 49
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 49
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 49
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 47
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 44
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 42
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 41
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 40
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 39
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 36
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 35
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 34
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 33
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 31
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 28
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 27
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 27
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 25
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 25
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 24
- CUONGYYJJVDODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N malononitrile Chemical group N#CCC#N CUONGYYJJVDODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 24
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 21
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 21
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 20
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 18
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 17
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 17
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 17
- 150000003325 scandium Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 14
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 12
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 150000001450 anions Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 11
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 239000002555 ionophore Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000000236 ionophoric effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000001301 oxygen Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 11
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 10
- IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylenediamine Chemical compound C1CN2CCN1CC2 IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000012973 diazabicyclooctane Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 9
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- JLBFLZFFGYGZGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.C1CN2CCN1CC2 JLBFLZFFGYGZGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical class C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 8
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920006112 polar polymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid anhydride Natural products CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010538 cationic polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 6
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 6
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 6
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000003010 ionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- CYIGRWUIQAVBFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(2-ethenoxyethoxy)ethane Chemical compound C=COCCOCCOCCOC=C CYIGRWUIQAVBFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NTHURWNGZKRIPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)propanedinitrile Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)C(C#N)C#N NTHURWNGZKRIPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OLOLWEHJTCEUHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenylsulfonylpropanedinitrile Chemical compound C=CS(=O)(=O)C(C#N)C#N OLOLWEHJTCEUHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 4
- 238000005698 Diels-Alder reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FGOBMLFQUXVQDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].N#CCC#N Chemical compound [Na].N#CCC#N FGOBMLFQUXVQDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N buten-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)C=C FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PFKFTWBEEFSNDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyldiimidazole Chemical compound C1=CN=CN1C(=O)N1C=CN=C1 PFKFTWBEEFSNDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical group I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 4
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 4
- 125000005702 oxyalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 4
- LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [K+].CC(C)(C)[O-] LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LKRBGKYKDRFQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;propanedinitrile Chemical compound [K].N#CCC#N LKRBGKYKDRFQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium Chemical compound [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 4
- ADFXKUOMJKEIND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dicyclohexylurea Chemical compound C1CCCCC1NC(=O)NC1CCCCC1 ADFXKUOMJKEIND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OVGRCEFMXPHEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenoxypropane Chemical compound CCCOC=C OVGRCEFMXPHEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido[1,2-a]azepine Chemical compound C1CCCCN2CCCN=C21 GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FGRLXMNNTHBYKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-acetylpropanedinitrile Chemical group CC(=O)C(C#N)C#N FGRLXMNNTHBYKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QOSSAOTZNIDXMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dicylcohexylcarbodiimide Chemical compound C1CCCCC1N=C=NC1CCCCC1 QOSSAOTZNIDXMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005727 Friedel-Crafts reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006845 Michael addition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- KEJOCWOXCDWNID-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrilooxonium Chemical compound [O+]#N KEJOCWOXCDWNID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000547 conjugated polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- UAOMVDZJSHZZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisopropylamine Chemical compound CC(C)NC(C)C UAOMVDZJSHZZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BGRWYRAHAFMIBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisopropylcarbodiimide Natural products CC(C)NC(=O)NC(C)C BGRWYRAHAFMIBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000006575 electron-withdrawing group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- MGFYSGNNHQQTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodonium Chemical compound [IH2+] MGFYSGNNHQQTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
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Images
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Description
− Zは、
j)−CN、−NO2、−SCN、−N3、FSO2−、−CF3、R’FCH2−(R’Fは過フッ素化基、好ましくはCF3−)、フルオロアルキルオキシ、フルオロアルキルチオキシ、フルオロアルケニルオキシ、フルオロアルケニルチオキシ基:
jj)おそらくは少なくとも1つの窒素、酸素、イオウ又はリン原子を含む1以上の芳香族核を有する基であって、該核はおそらくは縮合核であり、及び/又は該核はおそらくはハロゲン、−CN、−NO2、−SCN、−N3、CF2=CF−O−、基RF−及びRFCH2−から選択される少なくとも1つの置換基を坦持し、ここでRFは1ないし12個の炭素原子を有するペルフルオロアルキルアルキル基、フルオロアルキルオキシ基、フルオロアルキルチオキシ基、アルキル、アルケニル、オキサアルキル、オキサアルケニル、アザアルキル、アザアルケニル、チアアルキル、チアアルケニル基、重合体基、少なくとも1つのカチオン性イオノフォア基及び/又は少なくとも1つのアニオン性イオノフォア基を有する基;
から選択される、少なくともフェニル基と等しいハメットパラメータを有する電子吸引基を表し、
ただし、1つの置換基Zは一価の基、多価の基、もしくは少なくとも1つの基−C(C≡N)2を坦持する多価の基(デンドリマーを含む)の一部、又は重合体の一区画であってもよく;
− Yは、カルボニル基、チオカルボニル基、スルホニル基、スルフィニル基又はホスホニル基を表し、及び:
− RDは、
a)アルキルもしくはアルケニル基、アリール、アリールアルキル、アルキルアリールもしくはアルケニルアリール基、多環基を含む脂環式もしくは複素環基;
b)少なくとも1つの機能的エーテル、チオエーテル、アミン、イミン、アミド、カルボキシル、カルボニル、イソシアネート、イソチオシアネート、ヒドロキシを含むアルキル又はアルケニル基;
c)芳香族核及び/又は該核の少なくとも1つの置換基が窒素、酸素、イオウのようなヘテロ原子を含む、アリール、アリールアルキル、アリールアルケニル、アルキルアリール又はアルケニルアリール基;
d)窒素、酸素、イオウから選択される少なくとも1つのヘテロ原子をおそらくは含む縮合芳香族環を含む基;
e)おそらくは機能的エーテル、チオエーテル、イミン、アミン、カルボキシル、カルボニル又はヒドロキシ基を含む、ハロゲン化又は過ハロゲン化アルキル、アルケニル、アリール、アリールアルキル、アルキルアリール基;
f)RcC(R’)(R”)−O−基(ここで、Rcはアルキル過フッ素化基であり、かつR’及びR”は互いに独立に水素原子又は上記a)、b)、c)又はd)において定義されるもののような基である)[例えば、CF3CH2O−、(CF3)3CO−、(CF3)2CHO−、CF3CH(C6H5)O−、CH2(CF2)2CH2−];
g)(RB)2N−基(ここで、同一であるか、もしくは異なるRB基は上記a)、b)、c)、d)及びe)において定義されるようなものであり、RBのうちの1つはハロゲン原子であってもよく、又は2つのRB基が一緒にNと環を構成する二価の基を形成する);
h)重合体基;
i)1以上のカチオン性イオノフォア基及び/又は1以上のアニオン性イオノフォア基を有する基;
から選択される基であり、
ただし、1つの置換基RDは一価の基、複数の−Y−C−(C≡N)2基を坦持する多価の基の一部又は重合体の一区画であってもよいイオン性組成物であり、
ただし、YがカルボニルかつRDが1ないし3個の炭素原子を有するペルフルオロアルキル基である場合、又はZが−CNである場合には、Mはアルカリ金属とは異なる、
該イオン性成分である。
− 窒素、酸素、イオウのようなヘテロ原子を含む少なくとも1つの側鎖をおそらくは有する環状又は複素環基;
− 芳香族核にヘテロ原子をおそらくは含む環状又は複素環基;
− 少なくとも1つの窒素、酸素、イオウもしくはリン原子をおそらくは含む、複数の縮合もしくは非縮合芳香族又は複素環核を含む基。
置換基RDの選択により本発明の化合物の特性を調整することが可能である。一態様において、RDは1ないし24個の炭素原子を有するアルキル、アルケニル、オキサアルキル、オキサアルケニル、アザアルキル、アザアルケニル、チアアルキルもしくはチアアルケニル、又は5ないし24個の炭素原子を有するアリール、アリールアルキル、アルキルアリールもしくはアルケニルアリール基から選択される。
また、置換基RDは解離性双極子、例えば、アミド官能基、スルホンアミド官能基又はニトリル官能基を含んでいてもよい。また、置換基RDは酸化還元対、ジスルフィ」ミ基、チオアミド基、フェロセン基、フェノチアジン基、ビス(ジアルキルアミノアリール)基、窒素鹸化物基又は芳香族イミン基を含んでいてもよい。
本発明の化合物の別の範疇には、Yがカルボニル基であり、RD−CO−がアミノ酸、又は光学的もしくは生物学的に活性なポリペプチドを表す化合物が含まれる。
− Z及びRDは前に定義されるようなものであり、
− M’、又はMについて前に定義されるようなカチオンであり、
− Lは電気陰性出発基、例えば、ハロゲン、N−イミダゾリル基、N−トリアゾリル基、活性化エステルを付与する化合物(例えば、スクシンイミジルオキシ、ベンゾトリアゾールオキシ又はO−シル尿素)、アルコキシド基、RD−Y−O−又はRD−Y−S−基を表し、及び
− AはカチオンMm+、トリアルキルシリル基、トリアルキルゲルマニル基、トリアルキルスタンニル基又はt−アルキル基(ここで、アルキル置換基は1ないし6個の炭素原子を有する)を表す、
方法によって得ることができる。
FSO2−F+[NaC(CN)2]−Na+→NaF+[FSO2−C(CN)2]−Na+。
本発明の化合物は、カップリング剤によるマロン酸ニトリル塩とカルボン酸との直接カップリングによっても得ることができる。Z=COである場合、ペプチドの合成において用いられる縮合剤(分子脱水剤)の作用によりRCOOHからその場で直接調製される疑似ハロゲン化物型の化合物RZX(X=RCO2、SCO、PTO、BzO...)を用いることが有利である。このような薬剤は、例えば、Systhesis p. 453 (1972)及びAnn. Rev. Biochem 39, 841 (1970)に記述されている。この場合、本発明の化合物は、極性溶媒中に化学量論比で存在する、分子脱水剤が付加されているRCOOH及び化合物(1/nM)[(NC)2CH]から調製される。好ましくは、縮合剤は、カルボジイミド、例えばシクロヘキシルカルボジイミドもしくはジイソプロピルカルボジイミド;スクシンイミジルの、フタルイミジルの、ベンゾトリアゾリルの、ニトロ−、ジニトロ−もしくはペルハロフェノールの、トリフルオロエチルの、トリクロロエチルの炭酸塩又はシュウ酸塩;混合物PΦ3−ジエチルアゾジカルボキシレート(DEAD)又はPΦ3−ジチオジピリジン;カルボニルジイミダゾール(Im)2CO又はフェニルホスホロジイミダゾールΦPO(Im)2;アミドアセタール、例えば、ジメチルホルムアミドジ−ネオペンチルアセタール(CH3)2NCH[OCH2C(CH2)2]2;2−アルコキシ−1−アルコキシカルボニル−1,2−ジヒドロキノリン;O−ベンゾトリアゾール−1−イルーN,N,N’N’−テトラメチルウロニウム又はO−ベンゾトリアゾール−1−イルオキシトリスジメチルアミノホスホニウムの塩;芳香族スルトン、例えば、2,2−(6−ニトロナフト[1,8−cd]−1,2−オキサチオキシ)酸化物、イソブチルクロロホルメート、ジフェニルホスホクロロイリデート、エチレンクロロホスファイト、ジエチルエチレンピロホスファイト、ビス(2−オキソ−3−オキサゾリジニル)ボスフィニル塩化物;2−ter−ブチル−5−メチルイソオキサゾリウム塩(ウッドワード試薬L)から選択される。
RDにアルキル基、アリール基、アルキルアリール基又はアリールアルキル基、特に6ないし20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基、アリールアルキル基、特に液晶型の相を形成するビフェニルを含む両者を選択することにより、イオン導電性材料にメソゲン型の特性を付与することが可能になる。液晶相、ネマティック、コレステリックもしくはディスコティック(discotic)型における伝導特性は、光学的ポスティング(optical posting)に関連する用途に、又はカチオンの移動度に影響を与えることなく電解質、特に重合体電解質におけるアニオンの移動度を低下させるのに興味深いものである。この特徴は、電気化学的発電機、特にリチウムカチオンを用いるものにおける用途に重要である。
置換基Zが−OCnF2n+1、−OC2F4H、−SCnF2n+1及び−SC2F4H、−OCF=CF2、−SCF=CF2(nは1ないし8の全数)からなる群より選択される本発明の化合物は、重合体を扱う際に80℃の高温であっても、特には酸素に対して、安定なモノマー及び重合体の前駆体である。したがって、このような化合物を含むイオン伝導性材料は燃焼性電池の電解質として特に適切である。
この溶媒は非プロトン性液体溶媒であっても、極性重合体であっても、あるいはそれらの混合物の1つであってもよい。
加えて、本発明のイオン伝導性材料はエレクトロクローム装置における電解質として用いることができる。電解質が本発明によるイオン伝導性材料であるエレクトロクローム装置は本発明の別の目的である。
モノマーのうち、環状エーテル官能基、環状チオエーテル官能基又は環状アミン官能基ビニル化合物(特には、ビニルエーテル)、オキサゾリン、ラクトン及びラクタムに言及することができる。
本発明のイオン性化合物は、溶媒の非在下において光開始剤として用いることができ、これは、例えば、光開始剤として用いられるイオン性化合物が可溶もしくは容易に分散し得る液体モノマーを重合させようとする場合である。この種の利用は、それが溶媒に関連する問題(毒性、引火性)を打開することを可能にするため、特に興味深いものである。
実施例1
25mlのテトラヒドロフラン(THF)中の3.039(10mモル)のステアリン酸クロリドCl7H35COClと、5mlの無水ピリジンとを、25mlのテトラヒドロフラン中の1.04g(10mモル)のマロノニトリルのカリウム塩に加えた。24時間撹拌した後、溶液をろ過して塩化カリウムの沈殿物を除去し、そして500mgの炭酸リチウムLi2CO3に接触させた。混合物を24時間撹拌し、次に過剰の炭酸塩を遠心分離により除去してから、溶媒を蒸発させた。3.3gのマロノニトリルステアロイルのリチウム塩が得られ、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMN(NMR)で特徴付けして97%を超える純度を有する。
実施例2
6.61g(100mモル)のマロノニトリルを−20℃の50mlのTHF中に溶解させたものに、795mgの水素化リチウムLiHを一部分ずつ加える。2時間−20℃で置いた後、20.14g(100mモル)の1−(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミダゾール(Flukaから市販されている)を加える。反応を4時間−20℃で、そして48時間室温で続ける。次に溶媒を蒸発させてから、白色固体残留物をジクロロメタンで洗浄して、反応中に形成されたイミダゾールを除去した。LiCF3SO2C(CN)2が得られる。
アルゴン雰囲気下で、0.66g(10mモル)のマロノニトリルと180mgのリチウム無水物とを、3.02g(10mモル)のノナフルオロブタンスルホニルの20mlの無水THF中の溶液に加え、0℃に保った。4時間後、反応混合物をろ過、蒸発させて、10cm3の水中に再生し、KClの飽和溶液に注いだ。KC4F9SO2C(CN)2の沈殿物を精製するために、水中で、そしてペンタノン/ジクロロエタン混合物中で結晶化した。分析に基づいた純粋な生成物の収率は、65%である。
5mlのテトラヒドロフラン中の324mg(1mモル)の4−ジメチルアミノアゾベンゼン−4’−スルホニルクロリドを、5mlのTHF中の104mg(1mモル)のマロノニトリルのカリウム塩と500μlのトリエチレンとに加える。24時間撹拌した後、塩化カリウムの沈殿物を除去し、そして溶媒を蒸発させた後、トリエチルアンモニウム塩が得られ、この塩は、350mgのテトラブチルアンモニウムブロミドを含む5mlの水溶液中に懸濁していた。混合物を24時間撹拌した。オレンジ色の粉末が得られ、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有し、また大部分の有機溶媒類に可溶で、次の式に相当する。
実施例5
10.85g(100mモル)のメトキシ酢酸クロリドを、150mlのアセトニトリルと15mlの無水ピリジンとの中に希釈した。この混合物を窒素雰囲気下に保ち、マグネチックスターラーで撹拌し、一部分ずつ10.41g(100mモル)のマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を加える。塩化カリウムの沈殿が終了した時に(約1時間)、25gの無水リン酸三カリウムK3PO4を加え、混合物を24時間撹拌した。その後、混合物を蒸発乾固させた。得られたメトキシアセチルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を、ブタノン/1,2−ジクロロエタン混合物中で再結晶させて精製した。
ポリ(エチレンオキシド)PEOのスルホン化オリゴマーを、次のようにして製造した。10gのPEO(本PCT例では、POEと指示している)の分子量600のものを、ベンゼンとの共沸蒸留と凍結乾燥とで乾燥させた。50mlのTHFを加えた後、末端基OHをカリウム−ナフタレンで金属化した。化学量論を比色法で決定し、その反応の終りは、ナフタレンの陰イオンラジカルの強い緑色が持続することで示された。次に4.10gのプロパンスルトンを加えた。溶媒の蒸発後、α,ω−ジスルホン化ポリマーが粉末の形態で得られ、そして残留ナフタレンはヘキサンで洗浄して除去した。
実施例7
非イオン性テンシオ−アクティブ材料である、ポリオキシエチレン−23ラウリルエーテルC12H25(OCH2CH2)23OH(Brij(登録商標)35)を、実施例4と同様の手順でスルホン化した。12gのBrij(登録商標)35を、ベンゼンとの共沸蒸留と凍結乾燥とで乾燥させた。50mlのTHFを加えた後、OH末端基を、5mgのトリフェニルメタンの存在下で水素化ナトリウムで金属化した。化学量論を比色法で決定し、その反応の終りは、陰イオンF3C−の強い赤色が持続することで示された。次に1.4gの1,4−ブタンスルトンを加えた。溶媒を蒸発後、スルホン化オリゴマーが粉末の形態で得られた。
実施例8
10mlのピリジン中の380mg(1mモル)のエチレンビス−(オキシエチレンニトリロ)テトラ酢酸を、912mgのヒドロキシスクシンイミジルカーボネートで24時間処理した。416mg(4mモル)のマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を、15mlの同体積のピリジンとアセトニトリルとの混合物に加えた。24時間後、沈殿物をろ過により分離してから、2分割した30mlのTHFで洗浄した。以下の結晶が得られた。
548mg(2mモル)の1,1’−フェロセン−ジカルボン酸と824mg(4mモル)のジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミドとの、5mlの同体積の無水ピリジンとメタノールとの混合物中の溶液を作成した。この混合物を、室温、75時間、マグネチックスターラーで撹拌した。次に、288mg(4mモル)のマロノニトリルのリチウム塩を加えた。この混合物を24時間、室温で撹絆した。ジシクロヘキシル尿素の沈殿物を遠心分離により除去してから、溶媒を蒸発させた。生成物である1,1’−フェロセン−ジアセチルマロノニトリルが、ハイドロスコープ的な暗い茶色の固体の形態で得られ、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有する。これは、大部分の通常の有機溶媒類(テトラヒドロフラン、アセトニトリル、ジメチルホルムアミド、酢酸エチル、グライム類、...)及び非プロトン性溶媒和ポリマー類とに可溶である。
以下の式の510mg(2mモル)の6−ヒドロキシ−2,5,7,8−テトラメチルクロマン−2−カルボン酸(Trolox)を、
2.8g(10mモル)の4,4’−アゾビス(4−シアナオバレリック)酸(cyanaovaleric acid)と、3.24g(20mモル)のカルボニルジイミダゾールと、100mgのジメチルアミノピリジンとを20mlのエーテル中に懸濁し、0℃に保った。CO2の発生が止んだ後(5時間)、1.44g(20mモル)のマロノニトリルのリチウム塩を加える。この混合物を、0℃、1時間、メカニカルスターラーで撹拌した。遠心分離により、次の結晶質の沈殿物が単離された。
479mg(1mモル)のローダミンBを10mlのピリジン中に懸濁させてから、104mg(1mモル)のマロノニトリルのカリウム塩と206mg(1mモル)のジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミドとを加えた。48時間撹拌後、混合物をろ過してジシクロヘキシル尿素を除去し、そして蒸発させた。得られた化合物は双性イオンであり、強い発色特性を有する。これは極性ポリマー類に可溶であり、色材を用いたレーザーを提供することを可能にする。アセチルマロノニトリル基はまた、酸化物類、特にナノ粒子(nano-particulate)酸化チタン上に吸着されることが可能となり、特に光電池への応用で可視放射に対して増感剤として働く。
ピリル−3酢酸(M=122)を、D. Delabouglise(These Universite de Paris-Nord, February 1991, “Molecular Control of Properties of Polymers”)の方法に従って作成した。488mgのこの化合物を、5mlのアセトニトリルと1mlのピリジンとの混合物中に溶解させ、これに648mg(40mモル)のカルボニルジイミダゾールを加えた。24時間後、そしてCO2巻き込み(involvement)の終りに、417mg(40mモル)のマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を加える。混合物を、48時間、室温で撹拌した。溶媒を蒸発させてから、カリウム塩を、ブタノン−1,2ジクロロエタン混合物中で再結晶させて精製した。
アルゴン下でグローブボックス中で作業し、−20℃の100mlのTHF中の24.15g(100mモル)のジ−2一エチルヘキシルアミンに一部分ずつ、32mlのシクロヘキサン(100mモル)中の2Mブチルリチウムを加える。1時間後、11.85g(100mモル)のクロロスルホニルフルオライドFSO2C1を加える。反応を4時間、−20℃で、そして24時間、室温で続ける。次に温度を0℃にしてから、10.42g(100mモル)のマロノニトリルのカリウム塩KHC(CN)2と11.22g(100mモル)のDABCOとを加える、0℃で24時間置いた後、反応混合物をろ過/ろ過して、塩化カリウムの沈殿物とDABCOの塩酸塩とを除去した。溶媒を蒸発させ、乾燥させた後、ジ−2−エチルヘキシルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩を回収し、これはカーボンRMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有する。
こうした塩は、大部分の通常の有機溶媒類(テトラヒドロフラン、アセトニトリル、ジメチルホルムアミド、酢酸エチル、グライム類、...)及び非プロトン性溶媒和ポリマー類とに可溶である。
5.44g(10mモル)の3,3’−ジエチル−チアトリカルボシアニン(Aldrich, Milwaukee, USAから市販されている)と4.08g(10mモル)の実施例14に従って作成されたジ−2−エチルヘキシルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩とを共に、24時間水中で撹拌した。水相をジクロロメタンで抽出して、ジ−2−エチルヘキシルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルの3,3’−ジエチルチアトリカルボシアニンが回収され、これはプロトンRMNで特徴付けして99%を超える純度を有する。
これが色材として使用される際には、様々なジアルキルアミノ基の「可塑化」特質という事実により、色材の分子の凝集が明らかに減少することが認められており、これは利点を構成する。実際、凝集という現象は、色材を利用するシステム、特に情報記憶用の光学ディスクにおいては、良好な動作にとって害になり、というのはこれは光学的吸収バンドを広げるからである。
3.17g(10mモル)の塩化ジフェニルヨードニウム(C6H5)2IClと4.08g(10mモル)の実施例14に従って作成されたジ−2−エチルヘキシルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩とを共に、24時間水中で撹拌した。水相をジクロロメタンで抽出して、ジ−2−エチルヘキシル−アミノスルホニルマロノニトリルジフェニルヨードニウムが回収され、これはプロトンRMNで特徴付けして99%を超える純度を有した。
5.919(20mモル)の実施例14に従って作られたジブチルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を、10mlの水中に溶解させた。撹拌中に、2.71g(10mモル)の2,2’−アゾビス(2−メチルプロピオンアミジン)塩酸塩[=NC(CH3)2C(=NH)NH2]2・2HC1(Aldrichから市販されている)を10mlの水中に溶解させたものを加えた。直ちに沈殿物が形成され、これをろ過により集める。真空下、室温で乾燥後、2,2’−アゾビス(2−メチルプロピオンアミジン)ジブチルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルを回収した。
4.8g(10mモル)の実施例14で得られたジ−2−エチルヘキシルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を10mlの無水ニトロメタン中に溶解させたものに、グローブボックス中で1.17g(10mモル)のニトロソニウムテトラフルオロボレートNOBF4(Aldrichから市販されている)を加える。1時間後、反応混合物をろ過して、不溶性のテトラフルオロホウ酸カリウムを除去し、ジ−2−エチルヘキシルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのニトロソニウム塩のニトロメタン中の1M溶液が得られる。
アルゴン下、0℃の100mlの無水テトラヒドロフラン中で、20.27g(100mモル)の4−スチレンスルホニルクロリドCH2=CHC6H4SO2Cl(Monomer-Polymer & Dajac Laboratoriesから市販されている)と10.42g(100mモル)のマロノニトリルと22.44g(200mモル)のDABCOとを反応させた。2時間、0℃で、さらに48時間、室温で置いた後、溶液をろ過して、形成されたDABCO塩酸塩を除去してから、溶液を4.249の無水塩化リチウム(100mモル)で処理し、グローブボックス中に保管し、重量を測った。直ちにDABCO塩酸塩の沈殿物を形成し、そして6時間撹拌後、次に反応混合物を再度ろ過した。真空下で24時間、室温で蒸発させ、乾燥させた後、31.16gの4−スチレンスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩を回収し、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして97%を超える純度を有する。
実施例20
実施例19に説明した方法と同様の方法に従って、ビニルスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩が、11.01g(100mモル)のエチレンスルホニルフルオライド(Fluka, Buchs, Switzerlandから市販されている)から得られ、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有する。
6.6gのエチレンオキシド共重合体でアリル二重結合を含み、分子量Mw=2.5×105を有するものを、アセトニトリル中に溶解させた。1.52gのビニルスルホニルマロノニトリル(PCT出願にはマロニトリルと見える)のリチウム塩と、実施例17に従って作られた50mgのフリーラジカル開始剤とを加えた。溶液を平底のPTFEの灰吹皿中で蒸発させ、そして容器を一次真空(primary vacuum)下で80℃、12時間オーブン中に置いた。架橋エラストマーが得られ、これに−SO2C(CN)2Li基が固定されていた。この材料は、陰イオンの固定された電解質を構成し、リチウムイオンによる伝導度6.7×10−4S.cm−1と陽イオン性輸率0.92とを有する。
60mlの無水ジメチルホルムアミド中の2.2g(25mモル)のエチレングリコールビニルエーテルCH2=CHO(CH2)2OHに、4.05gの実施例20で得られたビニルスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩と5.87g(42.5mモル)の無水炭酸カリウムK2CO3と330mg(1.25mモル)の18−クラウン−6(陽イオンK+の錯化剤として働く)とを加える。次に反応混合物を、アルゴン下、80℃で撹枠した。48時間後、反応混合物を多孔度N°3のブリットガラス上で濾過し、溶媒を除去するために、減圧下で蒸発させた。乾燥後、残留化合物を、1.86g(25mモル)の無水カリウムKClを含む10mlの水中で再結晶させた。ろ過と乾燥後、7,8−オクテン−3,6−オキサ−1−スルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を回収し、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有する。
ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミドを用い、陽イオン手段により開始した、無水アセトニトリル中の重合により作成された単独重合体は、ジメチルカーボネートとエチレンカーボネートとの混合物(2:1)中で0.8M濃度で、30℃で電気伝導度6×10−3S.cm−1を有する。その上、この単独重合体は、大部分の通常の有機溶媒類(テトラヒドロフラン、アセトニトリル、ジメチルホルムアミド、酢酸エチル、グライム類、...)とポリエチレンオキシドのような非プロトン性溶媒和ポリマー類とに可溶である。その結果、この単独重合体は良好なイオン導電性材料を構成する。
4.49g(40mモル)のDABCOと1.32g(20mモル)のマロノニトリルとの10mlの0℃の無水テトラヒドロフラン中の溶液に、5mlの無水テトラヒドロフランで希釈した6.05g(20mモル)の4−ヨードベンゼンスルホニルクロリドIC6H4SO2Cl(Aldrichから市販されている)を加える。2時間0℃で置いた後、反応を24時間、室温で続けた。この反応で形成されたDABCO塩酸塩を除去するために、多孔度N°4のブリットガラス上でろ過した。ろ過した溶液からアセトニトリルを蒸発させた後、生成物を15mlの冷水中に再生し、それから1.49g(20mモル)の無水塩化カリウムを5mlの水中に溶解させたものをゆっくり加える。現われた沈殿物を、多孔度N°4のブリットガラス上でろ過して集めた。乾燥後、4−ヨードベンゼンスルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を回収した。
2.22g(5mモル)のテトラキス(アセトニトリル)パラジウム(II)テトラフルオロボレート(CH3CN)4Pd(BF4)2(Aldrichから市販されている)の30mlのテトラヒドロフラン中の溶液を、4.08g(10mモル)のカリウムジ−2−エチルヘキシル−アミノスルホニルマロノニトリルで処理した。24時間撹拌後、反応混合物をろ過して、テトラフルオロホウ酸カリウムKBF4の沈殿物を除去してから、溶媒を蒸発させた。定量的収率のテトラキス(アセトニトリル)パラジウム(II)のジ−2−エチルヘキシルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルが得られた。
アルゴン下でグローブボックス中で作業し、1.8gのフェンザイン(10mモル)と139mgの金属リチウムとを30mlのポリプロピレン(Nalgene(登録商標))フラスコに導入した。次に20mlの無水テトラヒドロフランとメノウ小球とを加えた。密閉したフラスコをグローブボックスの外部でモーターの軸上で自転させた。テトラヒドロフランは速やかに暗いモーブ色に変わり、この色はモノリチウムフェナジンの特徴であった。24時間後、オレンジ色の沈殿物である9,10−ジ−Li−ジヒドロフェナジンの懸濁液が得られた。次に8.61g(20mモル)のこの化合物に、4.89g(40mモル)の1,3−プロパンスルトンを加えた。8時間、室温で粉砕した後、反応混合物をろ過して、メノウ小球を除去し、それからろ過済み溶液にアルゴン下で2滴のジメチルホルムアミドを加えてから、5.08g(40mモル)の塩化オキサリルClCOCOClを15mlの無水ジクロロメタン中に溶解させたものをゆっくり加えた。4時間、室温で置いた後、4.65g(40mモル)のカリウムマロノニトリルを加えた。反応を24時間続けてから、反応混合物をろ過して、塩化カリウムの沈殿物を除去した。溶媒の蒸発後、9−10−(プロピルスルホニルマロノニトリル)フェナジンのジリチウム塩を回収し、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有した。
この化合物はまた、色材を用いた電気システムを提供することも可能にする。このようにして、エレクトロクロムグレージング(electrochrome glazing)を作るために、ITO(酸化インジウムスズ)の導電層で覆ったガラスプレート上に、この化合物とポリ(ベンゾジイミド−co−エチレンオキシド)とのアセトン溶液を堆積した。ポリてベンゾジイミド−co−エチレンオキシド)は分子量≒1,100g/モルで、フランス共和国特許出願FR93/01117に説明する方法と同様の方法により得られる。溶媒を蒸発させ、乾燥させた後、グローブボックス中で、先に堆積したポリマー上に、ITOの導電層で覆った第二のガラス電極を組み立てた。この生成物を封止して不浸透性にした後、1,250mVの電位を外面にポテンシヨスタットによって印加した。システムは強い青色に発色した。−500mVの電位を印加することで、このシステムが比較的速く退色するのを認めることができた(60s未満)。そのようなエレクトロクロムシステムは、より大きなシステム用(m2を超える)でさえも、製造が容易であり、大きなシステムではガラス並びに導電性透明電極として適切に処理したポリマーを利用する。その上、発色を維持するのに必要なエネルギーは比較的弱く、1W/m2未満である。
Parr化学反応器中で、5.21g(50mモル)のカリウムマロノニトリルと264mgのクラウン−エーテルである18−クラウン−6とを60mlの無水アセトニトリル中に溶解させた。反応器を密閉後、アルゴンでのブラッシングを15分間実行し、その後反応器を絶縁した。次に、6.41g(50mモル)の二酸化イオウSO2(Flukaから市販されている)を導入し、10分後に、9.52g(50mモル)のビニルトリエトキシシラン(Flukaから市販されている)を20mlの無水アセトニトリル中に溶解させたものを導入した。6時間室温に置いた後、反応器の温度を40℃にし、それから反応器をその温度で48時間保ってから、溶媒を蒸発させた。真空下で乾燥後、生成物をアルゴン下で保管した。2−(トリエトキシシリル)エチルスルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩[(C2H5O)3Si(CH2)2SO2C(CN)2]Kを定量的収率で回収し、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして99%を超える純度を有した。
実施例25に説明した方法と同様の方法で、ビス[3−(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]アミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩を、12.54g(40mモル)のビス[3−(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]アミン[(CH3O)3Si(CH2)3]2NH)(Flukaから市販されている)から合成した。得られた化合物は、プロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有した。
この化合物の重縮合を水/メタノール混合物中で実行するため、1滴の濃塩酸を触媒として利用した。数時間後、溶媒を蒸発させ、得られた粘稠な液体をテフロン(登録商標)プレート上に注いだ。1週間、乾燥器中に50℃で置いた後、得られた材料を真空下、100℃で48時間乾燥させてから、アルゴン下で砕き、粒径約1ミクロンにした。次に複合電解質を製造するために、この粉末を、分子量300,000のポリエチレンオキシドと共にアセトニトリル中で混合した。この分散系をガラスリングに注ぎ、アセトニトリルを蒸発させると、厚さ220μmで良好な機械的品質を有する複合電解質のフィルムが得られる。この電解質は、60℃でイオン伝導度が10−5S.cm−1を超え、陽イオン性輸率0.92である。
10.81g(40mモル)の実施例19の通りに製造した4−スチレンスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩と3.18g(40mモル)のアクリロニトリルと100mgの1,1’−アゾビス(シクロヘキサンカルボニトリル)との100mlの無水テトラヒドロフラン中の溶液を、乾燥アルゴンでブラッシングして脱気した。アルゴン下で、アクリロニトリルとスチレン誘導体類との共重合を実行するために、反応混合物を60℃で48時間加熱した。冷却後、溶液を濃縮してから、ポリマーをエーテル中で再沈殿させて回収した。ろ過と乾燥後、ポリ−(アクリロニトリル−co−4−スチレンスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩(PANSSM)が得られた。
13.44g(50mモル)の1−ドデカン−スルホニルクロリドCH12H25SO2C1(Lancasterから市販されている)を−20℃の30mlの無水テトラヒドロフラン中に溶解させたものを、8.8g(100mモル)のナトリウムマロノニトリルで処理した。1時間0℃で、さらに24時間室温で置いた後、溶媒を蒸発させ、生成物を30mlの水中で再生した。3.73g(50mモル)の無水塩化カリウムKC1を加えたことで、沈殿物を得ることが可能になり、この沈殿物を再結晶させ、ろ過により回収し、最後に乾燥させた。1−ドデカンスルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を、結晶化粉末の形態で得、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで決定して99%を超える純度を有する。
1−ドデカンスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩をポリエチレンオキシドのマトリックス中に溶解させて、濃度O/Li=16/1としたものは、陽イオン性輸率≒0.55を有する。この結果、ポリマー電解質を用いたリチウム電池の電解質中にこの化合物を使用する際、電池の動作最中に現われる濃度勾配は実質的に減少する。電力要求中の性能は従って改良される。
実施例29
0℃の100mlの水中に、23.01g(100mモル)のヘキサフルオロプロパンスルトン(Fluorchemから市販されている)を加える。2時間撹拌後、水相を2分割した20mlのジクロロメタンによって抽出し、各有機相を合わせ、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥させた。ジクロロメタンの蒸発と集めた液体の蒸留との後に、16.949の1−フルオロ−2,2,2−トリフルオロエタンスルホニルフルオライドCF3CHFSO2Fが得られる(収率:94%、これはプロトン及びフッ素RMNで決定して99%を超える純度を有する)。
14.41g(100mモル)の2−プロペン−スルホン酸CH2=CHCH2SO3Naのナトリウム塩を−20℃の60mlの無水アセトニトリルに懸濁したものに、2時間の間、20mlのベンゼン中に希釈した11.9g(100mモル)の塩化チオニルを滴下する。1晩−20℃で置いた後、反応混合物を遠心分離して、形成された塩化ナトリウムを除去し、そして溶媒をメンブランポンプ付きロータリーエバボレーターによって蒸発させた。次に、得られた液体を真空下で短いカラム中で蒸留し、10.97gの2−プロペン−スルホニルクロリドCH2=CHCH2SO2C1(収率78%)を与え、これをカーボンRMNで特徴付けした。次に7.03g(50mモル)のこの化合物を、アルゴン下で10.42g(100mモル)のカリウムマロノニトリルと、60mlの無水アセトニトリル中、−20℃で2時間、さらに室温で24時間反応させた。溶媒を蒸発させた後、生成物を15mlの水中に再結晶させた。ろ過と乾燥後、2−プロペンスルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を回収し、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有した。
100mlの水中の8.33gの実施例30に従って得られた2−プロペン−スルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩(40mモル)に、6.9gの3−クロロ過安息香酸(40mモル)、これはSchwartz & Blumbergs(J. Org. Chen, (1964), 1976)により説明される手順に従って得られた、を加える。1時間強く撹拌した後、溶媒を蒸発させ、そして残留物を10mlのエタノール中で再結晶させた。ろ過と乾燥後、2,3−エポキシプロペン−1−スルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を回収し、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有した。
この塩を、陰イオンまたは陽イオン手段で開始する重合により、単独重合または共重合させることができる。より一般的にはこうした塩は、オキセタンが関連する化学反応を受けることができる。
50.74g(300mモル)の2−アミノ−5−トリフルオロメチル−1,3,4−チアジアゾール(Aldrichから市販されている)を、100mlの濃塩酸と30mlの氷酢酸との混合物に撹拌しながら加えた。反応混合物を−10℃にしてから、35mlの水中の22.42g(325mモル)の亜硝酸ナトリウムNaNO2をゆっくり加える。ジアゾ化反応を1時間続ける。同時に、300mlの氷酢酸中の二酸化イオウSO2(Flukaから市販されている)の流れを、飽和するまでブリット部材を通過させた。次に、7.5gの塩化銅(I)CuClを加え、そして二酸化イオウの添加を、反応混合物の色が黄緑色から青緑色に変わるまで続けた。反応混合物を温度<10℃にした後、30分間、先に作ったジアゾニウムを加えた。少量のエーテルを加えて、各添加後に形成される泡の量を減少させた。ジアゾニウム添加の終了後、反応混合物を1リットルの水−氷(1:1)混合物に注いだ。氷が溶けた後、黄色の油をデカントアムプラ(decantingampulla)中で分離し、水相を2分割した100mlのエーテルで抽出した。集めた油にエーテル相を加えた後、溶液を炭酸水素ナトリウムの濃縮溶液で中性になるまで洗浄し、次に水で洗浄、そして最後にこれを硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥させた。溶媒を蒸発させた後に、真空下で蒸留後、46.99gの2−スルホニル−5−トリフルオロメチル−1,3,4−チアジアゾールクロリド(62%収率)を回収し、これはプロトン及びフッ素RMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有する。
こうした塩は、大部分の通常の有機溶媒類(テトラヒドロフラン、アセトニトリル、ジメチルホルムアミド、酢酸エチル、グライム類、...)とポリエチレンオキシドのような非プロトン性溶媒和ポリマー類とに可溶である。
13.21g(200mモル)のマロノニトリルを、15〜20℃の150mlのTHF中に溶解させた。次にアルゴン下で、44.87g(400mモル)のDABCOと21.18g(200mモル)の臭化シアンBrCNとを加えた。4時間−20℃で、さらに24時間室温で撹拌後、反応混合物をろ過して、DABCO塩酸塩を除去した。次に8.48gの無水塩化リチウム(200mモル)を加えた。24時間撹拌後、反応混合物をろ過して、DABCO塩酸塩を除去した。溶媒の蒸発と乾燥後に、19g(98%収率)のトリシアノメタンのリチウム塩LiC(CN)3を回収し、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有した。
6.61gのマロノニトリル(100mモル)を−20℃の50mlのTHF中に溶解させたものに、795mgの水素化リチウムLiHを一部分ずつ加える。2時間−20℃で置いた後、20.14g(100mモル)の1−(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミダゾール(Flukaから市販されている)を加える。反応を4時間−20℃で、そして48時間室温で続ける。次に溶媒を蒸発させてから、残留物を60mlの水中に再生した。次に14.66g(100mモル)の1−エチル−3−メチル−1H−イミダゾリウムクロリド(Aldrichから市販されている)を、水溶液に加える。水よりも密度の高い高密度相が、直ちに形成された。この相を、ジクロロメタンで抽出して回収した。ジクロロメタンを蒸発させ、得られた液体を真空下40℃で乾燥後、トリフルオロメタンスルホニルマロノニトリルの1−エチル−3−メチル−1H−イミダゾリウムの融解塩が得られ、これはプロトン、カーボン及びフッ素RMNで特徴付けして98%を超える純度を有した。
30mlのTHF中で、6.76g(40mモル)のペンタフルオロピリジン(Aldrichから市販されている)を、4.49g(40mモル)のDABCOの存在下で、4.17g(40mモル)のカリウムマロノニトリルKHC(CN)2と反応させた。48時間撹拌後、溶媒を蒸発させ、そして残留物を、4gの塩化カリウムを既に加え済みの15mlの水中に再結晶させた。ろ過と乾燥後、5.29gの4−マロノニトリル−ペンタフルオロピリジンのカリウム塩(73%収率)が得られ、これはカーボンRMNで決定して99%を超える純度を有する。
こうした塩は、大部分の通常の有機溶媒類(テトラヒドロフラン、アセトニトリル、ジメチルホルムアミド、酢酸エチル、グライム類、...)及び非プロトン性溶媒和ポリマー類とに可溶である。
冷却器とメカニカルスターラーと中性ガス入り口(アルゴン)との付いた三つ口フラスコの中に、ジメチルシロキサンと(水素)(メチル)−シロキサン(HMS 301 25%SiH、Mw1900、GelestInc., Tullytown, PA, USAから市販されている)との9.5gの共重合体をテトラヒドロフラン中に溶解させたものを導入した。次に6.04gのビニルスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩と70mgのクロロ白金酸H2PtCl6とを加える。混合物を加熱して、4時間還流した。次にポリマーをエタノール中に再沈殿させた。
実施例28に説明した方法と同様の方法によって、(1R)−(−)−10−ショウノウスルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を、(1R)−(−)−10−ショウノウスルホニルクロリド(Aldrichから市販されている)から得、また、(1S)−(+)−ショウノウスルホニルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩を、(1S)−(+)−10−ショウノウスルホニル(Aldrichから市販されている)から得、収率は70%を超え、純度はプロトン及びカーボンRMNで決定して99%を超えた。
スカンジウム塩を得るために、対応するカリウム塩を化学量論的量のスカンジウムテトラフルオロボレート(BF4)3でアセトニトリル中で処理した。ろ過して、テトラフルオロホウ酸カリウムKBF、の沈殿物を除去し、溶媒を蒸発させた後に、二種類の鏡像異性体のスカンジウム塩を定量的収率で回収した。
実施例38
(N−メトキシブチル−N−2−ブチル−34−メチル)アミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩の二種類の鏡像異性体を、実施例14に説明した方法と同様の方法によって、N−メトキシブチル−N−2−ブチル−3−メチル−アミンの二種類の鏡像異性体(Air Productsから市販されている)から得、純度は97%を超えた。
スカンジウム塩を得るために、カリウム塩を化学量論的量のスカンジウムテトラフルオロボレートSc(BF4)3でアセトニトリル中で処理した。ろ過して、テトラフルオロホウ酸カリウムKBF4の沈殿物を除去し、溶媒を蒸発させた後に、二種類の鏡像異性体のスカンジウム塩を定量的収率で回収した。
実施例39
1.82g(10mモル)の(1S)−(+)−ケトピニック酸(ketopinic acid)(Aldrichから市販されている)を10mlのピリジン中に溶解させてから、1.04g(10mモル)のマロノニトリルのカリウム塩と2.06g(10mモル)のジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミドとを加える。48時間撹拌後、混合物をろ過してジシクロヘキシル尿素を除去した。ろ液を蒸発後、(1S)−(+)−ケトピニックアセチルマロノニトリルのカリウム塩が得られ、これはプロトン及びカーボンRMNで決定して97%を超える純度を有する。
アルドール縮合の触媒作用
ジブチルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのスカンジウム塩を得るために、実施例14で得られたカリウム塩を化学量論的量のスカンジウムテトラフルオロボレートSc(BF4)3でアセトニトリル中で処理した。ろ過して、テトラフルオロホウ酸カリウムKBF、の沈殿物を除去し、溶媒を蒸発させた後に、ジブチルァミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのスカンジウム塩Sc(DBSM)3を定量的収率で回収した。
マイケル付加の触媒作用
実施例40で得られたジブチルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのスカンジウム塩を、マイケル付加の触媒として次のように使用した。
フリーデル−クラフツ反応の触媒作用
実施例40で得られたジブチルアミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのスカンジウム塩を、アシル化のフリーデルークラフツ反応の触媒として次のように作業して使用した。40mlの無水ニトロメタン中に、570mg(700μモル)のSc(DBSM)3と1.08g(10mモル)のアニソールと2.04gの無水酢酸とを加える。10分間21℃で撹拌後、反応混合物を50m1のエーテルで希釈してから、100mlの炭酸水素ナトリウムNaHCO3の飽和溶液を使用して反応を阻害した。シーライトでろ過後、溶液を3分割した50mlのエーテルで抽出し、集めたエーテル相を、塩化カリウムの飽和溶液で洗浄した。エーテル相を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥させ、蒸発させた後、1.469のP−メトキシアセトフェノン(97%収率)を回収し、これはプロトンRMNで特徴付けして99%を超える純度を有した。
実施例43
ディールス−アルダー反応の触媒作用
実施例39に従って作られた(1S)−(+)−ケトピニックーアセチルマロノニトリルのスカンジウム塩(ScKAM)と、実施例37に従って作られた(1R)−(−)−10−ショウノウスルホニルマロノニトリルのスカンジウム塩(ScCSM)と、実施例38に従って作られた(N−メトキシブチルーN−2−ブチルー3−メチル)アミノスルホニルマロノニトリルのスカンジウム塩(ScMBBMASM)とを、ディールスーアルダー反応の触媒として使用し、メチルビニルケトンとシクロペンタジエンとの反応を可能にした。
651mg(10mモル)の新しく蒸留したシクロペンタジエンと701mg(10mモル)のメチルビニルケトンとの10mlのジクロロメタン中の溶液に、200μモルのスカンジウムキラルの塩を加える。24時間室温に置いた後、反応混合物をろ過して、触媒作用懸濁液を除去した。全ての場合で、得られた反応収率は、水相中でクロマトグラフィーで決定して90%を超えている。反応の様々な生成物をキラルカラムで分離後、鏡像異性体過剰率をRMNで決定した。結果は、この塩のキラル触媒としての効率を示すもので、次の表で与えられる。
−20℃の100mlの無水THF中の18.11g(100mモル)の6−プロモ−1−ヘキサノールと11.22g(100mモル)のDABCOとに、19.06g(100mモル)のトシルクロリドをゆっくり加える。24時間、−20℃で撹拌後、反応混合物をろ過して、DABCO塩酸塩の沈殿物を除去した。溶媒を蒸発させた後、定量的量の6−ブロモ−1−ヘキサノールトシラートCH3FSO2O(CH2)6Brを回収した。この化合物をその後、40gのアニリンFNH2(200mモル)と共に20mlのTHF中に溶解させ、そしてこの溶液を加熱して一晩中還流した。冷却後、300mlの水を加えてから、有機相をエーテルで抽出した。水で洗浄後、エーテル相を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥させた。蒸発と乾燥後、23gのN−(6−ブロモヘキシル)アニリンが得られた。
−複合カソード:40容量%の本実施例で得られるポリマー化合物と60容量%の分子量3×105のポリエチレンオキシドとからなる;
−電解質:実施例28で得られるブタンスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩を含み、濃度O/Li=20/1で、分子量5×106のポリエチレンオキシドのフィルムからなる;
−金属リチウムアノード。
30mlのTHF中の11.8g(0.1モル)のシュウ酸メチルに、80mlのTHF中に溶解させた20.8g(0.2モル)のカリウムマロノニトリルを加えた。沈殿物が数分で形成された。混合物を中性雰囲気中で2時間撹拌してから、これをろ過し、2分割した50mlエーテルで洗浄した。次の陰イオンのカリウム塩が、ベージュ色の固体の形態で得られた。
10mlのアセトニトリル中の1.98g(0.1mモル)のスルホニルジイミダゾールに、20mlのエーテル中に溶解させた1.42g(0.2mモル)のナトリウムマロノニトリルを加える。沈殿物が数分で形成される。混合物を中性雰囲気中で2時間撹拌してから、これをろ過し、2分割した20mlエーテルで洗浄した。次の陰イオンのリチウム塩が、白色の固体の形態で得られた。
実施例2で得られたトリフルオロメタンスルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウム塩と実施例31で得られた2,3−エポキシプロパン−1−スルホニルマロノニトリルのリチウムポリ塩とを、リチウム−ポリマー技術に従って電気化学的発電装置内で試験した。
−集電体:厚さ2mmのステンレス鋼;
−カソード:厚さ72μmの二酸化バナジウム(45容量%)と、Shawinigan black(登録商標)(5容量%)と、分子量Mw=3×105のポリエチレンオキシド(50容量%)とを有する複合材料のフィルムのパステルからなる;
−電解質:二種類のリチウム塩の一つを濃度O/Li=15/1で含む、分子量Mw=5×106のポリエチレンオキシドのフィルムのパステルからなる;
−アノード:厚さ50μmを有する金属リチウムのシートからなる;
−集電体:上記集電体と同様のもの。
その後集電体を、得られた電池の両側に置いた。
Claims (5)
- 溶媒中にイオン性化合物を含む、エレクトロクローム装置の電解質として用いるためのイオン伝導性材料であって、前記イオン性化合物は、集合の電気的中性をもたらすのに十分な数の少なくとも1つのカチオン性部分Mm+と会合するアニオン性部分を含む、マロン酸ニトリルから誘導され、Mが、原子価mを有する有機カチオンであることを特徴とし、かつ該アニオン性部分が式Z−C(C≡N)2 −に相当し、ZはCNであり、
有機カチオンが式C 3 R 5 N 2 + (イミダゾリウム)を有するオニウムカチオンであり、ここでR基は互いに独立にH、又は以下の群からなる基から選択される基である:
− アルキル、アルケニル、オキサアルキル、オキサアルケニル、アザアルキル、アザアルケニル、チアアルキル、チアアルケニル、アリール、アリールアルキル、アルキルアリール、アルケニルアリール基、ジアルキルアミノ基及びジアルキルアゾ基;
前記イオン伝導性材料。 - イオン性化合物のカチオンがイミダゾリウムであることを特徴とする請求項1記載のイオン伝導性材料。
- 少なくとも1種の第2塩をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1記載のイオン伝導性材料。
- 粉末又は繊維の形態の無機又は有機充填材をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1記載のイオン伝導性材料。
- 電解質が請求項1ないし4のいずれか1項に記載の材料であるエレクトロクローム装置。
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