WO2020025502A1 - New components for electrolyte compositions - Google Patents

New components for electrolyte compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020025502A1
WO2020025502A1 PCT/EP2019/070258 EP2019070258W WO2020025502A1 WO 2020025502 A1 WO2020025502 A1 WO 2020025502A1 EP 2019070258 W EP2019070258 W EP 2019070258W WO 2020025502 A1 WO2020025502 A1 WO 2020025502A1
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Prior art keywords
group
compound
formula
alkyl group
denotes
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PCT/EP2019/070258
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French (fr)
Inventor
Olivier Buisine
Janis Jaunzems
Yeon-Joon Kim
Michael Kasubke
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Solvay Sa
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Publication of WO2020025502A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020025502A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
    • C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
    • C07D317/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D317/34—Oxygen atoms
    • C07D317/36—Alkylene carbonates; Substituted alkylene carbonates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of chemical components for electrolyte compositions which are useful in electrochemical cells, such as lithium-ion batteries.
  • the invention provides new solvents, additives and/or electrolyte salts and their combinations, which are suitable to improve various characteristics of electrolyte compositions and, in fine, of the electrochemical cells in which said electrolyte compositions are incorporated.
  • lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries that are commonly used in various devices, such as portable home electronics, energy storage systems or electric vehicles. Depending on their final usage, the expectations of lithium-ion batteries in terms of safety, performance and cost are more and more challenging.
  • Various approaches have been investigated to overcome the limitations of commonly used lithium-ion batteries. For example, new electrode materials have been developed to improve capacity.
  • Another approach has and still consists in formulating electrolyte compositions with specific chemical solvents, additives and electrolyte salts to improve various characteristics of the battery such as cycling performance, reversible capacity and bulging limitation.
  • the electrolyte solvents can decompose, which can result in a loss of battery performance. Electrolyte decomposition can also occur, generating gas which can cause swelling of the battery. There remains a need for an electrolyte composition that, when used in a lithium ion battery, can exhibit high cycle performance at low and high temperature, storage performance at high temperature, and power at low temperature.
  • the Applicant discovered new chemical components and/or new combinations of chemical components that are useful ingredients for electrolyte compositions intended to be used in electrochemical cells, especially in lithium ion batteries.
  • the chemical components according to the present invention can be used as solvents, additives or electrolyte salts depending on their chemical structure and their amount in the electrolyte composition. They can notably improve various performance characteristics of an electrolyte composition to be used in an electrochemical cell, such as quality of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that will forms on the electrodes surface in use, chemical stability, ionic conductivity, thermal stability, reversible capacity, cycle characteristics and gas generation.
  • SEI solid electrolyte interphase
  • electrochemical cell refers to a non-aqueous liquid chemical composition suitable for use as an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell.
  • solvent in connection with said electrolyte composition typically refers to a compound that is present in the electrolyte composition in an amount of at least 20% wt relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
  • additive in connection with said electrolyte composition typically refers to a compound that is present in the electrolyte composition in an amount of less than 20% wt relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
  • electrolyte salt refers to an ionic salt that is at least partially soluble in the electrolyte composition and that at least partially dissociates into ions in the electrolyte composition to form a conductive electrolyte composition.
  • An“electrolyte solvent” as defined herein is a solvent or a solvent mixture for an electrolyte composition.
  • alkyl refers to a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, hydrocarbon chain, which comprises or not heteroatoms such as P, B, N, O, and/or S.
  • heteroatoms such as P, B, N, O, and/or S.
  • a cycloalkyl group may contain up to 8 carbon atoms.
  • An aryl group may be a monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic group. The aryl group may contain from 5 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • a heteroaryl group may be a monocyclic or bicyclic group.
  • the heteroaryl group may contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and one or more N, O or S atoms.
  • the heteroaryl group may be a 5 or 6-membered ring containing one or more N atoms.
  • a heterocyclyl group may be a monocyclic or bicyclic group.
  • the heterocyclyl group may contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and one or more N, O or S atoms.
  • said “alkyl” group is linear.
  • said“alkyl” group is a Ci to C alkyl group.
  • said“alkyl” group is saturated.
  • said “alkyl” group is unsubstituted.
  • said“alkyl” group does not comprise heteroatoms. Any of these embodiments can be combined with one another.
  • “alkyl” means a saturated, unsubstituted group comprising only carbon and hydrogen atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • halogenoalkyl specifically refers to an alkyl group as defined above comprising at least one halogen atom.
  • “fluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group comprising at least one fluorine atom.
  • perhalogenoalkyl refers to an alkyl group comprising only halogen atoms, in addition to the carbon atoms, and devoid of hydrogen atoms.
  • perfluoroalkyl especially refers to an alkyl group comprising only fluorine atoms, in addition to the carbon atoms, and devoid of hydrogen atoms.
  • halogenoalkoxy specifically refers to an alkoxy group (well known to those skilled in the art) wherein at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by a halogen atom.
  • fluoroalkoxy especially refers to an alkoxy group wherein at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by fluorine.
  • reaction medium refers to the medium in which the reaction takes place.
  • the reaction medium comprises the reaction solvent when the reaction is performed in a solvent, the catalyst when a catalyst is used, and, depending on the progression of the reaction, the reactants and/or the products of the reaction. In addition, it can comprise additives and impurities.
  • anode refers to the electrode of an electrochemical cell, at which oxidation occurs.
  • the anode is the electrode at which oxidation occurs during discharge and reduction occurs during charging.
  • cathode refers to the electrode of an electrochemical cell, at which reduction occurs.
  • the cathode is the electrode at which reduction occurs during discharge and oxidation occurs during charging.
  • lithium ion battery refers to a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode during discharge and from the cathode to the anode during charge.
  • the equilibrium potential between lithium and lithium ion is the potential of a reference electrode using lithium metal in contact with the non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium salt at a concentration sufficient to give about 1 mole/liter of lithium ion concentration, and subjected to sufficiently small currents so that the potential of the reference electrode is not significantly altered from its equilibrium value (Li/Li + ).
  • the potential of such a Li/Li + reference electrode is assigned here the value of 0.0V.
  • Potential of an anode or cathode means the potential difference between the anode or cathode and that of a Li/Li + reference electrode.
  • voltage means the voltage difference between the cathode and the anode of a cell, neither electrode of which may be operating at a potential of O.OV.
  • An“energy storage device” is a device that is designed to provide electrical energy on demand, such as a battery or a capacitor. Energy storage devices contemplated herein at least in part provide energy from electrochemical sources.
  • SEI refers to a solid electrolyte interphase layer formed on the active material of an electrode.
  • a lithium-ion secondary electrochemical cell is assembled in an uncharged state and must be charged (a process called formation) for use.
  • components of the electrolyte are reduced or otherwise decomposed or incorporated onto the surface of the negative active material and oxidized or otherwise decomposed or incorporated onto the surface of the positive active material, electrochemically forming a solid-electrolyte interphase on the active materials.
  • these layers which are electrically insulating but ionically conducting, help prevent decomposition of the electrolyte and can extend the cycle life and improve the performance of the battery.
  • the SEI can suppress the reductive decomposition of the electrolyte; on the cathode, the SEI can suppress the oxidation of the electrolyte components.
  • Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group
  • Rn and R12 independently denote H or an alkyl group.
  • Ri denotes H or an alkyl group, preferably an alkyl group, especially a Ci to C4 alkyl group. In a preferred sub-embodiment, Ri is H.
  • Ri denotes a halogen atom being preferably fluorine, or a halogenoalkyl group being preferably a fluoroalkyl group.
  • Ri denotes more preferably F or a Ci to C 4 fluoroalkyl group; the latter can be perfluorinated. More preferably, Ri denotes F or a Ci to C 3 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably F or a Ci to C 2 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group.
  • Ri can especially be selected from:-F -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CH 2 -CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CHF 2 , -CH 2 -CF 3 , - CHF-CH 3 , -CHF-CH 2 F, -CHF-CHF 2 , -CHF-CF 3 , -CF 2 -CH 3 , -CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CF 2 -CHF 2 , and -CF 2 -CF 3 .
  • Ri is F.
  • Ri is a Ci fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group. It can especially be selected from -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 .
  • Ri is -CF 3 .
  • Ri is -CHF 2 .
  • R 11 and R 12 preferably independently denote hydrogen or a Ci to C 3 alkyl group, more preferably hydrogen or a Ci to C 2 alkyl group, still more preferably hydrogen or a Ci alkyl group and even more preferably hydrogen.
  • Rn is hydrogen and R 12 is a Ci to C 4 alkyl group.
  • R 12 preferably denotes a Ci to C 3 alkyl group, more preferably a Ci to C 2 alkyl group, still more preferably a Ci alkyl group.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VII) are given in table 1. Among these compounds, compound (VII).1 is particularly preferred.
  • One subject matter of the invention is a process for making a compound of formula (VII) such as defined above, wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group; Rn and R 12 independently denote H or an alkyl group;
  • Xi denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group
  • X 2 denotes a halogen atom
  • Ri, R 11 and R 12 are preferably such as described in connection with compound (VII) above.
  • Xi denotes hydrogen or a Ci to C 4 alkyl group. According to this embodiment, Xi preferably denotes hydrogen or a Ci to C 3 alkyl group, more preferably hydrogen or a Ci to C 2 alkyl group, still more preferably hydrogen or a Ci alkyl group and even more preferably hydrogen.
  • Xi denotes a halogen atom or a Ci to C 4 halogenoalkyl group.
  • Said halogen can be more specifically selected from chlorine and fluorine.
  • Xi denotes fluorine or a Ci to C 4 fluoroalkyl group.
  • Said fluoroalkyl group can be perfluorinated. More preferably, Xi denotes a halogen atom or a Ci to C 3 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably a halogen atom or a Ci to C 2 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group.
  • Xi can especially be selected from: -F, -CFfiF, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CH 2 -CH 2 F, -CH 2 - CHF 2 , -CH 2 -CF 3 , -CHF-CH 3 , -CHF-CH 2 F, -CHF-CHF 2 , -CHF-CF 3 , -CF 2 -CH 3 , -CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CF 2 - CHF 2 , and -CF 2 -CF 3 .
  • Xi is F.
  • Xi is a Ci fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group.
  • Xi is -CF 3 .
  • Xi is -CHF 2 .
  • Xi is -CH 2 F.
  • Xi denotes chlorine or a Ci to C4 chloroalkyl group.
  • Said chloroalkyl group can be perchlorinated. More preferably, Xi denotes a chlorine atom or a Ci to C 3 chloro- or perchloroalkyl group, still more preferably a chlorine atom or a Ci to C 2 chloro- or perchloroalkyl group.
  • Xi can especially be selected from: -Cl, -CH 2 CI, -CHCb, -CCI 3 , -CH 2 -CH 2 CI, -CH2-CHCI2, -CH2-CCI3, -CHCI-CH3, -CHCI-CH2CI, -CHCl-CHCb, -CHCl-CCb, -CCI2-CH3, - CCI 2 -CH 2 CI, -CCI 2 -CHCI 2 , and -CCI 2 -CCI 3 .
  • Xi is Cl.
  • Xi is a Ci fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group.
  • Xi is -CCI 3 .
  • Xi is -CHCb.
  • Xi is -CH 2 CI.
  • X2 is preferably selected from fluorine and chlorine.
  • Xi and X2 are both fluorine. In an alternative specific embodiment, Xi and X2 are both chlorine.
  • suitable compounds of formula (F) mention can be made of 4-fluoroethylene carbonate, 4-chloroethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methyl-ethylene carbonate, 4-chloro-5-methyl- ethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate, 4,5-dichloroethylene carbonate and 4-chloro-5- fluoroethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-ethylene carbonate, 4-chloro-5- trifluoromethyl- ethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-difluoromethyl-ethylene carbonate, 4-chloro-5- difluoromethyl- ethylene carbonate.
  • Compound (is) is l,3-dioxol-2-one (i.e. vinylene carbonate).
  • the initial molar ratio (compound of formula (F) or ( ⁇ /compound of formula (v)) preferably ranges from 0.60 to 1.40, more preferably from 0.70 to 1.10 and still preferably from 0.90 to 1.00.
  • an organic solvent preferably polar, more preferably polar aprotic, is used as reaction medium to perform the reaction between compound of formula (17) or (is) with compound of formula (v). It is preferable for this solvent to be anhydrous to avoid a potential hydrolysis reaction.
  • Suitable organic polar aprotic solvents include without limitation nitrogen- containing solvents such as acetonitrile, adiponitrile, nitrobenzene, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide; ester-type solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl formate, gamma-butyrolactone, ethylacetate, methylmethacrylate, n-butyl acetate, ethyl lactate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate; carbonate type solvents such as ethylene carbonate, propylene- 1, 2-carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate; ether-type solvents such as tetrahydroiuran, l,3-dioxolane, l,4-dioxane. Acetonitrile is particularly preferred.
  • the amount of organic solvent to be used depends on the nature of the organic solvent chosen and can be readily determined by a person skilled in the art.
  • the reaction can alternatively be performed without solvent.
  • the reactants (i?) or (is) and (v) serve as reaction medium.
  • a hydrogen halide by-product of formula HX2 may be formed, wherein X2 is such as described above in respect of compound (b).
  • This hydrogen halide by-product can be removed by any known method, for example by addition of a suitable base into the reaction medium in order to salify said hydrogen halide, and so ease its eliminating.
  • a carbonate of alkali or alkaline earth metal is added as a base in the reaction medium, it will react with the hydrogen halide formed to form in turn the corresponding halide of alkali or alkaline earth metal.
  • the latter can be removed by any know method, for instance by filtration.
  • reaction of compound (b) or (is) with compound (v) is performed in presence of a base.
  • Said base is preferably selected from trialkylamines, carbonates of alkali or alkaline earth metals, more preferably from carbonates of alkali metals, still more preferably from sodium or potassium carbonate.
  • the trialkylamine is preferably selected from C1-C4 trialkylamines wherein the alkyl groups can be the same or different, being preferably triethylamine.
  • the amount of base to be added depends on the amount of limiting reagent.
  • the molar ratio of base relative to compound (17) or (3 ⁇ 4) ranges from 1 :10 to 2: 1, preferably from 1 :8 to 1.6:1, more preferably from 1 : 1 to 1.3: 1, or alternatively from 1 :7 to 1 :2.
  • the reaction between compound of formula (17) with compound of formula (v) can be performed by heating at a temperature ranging from 50°C to 200°C, preferably from 60°C to l50°C, more preferably from 65°C to l00°C, still more preferably from 70°C to 90°C.
  • the reaction temperature may be from 0°C to 50°C, preferably from 0°C to 25°C, more preferably from 0°C to l5°C, still more preferably from 0°C to room temperature.
  • reaction of compound (17) or (is) with compound (v) can be performed at atmospheric pressure but higher or lower pressure can be used.
  • An absolute total pressure ranging from 1 to 20 bar and preferably from 1 to 3 bar may be suitable.
  • reaction of compound (17) or (is) with compound (v) is preferably performed under inert atmosphere as compound (VII) formed may be sensitive to moisture.
  • Reaction time to perform the reaction between compound of formula (1 7 ) or (is) with compound of formula (v) can vary widely as a function of the reaction temperature chosen. It can range from 1 hour to one day, especially from 1 hour to 12 hours, more particularly from 1 hour to 5 hours.
  • the reaction of compound of formula (17) or (is) with compound of formula (v) may provide an intermediate compound of formula (Vllbis): (Vllbis)
  • Xi denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group
  • Rn and R12 independently denote H or an alkyl group.
  • the process for making the compound of formula (VII) according to the present invention may further comprise an additional step consisting in converting Xi group into Ri group.
  • Such conversion step may consist in reacting the intermediate compound (Vllbis) with an appropriate reagent to obtain compound (VII).
  • a fluorination reaction may be performed in order to convert said hydrogen atoms into fluorine atoms.
  • the fluorination reaction may be a one-step reaction or a multistep reaction.
  • An appropriate reagent for conducting the fluorination reaction as one-step reaction can be selected from the fluorination agent like F 2 .
  • the amount of fluorination agent may typically be selected such that the molar ratio (fluorination agent/compound (17) or (is)) ranges from 1 :1 to 2:1; preferably from 1 :1 to 1.6:1.
  • the fluorination reaction step is preferably performed at a temperature ranging from 30°C to 200°C, preferably from 40°C to l00°C, more preferably from 45°C to 60°C.
  • the fluorination reaction can be performed at atmospheric pressure but higher or lower pressure can be used. An absolute total pressure ranging from 1 to 20 bar and preferably from 1 to 3 bar may be suitable.
  • the fluorination reaction is preferably performed under inert atmosphere.
  • the fluorination reaction may be a multiple-step reaction, wherein a halogenation reaction may be first performed in order to convert said hydrogen atoms into halogen atoms which are not fluorine atoms, and then a halogen exchange reaction may be performed. Said halogenation reaction may be carried out similarly to the fluorination reaction as described above, by the means of an appropriate halogenation reagent, for instance Ch. Then, the halogen exchange reaction may be carried out as disclosed herein below.
  • a halogen exchange reaction (also called“Halex” reaction) is to be performed in order to convert said halogen atoms into fluorine atoms.
  • a fluorination agent is used to perform said halogen exchange reaction. It is preferably selected from fluorides of alkali or alkaline earth metals, more preferably from fluorides of alkali metals, still more preferably from sodium and potassium fluorides, even more preferably being potassium fluoride.
  • the amount of fluorination agent depends on the amount of limiting reactant in the reaction step between compound (b) and (v). Typically, when the limiting reactant is compound (b), the molar ratio (fluorination agent/compound (b)) ranges from 1 :1 to 2: 1; preferably from 1 :1 to 1.5: 1.
  • the halogen exchange reaction step is preferably performed at a temperature ranging from 50°C to 200°C, preferably from 60°C to l50°C, more preferably from 65°C to lOO°C, still more preferably from 70°C to 90°C.
  • the halogen exchange reaction can be performed at atmospheric pressure but higher or lower pressure can be used.
  • An absolute total pressure ranging from 1 to 20 bar and preferably from 1 to 3 bar may be suitable.
  • the halogen exchange reaction is preferably performed under inert atmosphere. Reaction time to perform the halogen exchange reaction can vary widely as a function of the reaction temperature chosen. It can range from 1 hour to one day, especially from 1 hour to 12 hours, more particularly from 1 hour to 5 hours.
  • a step consisting in removing possible solid impurities is performed.
  • Any appropriate method known by the skilled person can be used, such as, for instance, precipitation followed by filtration on different types of supports, centrifugation, separation on settling and evaporation, this list not being exhaustive.
  • the reaction medium it is preferable for the reaction medium to be cooled at a temperature ranging from l5°C to 25°C. The decrease in temperature decreases the solubility of possible impurities and provokes their precipitation.
  • the insoluble impurities can be readily removed, for example by filtration.
  • the progress of the reaction(s) can be monitored by the degree of conversion of the compound of formula (b) or (is), which is the molar ratio of the amount of compound of formula (b) or (b) which has been consumed to the initial amount of compound of formula (b) or (is) in the reaction medium, this degree being readily calculated after dosing compound of formula (b) or (is) remaining in the reaction medium.
  • the reaction medium can be treated in a way known per se in order to separate the different compounds present, especially to isolate the compound of formula (VII) obtained. It makes it possible for the remaining starting (or intermediate) materials to be recycled in order to produce an additional amount of the targeted compound of formula (VII).
  • One or more liquid/solid separation operations can be carried out, for example in order to separate possible solid impurities from the reaction medium.
  • the techniques used can be crystallization, filtration on different types of supports, centrifugation, separation on settling and evaporation, this list not being exhaustive.
  • one or more liquid/liquid separation operations can be carried out in order to separate and/or purify the product obtained.
  • the process for making compound of formula (VII) can additionally comprise at least one step subsequent to the reaction step between compound of formula (b) or (is) and compound of formula (v) or subsequent to the conversion step (for instance fluorination reaction or halogen exchange reaction) when the latter is performed, which consists in isolating compound (VII).
  • the manufacturing process of compound (VII) comprises, subsequent to the reaction step between compound of formula (b) or (is) and compound of formula (v) or subsequent to the conversion step (for instance fluorination reaction or halogen exchange reaction) when the latter is performed, the following steps:
  • reaction medium optionally, separating possible solid impurities from the reaction medium, for example by filtration;
  • isolating compound (Vll) for example by distillation, preferably by distillation under reduced pressure.
  • isolated compound of formula (Vll) has a purity degree of at least 95% wt, 96% wt, 97% wt, 98 % wt, or even 99 % wt.
  • the process can additionally comprise a step subsequent to the reaction step between compound of formula (b) or (is) with compound of formula (v), which consists in separating part or all of the unreacted compound of formula (b) or (is), and (v) and in recycling these compounds in the process. This step can advantageously be performed just after the reaction between compound (b) or (is) with compound (v) and before isolating and/or purifying compound (Vll).
  • One subject matter of the invention is the use as component for an electrolyte composition, especially one suitable for electrochemical cells such as lithium ion batteries, of a compound of formula (Vll) as described above.
  • Compound(s) of formula (VII) can advantageously be used for said electrolyte composition as solvent(s) or additive(s), depending on the amount added in the electrolyte composition.
  • One object of the present invention is accordingly an electrolyte composition, especially one suitable for an electrochemical cell such as a lithium-ion battery, comprising at least one compound selected from compounds (VII) described above or a mixture thereof and at least one electrolyte salt.
  • Said at least one compound of formula (VII) or mixtures thereof can advantageously be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 0.05% to 95%, preferably from 0.8% to 70%, more preferably from 1% to 50%, more preferably from 2% to 20%, even more preferably from 3% to 10%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
  • said compound of formula (VII) is an additive, it may be present in the electrolyte composition in the range from 0.05 to about 20 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition, for example in the range of from 0.05 to about 10 percent by weight, or from 0.1 to about 5.0 percent by weight, or from 0.3 to about 4.0 percent by weight, or from 0.5 to 2.0 percent by weight.
  • said compound of formula (VII) is a solvent
  • it may be present in the electrolyte composition in the range from about 20% to about 99.95% by weight of the electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte composition according to the invention can further comprise at least one of the following compounds:
  • A is Si or C
  • Li, L2 and L3 which can be the same or different, independently denote a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, C3-C12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
  • Rii, R12 and R13 which can be the same or different, independently denote H, a halogen atom, a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, or C6-C10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from a halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, and/or optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
  • Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group
  • L 4 denotes a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C3-C 12 cycloalkylene, C3-C 12 arylene, or C 4 -C 16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
  • RL t denotes H, a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, or C6-C10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from a halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, and/or optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and
  • Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group
  • L5 denotes a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C3-C 12 cycloalkylene, C3-C 12 arylene, or C 4 -C 16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
  • Rh denotes H, a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, or C 6 -C 10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from a halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, and/or optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and
  • M3 is H, a metal or IS ⁇ RieRivRhRk), wherein Ri6, Rb, Ris and R19, which can be the same or different, independently denote H or a C 1 -C 12 alkyl group.
  • Riio and Rin which can be the same or different, independently denote H, a Ci-Cs alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, or C 6 -C 10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups;
  • Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group
  • Le is a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, Ci- C 4 alkylene, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkylene, C 3 -C 12 arylene, or C 4 -C 16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
  • M 4 is H, a metal or N(Ri 6 Ri 7 RisRi 9 ), wherein Ri 6 , R1 7 , Ris and R1 9 , which can be the same or different, independently denote H or a C 1 -C 12 alkyl group;
  • X 3 and X 4 which can be the same or different, are independently selected from:
  • Rin is H, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, a C 1 -C 4 alkenyl group or a C 1 -C 4 alkynyl group;
  • Rin and R1 4 which can be the same or different, are independently H, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, a C 1 -C 4 alkenyl group or a C 1 -C 4 alkynyl group;
  • Rii 5 , Riie, Rin and Rin which can be the same or different, are independently selected from H, a halogen atom, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group and a C 1 -C 4 halogenoalkyl group;
  • y is an integer ranging from 0 to 2 such as (1. 7 ) 0 stands for a simple bond and when y is 1 or 2, L 7 stands for a C Ri 9 R1 20 group where Rin and R1 20 , which can be the same or different, are H, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, a C 1 -C 4 alkenyl group or a C 1 -C 4 alkynyl group;
  • Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group or a C 1 -C 4 halogenoalkyl group;
  • L8 is a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkylene, C 3 -C 12 arylene, or C 4 -C 16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
  • Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group or a C1-C4 halogenoalkyl group;
  • n denotes an integer greater than or equal to 2
  • R1 23 denotes a n,- valent linkage group comprising at least one carbon atom and atoms selected from C, H, a halogen atom and O, and the S atom of the -SO 2 R 1 group is bound to a carbon atom of the R1 23 group;
  • R1 24 and R1 25 which can be the same or different, are independently selected from H, a halogen atom, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, and a C 1 -C 4 halogenoalkyl group;
  • A is Si.
  • Li, L 2 , and L 3 which can be the same or different, preferably independently denote a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, being more preferably a simple bond.
  • Rii, Rf and R1 3 which can be the same or different, preferably independently denote a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C 2 - C8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, more preferably a linear or branched C 1 -C 4 alkyl and still more preferably methyl.
  • A is C.
  • Li, L 2 , and L 3 which can be the same or different, preferably independently denote a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 alkylene, still more preferably a C 1 -C 2 alkylene, even more preferably -CH 2 -.
  • Rii, Ri 2 and R1 3 which can be the same or different, preferably independently denote a fluorine atom or a linear or branched C 1 -C 4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, being preferably F.
  • L 4 denotes preferably a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 alkylene, still more preferably a C 1 -C 2 alkylene, even more preferably CFb.
  • Ri 4 preferably denotes a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, more preferably a C 1 -C 4 alkyl, still more preferably a C 1 -C 2 alkyl and even more preferably CH 3 .
  • Ri preferably denotes a C 1 -C 4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably a C 1 -C 2 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and even more preferably a Ci fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, such as in particular CF 3 .
  • L 5 denotes preferably a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, more preferably a simple bond or a C 1 -C 3 alkylene, still more preferably a simple bond or a C 1 -C 2 alkylene, even more preferably a simple bond or CFb.
  • Ri preferably denotes a C 1 -C 4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably a C 1 -C 2 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and even more preferably a Ci fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group.
  • L 5 is a simple bond and Ri is CFbF or CF 3 .
  • L 5 is CH 2 and Ri is CHF 2 .
  • Rb preferably denotes a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, more preferably a C 1 -C 4 alkyl, still more preferably a C 1 -C 2 alkyl and even more preferably CH 3 .
  • M 3 is preferably a metal selected from alkali metals and rare earth metals; more preferably from alkali metals, especially Li and Na; and still more preferably Li.
  • Riio and Riu which can be the same or different, preferably independently denote a Ci-Cs alkyl, more preferably a C 1 -C 4 alkyl, still more preferably a C 1 -C 2 alkyl and even more preferably CFb.
  • Ri preferably denotes a C 1 -C 4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably a C 1 -C 2 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and even more preferably a Ci fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, such as in particular CF 3 .
  • Lr preferably denotes a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, being more preferably a simple bond.
  • M 4 is preferably a metal selected from alkali metals and rare earth metals; more preferably from alkali metals, especially Li and Na; and still more preferably Li.
  • X 3 is NR1 1 2 where R1 12 is H, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, a C 1 -C 4 alkenyl group or a C 1 -C 4 alkynyl group.
  • Rii 2 is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 2 alkyl group and more preferably CH 3 .
  • X 4 is preferably C Ri 3 Ri 4 where RI and Rii 4 , which can be the same or different, are independently H, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, a C 1 -C 4 alkenyl group or a C 1 -C 4 alkynyl group. Rio and Rii 4 , are preferably independently H or a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, and more preferably both H. According to the same embodiment, RIB, Rii 6 , Rin and Rii x, which can be the same or different, are preferably independently selected from H and a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, being more preferably H.
  • X 3 is O.
  • X 4 is preferably O.
  • RIB, Rii 6 , Rin and Rin which can be the same or different, are preferably independently selected from H and a halogen atom, more preferably from H and fluorine. In one sub embodiment, RIB, Rii 6 and Rin are both H and Rin is fluorine.
  • y is preferably equal to 0 such as (In)o stands for a simple bond.
  • Ri preferably denotes a C 1 -C 4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, more preferably a C 1 -C 3 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably a C 1 -C 2 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and even more preferably a Ci fluoroalkyl group, such as in particular CHF 2 .
  • Lx preferably denotes a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, being more preferably a C 1 -C 3 alkylene, still more preferably a Ci- C 2 alkylene, even more preferably CH 2 .
  • Ri denotes preferably a halogen atom or a C 1 -C 4 halogenoalkyl group, more preferably F or a C 1 -C 4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and still preferably Ri is F.
  • the index n preferably denotes an integer equal to 2 so that R1 23 denotes a divalent linkage.
  • R1 23 preferably denotes an alkylene, more preferably a Ci-Ce alkylene, a C 1 -C 5 alkylene, a C 1 -C 4 alkylene and more preferably a C 3 alkylene, especially C 3 H 6 .
  • R1 24 and R1 25 are preferably selected from H, F, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, and a C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl group.
  • R1 24 is preferably selected from F and a C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl group, being preferably F.
  • R1 25 is preferably selected from H, F and a C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl group, being more preferably selected from H and F.
  • R1 24 is F and R1 25 is H.
  • R1 24 and R1 25 are both F.
  • Said at least one compound of formula (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI) or mixture thereof can be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 0.05% to 94.5%, preferably from 0.8% to 70%, more preferably from 1% to 50%, more preferably from 2% to 20%, even more preferably from 3% to 10%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte composition according to the invention can further comprise at least one non- fluorinated cyclic carbonate, preferably selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ethyl propyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, dimethylvinylene carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • at least one non- fluorinated cyclic carbonate preferably selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ethyl propyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, dimethylvinylene carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • Said non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate can be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 5% to 50%, preferably from 10% to 45%, more preferably from 12% to 40%, more preferably from 15% to 35%, even more preferably from 17% to 30%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte composition according to the invention can further comprise at least one non- fluorinated acyclic carbonate, preferably selected from ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, ethyl butyl carbonate, propyl butyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • acyclic carbonate preferably selected from ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, ethyl butyl carbonate, propyl butyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, and mixture
  • Said non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate can be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 5% to 50%, preferably from 10% to 45%, more preferably from 12% to 40%, more preferably from 15% to 35%, even more preferably from 17% to 30%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte composition according to the invention can further comprise at least one fluorinated carbonate, preferably selected from 4-fluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4-fluoro-4-methyl-l,3- dioxolan-2-one; 4-fluoro-5-methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4-fluoro-4,5-dimethyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one;
  • Said fluorinated carbonate can be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 0.05% to 20%, preferably from 0.8% to 15%, more preferably from l% to 10%, more preferably from 2% to 10%, even more preferably from 3% to 10%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte composition according to the invention can further comprise at least one compound selected from:
  • R 13 is H, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group;
  • R15 and Rn is each independently a fluoroalkyl group and can be either the same as or different from each other;
  • Ri4, Ri6, and Ri x is each independently an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group and can be either the same as or different from each other;
  • Rn and Rn comprises fluorine
  • R B and Rn, Rn and Rn, Rn and Rn, each taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms.
  • none of Rn, Rn, Rn, Rn, Rn, nor Rn contains a FCTh- group or a -FCH- group.
  • Rn and Rn in the formula above do not contain fluorine, and Rn and Rn contain fluorine.
  • Suitable fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid esters are represented by the formula:
  • Rn is H, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group
  • R14 is an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group
  • Rn and Rn comprises fluorine
  • Rn and R I4 taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms.
  • Rn is H and R I4 is a fluoroalkyl group. In one embodiment, Rn is an alkyl group and R I4 is a fluoroalkyl group. In one embodiment, Rn is a fluoroalkyl group and R I4 is an alkyl group. In one embodiment, Rn is a fluoroalkyl group and R I4 is a fluoroalkyl group, and Rn and R 14 can be either the same as or different from each other. In one embodiment, Rn comprises one carbon atom. In one embodiment, Rn comprises two carbon atoms.
  • Rn and R I4 are as defined herein above, and Rn and Rn, taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms and further comprise at least two fluorine atoms, with the proviso that neither Rn nor Rn contains a FCFfi- group or a - FCH- group.
  • the number of carbon atoms in Rn in the formula above is 1, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the number of carbon atoms in Rn in the formula above is 1.
  • fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid esters include without limitation CH 3 -COO-CH 2 CF 2 H (2,2-difluoroethyl acetate, CAS No. 1550-44-3), CH 3 -COO-CH 2 CF 3 (2,2,2- trifluoroethyl acetate, CAS No. 406-95-1), CH 3 CH 2 -COO-CH 2 CF 2 H (2,2-difluoroethyl propionate, CAS No.
  • the fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester comprises 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate (CH 3 -COO-CH 2 CF 2 H).
  • the fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester comprises 2,2- difluoroethyl propionate (CH 3 CH 2 -COO-CH 2 CF 2 H).
  • the fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester comprises 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acetate (CH 3 -COO- CH 2 CF 3 ). According to another preferred embodiment, the fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester comprises 2,2-difluoroethyl formate (H-COO-CH 2 CF 2 H).
  • Suitable fluorinated acyclic carbonates are represented by the formula
  • R 15 is a fluoroalkyl group
  • Ri 6 is an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group
  • R 15 and Ri 6 taken as a pair comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms.
  • R 15 is a fluoroalkyl group and Ri 6 is an alkyl group. In one embodiment, R 15 is a fluoroalkyl group and Ri 6 is a fluoroalkyl group, and R 15 and Ri 6 can be either the same as or different from each other. In one embodiment, R 15 comprises one carbon atom. In one embodiment, R 15 comprises two carbon atoms.
  • R 15 and Ri 6 are as defined herein above, and R 15 and Ri 6 , taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms and further comprise at least two fluorine atoms, with the proviso that neither R 15 nor Ri 6 contains a FCFb- group or a - FCH- group.
  • fluorinated acyclic carbonates include without limitation CH 3 - 0C(0)0-CH 2 CF 2 H (methyl 2,2-difluoroethyl carbonate, CAS No. 916678-13-2), CFb-0C(0)0- CH 2 CF 3 (methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate, CAS No. 156783-95-8), CFb-0C(0)0- CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H (methyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl carbonate, CAS No.156783-98-1), HCF 2 CH 2 - OCOO-CH 2 CH 3 (ethyl 2,2-difluoroethyl carbonate, CAS No. 916678-14-3), and CF 3 CH 2 -OCOO- CH 2 CH 3 (ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate, CAS No. 156783-96-9).
  • Suitable fluorinated acyclic ethers are represented by the formula
  • Rn is a fluoroalkyl group
  • Ri 8 is an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group
  • Rn and Ri 8 taken as a pair comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms.
  • Rn is a fluoroalkyl group and Rix is an alkyl group.
  • Rn is a fluoroalkyl group and Ri x is a fluoroalkyl group, and Rn and Rn can be either the same as or different from each other.
  • Rn comprises one carbon atom.
  • Rn comprises two carbon atoms.
  • Rn and Rn are as defined herein above, and Rn and Rn, taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms and further comprise at least two fluorine atoms, with the proviso that neither Rn nor Rn contains a FCFb- group or a - FCH- group.
  • fluorinated acyclic ethers examples include without limitation HCF2CF2CH2-O- CF2CF2H (CAS No. 16627-68-2) and HCF2CH2-O-CF2CF2H (CAS No. 50807-77-7).
  • the electrolyte composition according to the invention may comprise, advantageously as solvent, a fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester, a fluorinated acyclic carbonate, a fluorinated acyclic ether, or mixtures thereof.
  • a fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester a fluorinated acyclic carbonate
  • fluorinated acyclic ether a fluorinated acyclic ether
  • mixtures thereof encompasses both mixtures within and mixtures between solvent classes, for example mixtures of two or more fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid esters, and also mixtures of fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid esters and fluorinated acyclic carbonates, for example.
  • Non-limiting examples include a mixture of 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate and 2,2-difluoroethyl propionate; and a mixture of 2,2- difluoroethyl acetate and 2,2 difluoroethyl methyl carbonate.
  • the fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester, the fluorinated acyclic carbonate and/or the fluorinated acyclic ether can be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 5% to 95%, preferably from 10% to 80%, more preferably from 20% to 75%, more preferably from 30% to 70%, even more preferably from 50% to 70%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte composition according to the invention further comprises at least one electrolyte salt.
  • Said electrolyte salt is preferably a lithium salt when the electrolyte composition is to be used in a lithium-ion battery.
  • the lithium electrolyte salt is preferably selected from hexafluorophosphate (LiPFr,), lithium bis(trifluoromethyl)tetrafluorophosphate (LiPF i(CF3)2), lithium bis(pentafluoroethyl)tetrafluorophosphate (LiPFkCFFxk), lithium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (LiPFxfCFFxT), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF3S0 2 ) 2 ), lithium bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide LiNfCnFxSChk, LiNfCFFxSChk, lithium (
  • the lithium electrolyte salt is preferably selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and is preferably hexafluorophosphate.
  • the electrolyte salt is present in the electrolyte composition of the invention in an amount ranging from 5% to 20%, preferably from 6% to 18%, more preferably from 8% to 17%, more preferably from 9% to 16%, even more preferably from 11% to 16%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
  • One further object of the invention is the use of at least one compound of formula (1) to (Vll) such as defined above, eventually in combination with at least one compound of formula (Vlll) to (XVII) such as defined above, as component(s) of an electrolyte composition, especially one suitable for an electrochemical cells such as a lithium-ion battery.
  • One other object of the present invention is an electrochemical cell comprising:
  • an electrochemical cell comprising a housing, an anode and a cathode disposed in the housing and in ionically conductive contact with one another, an electrolyte composition, as described herein above providing an ionically conductive pathway between the anode and the cathode, and a porous or microporous separator between the anode and the cathode.
  • the electrochemical cell is a lithium ion battery.
  • the housing may be any suitable container to house the electrochemical cell components.
  • Housing materials are well-known in the art and can include, for example, metal and polymeric housings. While the shape of the housing is not particularly important, suitable housings can be fabricated in the shape of a small or large cylinder, a prismatic case, or a pouch.
  • the anode and the cathode may be comprised of any suitable conducting material depending on the type of electrochemical cell. Suitable examples of anode materials include without limitation lithium metal, lithium metal alloys, lithium titanate, aluminum, platinum, palladium, graphite, transition metal oxides, and lithiated tin oxide. Suitable examples of cathode materials include without limitation graphite, aluminum, platinum, palladium, electroactive transition metal oxides comprising lithium or sodium, indium tin oxide, and conducting polymers such as polypyrrole and polyvinylferrocene.
  • the porous separator serves to prevent short circuiting between the anode and the cathode.
  • the porous separator typically consists of a single-ply or multi-ply sheet of a microporous polymer such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide or a combination thereof.
  • the pore size of the porous separator is sufficiently large to permit transport of ions to provide ionically conductive contact between the anode and the cathode, but small enough to prevent contact of the anode and cathode either directly or from particle penetration or dendrites which can form on the anode and cathode. Examples of porous separators suitable for use herein are disclosed in U.S. Application SN 12/963,927 (filed 09 Dec 2010, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0149852, now U.S. Patent No. 8,518,525).
  • the cathode can include, for example, cathode electroactive materials comprising lithium and transition metals, such as L1C0O 2 , LiNiCE, LiMmCk, LiCoo. 2 Nio. 2 O 2 , L1V3O8, LiNio.5Mn 1.5 O 4 ; LiFeP0 4 , LiMnPO i, L1C0PO 4 , and L1VPO 4 F.
  • the cathode active materials can include, for example:
  • Li a Nii_ b-c Co b R c 0 2-d Z d where 0.9 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.8, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.4, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.05, and 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.05; Lii+ z Nii- x -yCo x AlyCk, where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.1, and 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.06.
  • Suitable cathodes include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos.
  • rare earth element is meant the lanthanide elements from La to Lu, and Y and Sc.
  • the cathode material is an NMC cathode; that is, a LiNiMnCoO cathode, more specifically, cathodes in which
  • the cathode comprises a material of the formula Li a Mn b J c 04Z d , wherein J is Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe, Cu, V, Ti, Zr, Mo, B, Al, Ga, Si, Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, Zn, Sn, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof; Z is F, S, P, or a combination thereof; and 0.9 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, 1.3 ⁇ b ⁇ 2.2, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.7, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.4.
  • the cathode in the electrochemical cell or lithium ion battery disclosed herein comprises a cathode active material exhibiting greater than 30 mAh/g capacity in the potential range greater than 4.6 V versus a Li/Li + reference electrode.
  • a cathode active material exhibiting greater than 30 mAh/g capacity in the potential range greater than 4.6 V versus a Li/Li + reference electrode.
  • a cathode is a stabilized manganese cathode comprising a lithium-containing manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure as cathode active material.
  • the lithium-containing manganese composite oxide in a cathode suitable for use herein comprises oxides of the formula Li x Ni y M z Mn2- y-z 04- d , wherein x is 0.03 to 1.0; x changes in accordance with release and uptake of lithium ions and electrons during charge and discharge; y is 0.3 to 0.6; M comprises one or more of Cr, Fe, Co, Li, Al, Ga, Nb, Mo, Ti, Zr, Mg, Zn, V, and Cu; z is 0.01 to 0.18; and d is 0 to 0.3.
  • y is 0.38 to 0.48
  • z is 0.03 to 0.12
  • d is 0 to 0.1.
  • M is one or more of Li, Cr, Fe, Co and Ga.
  • Stabilized manganese cathodes may also comprise spinel layered composites which contain a manganese-containing spinel component and a lithium rich layered structure, as described in U.S. Patent No. 7,303,840.
  • the cathode comprises a composite material represented by the structure of Formula:
  • x is about 0.005 to about 0.1 ;
  • A comprises one or more of Mn or Ti
  • Q comprises one or more of Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mg, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, Zn, Zr or Y;
  • e is 0 to about 0.3;
  • v is 0 to about 0.5.
  • w is 0 to about 0.6
  • M comprises one or more of Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Mg, Mn, Nb, Ni, Si, Ti, V, Zn, Zr or Y;
  • d is 0 to about 0.5
  • y is about 0 to about 1 ;
  • z is about 0.3 to about 1 ;
  • Li y Mn2- z M z 04- d component has a spinel structure and the Li2-wQw+vAi- v 03-e component has a layered structure.
  • x can be preferably about 0 to about 0.1.
  • the cathode in the lithium ion battery disclosed herein comprises
  • A is Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, V, or a combination thereof;
  • R is Al, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Sr, V, Zr, Ti, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof;
  • D is P, S, Si, or a combination thereof
  • Z is F, Cl, S, or a combination thereof
  • the cathode in the lithium ion battery ore electrochemical cell disclosed herein comprises a cathode active material which is charged to a potential greater than or equal to about 4.1 V, or greater than or equal to 4.35 V, or greater than 4.5 V, or greater than or equal to 4.6 V versus a Li/Li + reference electrode.
  • a cathode active material which is charged to a potential greater than or equal to about 4.1 V, or greater than or equal to 4.35 V, or greater than 4.5 V, or greater than or equal to 4.6 V versus a Li/Li + reference electrode.
  • Other examples are layered- layered high-capacity oxygen- release cathodes such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 7,468,223 charged to upper charging potentials above 4.5 V.
  • the cathode comprises a cathode active material exhibiting greater than 30 mAh/g capacity in the potential range greater than 4.6 V versus a Li/Li + reference electrode, or a cathode active material which is charged to a potential greater than or equal to 4.35 V versus a Li/Li + reference electrode.
  • a cathode active material suitable for use herein can be prepared using methods such as the hydroxide precursor method described by Liu et al (./. Phys. Chem. C 13:15073-15079, 2009). In that method, hydroxide precursors are precipitated from a solution containing the required amounts of manganese, nickel and other desired metal(s) acetates by the addition of KOH. The resulting precipitate is oven-dried and then fired with the required amount of LiOTPTLO at about 800 to about 1000°C in oxygen for 3 to 24 hours.
  • the cathode active material can be prepared using a solid phase reaction process or a sol-gel process as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,738,957 (Amine).
  • a cathode, in which the cathode active material is contained, suitable for use herein may be prepared by methods such as mixing an effective amount of the cathode active material (e.g. about 70 wt% to about 97 wt%), a polymer binder, such as polyvinylidene difluoride, and conductive carbon in a suitable solvent, such as N-methylpyrrolidone, to generate a paste, which is then coated onto a current collector such as aluminum foil, and dried to form the cathode.
  • a suitable solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone
  • An electrochemical cell or lithium ion battery as disclosed herein further contains an anode, which comprises an anode active material that is capable of storing and releasing lithium ions.
  • suitable anode active materials include, for example, lithium alloys such as lithium- aluminum alloy, lithium- lead alloy, lithium-silicon alloy, and lithium-tin alloy; carbon materials such as graphite and mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB); phosphorus-containing materials such as black phosphorus, M11P4 and C0P 3 ; metal oxides such as SnCL, SnO and T1O2; nanocomposites containing antimony or tin, for example nanocomposites containing antimony, oxides of aluminum, titanium, or molybdenum, and carbon, such as those described by Yoon et al (Chem.
  • the anode active material is lithium titanate or graphite ln another embodiment, the anode is graphite.
  • An anode can be made by a method similar to that described above for a cathode wherein, for example, a binder such as a vinyl fluoride-based copolymer is dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent or water, which is then mixed with the active, conductive material to obtain a paste.
  • the paste is coated onto a metal foil, preferably aluminum or copper foil, to be used as the current collector.
  • the paste is dried, preferably with heat, so that the active mass is bonded to the current collector.
  • Suitable anode active materials and anodes are available commercially from companies such as Hitachi, NEI Inc. (Somerset, NJ), and Farasis Energy Inc. (Hayward, CA).
  • the electrochemical cell as disclosed herein can be used in a variety of applications.
  • the electrochemical cell can be used for grid storage or as a power source in various electronically powered or assisted devices (“Electronic Device”) such as a computer, a camera, a radio, a power tool, a telecommunications device, or a transportation device (including a motor vehicle, automobile, truck, bus or airplane).
  • Electronic Device such as a computer, a camera, a radio, a power tool, a telecommunications device, or a transportation device (including a motor vehicle, automobile, truck, bus or airplane).
  • One other object of the present invention is an electronic device, a transportation device, or a telecommunications device, comprising an electrochemical cell according to the invention.
  • One other object of the present invention is a method for forming an electrolyte composition.
  • the method comprises combining a) at least one compound selected from those of formula (VII), b) at least one electrolyte salt, c) optionally at least one compound selected from those of formula (VIII) to (XVII), to form the electrolyte composition.
  • other components especially such as those described above in connection with the electrolyte composition of the invention, are combined according to this method.
  • the components can be combined in any suitable order.
  • the step of combining can be accomplished by adding the individual components of the electrolyte composition sequentially or at the same time.
  • the components a) and c) are combined to make a first solution. After the formation of the first solution, an amount of the electrolyte salt is added to the first solution in order to produce the electrolyte composition having the desired concentration of electrolyte salt.
  • the components a) and b) are combined to make a first solution, and after the formation of the first solution an amount of component c) and/or the other optional components is added to produce the electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte composition is stirred during and/or after the addition of the components in order to form a homogeneous mixture.
  • the raw materials used are commercially available. Mention can be made especially of: potassium fluoride (Sigma- Aldrich, Germany), 1 -hydroxypropionitrile (prepared according to Chemische Berichte, 1906, vol. 39, p. 1858), acetonitrile (Sigma- Aldrich, Germany), 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate obtained by fluorination of ethylene carbonate according to EP2483231, potassium carbonate (Sigma- Aldrich, Germany).
  • Example 1.1 synthesis of 3-((5-fluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile (compound (VII).l)
  • Example 1.2 synthesis of 3-((5-fluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile (compound (VII).l)
  • Example 1.3 synthesis of 3-((2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile (compound (VII).21)
  • l,3-dioxol-2-one 90g, l .046mol
  • triethylamine 15.3g, 0.1519mol
  • 3-hydroxypropanenitrile 108g, 1.519mol
  • the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 2 hours, and then the reaction continued overnight at room temperature. After distillation, a red brown liquid was obtained, which was purified by column chromatography over silica gel, eluting with DCM and MeOH, and finally recrystallized.
  • Example 1.4 synthesis of 3-((5-fluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile (compound (VII).l)
  • a 1000ml reaction vessel made of PFA was charged with 200g (1.27mol) of 3-((2-oxo-l,3- dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile obtained in Example 1.3 and melted at 50°C.
  • a fluorine/nitrogen gas mixture (5:95 vol.%) was introduced via an immersion tube with a PTFE frit. A total of 1.5mol of fluorine (calculated at 100% fluorine) was introduced.
  • acetone was added and the mixture was neutralized with potassium hydrogen carbonate.
  • the resulting suspension was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with acetone.
  • the combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • Example 1.5 synthesis of 3-((5-lluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile (compound (VII).l)
  • a 1000ml reaction vessel equipped with a chlorine gas inlet, thermocouple, an exhaust port leading to an exhaust gas through the condenser was charged with 200g (1.27mol) of 3-((2-oxo-l,3- dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile obtained in Example 1.3 and melted at 50°C.
  • chlorine-nitrogen mixed gas was introduced via an immersion tube with a PTFE frit.
  • a total of 2mol of chlorine (calculated at 100% chlorine) was introduced.
  • nitrogen gas was introduced to the reaction mixture. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and dissolved in acetonitrile 400g.
  • lithium biscyano(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide (CAS 210043-24-6), prepared according to example 2 of US6576159 from malononitrile, lithium hydride and 1- (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidazole,
  • 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate (DFEA) was purchased at Solvay.
  • ft was obtained by a fluorination process of ethylene carbonate such as described in EP 2483231.
  • Electrolyte compositions are prepared by first mixing the solvents EC, EMC, DMC in their respective volume ratios EC/EMC/DMC (2:2:6) and dissolving the lithium salt LiPF 6 in the appropriate amount to yield 1.5 M composition.
  • Compounds obtained from examples 1.1 and 1.2 are respectively added to each electrolyte composition in an amount of 2% (For each electrolyte composition prepared, the amount of added compound is given in weight relative to the total weight of the composition).
  • Other electrolyte compositions are prepared in the same manner but by adding further at least one of the compounds C in an amount of 2% in weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
  • the moisture content of all the electrolytes compositions is under 10 mg/kg of composition (Karl Fisher method).
  • Pouch cells are purchased from Pred Materials (New York, N.Y.) and are 600 mAh cells containing an NMC 532 cathode and a graphitic anode.
  • the pouch cells are dried in the antechamber of a dry box under vacuum 4 days at 55°C and vacuum -lOOkPa. Approximately 2.0 gram of electrolyte composition is injected through the bottom, and the bottom edge sealed in a vacuum sealer. For each example, two pouch cells are prepared using the same electrolyte composition.
  • the cells are held in an environmental chamber (model BTU-433, Espec North America, Hudsonville, Michigan) and evaluated using a battery tester (Series 4000, Maccor, Tulsa, OK) for the formation procedures (at 25 °C, 60 °C) and the high temperature cycling (at 45 °C).
  • a battery tester Series 4000, Maccor, Tulsa, OK
  • the pouch cells are conditioned using the following cycling procedure. In a first cycle, the cell is charged for 3 hours at 0.1 C, corresponding to approximately 30 % state of charge; this is followed by 24 hour rest at 60 °C. The pouch cell is degassed and resealed in a vacuum sealer. The cell is pressed using hot press at 70 °C during 3 sec.
  • the cell is charged at constant current (CC charge) of 0.5 C to 4.35 V followed by a CV voltage-hold step at 4.35 V until current dropped below 0.05C and rested lOmin. This is followed by a CC discharge at 0.5C to 3.0 V and rested lOmin. This cycle is repeated 3 times and it is used as a check of the capacity of the cell.
  • CC charge constant current
  • CV voltage-hold step at 4.35 V until current dropped below 0.05C and rested lOmin.
  • a CC discharge at 0.5C to 3.0 V and rested lOmin.
  • the final step for formation of pouch cell is charged at constant current (CC charge) of 0.5C to SOC30.
  • the cells also have a 10 min rest following each charge and each discharge step.
  • the cells are placed in an environmental chamber at 25°C and 45 °C and cycled: CC charge 1C to 4.35 V and CV charge to 0.05C, and CC discharge at 1C to 3.0 V.
  • the cells are placed in an environmental chamber at 70 °C with SOC 100, CC charge 1C to 4.35 V and CV charge to 0.05C, initial thickness checked. After 1 week later, they are put out from oven, the thickness is measured by Vernier calipers, the residual and recovery capacity is measured with CC discharge at 1C to 3.0V, and DC-1R is checked.
  • the electrolytes are measured by LCR meter in temperature control chamber at -20°C even
  • results show that the cells containing the electrolyte compositions according to the invention comprising at least one compound selected from those of formulae (VII) optionally in combination with at least one compound selected from those of formulae (VIII) to (XVII) have improved performance characteristics, especially regarding quality of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on the electrodes surface, chemical stability, ionic conductivity, thermal stability, reversible capacity, cycle characteristics and/or gas generation.
  • SEI solid electrolyte interphase

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of chemical components for electrolyte compositions which are useful in electrochemical cells, such as lithium-ion batteries. More specifically, the invention provides new components and their combinations, which can be used as solvents, additives and/or electrolyte salts. These components are suitable to improve various characteristics of electrolyte compositions and, in fine, of the electrochemical cells in which said electrolyte compositions are incorporated. The invention also relates to the manufacturing processes of these components.

Description

NEW COMPONENTS FOR ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITIONS
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to the field of chemical components for electrolyte compositions which are useful in electrochemical cells, such as lithium-ion batteries.
More specifically, the invention provides new solvents, additives and/or electrolyte salts and their combinations, which are suitable to improve various characteristics of electrolyte compositions and, in fine, of the electrochemical cells in which said electrolyte compositions are incorporated.
BACKGROUND ART
Among the electrochemical cells, lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries that are commonly used in various devices, such as portable home electronics, energy storage systems or electric vehicles. Depending on their final usage, the expectations of lithium-ion batteries in terms of safety, performance and cost are more and more challenging. Various approaches have been investigated to overcome the limitations of commonly used lithium-ion batteries. For example, new electrode materials have been developed to improve capacity. Another approach has and still consists in formulating electrolyte compositions with specific chemical solvents, additives and electrolyte salts to improve various characteristics of the battery such as cycling performance, reversible capacity and bulging limitation.
Despite the efforts in the art, we believe that there is still room for improvement for providing electrolyte compositions ingredients capable of fulfilling the required specifications of electrolyte compositions, especially those intended to be used in lithium-ion batteries.
Especially, at cathode potentials above about 4.35 V, the electrolyte solvents can decompose, which can result in a loss of battery performance. Electrolyte decomposition can also occur, generating gas which can cause swelling of the battery. There remains a need for an electrolyte composition that, when used in a lithium ion battery, can exhibit high cycle performance at low and high temperature, storage performance at high temperature, and power at low temperature.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The above technical problems are solved thanks to the invention such as recited in the claims. The Applicant discovered new chemical components and/or new combinations of chemical components that are useful ingredients for electrolyte compositions intended to be used in electrochemical cells, especially in lithium ion batteries. The chemical components according to the present invention can be used as solvents, additives or electrolyte salts depending on their chemical structure and their amount in the electrolyte composition. They can notably improve various performance characteristics of an electrolyte composition to be used in an electrochemical cell, such as quality of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that will forms on the electrodes surface in use, chemical stability, ionic conductivity, thermal stability, reversible capacity, cycle characteristics and gas generation.
DEFINITIONS
In the present disclosure, the expression“ranging from ... to .. should be understood has including the limits.
The term "electrolyte composition" as used herein, refers to a non-aqueous liquid chemical composition suitable for use as an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell.
The term“solvent” in connection with said electrolyte composition typically refers to a compound that is present in the electrolyte composition in an amount of at least 20% wt relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
The term“additive” in connection with said electrolyte composition typically refers to a compound that is present in the electrolyte composition in an amount of less than 20% wt relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
The term "electrolyte salt" as used herein, refers to an ionic salt that is at least partially soluble in the electrolyte composition and that at least partially dissociates into ions in the electrolyte composition to form a conductive electrolyte composition.
An“electrolyte solvent” as defined herein is a solvent or a solvent mixture for an electrolyte composition.
The term“alkyl” refers to a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, hydrocarbon chain, which comprises or not heteroatoms such as P, B, N, O, and/or S. For illustrative purposes and without being exhaustive, as possible substituents, mention can be made of halogens, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and/or heterocyclyl groups. A cycloalkyl group may contain up to 8 carbon atoms. An aryl group may be a monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic group. The aryl group may contain from 5 to 12 carbon atoms. A heteroaryl group may be a monocyclic or bicyclic group. The heteroaryl group may contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and one or more N, O or S atoms. The heteroaryl group may be a 5 or 6-membered ring containing one or more N atoms. A heterocyclyl group may be a monocyclic or bicyclic group. The heterocyclyl group may contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and one or more N, O or S atoms. According to an embodiment, said “alkyl” group is linear. According to an embodiment, said“alkyl” group is a Ci to C alkyl group. According to an embodiment, said“alkyl” group is saturated. According to an embodiment, said “alkyl” group is unsubstituted. According to an embodiment, said“alkyl” group does not comprise heteroatoms. Any of these embodiments can be combined with one another. Preferably“alkyl” means a saturated, unsubstituted group comprising only carbon and hydrogen atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The term "halogenoalkyl" specifically refers to an alkyl group as defined above comprising at least one halogen atom. Especially the term“fluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group comprising at least one fluorine atom. The term "perhalogenoalkyl" refers to an alkyl group comprising only halogen atoms, in addition to the carbon atoms, and devoid of hydrogen atoms. The term “perfluoroalkyl” especially refers to an alkyl group comprising only fluorine atoms, in addition to the carbon atoms, and devoid of hydrogen atoms.
The term“halogenoalkoxy” specifically refers to an alkoxy group (well known to those skilled in the art) wherein at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by a halogen atom. The term “fluoroalkoxy” especially refers to an alkoxy group wherein at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by fluorine.
The term "reaction medium" refers to the medium in which the reaction takes place. The reaction medium comprises the reaction solvent when the reaction is performed in a solvent, the catalyst when a catalyst is used, and, depending on the progression of the reaction, the reactants and/or the products of the reaction. In addition, it can comprise additives and impurities.
The term“anode” refers to the electrode of an electrochemical cell, at which oxidation occurs. In a secondary (i.e. rechargeable) battery, the anode is the electrode at which oxidation occurs during discharge and reduction occurs during charging.
The term“cathode” refers to the electrode of an electrochemical cell, at which reduction occurs. In a secondary (i.e. rechargeable) battery, the cathode is the electrode at which reduction occurs during discharge and oxidation occurs during charging.
The term“lithium ion battery” refers to a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode during discharge and from the cathode to the anode during charge.
The equilibrium potential between lithium and lithium ion is the potential of a reference electrode using lithium metal in contact with the non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium salt at a concentration sufficient to give about 1 mole/liter of lithium ion concentration, and subjected to sufficiently small currents so that the potential of the reference electrode is not significantly altered from its equilibrium value (Li/Li+). The potential of such a Li/Li+ reference electrode is assigned here the value of 0.0V. Potential of an anode or cathode means the potential difference between the anode or cathode and that of a Li/Li+ reference electrode. Herein voltage means the voltage difference between the cathode and the anode of a cell, neither electrode of which may be operating at a potential of O.OV.
An“energy storage device” is a device that is designed to provide electrical energy on demand, such as a battery or a capacitor. Energy storage devices contemplated herein at least in part provide energy from electrochemical sources.
The term“SEI”, as used herein, refers to a solid electrolyte interphase layer formed on the active material of an electrode. A lithium-ion secondary electrochemical cell is assembled in an uncharged state and must be charged (a process called formation) for use. During the first few charging events (battery formation) of a lithium-ion secondary electrochemical cell, components of the electrolyte are reduced or otherwise decomposed or incorporated onto the surface of the negative active material and oxidized or otherwise decomposed or incorporated onto the surface of the positive active material, electrochemically forming a solid-electrolyte interphase on the active materials. These layers, which are electrically insulating but ionically conducting, help prevent decomposition of the electrolyte and can extend the cycle life and improve the performance of the battery. On the anode, the SEI can suppress the reductive decomposition of the electrolyte; on the cathode, the SEI can suppress the oxidation of the electrolyte components.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
One subject matter of the invention is a compound of formula (VII)
Figure imgf000005_0001
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group; Rn and R12 independently denote H or an alkyl group.
Both isomers C/s-, Trans- and their mixtures can be used as well as each enantiomerically enriched mixture.
In one embodiment, Ri denotes H or an alkyl group, preferably an alkyl group, especially a Ci to C4 alkyl group. In a preferred sub-embodiment, Ri is H.
In one alternative embodiment, Ri denotes a halogen atom being preferably fluorine, or a halogenoalkyl group being preferably a fluoroalkyl group. Ri denotes more preferably F or a Ci to C4 fluoroalkyl group; the latter can be perfluorinated. More preferably, Ri denotes F or a Ci to C3 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably F or a Ci to C2 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group. Ri can especially be selected from:-F -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CH2-CH2F, -CH2-CHF2, -CH2-CF3, - CHF-CH3, -CHF-CH2F, -CHF-CHF2, -CHF-CF3, -CF2-CH3, -CF2-CH2F, -CF2-CHF2, and -CF2-CF3.
In a preferred sub-embodiment, Ri is F. In another sub-embodiment, Ri is a Ci fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group. It can especially be selected from -CH2F, -CHF2, and -CF3. In another sub embodiment Ri is -CF3. In another sub-embodiment Ri is -CHF2.
R11 and R12 preferably independently denote hydrogen or a Ci to C3 alkyl group, more preferably hydrogen or a Ci to C2 alkyl group, still more preferably hydrogen or a Ci alkyl group and even more preferably hydrogen. In one embodiment, Rn is hydrogen and R12 is a Ci to C4 alkyl group. According to this latter embodiment, R12 preferably denotes a Ci to C3 alkyl group, more preferably a Ci to C2 alkyl group, still more preferably a Ci alkyl group. Preferred compounds of formula (VII) are given in table 1. Among these compounds, compound (VII).1 is particularly preferred.
Figure imgf000006_0001
Table 1: preferred compounds of formula (VII)
Other preferred compounds of formula (VII) are given in table 2. Among these compounds, compound (VII).21 is particularly preferred.
Figure imgf000006_0002
Table 2: preferred compounds of formula (Vll)
One subject matter of the invention is a process for making a compound of formula (VII) such as defined above,
Figure imgf000007_0001
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group; Rn and R12 independently denote H or an alkyl group;
which comprises a step of reacting a compound of formula (fi) or (is)
Figure imgf000007_0002
wherein
Xi denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group,
X2 denotes a halogen atom,
with a compound of formula (v)
Figure imgf000007_0003
wherein Rn and R12 independently denote hydrogen or an alkyl group.
Ri, R11 and R12 are preferably such as described in connection with compound (VII) above.
In one embodiment, Xi denotes hydrogen or a Ci to C4 alkyl group. According to this embodiment, Xi preferably denotes hydrogen or a Ci to C3 alkyl group, more preferably hydrogen or a Ci to C2 alkyl group, still more preferably hydrogen or a Ci alkyl group and even more preferably hydrogen.
In another embodiment, Xi denotes a halogen atom or a Ci to C4 halogenoalkyl group. Said halogen can be more specifically selected from chlorine and fluorine.
Accordingly, in one sub-embodiment, Xi denotes fluorine or a Ci to C4 fluoroalkyl group.
Said fluoroalkyl group can be perfluorinated. More preferably, Xi denotes a halogen atom or a Ci to C3 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably a halogen atom or a Ci to C2 fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group. Xi can especially be selected from: -F, -CFfiF, -CHF2, -CF3, -CH2-CH2F, -CH2- CHF2, -CH2-CF3, -CHF-CH3, -CHF-CH2F, -CHF-CHF2, -CHF-CF3, -CF2-CH3, -CF2-CH2F, -CF2- CHF2, and -CF2-CF3. In a preferred sub-embodiment, Xi is F. In another sub-embodiment, Xi is a Ci fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group. It can especially be selected from -CH2F, -CHF2, and -CF3. In another sub-embodiment Xi is -CF3. In another sub-embodiment Xi is -CHF2. In another sub-embodiment Xi is -CH2F.
In an alternative sub-embodiment, Xi denotes chlorine or a Ci to C4 chloroalkyl group. Said chloroalkyl group can be perchlorinated. More preferably, Xi denotes a chlorine atom or a Ci to C3 chloro- or perchloroalkyl group, still more preferably a chlorine atom or a Ci to C2 chloro- or perchloroalkyl group. Xi can especially be selected from: -Cl, -CH2CI, -CHCb, -CCI3, -CH2-CH2CI, -CH2-CHCI2, -CH2-CCI3, -CHCI-CH3, -CHCI-CH2CI, -CHCl-CHCb, -CHCl-CCb, -CCI2-CH3, - CCI2-CH2CI, -CCI2-CHCI2, and -CCI2-CCI3. In a preferred sub-embodiment, Xi is Cl. In another sub embodiment, Xi is a Ci fluoro- or perfluoroalkyl group. It can especially be selected from -CH2CI, - CHCb, and -CCI3. In another sub-embodiment Xi is -CCI3. In another sub-embodiment Xi is -CHCb. In another sub-embodiment Xi is -CH2CI.
X2 is preferably selected from fluorine and chlorine.
In one specific embodiment, Xi and X2 are both fluorine. In an alternative specific embodiment, Xi and X2 are both chlorine.
As examples of suitable compounds of formula (F), mention can be made of 4-fluoroethylene carbonate, 4-chloroethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methyl-ethylene carbonate, 4-chloro-5-methyl- ethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate, 4,5-dichloroethylene carbonate and 4-chloro-5- fluoroethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-ethylene carbonate, 4-chloro-5- trifluoromethyl- ethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-difluoromethyl-ethylene carbonate, 4-chloro-5- difluoromethyl- ethylene carbonate. Compound (is) is l,3-dioxol-2-one (i.e. vinylene carbonate).
As examples of suitable compounds of formula (v), mention can be made of 3- hydroxypropanenitrile, 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile and 3 -hydroxy-2, 2- dimethylpropanenitrile.
The initial molar ratio (compound of formula (F) or (^/compound of formula (v)) preferably ranges from 0.60 to 1.40, more preferably from 0.70 to 1.10 and still preferably from 0.90 to 1.00.
According to an embodiment, an organic solvent, preferably polar, more preferably polar aprotic, is used as reaction medium to perform the reaction between compound of formula (17) or (is) with compound of formula (v). It is preferable for this solvent to be anhydrous to avoid a potential hydrolysis reaction. Suitable organic polar aprotic solvents include without limitation nitrogen- containing solvents such as acetonitrile, adiponitrile, nitrobenzene, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide; ester-type solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl formate, gamma-butyrolactone, ethylacetate, methylmethacrylate, n-butyl acetate, ethyl lactate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate; carbonate type solvents such as ethylene carbonate, propylene- 1, 2-carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate; ether-type solvents such as tetrahydroiuran, l,3-dioxolane, l,4-dioxane. Acetonitrile is particularly preferred. The amount of organic solvent to be used depends on the nature of the organic solvent chosen and can be readily determined by a person skilled in the art.
The reaction can alternatively be performed without solvent. In this case, the reactants (i?) or (is) and (v) serve as reaction medium.
As compound of formula (VII) is produced during the reaction, a hydrogen halide by-product of formula HX2 may be formed, wherein X2 is such as described above in respect of compound (b). This hydrogen halide by-product can be removed by any known method, for example by addition of a suitable base into the reaction medium in order to salify said hydrogen halide, and so ease its eliminating. Especially, when a carbonate of alkali or alkaline earth metal is added as a base in the reaction medium, it will react with the hydrogen halide formed to form in turn the corresponding halide of alkali or alkaline earth metal. The latter can be removed by any know method, for instance by filtration.
Accordingly, in one embodiment, reaction of compound (b) or (is) with compound (v) is performed in presence of a base. Said base is preferably selected from trialkylamines, carbonates of alkali or alkaline earth metals, more preferably from carbonates of alkali metals, still more preferably from sodium or potassium carbonate. The trialkylamine is preferably selected from C1-C4 trialkylamines wherein the alkyl groups can be the same or different, being preferably triethylamine. The amount of base to be added depends on the amount of limiting reagent. Typically, the molar ratio of base relative to compound (17) or (¾) ranges from 1 :10 to 2: 1, preferably from 1 :8 to 1.6:1, more preferably from 1 : 1 to 1.3: 1, or alternatively from 1 :7 to 1 :2.
The reaction between compound of formula (17) with compound of formula (v) can be performed by heating at a temperature ranging from 50°C to 200°C, preferably from 60°C to l50°C, more preferably from 65°C to l00°C, still more preferably from 70°C to 90°C. When considering the reaction between compound of formula (is) with compound of formula (v), the reaction temperature may be from 0°C to 50°C, preferably from 0°C to 25°C, more preferably from 0°C to l5°C, still more preferably from 0°C to room temperature.
The reaction of compound (17) or (is) with compound (v) can be performed at atmospheric pressure but higher or lower pressure can be used. An absolute total pressure ranging from 1 to 20 bar and preferably from 1 to 3 bar may be suitable.
The reaction of compound (17) or (is) with compound (v) is preferably performed under inert atmosphere as compound (VII) formed may be sensitive to moisture.
Reaction time to perform the reaction between compound of formula (17) or (is) with compound of formula (v) can vary widely as a function of the reaction temperature chosen. It can range from 1 hour to one day, especially from 1 hour to 12 hours, more particularly from 1 hour to 5 hours. In the process for making a compound of formula (VII) as defined above, the reaction of compound of formula (17) or (is) with compound of formula (v) may provide an intermediate compound of formula (Vllbis):
Figure imgf000010_0001
(Vllbis)
wherein Xi denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group; Rn and R12 independently denote H or an alkyl group.
When Xi is identical to Ri, then the compound (Vllbis) is identical to the compound (VII), and no further step are mandatory.
When Xi is different from Ri, then the process for making the compound of formula (VII) according to the present invention may further comprise an additional step consisting in converting Xi group into Ri group. Such conversion step may consist in reacting the intermediate compound (Vllbis) with an appropriate reagent to obtain compound (VII).
According to one embodiment, when Xi in compound (h) is H or when compound (is) is used, subsequent to the reaction step between compound (17) or (is) and compound (v), a fluorination reaction may be performed in order to convert said hydrogen atoms into fluorine atoms. The fluorination reaction may be a one-step reaction or a multistep reaction. An appropriate reagent for conducting the fluorination reaction as one-step reaction can be selected from the fluorination agent like F2. The amount of fluorination agent may typically be selected such that the molar ratio (fluorination agent/compound (17) or (is)) ranges from 1 :1 to 2:1; preferably from 1 :1 to 1.6:1. The fluorination reaction step is preferably performed at a temperature ranging from 30°C to 200°C, preferably from 40°C to l00°C, more preferably from 45°C to 60°C. The fluorination reaction can be performed at atmospheric pressure but higher or lower pressure can be used. An absolute total pressure ranging from 1 to 20 bar and preferably from 1 to 3 bar may be suitable. The fluorination reaction is preferably performed under inert atmosphere. Alternatively, the fluorination reaction may be a multiple-step reaction, wherein a halogenation reaction may be first performed in order to convert said hydrogen atoms into halogen atoms which are not fluorine atoms, and then a halogen exchange reaction may be performed. Said halogenation reaction may be carried out similarly to the fluorination reaction as described above, by the means of an appropriate halogenation reagent, for instance Ch. Then, the halogen exchange reaction may be carried out as disclosed herein below.
According to another embodiment, when Xi in compound (17) is halogenated with one or more halogen atoms different from fluorine, subsequent to the reaction step between compound (17) and compound (v), a halogen exchange reaction (also called“Halex” reaction) is to be performed in order to convert said halogen atoms into fluorine atoms. To perform said halogen exchange reaction, a fluorination agent is used. It is preferably selected from fluorides of alkali or alkaline earth metals, more preferably from fluorides of alkali metals, still more preferably from sodium and potassium fluorides, even more preferably being potassium fluoride. The amount of fluorination agent depends on the amount of limiting reactant in the reaction step between compound (b) and (v). Typically, when the limiting reactant is compound (b), the molar ratio (fluorination agent/compound (b)) ranges from 1 :1 to 2: 1; preferably from 1 :1 to 1.5: 1. The halogen exchange reaction step is preferably performed at a temperature ranging from 50°C to 200°C, preferably from 60°C to l50°C, more preferably from 65°C to lOO°C, still more preferably from 70°C to 90°C. The halogen exchange reaction can be performed at atmospheric pressure but higher or lower pressure can be used. An absolute total pressure ranging from 1 to 20 bar and preferably from 1 to 3 bar may be suitable. The halogen exchange reaction is preferably performed under inert atmosphere. Reaction time to perform the halogen exchange reaction can vary widely as a function of the reaction temperature chosen. It can range from 1 hour to one day, especially from 1 hour to 12 hours, more particularly from 1 hour to 5 hours.
According to one embodiment, after the reaction step between compound (b) or (is) and compound (v) and prior to the conversion step (for instance fluorination reaction or halogen exchange reaction), a step consisting in removing possible solid impurities is performed. Any appropriate method known by the skilled person can be used, such as, for instance, precipitation followed by filtration on different types of supports, centrifugation, separation on settling and evaporation, this list not being exhaustive. Accordingly, after the reaction step between compound (b) or (is) and compound (v), it is preferable for the reaction medium to be cooled at a temperature ranging from l5°C to 25°C. The decrease in temperature decreases the solubility of possible impurities and provokes their precipitation. The insoluble impurities can be readily removed, for example by filtration.
The progress of the reaction(s) can be monitored by the degree of conversion of the compound of formula (b) or (is), which is the molar ratio of the amount of compound of formula (b) or (b) which has been consumed to the initial amount of compound of formula (b) or (is) in the reaction medium, this degree being readily calculated after dosing compound of formula (b) or (is) remaining in the reaction medium.
Once the desired degree of conversion has been reached, the reaction medium can be treated in a way known per se in order to separate the different compounds present, especially to isolate the compound of formula (VII) obtained. It makes it possible for the remaining starting (or intermediate) materials to be recycled in order to produce an additional amount of the targeted compound of formula (VII). One or more liquid/solid separation operations can be carried out, for example in order to separate possible solid impurities from the reaction medium. The techniques used can be crystallization, filtration on different types of supports, centrifugation, separation on settling and evaporation, this list not being exhaustive. Alternatively or in addition, one or more liquid/liquid separation operations can be carried out in order to separate and/or purify the product obtained. The techniques used can be distillation, liquid/liquid extraction, separation by reverse osmosis or separation by ion-exchange resins, this list not being exhaustive. These liquid/solid and liquid/liquid separation operations can be carried out under continuous or batch conditions, it being possible for a person skilled in the art to choose the most appropriate conditions.
Accordingly, the process for making compound of formula (VII) can additionally comprise at least one step subsequent to the reaction step between compound of formula (b) or (is) and compound of formula (v) or subsequent to the conversion step (for instance fluorination reaction or halogen exchange reaction) when the latter is performed, which consists in isolating compound (VII). In one embodiment, in order to isolate compound (VII) with a suitable purity degree, the manufacturing process of compound (VII) comprises, subsequent to the reaction step between compound of formula (b) or (is) and compound of formula (v) or subsequent to the conversion step (for instance fluorination reaction or halogen exchange reaction) when the latter is performed, the following steps:
cooling the reaction medium at a temperature ranging from l5°C to 25°C;
optionally, separating possible solid impurities from the reaction medium, for example by filtration;
optionally, when a solvent is used to perform the reaction step between compound (b) or (is) and compound (v), removing, at least partially, said solvent from the reaction medium, for example by concentration, preferably by concentration under reduced pressure;
isolating compound (Vll), for example by distillation, preferably by distillation under reduced pressure.
Preferably, isolated compound of formula (Vll) has a purity degree of at least 95% wt, 96% wt, 97% wt, 98 % wt, or even 99 % wt. The process can additionally comprise a step subsequent to the reaction step between compound of formula (b) or (is) with compound of formula (v), which consists in separating part or all of the unreacted compound of formula (b) or (is), and (v) and in recycling these compounds in the process. This step can advantageously be performed just after the reaction between compound (b) or (is) with compound (v) and before isolating and/or purifying compound (Vll).
One subject matter of the invention is the use as component for an electrolyte composition, especially one suitable for electrochemical cells such as lithium ion batteries, of a compound of formula (Vll) as described above.
Compound(s) of formula (VII) can advantageously be used for said electrolyte composition as solvent(s) or additive(s), depending on the amount added in the electrolyte composition.
One object of the present invention is accordingly an electrolyte composition, especially one suitable for an electrochemical cell such as a lithium-ion battery, comprising at least one compound selected from compounds (VII) described above or a mixture thereof and at least one electrolyte salt. Said at least one compound of formula (VII) or mixtures thereof can advantageously be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 0.05% to 95%, preferably from 0.8% to 70%, more preferably from 1% to 50%, more preferably from 2% to 20%, even more preferably from 3% to 10%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
According to an embodiment wherein said compound of formula (VII) is an additive, it may be present in the electrolyte composition in the range from 0.05 to about 20 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition, for example in the range of from 0.05 to about 10 percent by weight, or from 0.1 to about 5.0 percent by weight, or from 0.3 to about 4.0 percent by weight, or from 0.5 to 2.0 percent by weight.
According to an embodiment wherein said compound of formula (VII) is a solvent, it may be present in the electrolyte composition in the range from about 20% to about 99.95% by weight of the electrolyte composition.
The electrolyte composition according to the invention can further comprise at least one of the following compounds:
-a compound of formula (VIII)
Figure imgf000013_0001
wherein A is Si or C;
Li, L2 and L3, which can be the same or different, independently denote a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, C3-C12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
Rii, R12 and R13, which can be the same or different, independently denote H, a halogen atom, a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, or C6-C10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from a halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, and/or optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
-a compound of formula (IX)
Figure imgf000013_0002
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group; L4 denotes a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, C3-C12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
RLt denotes H, a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, or C6-C10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from a halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, and/or optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and
S;
-a compound of formula (X)
Figure imgf000014_0001
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group;
L5 denotes a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, C3-C12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
Rh denotes H, a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, or C6-C10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from a halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, and/or optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and
S;
-a compound of formula (XI)
Figure imgf000014_0002
wherein M3 is H, a metal or IS^RieRivRhRk), wherein Ri6, Rb, Ris and R19, which can be the same or different, independently denote H or a C1-C12 alkyl group.
-a compound of formula (Xll)
Figure imgf000014_0003
wherein Riio and Rin, which can be the same or different, independently denote H, a Ci-Cs alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, or C6-C10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups;
-a compound of formula (XIII)
Figure imgf000015_0001
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group;
Le is a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, Ci- C4 alkylene, C3-C12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
M4 is H, a metal or N(Ri6Ri7RisRi9), wherein Ri6, R17, Ris and R19, which can be the same or different, independently denote H or a C1-C12 alkyl group;
-a compound of formula (XIV)
Figure imgf000015_0002
wherein X3 and X4, which can be the same or different, are independently selected from:
■ NR112 where Rin is H, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkenyl group or a C1-C4 alkynyl group;
■ CRioRiw where Rin and R1 4, which can be the same or different, are independently H, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkenyl group or a C1-C4 alkynyl group;
■ and O;
Rii5, Riie, Rin and Rin, which can be the same or different, are independently selected from H, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group and a C1-C4 halogenoalkyl group;
y is an integer ranging from 0 to 2 such as (1.7)0 stands for a simple bond and when y is 1 or 2, L7 stands for a C Ri 9R120 group where Rin and R120, which can be the same or different, are H, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkenyl group or a C1-C4 alkynyl group;
-a compound of formula (XV)
Figure imgf000016_0001
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group or a C1-C4 halogenoalkyl group;
L8 is a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, C3-C 12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
-a compound of formula (XVI)
Figure imgf000016_0002
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group or a C1-C4 halogenoalkyl group;
n; denotes an integer greater than or equal to 2,
R123 denotes a n,- valent linkage group comprising at least one carbon atom and atoms selected from C, H, a halogen atom and O, and the S atom of the -SO2R1 group is bound to a carbon atom of the R123 group;
-a compound of formula (XVII)
Figure imgf000016_0003
wherein R124 and R125, which can be the same or different, are independently selected from H, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group, and a C1-C4 halogenoalkyl group;
-and mixtures thereof.
In connection with compound of formula (VIII), according to an embodiment, A is Si. In this case, Li, L2, and L3 which can be the same or different, preferably independently denote a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, being more preferably a simple bond. Also according to this embodiment, Rii, Rf and R13, which can be the same or different, preferably independently denote a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C2- C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, more preferably a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl and still more preferably methyl. Still in connection with compound of formula (VIII), according to another embodiment, A is C. In this case, Li, L2, and L3 which can be the same or different, preferably independently denote a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, more preferably a C1-C3 alkylene, still more preferably a C1-C2 alkylene, even more preferably -CH2-. Also according to this embodiment, Rii, Ri2 and R13, which can be the same or different, preferably independently denote a fluorine atom or a linear or branched C1-C4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, being preferably F.
In connection with compound of formula (IX), L4 denotes preferably a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, more preferably a C1-C3 alkylene, still more preferably a C1-C2 alkylene, even more preferably CFb. Ri4 preferably denotes a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, more preferably a C1-C4 alkyl, still more preferably a C1-C2 alkyl and even more preferably CH3. Ri preferably denotes a C1-C4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, more preferably a C1-C3 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably a C1-C2 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and even more preferably a Ci fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, such as in particular CF3.
In connection with compound of formula (X), L5 denotes preferably a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, more preferably a simple bond or a C1-C3 alkylene, still more preferably a simple bond or a C1-C2 alkylene, even more preferably a simple bond or CFb. Ri preferably denotes a C1-C4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, more preferably a C1-C3 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably a C1-C2 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and even more preferably a Ci fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group. In one sub embodiment, L5 is a simple bond and Ri is CFbF or CF3. In another sub-embodiment, L5 is CH2 and Ri is CHF2. In any cases, Rb preferably denotes a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, more preferably a C1-C4 alkyl, still more preferably a C1-C2 alkyl and even more preferably CH3.
In connection with compound of formula (XI), M3 is preferably a metal selected from alkali metals and rare earth metals; more preferably from alkali metals, especially Li and Na; and still more preferably Li.
In connection with compound of formula (XII), Riio and Riu, which can be the same or different, preferably independently denote a Ci-Cs alkyl, more preferably a C1-C4 alkyl, still more preferably a C1-C2 alkyl and even more preferably CFb.
In connection with compound of formula (XIII), Ri preferably denotes a C1-C4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, more preferably a C1-C3 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably a C1-C2 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and even more preferably a Ci fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, such as in particular CF3. Lr, preferably denotes a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, being more preferably a simple bond. M4 is preferably a metal selected from alkali metals and rare earth metals; more preferably from alkali metals, especially Li and Na; and still more preferably Li. In connection with compound of formula (XIV), according to one embodiment, X3 is NR11 2 where R112 is H, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkenyl group or a C1-C4 alkynyl group. Preferably, Rii2 is a C1-C4 alkyl group, more preferably a C1-C2 alkyl group and more preferably CH3. In this case, X4 is preferably C Ri 3 Ri 4 where RI and Rii4, which can be the same or different, are independently H, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkenyl group or a C1-C4 alkynyl group. Rio and Rii4, are preferably independently H or a C1-C4 alkyl group, and more preferably both H. According to the same embodiment, RIB, Rii6, Rin and Rii x, which can be the same or different, are preferably independently selected from H and a C1-C4 alkyl group, being more preferably H.
According to another embodiment, X3 is O. In this case, X4 is preferably O. According to the same embodiment, RIB, Rii6, Rin and Rin, which can be the same or different, are preferably independently selected from H and a halogen atom, more preferably from H and fluorine. In one sub embodiment, RIB, Rii6 and Rin are both H and Rin is fluorine.
Still in connection with compound of formula (XIV), y is preferably equal to 0 such as (In)o stands for a simple bond.
In connection with compound of formula (XV), Ri preferably denotes a C1-C4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, more preferably a C1-C3 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group, still more preferably a C1-C2 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and even more preferably a Ci fluoroalkyl group, such as in particular CHF2. Lx preferably denotes a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, being more preferably a C1-C3 alkylene, still more preferably a Ci- C2 alkylene, even more preferably CH2.
In connection with compound of formula (XVI), Ri denotes preferably a halogen atom or a C1-C4 halogenoalkyl group, more preferably F or a C1-C4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and still preferably Ri is F. The index n, preferably denotes an integer equal to 2 so that R123 denotes a divalent linkage. R123 preferably denotes an alkylene, more preferably a Ci-Ce alkylene, a C1-C5 alkylene, a C1-C4 alkylene and more preferably a C3 alkylene, especially C3H6.
In connection with compound of formula (XVII), R124 and R125, which can be the same or different, are preferably selected from H, F, a C1-C4 alkyl group, and a C1-C4 fluoroalkyl group. R124 is preferably selected from F and a C1-C4 fluoroalkyl group, being preferably F. R125 is preferably selected from H, F and a C1-C4 fluoroalkyl group, being more preferably selected from H and F. In one sub-embodiment, R124 is F and R125 is H. In another sub-embodiment, R124 and R125 are both F.
Said at least one compound of formula (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI) or mixture thereof can be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 0.05% to 94.5%, preferably from 0.8% to 70%, more preferably from 1% to 50%, more preferably from 2% to 20%, even more preferably from 3% to 10%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
The electrolyte composition according to the invention can further comprise at least one non- fluorinated cyclic carbonate, preferably selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ethyl propyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, dimethylvinylene carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
Said non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate can be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 5% to 50%, preferably from 10% to 45%, more preferably from 12% to 40%, more preferably from 15% to 35%, even more preferably from 17% to 30%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
The electrolyte composition according to the invention can further comprise at least one non- fluorinated acyclic carbonate, preferably selected from ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, ethyl butyl carbonate, propyl butyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
Said non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate can be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 5% to 50%, preferably from 10% to 45%, more preferably from 12% to 40%, more preferably from 15% to 35%, even more preferably from 17% to 30%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
The electrolyte composition according to the invention can further comprise at least one fluorinated carbonate, preferably selected from 4-fluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4-fluoro-4-methyl-l,3- dioxolan-2-one; 4-fluoro-5-methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4-fluoro-4,5-dimethyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one;
4.5-difluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,5-difluoro-4-methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,5-difluoro-4,5- dimethyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,4-difluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,4,5-trifluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one;
4.4.5.5-tetrafluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; and mixtures thereof; being preferably 4-fluoro-l,3- dioxolan-2-one.
Said fluorinated carbonate can be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 0.05% to 20%, preferably from 0.8% to 15%, more preferably from l% to 10%, more preferably from 2% to 10%, even more preferably from 3% to 10%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
The electrolyte composition according to the invention can further comprise at least one compound selected from:
-a fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula:
R13-COO-R14,
-a fluorinated acyclic carbonate represented by the formula:
R15-OCOO-R16,
-a fluorinated acyclic ether represented by the formula:
R17-O-R18,
- and mixtures thereof,
wherein
i) R13 is H, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group; ii) R15 and Rn is each independently a fluoroalkyl group and can be either the same as or different from each other;
iii) Ri4, Ri6, and Ri x is each independently an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group and can be either the same as or different from each other;
iv) either or both of Rn and Rn comprises fluorine; and
v) RB and Rn, Rn and Rn, Rn and Rn, each taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms.
These compounds can advantageously be used as solvents in the electrolyte compositions according to the present invention (hereinafter referred to as the“fluorinated solvents”).
Preferably, none of Rn, Rn, Rn, Rn, Rn, nor Rn contains a FCTh- group or a -FCH- group.
In another embodiment, Rn and Rn in the formula above do not contain fluorine, and Rn and Rn contain fluorine.
Suitable fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid esters are represented by the formula:
R13-COO-R14
wherein
i) Rn is H, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group;
ii) R14 is an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group;
iii) either or both of Rn and Rn comprises fluorine; and
iv) Rn and RI4, taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms.
In one embodiment, Rn is H and RI4 is a fluoroalkyl group. In one embodiment, Rn is an alkyl group and RI4 is a fluoroalkyl group. In one embodiment, Rn is a fluoroalkyl group and RI4 is an alkyl group. In one embodiment, Rn is a fluoroalkyl group and RI4 is a fluoroalkyl group, and Rn and R14 can be either the same as or different from each other. In one embodiment, Rn comprises one carbon atom. In one embodiment, Rn comprises two carbon atoms.
In another embodiment, Rn and RI4 are as defined herein above, and Rn and Rn, taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms and further comprise at least two fluorine atoms, with the proviso that neither Rn nor Rn contains a FCFfi- group or a - FCH- group.
In one embodiment, the number of carbon atoms in Rn in the formula above is 1, 3, 4, or 5.
In another embodiment, the number of carbon atoms in Rn in the formula above is 1.
Examples of suitable fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid esters include without limitation CH3-COO-CH2CF2H (2,2-difluoroethyl acetate, CAS No. 1550-44-3), CH3-COO-CH2CF3 (2,2,2- trifluoroethyl acetate, CAS No. 406-95-1), CH3CH2-COO-CH2CF2H (2,2-difluoroethyl propionate, CAS No. 1133129-90-4), CH3-COO-CH2CH2CF2H (3,3-difluoropropyl acetate), CH3CH2-COO- CH2CH2CF2H (3,3-difluoropropyl propionate), F2CHCH2-COO-CH3, F2CHCH2-COO-CH2CH3, and F2CHCH2CH2-COO-CH2CH3 (ethyl 4,4-difluorobutanoate, CAS No. 1240725-43-2), H-COO- CH2CF2H (difluoroethyl formate, CAS No. 1137875-58-1), H-COO-CH2CF3 (trifluoroethyl formate, CAS No. 32042-38-9), and mixtures thereof. According to a preferred embodiment, the fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester comprises 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate (CH3-COO-CH2CF2H). According to another preferred embodiment, the fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester comprises 2,2- difluoroethyl propionate (CH3CH2-COO-CH2CF2H). According to another preferred embodiment, the fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester comprises 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acetate (CH3-COO- CH2CF3). According to another preferred embodiment, the fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester comprises 2,2-difluoroethyl formate (H-COO-CH2CF2H).
Suitable fluorinated acyclic carbonates are represented by the formula
R15-OCOO-R16
wherein
i) R15 is a fluoroalkyl group;
ii) Ri6 is an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group; and
iii) R15 and Ri6 taken as a pair comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms.
In one embodiment, R15 is a fluoroalkyl group and Ri6 is an alkyl group. In one embodiment, R15 is a fluoroalkyl group and Ri6 is a fluoroalkyl group, and R15 and Ri6 can be either the same as or different from each other. In one embodiment, R15 comprises one carbon atom. In one embodiment, R15 comprises two carbon atoms.
In another embodiment, R15 and Ri6 are as defined herein above, and R15 and Ri6, taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms and further comprise at least two fluorine atoms, with the proviso that neither R15 nor Ri6 contains a FCFb- group or a - FCH- group.
Examples of suitable fluorinated acyclic carbonates include without limitation CH3- 0C(0)0-CH2CF2H (methyl 2,2-difluoroethyl carbonate, CAS No. 916678-13-2), CFb-0C(0)0- CH2CF3 (methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate, CAS No. 156783-95-8), CFb-0C(0)0- CH2CF2CF2H (methyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl carbonate, CAS No.156783-98-1), HCF2CH2- OCOO-CH2CH3 (ethyl 2,2-difluoroethyl carbonate, CAS No. 916678-14-3), and CF3CH2-OCOO- CH2CH3 (ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate, CAS No. 156783-96-9).
Suitable fluorinated acyclic ethers are represented by the formula
R17-O-R18
wherein
i) Rn is a fluoroalkyl group;
ii) Ri8 is an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group; and
iii) Rn and Ri8 taken as a pair comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms. In one embodiment, Rn is a fluoroalkyl group and Rix is an alkyl group. In one embodiment, Rn is a fluoroalkyl group and Ri x is a fluoroalkyl group, and Rn and Rn can be either the same as or different from each other. In one embodiment, Rn comprises one carbon atom. In one embodiment, Rn comprises two carbon atoms.
In another embodiment, Rn and Rn are as defined herein above, and Rn and Rn, taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms and further comprise at least two fluorine atoms, with the proviso that neither Rn nor Rn contains a FCFb- group or a - FCH- group.
Examples of suitable fluorinated acyclic ethers include without limitation HCF2CF2CH2-O- CF2CF2H (CAS No. 16627-68-2) and HCF2CH2-O-CF2CF2H (CAS No. 50807-77-7).
As explained above, the electrolyte composition according to the invention may comprise, advantageously as solvent, a fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester, a fluorinated acyclic carbonate, a fluorinated acyclic ether, or mixtures thereof. As used herein, the term“mixtures thereof’ encompasses both mixtures within and mixtures between solvent classes, for example mixtures of two or more fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid esters, and also mixtures of fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid esters and fluorinated acyclic carbonates, for example. Non-limiting examples include a mixture of 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate and 2,2-difluoroethyl propionate; and a mixture of 2,2- difluoroethyl acetate and 2,2 difluoroethyl methyl carbonate.
The fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester, the fluorinated acyclic carbonate and/or the fluorinated acyclic ether can be present in the electrolyte composition in an amount ranging from 5% to 95%, preferably from 10% to 80%, more preferably from 20% to 75%, more preferably from 30% to 70%, even more preferably from 50% to 70%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
The electrolyte composition according to the invention further comprises at least one electrolyte salt. Said electrolyte salt is preferably a lithium salt when the electrolyte composition is to be used in a lithium-ion battery. The lithium electrolyte salt is preferably selected from hexafluorophosphate (LiPFr,), lithium bis(trifluoromethyl)tetrafluorophosphate (LiPF i(CF3)2), lithium bis(pentafluoroethyl)tetrafluorophosphate (LiPFkCFFxk), lithium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (LiPFxfCFFxT), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF3S02)2), lithium bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide LiNfCnFxSChk, LiNfCFFxSChk, lithium (fluorosulfonyl) (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, L1AIO4, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium nonafluorobutanesulfonate, lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate, LFBnF -xHx where x is an integer equal to 0 to 8, and mixtures of lithium fluoride and anion receptors such as B(OOTf. The lithium electrolyte salt is preferably selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and is preferably hexafluorophosphate.
The electrolyte salt is present in the electrolyte composition of the invention in an amount ranging from 5% to 20%, preferably from 6% to 18%, more preferably from 8% to 17%, more preferably from 9% to 16%, even more preferably from 11% to 16%, by weight relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
One further object of the invention is the use of at least one compound of formula (1) to (Vll) such as defined above, eventually in combination with at least one compound of formula (Vlll) to (XVII) such as defined above, as component(s) of an electrolyte composition, especially one suitable for an electrochemical cells such as a lithium-ion battery.
One other object of the present invention is an electrochemical cell comprising:
(a) a housing;
(b) an anode and a cathode disposed in the housing and in ionically conductive contact with one another;
(c) an electrolyte composition according to the invention.
Especially, there is provided herein an electrochemical cell comprising a housing, an anode and a cathode disposed in the housing and in ionically conductive contact with one another, an electrolyte composition, as described herein above providing an ionically conductive pathway between the anode and the cathode, and a porous or microporous separator between the anode and the cathode. According to a preferred embodiment, the electrochemical cell is a lithium ion battery.
The housing may be any suitable container to house the electrochemical cell components. Housing materials are well-known in the art and can include, for example, metal and polymeric housings. While the shape of the housing is not particularly important, suitable housings can be fabricated in the shape of a small or large cylinder, a prismatic case, or a pouch. The anode and the cathode may be comprised of any suitable conducting material depending on the type of electrochemical cell. Suitable examples of anode materials include without limitation lithium metal, lithium metal alloys, lithium titanate, aluminum, platinum, palladium, graphite, transition metal oxides, and lithiated tin oxide. Suitable examples of cathode materials include without limitation graphite, aluminum, platinum, palladium, electroactive transition metal oxides comprising lithium or sodium, indium tin oxide, and conducting polymers such as polypyrrole and polyvinylferrocene.
The porous separator serves to prevent short circuiting between the anode and the cathode. The porous separator typically consists of a single-ply or multi-ply sheet of a microporous polymer such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide or a combination thereof. The pore size of the porous separator is sufficiently large to permit transport of ions to provide ionically conductive contact between the anode and the cathode, but small enough to prevent contact of the anode and cathode either directly or from particle penetration or dendrites which can form on the anode and cathode. Examples of porous separators suitable for use herein are disclosed in U.S. Application SN 12/963,927 (filed 09 Dec 2010, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0149852, now U.S. Patent No. 8,518,525).
Many different types of materials are known that can function as the anode or the cathode ln some embodiments, the cathode can include, for example, cathode electroactive materials comprising lithium and transition metals, such as L1C0O2, LiNiCE, LiMmCk, LiCoo.2Nio.2O2, L1V3O8, LiNio.5Mn1.5O4; LiFeP04, LiMnPO i, L1C0PO4, and L1VPO4F. ln other embodiments, the cathode active materials can include, for example:
LiaCoGb02, where 0.90 < a < 1.8, and 0.001 < b < 0.1 ;
LiaNibMncCod e02-fZf, where 0.8 < a < 1.2, 0.1 < b < 0.9, 0.0 < c < 0.7, 0.05 < d < 0.4, 0 < e < 0.2, wherein the sum of b+c+d+e is about 1, and 0<f<0.08;
LiaAi-b,RbD2, where 0.90 < a < 1.8 and 0 < b < 0.5;
LiaEi-bRb02-cDc, where 0.90 < a < 1.8, 0 < b < 0.5 and 0 < c < 0.05;
LiaNii_b-cCobRc02-dZd, where 0.9 < a < 1.8, 0 < b < 0.4, 0 < c < 0.05, and 0 < d < 0.05; Lii+zNii-x-yCoxAlyCk, where 0 < x < 0.3, 0 < y <0.1, and 0 < z < 0.06. ln the above chemical formulas, A is Ni, Co, Mn, or a combination thereof; D is O, F, S, P, or a combination thereof; E is Co, Mn, or a combination thereof; G is Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Mg, La, Ce, Sr, V, or a combination thereof; R is Al, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Sr, V, Zr, Ti, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof; Z is F, S, P, or a combination thereof. Suitable cathodes include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,962,166; 6,680,145; 6,964,828; 7,026,070; 7,078,128; 7,303,840; 7,381,496; 7,468,223; 7,541,114; 7,718,319; 7,981,544; 8,389,160; 8,394,534; and 8,535,832, and the references therein. By“rare earth element” is meant the lanthanide elements from La to Lu, and Y and Sc.
In another embodiment the cathode material is an NMC cathode; that is, a LiNiMnCoO cathode, more specifically, cathodes in which
the atomic ratio ofNi:Mn:Co is 1 : 1 : 1 (LiaNii4>cCobRc02-dZd where 0.98 < a < 1.05, 0 < d < 0.05, b = 0.333, c = 0.333, where R comprises Mn); or
the atomic ratio of Ni:Mn:Co is 5:3:2 (LiaNii4>cCobRc02-dZd where 0.98 < a < 1.05, 0 < d < 0.05, c = 0.3, b = 0.2, where R comprises Mn).
In another embodiment, the cathode comprises a material of the formula LiaMnbJc04Zd, wherein J is Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe, Cu, V, Ti, Zr, Mo, B, Al, Ga, Si, Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, Zn, Sn, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof; Z is F, S, P, or a combination thereof; and 0.9 < a < 1.2, 1.3 < b < 2.2, 0 < c < 0.7, 0 < d < 0.4.
In another embodiment, the cathode in the electrochemical cell or lithium ion battery disclosed herein comprises a cathode active material exhibiting greater than 30 mAh/g capacity in the potential range greater than 4.6 V versus a Li/Li+ reference electrode. One example of such a cathode is a stabilized manganese cathode comprising a lithium-containing manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure as cathode active material. The lithium-containing manganese composite oxide in a cathode suitable for use herein comprises oxides of the formula LixNiyMzMn2-y-z04-d, wherein x is 0.03 to 1.0; x changes in accordance with release and uptake of lithium ions and electrons during charge and discharge; y is 0.3 to 0.6; M comprises one or more of Cr, Fe, Co, Li, Al, Ga, Nb, Mo, Ti, Zr, Mg, Zn, V, and Cu; z is 0.01 to 0.18; and d is 0 to 0.3. In one embodiment in the above formula, y is 0.38 to 0.48, z is 0.03 to 0.12, and d is 0 to 0.1. In one embodiment in the above formula, M is one or more of Li, Cr, Fe, Co and Ga. Stabilized manganese cathodes may also comprise spinel layered composites which contain a manganese-containing spinel component and a lithium rich layered structure, as described in U.S. Patent No. 7,303,840.
In another embodiment, the cathode comprises a composite material represented by the structure of Formula:
x(Li2-wAl-vQw+v03-e) * (1 -x)(LiyMn2-zMz04-d)
wherein:
x is about 0.005 to about 0.1 ;
A comprises one or more of Mn or Ti;
Q comprises one or more of Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mg, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, Zn, Zr or Y;
e is 0 to about 0.3;
v is 0 to about 0.5.
w is 0 to about 0.6;
M comprises one or more of Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Mg, Mn, Nb, Ni, Si, Ti, V, Zn, Zr or Y;
d is 0 to about 0.5;
y is about 0 to about 1 ; and
z is about 0.3 to about 1 ; and
wherein the LiyMn2-zMz04-d component has a spinel structure and the Li2-wQw+vAi-v03-e component has a layered structure.
In the above formula, x can be preferably about 0 to about 0.1.
In another embodiment, the cathode in the lithium ion battery disclosed herein comprises
LiaAi-xRxD04-fZf,
wherein:
A is Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, V, or a combination thereof;
R is Al, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Sr, V, Zr, Ti, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof;
D is P, S, Si, or a combination thereof;
Z is F, Cl, S, or a combination thereof;
- 0.8 < a < 2.2; 0 < x < 0.3; and
- 0 < f< 0.l .
In another embodiment, the cathode in the lithium ion battery ore electrochemical cell disclosed herein comprises a cathode active material which is charged to a potential greater than or equal to about 4.1 V, or greater than or equal to 4.35 V, or greater than 4.5 V, or greater than or equal to 4.6 V versus a Li/Li+ reference electrode. Other examples are layered- layered high-capacity oxygen- release cathodes such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 7,468,223 charged to upper charging potentials above 4.5 V.
In some embodiments, the cathode comprises a cathode active material exhibiting greater than 30 mAh/g capacity in the potential range greater than 4.6 V versus a Li/Li+ reference electrode, or a cathode active material which is charged to a potential greater than or equal to 4.35 V versus a Li/Li+ reference electrode.
A cathode active material suitable for use herein can be prepared using methods such as the hydroxide precursor method described by Liu et al (./. Phys. Chem. C 13:15073-15079, 2009). In that method, hydroxide precursors are precipitated from a solution containing the required amounts of manganese, nickel and other desired metal(s) acetates by the addition of KOH. The resulting precipitate is oven-dried and then fired with the required amount of LiOTPTLO at about 800 to about 1000°C in oxygen for 3 to 24 hours. Alternatively, the cathode active material can be prepared using a solid phase reaction process or a sol-gel process as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,738,957 (Amine).
A cathode, in which the cathode active material is contained, suitable for use herein may be prepared by methods such as mixing an effective amount of the cathode active material (e.g. about 70 wt% to about 97 wt%), a polymer binder, such as polyvinylidene difluoride, and conductive carbon in a suitable solvent, such as N-methylpyrrolidone, to generate a paste, which is then coated onto a current collector such as aluminum foil, and dried to form the cathode.
An electrochemical cell or lithium ion battery as disclosed herein further contains an anode, which comprises an anode active material that is capable of storing and releasing lithium ions. Examples of suitable anode active materials include, for example, lithium alloys such as lithium- aluminum alloy, lithium- lead alloy, lithium-silicon alloy, and lithium-tin alloy; carbon materials such as graphite and mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB); phosphorus-containing materials such as black phosphorus, M11P4 and C0P3; metal oxides such as SnCL, SnO and T1O2; nanocomposites containing antimony or tin, for example nanocomposites containing antimony, oxides of aluminum, titanium, or molybdenum, and carbon, such as those described by Yoon et al (Chem. Mater. 21, 3898-3904, 2009); and lithium titanates such as LLThOi : and LiTLO i. ln one embodiment, the anode active material is lithium titanate or graphite ln another embodiment, the anode is graphite.
An anode can be made by a method similar to that described above for a cathode wherein, for example, a binder such as a vinyl fluoride-based copolymer is dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent or water, which is then mixed with the active, conductive material to obtain a paste. The paste is coated onto a metal foil, preferably aluminum or copper foil, to be used as the current collector. The paste is dried, preferably with heat, so that the active mass is bonded to the current collector. Suitable anode active materials and anodes are available commercially from companies such as Hitachi, NEI Inc. (Somerset, NJ), and Farasis Energy Inc. (Hayward, CA).
The electrochemical cell as disclosed herein can be used in a variety of applications. For example, the electrochemical cell can be used for grid storage or as a power source in various electronically powered or assisted devices (“Electronic Device”) such as a computer, a camera, a radio, a power tool, a telecommunications device, or a transportation device (including a motor vehicle, automobile, truck, bus or airplane).
One other object of the present invention is an electronic device, a transportation device, or a telecommunications device, comprising an electrochemical cell according to the invention.
One other object of the present invention is a method for forming an electrolyte composition. The method comprises combining a) at least one compound selected from those of formula (VII), b) at least one electrolyte salt, c) optionally at least one compound selected from those of formula (VIII) to (XVII), to form the electrolyte composition. In some embodiments, other components, especially such as those described above in connection with the electrolyte composition of the invention, are combined according to this method. Mention can be made of non-fluorinated cyclic carbonates, non- fluorinated acyclic carbonates, fluorinated cyclic carbonates, fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acids, fluorinated acyclic carbonates and/or fluorinated acyclic ethers described above. The components can be combined in any suitable order. The step of combining can be accomplished by adding the individual components of the electrolyte composition sequentially or at the same time. In some embodiments, the components a) and c) are combined to make a first solution. After the formation of the first solution, an amount of the electrolyte salt is added to the first solution in order to produce the electrolyte composition having the desired concentration of electrolyte salt. Alternatively, the components a) and b) are combined to make a first solution, and after the formation of the first solution an amount of component c) and/or the other optional components is added to produce the electrolyte composition. Typically, the electrolyte composition is stirred during and/or after the addition of the components in order to form a homogeneous mixture.
Should the disclosure of any patents, patent applications, and publications which are incorporated herein by reference conflict with the description of the present application to the extent that it may render a term unclear, the present description shall take precedence.
The claims are integral part of the description of the present application.
The invention will now be further described in examples without intending to limit it.
EXAMPLES The present invention is further defined in the following examples ft should be understood that these examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various uses and conditions.
Preparation of the compounds
Otherwise indicated, the raw materials used are commercially available. Mention can be made especially of: potassium fluoride (Sigma- Aldrich, Germany), 1 -hydroxypropionitrile (prepared according to Chemische Berichte, 1906, vol. 39, p. 1858), acetonitrile (Sigma- Aldrich, Germany), 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate obtained by fluorination of ethylene carbonate according to EP2483231, potassium carbonate (Sigma- Aldrich, Germany).
Example 1.1: synthesis of 3-((5-fluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile (compound (VII).l)
Figure imgf000028_0001
A mixture of 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC, l24g), 1 -hydroxypropionitrile (74g, l .04eq), and potassium carbonate (l66g, l .2eq) in anhydrous acetonitrile (1L) was heated at 80°C in an inert atmosphere for 4h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude mixture was purified by distillation under reduced pressure to afford 3-((5-fluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile as a white solid (133g, yield: 76%, purity: 99% by GC).
Example 1.2: synthesis of 3-((5-fluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile (compound (VII).l)
A mixture of 4,5-dichloroethylene carbonate (DFEC, l57g), 1 -hydroxypropionitrile (74g, l .04eq), and potassium carbonate (l66g, l .2eq) in anhydrous acetonitrile (1L) was heated at 80°C in an inert atmosphere for 2h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. To the mixture was added potassium fluoride (70g, l .2eq for DFEC). The resulting mixture was heated at 80°C in an inert atmosphere for additional lh. ft was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude mixture was purified by distillation under reduced pressure to afford 3-((5-fluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile as a white solid (l20g, yield: 68%, purity: 98.5% by GC).
Example 1.3: synthesis of 3-((2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile (compound (VII).21)
Figure imgf000028_0002
In a 500mL three-necked round bottom flask l,3-dioxol-2-one (90g, l .046mol) and triethylamine (15.3g, 0.1519mol) was added in at 0°C, 3-hydroxypropanenitrile (108g, 1.519mol) was added use in injection pump at 0°C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 2 hours, and then the reaction continued overnight at room temperature. After distillation, a red brown liquid was obtained, which was purified by column chromatography over silica gel, eluting with DCM and MeOH, and finally recrystallized.
Example 1.4: synthesis of 3-((5-fluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile (compound (VII).l)
A 1000ml reaction vessel made of PFA was charged with 200g (1.27mol) of 3-((2-oxo-l,3- dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile obtained in Example 1.3 and melted at 50°C. A fluorine/nitrogen gas mixture (5:95 vol.%) was introduced via an immersion tube with a PTFE frit. A total of 1.5mol of fluorine (calculated at 100% fluorine) was introduced. Once the reaction completed, acetone was added and the mixture was neutralized with potassium hydrogen carbonate. The resulting suspension was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with acetone. The combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by vacuum distillation to obtain 3-((5-fluoro- 2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile as a white solid (131 g, yield: 59%, purity: 98.0% by GC). Example 1.5: synthesis of 3-((5-lluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile (compound (VII).l)
A 1000ml reaction vessel equipped with a chlorine gas inlet, thermocouple, an exhaust port leading to an exhaust gas through the condenser was charged with 200g (1.27mol) of 3-((2-oxo-l,3- dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile obtained in Example 1.3 and melted at 50°C. With irradiation of 200W by high-pressure mercury lamp, chlorine-nitrogen mixed gas was introduced via an immersion tube with a PTFE frit. A total of 2mol of chlorine (calculated at 100% chlorine) was introduced. Once the reaction completed, nitrogen gas was introduced to the reaction mixture. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and dissolved in acetonitrile 400g. Then 80g of KF was added to the mixture and the resulting mixture was stirred for 2h, filtered, and washed with acetonitrile. The combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by vacuum distillation to afford 3-((5-fluoro-2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy)propanenitrile as a white solid (115g, yield: 52%, purity: 98.7% by GC).
Preparation of the electrolyte compositions
In addition to the compounds synthesized in examples 1 to 7, the following battery grades compounds (called hereinafter compounds C) are used for the preparation of the electrolytes composition:
tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate (CAS 10497-05-09) (Sigma- Aldrich, Germany),
tris(trifluoroethyl)phosphate (CAS 358-63-4) (Tokyo Chemical Industry, Japan),
methyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropanonate (CAS 18830-44-9) (TCI Chemicals, India), 1.1-difluoro-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethane (CAS 1214268-07-1), prepared by the method described in WO 2015/051141
(fluoromethylsulfonyl)methane (CAS 94404-44-1), prepared from dimethylsulfoxide and (diethyl amino)sulfur trifluoride according to the method described in J-R. McCarthy, ./. Am. Soc., 107, 735-736 (1985),
trifluoro(methylsulfonyl)methane (CAS 421-82-9) (Apolloscientific, UK),
lithium biscyano(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide (CAS 210043-24-6), prepared according to example 2 of US6576159 from malononitrile, lithium hydride and 1- (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidazole,
lithium tris (oxalato)phosphate (CAS 321201-33-6), prepared according to examples 1 and 2 of EP1203001,
2.2-dimethyl-l,3,2-dioxasilolane-4,5-dione, prepared according to example “synthesis of dimethylsilyl oxalate” of WO2018/033357 from Solvay,
2-methylisothiazolidine- 1,1 -dioxide (CAS 83634-83-7) (Parchem, USA)
4-fluoro-l,
3.2-dioxathiolane-2, 2-dioxide (CAS 23910-98-7) prepared according to example 2 of CN105541789,
(2-oxo- l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-2,2-difluoromethylacetate (CAS 1337958-06-1), prepared according to example 2 of US8735005,
1.3-Propanedisulfonyl difluoride (CAS 110073-91-1) prepared according to Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 1997, vol. 83, # 2, p. 145-149,
3-Fluoro-2,5-furandione (CAS 2714-23-0) (Angene, UK)
3.4-Diffluoro-2,5-furandione (CAS 669-78-3) (Carbosynth)
Ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), all battery grade, were purchased at ENchem. Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFe), battery grade, was purchased at ENchem. 4-fluoro-l, 3-dioxolane-2-one (FEC), battery grade, was purchased at Solvay. 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate (DFEA) was purchased at Solvay. 4,5-difluoro-l,3-dioxolane-2-one, battery grade, was provided by Solvay. ft was obtained by a fluorination process of ethylene carbonate such as described in EP 2483231.
Electrolyte compositions are prepared by first mixing the solvents EC, EMC, DMC in their respective volume ratios EC/EMC/DMC (2:2:6) and dissolving the lithium salt LiPF6 in the appropriate amount to yield 1.5 M composition. Compounds obtained from examples 1.1 and 1.2 are respectively added to each electrolyte composition in an amount of 2% (For each electrolyte composition prepared, the amount of added compound is given in weight relative to the total weight of the composition). Other electrolyte compositions are prepared in the same manner but by adding further at least one of the compounds C in an amount of 2% in weight relative to the total weight of the composition. As the results of moisture measurement, the moisture content of all the electrolytes compositions is under 10 mg/kg of composition (Karl Fisher method).
Preparation of the pouch cells
Pouch cells are purchased from Pred Materials (New York, N.Y.) and are 600 mAh cells containing an NMC 532 cathode and a graphitic anode.
Before use, the pouch cells are dried in the antechamber of a dry box under vacuum 4 days at 55°C and vacuum -lOOkPa. Approximately 2.0 gram of electrolyte composition is injected through the bottom, and the bottom edge sealed in a vacuum sealer. For each example, two pouch cells are prepared using the same electrolyte composition.
Pouch cells Assembly and Formation
The cells are held in an environmental chamber (model BTU-433, Espec North America, Hudsonville, Michigan) and evaluated using a battery tester (Series 4000, Maccor, Tulsa, OK) for the formation procedures (at 25 °C, 60 °C) and the high temperature cycling (at 45 °C).
The pouch cells are conditioned using the following cycling procedure. In a first cycle, the cell is charged for 3 hours at 0.1 C, corresponding to approximately 30 % state of charge; this is followed by 24 hour rest at 60 °C. The pouch cell is degassed and resealed in a vacuum sealer. The cell is pressed using hot press at 70 °C during 3 sec.
For the second cycle, the cell is charged at constant current (CC charge) of 0.5 C to 4.35 V followed by a CV voltage-hold step at 4.35 V until current dropped below 0.05C and rested lOmin. This is followed by a CC discharge at 0.5C to 3.0 V and rested lOmin. This cycle is repeated 3 times and it is used as a check of the capacity of the cell.
The final step for formation of pouch cell is charged at constant current (CC charge) of 0.5C to SOC30.
For the 25 °C cycles and the 45 °C cycling described below, the cells also have a 10 min rest following each charge and each discharge step.
Cycling method
The cells are placed in an environmental chamber at 25°C and 45 °C and cycled: CC charge 1C to 4.35 V and CV charge to 0.05C, and CC discharge at 1C to 3.0 V.
Storage procedure
The cells are placed in an environmental chamber at 70 °C with SOC 100, CC charge 1C to 4.35 V and CV charge to 0.05C, initial thickness checked. After 1 week later, they are put out from oven, the thickness is measured by Vernier calipers, the residual and recovery capacity is measured with CC discharge at 1C to 3.0V, and DC-1R is checked.
Ionic conductivity measure procedure
The electrolytes are measured by LCR meter in temperature control chamber at -20°C even
60°C.
Results The tests show that the cells containing the electrolyte compositions according to the invention comprising at least one compound selected from those of formulae (VII) optionally in combination with at least one compound selected from those of formulae (VIII) to (XVII) have improved performance characteristics, especially regarding quality of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on the electrodes surface, chemical stability, ionic conductivity, thermal stability, reversible capacity, cycle characteristics and/or gas generation.

Claims

1. Compound of formula (VII)
Figure imgf000033_0001
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group; Rn and R12 independently denote H or an alkyl group.
Compound according to claim 1 wherein:
Ri denotes H, F, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group; ; and/or
R11 and R12 independently denote H or a C1-C4 alkyl group, preferably H.
3. Compound according to claim 2 wherein Ri denotes F or a fluoroalkyl group; more preferably F or a C1-C4 fluoro or perfluoroalkyl group and even more preferably F.
4. Compound according to claim 2 wherein Ri denotes H.
5. Process for making a compound of formula (VII)
Figure imgf000033_0002
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group; Rn and R12 independently denote H or an alkyl group;
which comprises a step of reacting a compound of formula (L) or (is)
Figure imgf000033_0003
wherein
Xi denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group,
X2 denotes a halogen atom,
with a compound of formula (v)
Figure imgf000034_0001
wherein Rn and R12, which can be the same or different, independently denote H or an alkyl group.
6. Process according to claim 5 wherein:
Ri denote H, F, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group;; and/or
R11 and R12 independently denote H or a C1-C4 alkyl group, preferably H; and/or
X2 denotes F or Cl.
7. Process according to claim 5 or 6 wherein the reaction is performed in an organic solvent, preferably polar, more preferably polar aprotic.
8. Process according to claim 5 or 6 wherein the reaction is performed without solvent.
9. Process according to any of claims 5 to 8 wherein the reaction is performed by means of a base, preferably selected from trialkylamines or carbonates of alkali or alkaline earth metals.
10. Process according to any of claims 5 to 9, wherein, subsequent to the reaction step between compound (17) or (is) and compound (v), the process further comprises an additional step consisting in converting Xi group into Ri group.
11. Process according to claim 10, wherein when Xi in compound (F) is H or when compound (is) is used, subsequent to the reaction step between compound (F) or (is) and compound (v), a fluorination reaction is performed in order to convert said hydrogen atoms into fluorine atoms.
12. Process according to claim 11, wherein a fluorination agent is used for the fluorination reaction, and said fluorination agent is preferably F2.
13. Process according to claim 10, wherein in compound (17) Xi denotes halogen, or a halogenoalkyl group wherein the halogens are other than fluorine and wherein subsequent to the reaction step between compound (17) and compound (v), a halogen exchange reaction is performed so as to replace halogens by fluorine in the product of the reaction between compound (17) and compound (v).
14. Process according to any of claims 10 to 13 wherein, after the reaction step between compound (17) or (is) and compound (v) and prior to the conversion reaction, a step consisting in removing possible solid impurities is performed. 15. Process according to any of claims 5 to 14, further comprising at least one step of:
isolating and/or purifying compound (Vll), preferably by at least one liquid/solid separation and/or distillation; and/or
separating part or all of the unreacted compound of formula (17) or (is), and (v) and in recycling these compounds in the process.
16. Electrolyte composition, comprising at least one electrolyte salt and at least one compound of formula (Vll) according to any of claims 1 or 4 or obtained according to any of claims 5 to 15. 17. Electrolyte composition according to claim 16, further comprising at least one of the following compounds:
-compound of formula (VIII)
Figure imgf000035_0001
wherein A is Si or C;
Li, L2 and L3, which can be the same or different, independently denote a simple bond, a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, C3- C12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
Rii, R12 and R13, which can be the same or different, independently denote H, a halogen atom, a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, or C6-C10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from a halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, and/or optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
-compound of formula (IX)
Figure imgf000036_0001
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group;
L4 denotes a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, C3-C12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
RLt denotes H, a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, or C6-C10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from a halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, and/or optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
-compound of formula (X)
Figure imgf000036_0002
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group;
L5 denotes a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, C3-C12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
Ris denotes H, a linear or branched Ci-Cs alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, or C6-C10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from a halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, and/or optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
-compound of formula (XI)
Figure imgf000036_0003
wherein M3 is H, a metal or N(Ri6Ri7RisRi9), wherein Ri6, R17, Ris and R19, which can be the same or different, independently denote H or a C1-C12 alkyl group. -compound of formula (XII)
Figure imgf000037_0001
wherein Riio and Rin, which can be the same or different, independently denote H, a Ci-Cs alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, or C6-C10 aryl group, optionally comprising at least one substituent selected from halogens, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups;
-compound of formula (XIII)
Figure imgf000037_0002
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group;
Le is a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, C3-C12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
M4 is H, a metal or N^RieRb is ii , wherein Ri6, R17, Ris and R19, which can be the same or different, independently denote H or a C1-C12 alkyl group;
-compound of formula (XIV)
Figure imgf000037_0003
wherein X3 and X4, which can be the same or different, are independently selected from:
■ NR112 where Rin is H, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkenyl group or a C1-C4 alkynyl group;
■ C R i 13 IR i 14 where Rin and Rii4, which can be the same or different, are independently H, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkenyl group or a C1-C4 alkynyl group;
■ and O;
Rii5, Riie, Rin and Rii x, which can be the same or different, are independently selected from H, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group and a C1-C4 halogenoalkyl group; y is an integer ranging from 0 to 2 such as (1.7)0 stands for a simple bond and when y is 1 or 2, L7 stands for a CRi^R o group where R119 and R120, which can be the same or different, are H, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkenyl group or a C1-C4 alkynyl group; -compound of formula (XV)
Figure imgf000038_0001
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group or a C1-C4 halogenoalkyl group; L8 is a simple bond or a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, C1-C4 alkylene, C3-C12 cycloalkylene, C3-C12 arylene, or C4-C16 arylenealkylene group, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S;
-compound of formula (XVI)
Figure imgf000038_0002
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group or a C1-C4 halogenoalkyl group; n; denotes an integer greater than or equal to 2,
R123 denotes a n,- valent linkage group comprising at least one carbon atom and atoms selected from C, H, a halogen atom and O, and the S atom of the -SO2R1 group is bound to a carbon atom of the R123 group;
-compound of formula (XVII)
Figure imgf000038_0003
wherein R124 and R125, which can be the same or different, are independently selected from H, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group, and a C1-C4 halogenoalkyl group;
-and mixtures thereof.
18. Electrolyte composition according to claim 16 or 17 further comprising:
at least one non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate, preferably selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ethyl propyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, dimethylvinylene carbonate, and mixtures thereof; and/or at least one non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate, preferably selected from ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, ethyl butyl carbonate, propyl butyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, and mixtures thereof; and/or
at least one fluorinated cyclic carbonate, preferably selected from 4-fluoro-l,3-dioxolan- 2-one; 4-fluoro-4-methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4-fluoro-5-methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4- fluoro-4,5-dimethyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,5-difluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,5-difluoro- 4-methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,5-difluoro-4,5-dimethyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,4- difluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,4,5-trifluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,4,5,5-tetrafluoro- l,3-dioxolan-2-one; and mixtures thereof; being preferably 4-fluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one.
19. Electrolyte composition according to any of claims 16 to 18, further comprising at least one compound selected from:
-a fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula:
R13-COO-R14,
-a fluorinated acyclic carbonate represented by the formula:
R15-OCOO-R16,
-a fluorinated acyclic ether represented by the formula:
R17-O-R18,
- and mixtures thereof,
wherein
i) R13 is H, an alkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl group;
ii) R15 and Rn is each independently a fluoroalkyl group and can be either the same as or different from each other;
iii) R14, Ri6, and Rn is each independently an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group and can be either the same as or different from each other;
iv) either or both of R13 and R14 comprises fluorine; and
v) R13 and R14, R15 and Ri6, Rn and Rn, each taken as a pair, comprise at least two carbon atoms but not more than seven carbon atoms.
20. Electrolyte composition according to any of claims 16 to 19, wherein said electrolyte salt is a lithium salt, preferably selected from hexafluorophosphate (LiPFr,), lithium bis(trifluoromethyl)tetrafluorophosphate (LiPF i(CF3)2), lithium bis(pentafluoroethyl)tetrafluorophosphate (LiPF^CFF p), lithium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (LiPF-dCFF p), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF3S02)2), lithium bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide LiNfCFF SChT, LiNfCFF SChT, lithium (fluorosulfonyl) (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, L1AIO4, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium nonafluorobutanesulfonate, lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate, LFBnF^-xHx where x is an integer equal to 0 to 8, and mixtures of lithium fluoride and anion receptors such as B(OOT , being preferably selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and preferably being hexafluorophosphate.
21. Electrochemical cell comprising:
(a) a housing;
(b) an anode and a cathode disposed in the housing and in ionically conductive contact with one another;
(c) an electrolyte composition according to any of claims 16 to 20.
22. The electrochemical cell according to claim 21, wherein the electrochemical cell is a lithium ion battery.
23. Electronic device, transportation device, or telecommunications device, comprising an electrochemical cell according to claim 21 or claim 22.
24. Method for forming an electrolyte composition, said method comprising combining
a) at least one compound selected from those of formula (VII),
Figure imgf000040_0001
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group; Rn and R12 independently denote H or an alkyl group;
b) at least one electrolyte salt, c) optionally at least one compound selected from those of formula (VIII) to (XVII) as defined in claim 17,
to form the electrolyte composition.
25. Use of a compound of formula (VII)
Figure imgf000041_0001
wherein Ri denotes H, a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenoalkyl group; Rn and R12 independently denote H or an alkyl group
as component for an electrolyte composition for electrochemical cells, preferably as solvent or additive.
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