JP2009004374A - 液体形態のプロトン伝導体 - Google Patents

液体形態のプロトン伝導体 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP2009004374A
JP2009004374A JP2008143090A JP2008143090A JP2009004374A JP 2009004374 A JP2009004374 A JP 2009004374A JP 2008143090 A JP2008143090 A JP 2008143090A JP 2008143090 A JP2008143090 A JP 2008143090A JP 2009004374 A JP2009004374 A JP 2009004374A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
proton conductor
formula
component
conductor according
nitrogen
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP2008143090A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Michel Armand
アルマン，ミシュル
Christophe Michot
ミショト，クリストフ
Bruno Kapfer
カプファー，ブルーノ
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hydro Quebec
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Original Assignee
Hydro Quebec
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=25678955&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=JP2009004374(A) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from CA002194127A external-priority patent/CA2194127A1/fr
Priority claimed from CA002199231A external-priority patent/CA2199231A1/fr
Application filed by Hydro Quebec, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS filed Critical Hydro Quebec
Publication of JP2009004374A publication Critical patent/JP2009004374A/ja
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0222—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonyl groups
    • B01J31/0224—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonyl groups being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0222—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonyl groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0225—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonic acid groups or the corresponding salts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0225—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonic acid groups or the corresponding salts
    • B01J31/0227—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonic acid groups or the corresponding salts being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
    • B01J31/0239—Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
    • B01J31/0245—Nitrogen containing compounds being derivatives of carboxylic or carbonic acids
    • B01J31/0247—Imides, amides or imidates (R-C=NR(OR))
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
    • B01J31/0245—Nitrogen containing compounds being derivatives of carboxylic or carbonic acids
    • B01J31/0251—Guanidides (R2N-C(=NR)-NR2)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
    • B01J31/0252—Nitrogen containing compounds with a metal-nitrogen link, e.g. metal amides, metal guanidides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0255—Phosphorus containing compounds
    • B01J31/0267—Phosphines or phosphonium compounds, i.e. phosphorus bonded to at least one carbon atom, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, the other atoms bonded to phosphorus being either carbon or hydrogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0271—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0231
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
    • B01J31/0278—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre
    • B01J31/0281—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the nitrogen being a ring member
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
    • B01J31/0287—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing atoms other than nitrogen as cationic centre
    • B01J31/0288—Phosphorus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
    • B01J31/0287—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing atoms other than nitrogen as cationic centre
    • B01J31/0289—Sulfur
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/04—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing carboxylic acids or their salts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
    • B01J31/068—Polyalkylene glycols
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/123—Organometallic polymers, e.g. comprising C-Si bonds in the main chain or in subunits grafted to the main chain
    • B01J31/124—Silicones or siloxanes or comprising such units
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
    • B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine
    • B01J31/1815—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. bipyridyl, 2-aminopyridine
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/22—Organic complexes
    • B01J31/2204—Organic complexes the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms
    • B01J31/2208—Oxygen, e.g. acetylacetonates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B37/00—Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms, involving either the formation of a carbon-to-carbon bond between two carbon atoms not directly linked already or the disconnection of two directly linked carbon atoms
    • C07B37/02—Addition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B37/00—Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms, involving either the formation of a carbon-to-carbon bond between two carbon atoms not directly linked already or the disconnection of two directly linked carbon atoms
    • C07B37/10—Cyclisation
    • C07B37/12—Diels-Alder reactions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
    • C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C255/10—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and halogen atoms, or nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same acyclic carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
    • C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C255/17—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same acyclic carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
    • C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C255/24—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being further bound to other hetero atoms, bound to the same saturated acyclic carbon skeleton
    • C07C255/27—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being further bound to other hetero atoms, bound to the same saturated acyclic carbon skeleton containing cyano groups, amino groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
    • C07C255/45—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C255/46—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings to carbon atoms of non-condensed rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
    • C07C255/63—Carboxylic acid nitriles containing cyano groups and nitrogen atoms further bound to other hetero atoms, other than oxygen atoms of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C255/65—Carboxylic acid nitriles containing cyano groups and nitrogen atoms further bound to other hetero atoms, other than oxygen atoms of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton with the nitrogen atoms further bound to nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C257/00—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines
    • C07C257/10—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines with replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group by nitrogen atoms, e.g. amidines
    • C07C257/14—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines with replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group by nitrogen atoms, e.g. amidines having carbon atoms of amidino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C07C311/03—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C07C311/03—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/04—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to acyclic carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C07C311/09—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by at least two halogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/48—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of sulfonamide groups further bound to another hetero atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
    • C07C317/02—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C317/04—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
    • C07C317/02—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C317/08—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic unsaturated carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
    • C07C317/14—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
    • C07C317/16—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C317/22—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton with sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
    • C07C317/24—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
    • C07C317/26—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C317/32—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton with sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C317/34—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton with sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings being part of the same non-condensed ring or of a condensed ring system containing that ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
    • C07C317/44—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/45—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by condensation
    • C07C45/46—Friedel-Crafts reactions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/61—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups
    • C07C45/67—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C45/68—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
    • C07C45/69—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by addition to carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D207/44—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D207/444—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5
    • C07D207/448—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide
    • C07D207/452—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/76—Nitrogen atoms to which a second hetero atom is attached
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D219/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing acridine or hydrogenated acridine ring systems
    • C07D219/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing acridine or hydrogenated acridine ring systems with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the ring system
    • C07D219/08—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D219/10—Nitrogen atoms attached in position 9
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D231/18—One oxygen or sulfur atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D233/90—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
    • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
    • C07D239/60—Three or more oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
    • C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D241/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D241/40—Benzopyrazines
    • C07D241/42—Benzopyrazines with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
    • C07D249/04—1,2,3-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,3-triazoles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
    • C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
    • C07D249/10—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
    • C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
    • C07D249/10—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D249/12—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D251/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings
    • C07D251/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D251/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D251/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hetero atoms directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D251/40—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D251/54—Three nitrogen atoms
    • C07D251/70—Other substituted melamines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
    • C07D277/64—Benzothiazoles with only hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached in position 2
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
    • C07D277/68—Benzothiazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
    • C07D277/82—Nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D285/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D275/00 - C07D283/00
    • C07D285/01—Five-membered rings
    • C07D285/02—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles
    • C07D285/04—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles not condensed with other rings
    • C07D285/12—1,3,4-Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-thiadiazoles
    • C07D285/125—1,3,4-Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-thiadiazoles with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms, the nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D285/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D275/00 - C07D283/00
    • C07D285/01—Five-membered rings
    • C07D285/02—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles
    • C07D285/04—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles not condensed with other rings
    • C07D285/12—1,3,4-Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-thiadiazoles
    • C07D285/125—1,3,4-Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-thiadiazoles with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms, the nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
    • C07D285/135—Nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D285/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D275/00 - C07D283/00
    • C07D285/15—Six-membered rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D285/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D275/00 - C07D283/00
    • C07D285/15—Six-membered rings
    • C07D285/16—Thiadiazines; Hydrogenated thiadiazines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
    • C07D303/34—Compounds containing oxirane rings with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by sulphur, selenium or tellurium atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/54—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/64—Sulfur atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/04—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring
    • C07D311/42—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring with oxygen or sulfur atoms in positions 2 and 4
    • C07D311/44—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring with oxygen or sulfur atoms in positions 2 and 4 with one hydrogen atom in position 3
    • C07D311/46—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring with oxygen or sulfur atoms in positions 2 and 4 with one hydrogen atom in position 3 unsubstituted in the carbocyclic ring
    • C07D311/52—Enol-esters or -ethers, or sulfur analogues thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/04—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring
    • C07D311/58—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring other than with oxygen or sulphur atoms in position 2 or 4
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/78—Ring systems having three or more relevant rings
    • C07D311/80—Dibenzopyrans; Hydrogenated dibenzopyrans
    • C07D311/82—Xanthenes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D319/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D319/04—1,3-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,3-dioxanes
    • C07D319/06—1,3-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,3-dioxanes not condensed with other rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
    • C07D333/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D333/14—Radicals substituted by singly bound hetero atoms other than halogen
    • C07D333/16—Radicals substituted by singly bound hetero atoms other than halogen by oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
    • C07D333/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D333/24—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F17/00—Metallocenes
    • C07F17/02—Metallocenes of metals of Groups 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic System
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/04—Azo-compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
    • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08G65/329—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds
    • C08G65/334—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing sulfur
    • C08G65/3344—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing sulfur containing oxygen in addition to sulfur
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
    • C09B69/00—Dyes not provided for by a single group of this subclass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
    • C09B69/00—Dyes not provided for by a single group of this subclass
    • C09B69/02—Dyestuff salts, e.g. salts of acid dyes with basic dyes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
    • C09B69/00—Dyes not provided for by a single group of this subclass
    • C09B69/10—Polymeric dyes; Reaction products of dyes with monomers or with macromolecular compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
    • H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
    • H01B1/122—Ionic conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
    • H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
    • H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
    • H01B1/128—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising six-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polyanilines, polyphenylenes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/02—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof using combined reduction-oxidation reactions, e.g. redox arrangement or solion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/54—Electrolytes
    • H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
    • H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/004—Details
    • H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
    • H01M4/382—Lithium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/581—Chalcogenides or intercalation compounds thereof
    • H01M4/5815—Sulfides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
    • H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
    • H01M6/166—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solute
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/18—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
    • H01M6/181—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with polymeric electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/18—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
    • H01M6/182—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with halogenide as solid electrolyte
    • H01M6/183—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with halogenide as solid electrolyte with fluoride as solid electrolyte
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/10—Polymerisation reactions involving at least dual use catalysts, e.g. for both oligomerisation and polymerisation
    • B01J2231/12—Olefin polymerisation or copolymerisation
    • B01J2231/122—Cationic (co)polymerisation, e.g. single-site or Ziegler-Natta type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/10—Polymerisation reactions involving at least dual use catalysts, e.g. for both oligomerisation and polymerisation
    • B01J2231/14—Other (co) polymerisation, e.g. of lactides, epoxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
    • B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B01J2231/324—Cyclisations via conversion of C-C multiple to single or less multiple bonds, e.g. cycloadditions
    • B01J2231/326—Diels-Alder or other [4+2] cycloadditions, e.g. hetero-analogues
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
    • B01J2231/34—Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
    • B01J2231/341—1,2-additions, e.g. aldol or Knoevenagel condensations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
    • B01J2231/34—Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
    • B01J2231/348—1,4-additions, e.g. conjugate additions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/40—Substitution reactions at carbon centres, e.g. C-C or C-X, i.e. carbon-hetero atom, cross-coupling, C-H activation or ring-opening reactions
    • B01J2231/42—Catalytic cross-coupling, i.e. connection of previously not connected C-atoms or C- and X-atoms without rearrangement
    • B01J2231/4205—C-C cross-coupling, e.g. metal catalyzed or Friedel-Crafts type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/50—Redistribution or isomerisation reactions of C-C, C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B01J2231/54—Metathesis reactions, e.g. olefin metathesis
    • B01J2231/543—Metathesis reactions, e.g. olefin metathesis alkene metathesis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/30—Complexes comprising metals of Group III (IIIA or IIIB) as the central metal
    • B01J2531/35—Scandium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/824—Palladium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
    • C07C2601/10—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
    • C07C2602/36—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having more than two atoms in common
    • C07C2602/42—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having more than two atoms in common the bicyclo ring system containing seven carbon atoms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
    • G02F1/1523—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising inorganic material
    • G02F1/1525—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising inorganic material characterised by a particular ion transporting layer, e.g. electrolyte
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
    • G02F1/1516—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising organic material
    • G02F2001/1518—Ferrocene compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
    • H01M4/405—Alloys based on lithium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/60—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
    • H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
    • H01M6/164—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solvent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
    • H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
    • H01M6/168—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by additives
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
    • Y10S430/1053—Imaging affecting physical property or radiation sensitive material, or producing nonplanar or printing surface - process, composition, or product: radiation sensitive composition or product or process of making binder containing
    • Y10S430/1055—Radiation sensitive composition or product or process of making
    • Y10S430/127—Spectral sensitizer containing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2918—Rod, strand, filament or fiber including free carbon or carbide or therewith [not as steel]

Abstract

【課題】室温より低い融点、低い蒸気圧、および水性媒体において得られるのと類似の伝導率を有するプロトン伝導体の提供。
【解決手段】成分（ａ）と（ｂ）の混合物を含んだ液体形態のプロトン伝導体。（ａ）式
Figure 2009004374

（式中、Ｘ-は、式ＲFＳＯ3Ｈのスルホン酸、式（ＲFＳＯ2）(Ｒ'FＳＯ2)ＮＨのスルホンイミド等からなる群から選ばれる酸から誘導されるアニオンである）で示される窒素ベース物質の酸付加塩；および（ｂ）式
Figure 2009004374

で示される窒素ベース物質の混合物を含む、液体形態のプロトン伝導体。
【選択図】なし

Description

（発明の分野）
本発明は、液体形態の新規プロトン伝導体（proton conductor）、および前記プロトン伝導体を、種々の電気化学系において液体電解質、ゲル電解質、またはポリマー電解質として使用することに関する。
（発明の背景）
通常のほとんどのプロトン伝導体は、ＨＣｌやＨ2ＳＯ4等の酸、またはＫＯＨやＮＨ3等の塩基を水にドーピングすることによって得られている。このように、硫酸の水溶液は10-2S.cm-1を越える高いプロトン伝導率を有し、また水酸化カリウムの水溶液（これらの水溶液も極めて伝導性が高い）は、ニッケル−カドミウム系における電解質として広く使用されている。
機能するために水の存在を必要とするプロトン伝導体は一般に、水の蒸発によって使用分野が温度制限を受け、また水の蒸発によってレドックス安定性の場が限定される。さらに、水の存在は通常、これらの電解質を使用する系中に腐食現象を引き起こす。
あらかじめ知っていれば入手拒絶の因となるようなこれらの問題点（redhibitory problems）を解消するために、無水のプロトン伝導体を開発すべく多くの研究がなされている。これらの研究開発による種々の種類の物質から、水性溶媒をヒドロキシル基非含有の溶媒和ポリマー（non-hydroxylic solvating polymer）（例えばポリエチレンオキシド、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリエチレンイミン、又はポリアミノプロピルシロキサン）で置き換えることにより特殊な無水プロトン伝導体が得られている。
これらのポリマーに酸または塩基をドーピングすることによって無水プロトン伝導体が得られる。例えば、ポリエチレンオキシド（ＰＯＥ）中にオルトリン酸Ｈ3ＰＯ4を溶解することによって酸性のプロトン伝導体を得ることができ、またこの同じポリマー中にスルホンアミドＨ2ＮＳＯ2ＮＨ2を溶解することによって塩基性のプロトン伝導体を得ることができる。
これらの電解質は、電気化学系、特に光変調システム（light-modulating systems）を作製するのに有用であるが、それでもまだ大きな欠点を有している。ＰＯＥ中にＨ3ＰＯ4を溶解することによって得られるプロトン伝導体は、媒体の酸性が高い（ｐＫa＝０または約０）ために腐食性がある。これとは対照的に、ＰＯＥ中にスルホンアミドを溶解することによって得られるプロトン伝導体は、塩基性が高い（ｐＫa＝11〜12または約11〜12）ために用途が限定される。実際、金属化学種を含有する多くの電極物質が存在すると、金属カチオンとスルホンアミドが錯形成した形の低品質の伝導体である不動態層が形成される。一方、これらの電解質は低温では低品質の伝導体である。
（発明の総括）
上記の欠点を解消すべく検討を進め、発明者らは、極めて驚くべきことに、アゾール系列に属する特定の窒素ベース物質（nitrogen bases）とこれら窒素ベース物質の適切な酸付加塩との二元混合物が、室温より低い融点、低い蒸気圧、および水性媒体において得られるのと類似の伝導率を有するプロトン伝導体を形成する、ということを見いだした。
本発明によれば、
（ａ）式
Figure 2009004374
〔式中、
Ｚ1、Ｚ2、Ｚ3、およびＺ4は同一でも異なっていてもよく、それぞれが基−Ｎ＝または−Ｃ(Ｙi)＝（式中、Ｙiは、水素原子、１〜20個の炭素原子を有する直鎖状アルキル基もしくは枝分かれ鎖状アルキル基、１〜20個の炭素原子を有するフルオロアルキル基、または１〜20個の炭素原子を有するオキソアルキル基もしくはアザアルキル基である）であり、但しこのとき、基Ｚ1、Ｚ2、Ｚ3、およびＺ4の少なくとも１つおよび多くとも２つが−Ｎ＝であり、２つの隣接炭素原子が必要に応じて水素化されており、窒素ベース物質は必要に応じてポリマーネットワークの一部であり、
Ｘ-は、式ＲFＳＯ3Ｈのスルホン酸、式（ＲFＳＯ2）(Ｒ'FＳＯ2)ＮＨのスルホンアミド、及び式（ＲFＳＯ2）(Ｒ'FＳＯ2)ＣＨ2又は式(ＲFＳＯ2)(Ｒ'FＳＯ2)(Ｒ"FＳＯ2)ＣＨのメチリドからなる群から選ばれる酸から誘導されるアニオンであって、このときＲF、Ｒ'F、およびＲ"Fはそれぞれ基Ｆ(ＣＦ2)n−を表しており、ｎは０〜６であり、酸は必要に応じてポリマーネットワークの一部である)で示される窒素ベース物質の酸付加塩と
（ｂ）式
Figure 2009004374
〔式中、Ｚ1、Ｚ2、Ｚ3、およびＺ4は前記の意味を有し、窒素ベース物質は必要に応じてポリマーネットワークの一部である〕で示される窒素ベース物質との混合物を含み、このとき成分（ａ）と（ｂ）が25℃未満の融点を有する組成物を形成するような割合にて存在する、液体形態のプロトン伝導体が提供される。
本発明はさらに、上記にて定義したプロトン伝導体からなる液体電解質に関する。
本発明はさらに、上記にて定義したプロトン伝導体を、少なくとも１つの極性基を含んだポリマー中に溶解した状態で含むポリマー電解質に関する。
成分（ａ）と成分（ｂ）との混合物を含んだ組成物は実質的に共融であるのが好ましい。
窒素ベース物質の例としては、式
Figure 2009004374
（式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）で示されるアゾールがある。
式
Figure 2009004374
（式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）で示されるイミダゾリン等の部分水素化アゾールも使用することができる。
窒素ベース物質を適切に選択することにより、本発明によるプロトン伝導体のｐＨを制御することができる。したがって、トリアゾール／トリアゾリウムの二元混合物は２のオーダーのｐＫaを有し、イミダゾール／イミダゾリウムの二元混合物は７のオーダーのｐＫaを有し、そしてイミダゾリン／イミダゾリニウムの二元混合物は10のオーダーのｐＫaを有する。
酸の例としては、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸（triflic acid）、ビスフルオロスルホンイミド、ビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド、ビストリフルオロメタンスルホニルメタン、トリストリフルオロメタン−スルホニルメタン、およびトリスフルオロスルホニル−メタンなどがある。
前記成分（ａ）と（ｂ）とを含んだ二元混合物は、無水のプロトン伝導体である。実際、プロトン化されている窒素ベース物質は、グロットゥスの機構にしたがって、そのプロトンをプロトン化されていない窒素ベース物質に移すことができ、これによって媒体中におけるプロトンの移動が可能となる。例えば、共融組成（モル比３：１）を有するイミダゾール／イミダゾリウムトリフラートの二元混合物の場合、本混合物の伝導率は25℃にて10-3Ω-1.cm-1以上である。したがってこのような混合物は、高い伝導率を有する中性の無水プロトン伝導体を構成する。
本発明によるプロトン伝導体は、エレクトロクローム（electrochrome）と呼ばれる光変調システム用として特に関心が高い。エレクトロクローム系は一般に、広いバンドギャップを有する半導性物質（例えば、ＨxＷＯ3、ＩｒＯ2Ｈx、ＨxＴｉＯ2、ＨxＴａ2Ｏ5、ＨxＭｎＯ2、ＨxＣｏＯ2、またはＨxＮｉＯ2;Ｘは通常０〜0.4である）のフィルムを使用し、このときプロトンと電子の注入と抽出が同時的に起こる結果、可視もしくは赤外スペクトルにおいて光学吸収または反射率が変化する。
他のエレクトロクローム系は、還元によって着色が得られるビオロゲン（“Weitz blue”）や酸化によって着色が得られる１,４−テトラルキルアリール−ジアミン（“Wurster blue”）等の、高度着色ラジカルの可溶性前駆体を使用する。しかしながら、これらの化合物は、着色状態になっているときには安定性に限度があり（特に、光と酸素に関して）、自然光にさらされる窓ガラスやディスプレー系には使用することができない。
本発明のプロトン伝導体は、以下のような、２つの電子と１つ又は２つのプロトンの注入を含んだ電気化学反応によって着色化学種が可逆的に形成される、という新しい考え方に基づいている：
［ｏｘ］＋＋２ｅ−＋Ｈ＋→［ｒｅｄ］
［ｏｘ］−＋２ｅ−＋２Ｈ＋→［ｒｅｄ］−
［ｏｘ］＋２ｅ−＋２Ｈ＋→［ｒｅｄ］
このときｏｘからｒｅｄへの移行は色の変化に相当する。この場合では、着色化学種はラジカルではなく、ラジカル系より大幅に改良された安定性を有する。本発明のプロトン伝導体は、高いプロトン化力（protonatlon power）とアゾールタイプのヘテロ原子を選択することによって制御されるｐＨを有しているだけでなく、水性媒体に対してかなり広い操作温度範囲と有機分子への可溶化力（solubilizing power）を有する。
したがって本発明はさらに、ある間隔をあけて互いに対向関係にて配置された２つの透明な半導性電極（各電極は、その一方の側が透明支持体に固定されていて、その他方の側にバンドギャップの広い半導性物質の被膜を含む）および前記にて定義したポリマー電解質（電極間に配置されていて、半導性物質の被膜に接触している）を含むエレクトロクローム系を提供する。
本発明はさらに、ある間隔をあけて互いに対向関係にて配置された２つの透明な半導性電極（各電極は、その一方の側が透明支持体に固定されている）および前記にて定義したポリマー電解質（電極間に配置されていて、各電極の他方の側に接触しており、少なくとも１種のレドックス着色剤を含んでいる）を含むエレクトロクローム系に関する。
本発明によればさらに、ある間隔をあけて互いに対向関係にて配置された２つの透明な半導性電極（各電極は、その一方の側が透明支持体に固定されており、電極の一方が、その他方の側にバンドギャップの広い半導性物質の被膜を含む）および前記にて定義したポリマー電解質（電極間に配置されていて、半導性物質の被膜に接触している）を含むエレクトロクローム系が提供される。ポリマー電解質は少なくとも１種のレドックス対（redox couple）を含み、このレドックス対はバンドギャップの広い半導性物質に対して相補的である。
可逆的な色の変化をうけることのできる分子の例としては以下のようなものがあるが、これらに限定されない。
Figure 2009004374
上記の式において、Ｒ1〜Ｒ10は、アルキル鎖または環中に必要に応じてオキサ置換基、アザ置換基、チア置換基、ハロゲン、ニトロ、シアノ、カルボキシレート、スルホネート、またはオニウム基を含有するアルキル、アリール、アリールアルキル、またはアルキルアリール基である。
Ｒ11〜Ｒ16は、アルキル鎖または環中に必要に応じてオキサ置換基、アザ置換基、チア置換基、ハロゲン、ニトロ、シアノ、カルボキシレート、スルホネート、またはオニウム基を含有するアリール、アルキルアリール、または複素環基である。
電流を加えることによって色の変化をもたらす着色剤またはレドックス対の例としては次のようなものがある。
・ロイコ（バイオレットクリスタル） ←→ クリスタルバイオレット（紫色の酸化形）、
・ロイコ（マラカイトグリーン） ←→ マラカイトグリーン（緑色の酸化形）、
・ロイコ（メチレンブルー） ←→ メチレンブルー（青色の酸化形）、
・ビス（４−ヒドロキシフェニルアミン） ←→ インドフェノールのイミダゾリウム塩（赤色の酸化形）、
・３,４−ジヒドロキシ−９,10−アントラキノン（アリザリン、赤色の還元形） ←→ ３,４,９,10−テトラヒドロキシ−アントラセン、
・４,４'−ビス（４−ニトロフェニルホルマザン）−３,３'−メトキシ−ビフェニル（青色の還元形） ←→ テトラニトロテトラゾリウムブルーカチオン、
・トリフェニルホルマザン（青色の還元形） ←→ ２,３,５−トリフェニル−２Ｈ−テトラゾリウムカチオン、
・１,４−ジアミノフェニル−ヒドラジノ−１−ナフタレン ←→ １,４−ジアミノフェニル−アゾ−１−ナフタレン（Fat brown RR，栗色の酸化形）
レドックス対は相補的な態様にて関連づけることができる。すなわち、試剤の一方が還元によって色の変化を受け、これに対してその相補性物質（complement）が酸化によって色の変化を受ける。したがって、レドックス反応を受けている媒質分子中に色の変化を起こすことなく導入することが可能であり、これによって着色剤の形成反応を単一の電極で起こさせることができる。例えば、二硫化物結合の形成と開裂を含む化合物（例えば、ジメルカプトチアジアゾールやメルカプトメチルテトラゾール、これらの対応するアニオンは本発明の電解質中にて安定である）を挙げることができる。
さらに、上記系列の着色剤と安定なレドックス対を示す有機金属分子（例えば、フェロセンおよびその誘導体）とを結合させることもできるし、あるいはバンドギャップの広い半導性物質（例えば、ＨxＷＯ3、ＩｒＯ2Ｈx、ＨxＴｉＯ2、ＨxＴａ2Ｏ5、ＨxＭｎＯ2、ＨxＮｉＯ2、またはＨxＣｏＯ2;Ｘは通常０〜0.4である）を付着させたカウンター電極を使用することもできる。
本発明のプロトン伝導体はさらに、電気化学的発電体（electrochemical generator）用として、また少なくとも１つの炭素電極、少なくとも１つの金属酸化物電極、もしくはレドックス特性を有する少なくとも１種のポリマーを含んだ電気化学的スーパーコンデンサー用として有望である。本発明のプロトン伝導体は、高い溶媒和力を有する無水のプロトン性溶媒として、そして化学反応、光化学反応、または電気化学反応を起こさせるための溶媒としても使用することができる。
上記のような全ての利点に加えて、本発明のプロトン伝導体は、極性基を含有するポリマー（例えば、ポリエーテル、ポリエステル、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ビニリデンポリフルオライド、またはポリビニルブチラール）と混合するとポリマー電解質を形成する。このように、優れた機械的性質と高い伝導率を有する膜が得られる。さらに、本発明による液状プロトン伝導体、ゲル状プロトン伝導体、またはポリマープロトン伝導体の伝導率は、揮発性の極めて低い少なくとも１種の極性溶媒（例えば、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、テトラアルキル−スルホアミド、またはグライム）を加えることによって増大させることができる。
本発明のさらなる特徴と利点は、添付の図面を参照しつつ、好ましい実施態様についての以下の説明を読めばより一層明らかとなるであろう。
（好ましい実施態様の説明）
図１に示されているエレクトロクローム系は、ある間隔をあけて互いに対向関係にて配置された２つの透明な半導性電極10を含み、このとき各電極10は、その一方の側が透明支持体12（例えばガラス）に固定されていて、その他方の側にバンドギャップの広い半導性物質の被膜14を含む。本発明のポリマー電解質16'が電極10の間に配置されていて、半導性物質の被膜14に接触している。図２に示されているエレクトロクローム系は、電極10に被膜14が設けられていないこと、またポリマー電解質16’が２種の相補性レドックス着色剤を含んでいること以外は、図１のエレクトロクローム系と類似している。電極10に電圧を加えると、図１に示すエレクトロクローム系の場合には被膜14の色が変化し、また図２に示すエレクトロクローム系の場合には、ポリマープロトン電解質（polymer proton electrolyte）16'中に存在するレドックス着色剤の色が変化する。
図３は、イミダゾール/イミダゾリウムトリフラートの二元混合物に対する相図である。図からわかるように、この二元混合物は、イミダゾール/塩（Ｉ/Ｓ）のモル比が３であるときに共融プラトー（eutectic plateau）を有し、このとき融点は約12℃である。一方、図４は、イミダゾール/イミダゾリウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミドの二元混合物の相図である。図４からわかるように、この二元混合物は、Ｉ/Ｓのモル比が４であるときに共融プラトーを有し、このとき融点は約−10℃である。一般に、イミダゾール/イミダゾリウムビストリフルオロスルホンイミドの二元混合物は、その共融組成（Ｉ/Ｓのモル比が４である）において−20℃未満の融点を有する。置換基の性質も液体伝導体の特性に影響を及ぼす。したがって、２−ヘキシルイミダゾール／２−ヘキシルイミダゾリウムトリフラートの二元混合物の場合、Ｉ/Ｓのモル比が３または４であるときの共融プラトーの温度は−10℃未満である。
図５は、Ｉ/Ｓのモル比が４であるイミダゾール/イミダゾリウムトリフラートの二元混合物に20重量％のポリエチレンオキシドを加えても、系〔このとき系は、薄膜電気化学系（例えば、前記したような光変調システム、発電体、スーパーコンデンサー、およびセンサーなど）を製造するのに特に適したポリマー電解質の皮膜の形態をとっている〕の相図はほとんど変わらないことを示している。図６は、このポリマープロトン電解質の伝導率を示しており、その伝導率をプロトン伝導体である他のポリマー電解質〔オルトリン酸とポリエチレンオキシドを混合することによって得られる電解質（ＰＥＯ/Ｈ3ＰＯ4）、オルトリン酸とポリエチレンイミンを混合することによって得られる電解質（ＰＥＩ／Ｈ3ＰＯ4）、およびスルファミドとポリエチレンオキシドを混合することによって得られる電解質（ＰＥＯ/スルファミド）〕の伝導率と比較することができる。したがって、本発明の二元混合物から得られる液体電解質またはポリマー電解質の伝導率は、極めて揮発性の低い極性溶媒（例えば、ジメチルホルムアミドやグライム）を加えることによって増大させることができる。
以下に実施例を挙げて本発明を説明するが、本発明がこれらの実施例によって限定されることはない。
（実施例１）
15mlのエーテル中に1.36ｇ（20ミリモル）のイミダゾールを溶解して得られる溶液に5.62ｇ（20ミリモル）のビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド（ＣＦ3ＳＯ2）2ＮＨ（Fluka社から市販）を加え、本混合物を１時間攪拌し、次いでNo.３の多孔度を有するガラス濾過器によって沈殿物を除去した。乾燥後、式
Figure 2009004374
で示されるビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミドのイミダゾリウム塩が定量的に回収された。
イミダゾール/イミダゾリウム塩のモル比が４/１である混合物をグローブボックス中で粉砕することにより、室温より低い融点を有する液体伝導体を得ることができた。この液体伝導体は、20℃にて約10-3S.cm-1という高いプロトン伝導率を有する。
（実施例２）
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中にて、6.81ｇ（100ミリモル）のイミダゾール、5.62ｇ（20ミリモル）のビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド（ＣＦ3ＳＯ2）2ＮＨ（Fluka社から市販）、およびＭw＝５×106の質量を有する2.49ｇのポリエチレンオキシド（塩を基準として２０重量％）を50mlのギ酸メチル中に溶解して得られる溶液を調製した。次いでこの溶液をポリプロピレンフィルム上に広げた。グローブボックス中で24時間後、良好な機械的特性を有するポリマー電解質の透明皮膜が得られた。
（実施例３）
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中にて、共融組成（モル比４：１）の二元混合物イミダゾール/イミダゾリウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミドを電解質として使用し、下記の層を重ね合わせることによって、ポリマー技術に基づいて電気化学的膜膜発電体を作製した：
− アナターゼ形二酸化チタンＴｉＯ2（45容量％）、シャウィニガンブラック（５容量％）、上記の液体電解質（40容量％）、およびＭw＝３×105の質量を有するポリエチレンオキシド（10容量％）の混合物によって構成されたアノードで、ステンレス鋼の集電体上に付着させてある；
− アノードの場合と類似の混合物によって構成されたカソードであるが、ＴｉＯ2の代わりにＭｎＯ2を使用し、当量のヒドラジンであらかじめ還元され、ステンレス鋼の集電体上に付着させてある：および
− 上記の液体電解質（80重量％）とポリエチレンオキシド（20重量％）との混合物によって構成された電解質皮膜。
組み立て後、全体をボタン形のバッテリーハウジング中に密閉した。最初は放電状態にあるこの電気化学的発電体を、Ｃ/10の荷電/放電速度（a charging/discharging rate）にて1.2Ｖと500mVの間でサイクルさせた。最初の放電での90％の容量を保持しつつ、100回のサイクルが得られた。本発電体は約100Wh/kgという有用なエネルギー密度を有していた。なおエネルギー密度は、160Ah/kgまたは709Ah/lである電気活性物質のみを考慮することにより算出した。
共融組成の二元混合物であるイミダゾリン/イミダゾリウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミドを使用して電気化学的発電体を作製し、類似の性能が得られた。
（実施例４）
無水のチャンバーにて作動するアルゴン雰囲気のWarner & Pfilder押出機中に、Ｍw＝３×105の質量を有する直径２mmのペレット形態のポリエチレンオキシドを一度に全部導入し、次いでイミダゾール、２−ヘキシルイミダゾリウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド、５μｍ未満のサイズの粒子に粉砕された水素化フッ化鉄ＨxＦｅＦ3、シャウィニガンブラック、KETJENBLACK（登録商標）K600（アクゾ社から市販）、およびシリカ粒子（デグッサ社からAEROSTL R974の商標で市販）の混合物を押出機中に導入した。各成分は、ＨxＦｅＦ3が総容量の45％を、シャウィニガンブラックが３％を、KETJENBLACK（登録商標）K600が１％を、シリカ粒子が１％を、ポリエチレンオキシドが５％を、そして他の成分が総容量の45％を構成し、イミダゾール/２−ヘキシルイミダゾリウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミドのモル比が４:１となるように導入した。全体を、100℃の温度にて14cmの幅と120μｍの厚さを有するバンドの形態で押し出し、このときこのカソード皮膜は、８μｍの厚さを有するステンレス鋼のシートに直接付着されている。
プロセス時に、カソード皮膜複合物自体を、Ｍw＝９×105の質量を有するポリエチレンオキシド（17重量％）、シリカ粒子（AEROSIL R974）、およびイミダゾールと２−ヘキシルイミダゾリウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミドとの混合物（80重量％、モル比４:１）を含んだ混合物を押し出すことによって得られる30μｍの厚さの皮膜で被覆した。
プロセス時に、カソードに付着されている電解質皮膜自体を、カソード皮膜と同じ条件下で得られるアノード皮膜（但し、ＨxＦｅＦ3の代わりにアナターゼ形ＴｉＯ2を使用）で被覆した。次いで全体を、８μｍの厚さを有するステンレス鋼のシートで積層した。
最初は放電状態にあるこの電気化学的発電体を、Ｃ/10の荷電/放電速度にて1.2Ｖと500mVの間でサイクルさせた。最初の放電にて78％の容量を保持しつつ、1000回のサイクルが得られた。
（実施例５）
実施例３に記載の電気化学的発電体と類似の電気化学的発電体を作製した。但し本実施例では、一方において、電気活性の有機物質（organic electroactive materials）〔アントラヒドロキノン（オキサアントラノール）ベースのアノードおよびテトラクロロキノン（クロラニル）ベースのカソード〕を使用し、また他方において、共融組成を有していてポリエチレンオキシドの代わりにフッ化ポリビニリデン（モンテジソン社から市販）でゲル化させた二元混合物トリアゾール/ビストリフルオロスルホンイミドを使用した。
Ｃ/30の放電速度にて得られた放電曲線を図７に示す。この図面では、発電体の電圧Ｕ（mVで表示）が縦座標で示されており、また電気活性物質の使用割合Ｘ（％で表示）が横座標で示されている。
この発電体は120Ah/kgのエネルギー密度（電気活性物質のみを考慮することによって算出）を有する。
（実施例６）
二酸化ルテニウム（ＲｕＯ2）ベースの電極を使用して電気化学的スーパーコンデンサーを作製した。このタイプのスーパーコンデンサーは、これら酸化物中へのプロトンの偽挿入（pseudo-insertion）という現象を利用している。電極は真空蒸着によって得た。これら電極の２つと、共融組成の二元混合物１,３,４−トリアゾール/１,３,４−トリアゾリウムトリスフルオロ−スルホニルメチリドで構成される電解質とを使用して、スーパーコンデンサーを組み立てた。
このスーパーコンデンサーを、10Ｃの荷電/放電速度にて０〜１Ｖにてサイクルさせた。これらの条件下では300000回を越えるサイクルが果たされ、300000回目サイクルでの容量は１回目のサイクルの容量の70％に等しかった。このスーパーコンデンサーは５Wh/kgを越えるエネルギー密度を有し、１kW/kgを越える電力を供給することができる。
（実施例７）
活性炭をベースとする電極を使用して電気化学的スーパーコンデンサーを作製した。これらの電極は、還元性媒体中での炭素繊維およびアルミニウム繊維から得られる複合材料であった。150μｍの厚さを有する電極を、40μｍの厚さの微孔質ポリエチレンのいずれかの側に配置し、共融組成の二元混合物であるピラゾール／ピラゾリウムビス（トリフルオロメタンスルホニル）メチドを全体に含浸し、次いでグローブボックス中のボタン形のバッテリーハウジング中に密閉した。
このスーパーコンデンサーを使用すると優れた性能が得られ、10Wh/l以上のエネルギー密度と1500W/l以上の供給電力をもたらしつつ、０〜１の間で200000回を越えるサイクルの荷電/放電が達成された。
（実施例８）
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中にて、共融組成（モル比４：１）の二元混合物１,２,３−トリアゾール/１,２,３−トリアゾリウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミドを電解質として使用し、下記の層を重ね合わせることによってエレクトロクローム系を作製した：
− ガラスプレート上に水素化酸化イリジウムＨxＩｒＯ2の層と酸化錫の伝導性アンダー層を付着させることによって得られる透明電極；
− 上記の液体電解質（80重量％）とポリエチレンオキシド（20重量％）との混合物で構成される透明なポリマー電解質の皮膜；および
− 三酸化タングステンの層と酸化錫の伝導性アンダー層。
このエレクトロクロームにより、無色状態における80％から有色状態における30％までの光学吸収の変化を得ることができる。
10Ｃの荷電/放電速度にて上記電極を使用して得られるサイクル曲線を図８に示す。この図面では、クーロンキャパシタンス（coulombic capacitance）対第１のサイクルのキャパシタンス〔Ｃ（％で表示）〕が縦座標で与えられており、またサイクル数ｎ（数千のオーダーのサイクルで表示）が横座標で与えられている。
（実施例９）
２種の相補性着色剤を、共融組成の二元混合物イミダゾール/イミダゾリウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド中に溶解することによって、エレクトロクロームを作製した。グローブボックス中にて、1.75ｇ（５ミリモル）のイミダゾリウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミドと1.36ｇ（20ミリモル）のイミダゾールを一緒に粉砕した。次いで、この二元混合物に、無色の還元状態における16.5mg（50μモル）のロイコ（マラカイトグリーン）と、無色の酸化状態における30.8mg（50μモル）の３−（４,５−ジメチルチアゾリル−２−イル）−２,５−ジフェニル−２Ｈ−テトラゾリウム（ＭＴＴ）ビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド（臭化物から水中でのアニオン交換によって得られる）を加えた。次いで８重量％のシリカ粒子（AEROSIL R974）を加えた。こうして得られた粘性液体を、酸化錫インジウム（ＩＴＯ）の導電性層で被覆された２つのガラスプレート間に付着させた。気密にするために集成体を密閉した後、ポテンシオスタットを取り付けた外面に1300mVの電圧を加えた。すると系が有色となり、ロイコ（緑色マラカイト）の酸化形とＭＴＴの還元形がそれぞれ、可視スペクトルにおいて強い吸収バンドを示した。−500mVの電圧を加えることによって、系の比較的速やかな（60秒以下）変色が観察された。このようなエレクトロクローム系は寿命が長く、ガラスだけでなく適切に処理されたポリマーを透明な伝導性電極として使用する、サイズが大きい（１m2以上）系の場合でも使い方が簡単である。さらに、彩色を保持するのに必要なエネルギーは比較的低い（１W/m2以下）。
（実施例10）
Ｎ,Ｎ,Ｎ',Ｎ'−テトラメチルフェニレンジアミン（無色の還元状態）とジメチルビオロゲンビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド（無色の酸化状態）を着色剤として使用して、実施例９に記載のエレクトロクローム系と類似のエレクトロクローム系を作製した。このエレクトロクローム系も、２つの電極に電圧を加えると着色した。驚くべきことに、この系は、着色中にラジカル機構が含まれているにも関わらず高い安定性を示す。この液体電解質は、着色剤を可溶化するだけでなく、ラジカルを安定化させることができる。
（実施例11）
トリアゾール/トリアゾールビストリフルオロメタンスルホンアミドの二元混合物と酸化ルテニウムＲｕＯ2を使用して、電気化学的スーパーコンデンサーを作製した。
（実施例12）
イミダゾリウム/イミダゾリウム−トリス（フルオロスルホニル）メチドの二元混合物と活性炭酸化物電極を使用し、グライムを可塑剤として加えることによって電気化学的スーパーコンデンサーを作製した。
（実施例13）
トリアゾール/トリアゾリウムトリフラートの二元混合物を使用し、これにポリエチレンオキシドジアクリレート、光増感剤（イルガキュアー）、および架橋剤を加えることによって（すべて紫外線照射下において）、エレクトロクローム系ＨxＩｒＯ2/ＷＯ3を作製した。
（実施例14）
２種の相補性染料をトリストリフルオロメタンスルホニルメチドの塩中に溶解した状態で使用して、染料を含んだエレクトロクロームを作製した。
図１は、本発明のポリマー電解質を含んだエレクトロクローム系の概略的な部分断面図である。 図２は、本発明のポリマー電解質を含んだ別のエレクトロクローム系の概略的な部分断面図である。 図３は、イミダゾール／イミダゾリウムトリフラートの二元混合物の相図を示している。 図４は、イミダゾール／イミダゾリウムビス（トリフルオロメタン−スルホンイミド）の二元混合物の相図を示している。 図５は、ポリエチレンオキシドまたはポリエチレングリコールが存在する場合としない場合の、イミダゾール／イミダゾリウムトリフラートの二元混合物の相図を示している。 図６は、イミダゾール／イミダゾリウムトリフラートの二元混合物の伝導率の変化を、他の電解質と比較しつつ温度の関数として示している略図である。 図７は、トリアゾール／トリアゾリウム−ビスフルオロ−スルホンイミドの二元混合物を含んだ電気化学的発電体を使用して得られる放電曲線を示している。 図８は、１,２,３−トリアゾール／１,２，３−トリアゾリウム−ビス（トリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド）の二元混合物をポリエチレンオキシド中に溶解して形成されるポリマー電解質を含んだエレクトロクローム系を使用して得られるサイクル曲線（cycling curve）を示している。

Claims (34)

  1. 成分（ａ）：式
    Figure 2009004374
     〔式中、
    Ｚ1、Ｚ2、Ｚ3、およびＺ4は同一でも異なっていてもよく、それぞれが基−Ｎ＝または−Ｃ(Ｙi)＝（式中、Ｙiは、水素原子、１〜20個の炭素原子を有する直鎖状アルキル基もしくは枝分かれ鎖状アルキル基、１〜20個の炭素原子を有するフルオロアルキル基、または１〜20個の炭素原子を有するオキソアルキル基もしくはアザアルキル基である）であり、但しこのとき、基Ｚ1、Ｚ2、Ｚ3、およびＺ4の少なくとも１つおよび多くとも２つが−Ｎ＝であり、２つの隣接炭素原子が必要に応じて水素化されており、窒素ベース物質が必要に応じてポリマーネットワークの一部であり、
    Ｘ−は、式ＲFＳＯ3Ｈのスルホン酸、式（ＲFＳＯ2）（Ｒ’FＳＯ2）ＮＨのスルホンイミド、および式（ＲFＳＯ2）（Ｒ’FＳＯ2）ＣＨ2もしくは式（ＲFＳＯ2）（Ｒ’FＳＯ2）（Ｒ”FＳＯ2）ＣＨのメチリドからなる群から選ばれる酸から誘導されるアニオンであって、このときＲF、Ｒ’F、およびＲ”Fはそれぞれ、基Ｆ（ＣＦ2）n−を表しており、ｎは０〜６であり、酸は必要に応じてポリマーネットワークの一部である〕で示される窒素ベース物質の酸付加塩；および
    成分（ｂ）：式
    Figure 2009004374
     〔式中、Ｚ1、Ｚ2、Ｚ3、およびＺ4は前記の意味を有し、窒素ベース物質は必要に応じてポリマーネットワークの一部である〕で示される窒素ベース物質；
    の混合物を含み、
    このとき成分（ａ）と（ｂ）が25℃未満の融点を有する組成物を形成するような割合にて存在する、液体形態のプロトン伝導体。
  2. 成分（ａ）と成分（ｂ）との混合物を含んだ組成物が実質的に共融である、請求項１記載のプロトン伝導体。
  3. 成分（ａ）が、式
    Figure 2009004374
     （式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）を有するイミダゾールからなる窒素ベース物質の酸付加塩である、請求項１記載のプロトン伝導体。
  4. 成分（ａ）が、式
    Figure 2009004374
     （式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）を有する１,２,３−トリアゾールからなる窒素ベース物質の酸付加塩である、請求項１記載のプロトン伝導体。
  5. 成分（ａ）が、式
    Figure 2009004374
     （式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）を有する１,３,４−トリアゾールからなる窒素ベース物質の酸付加塩である、請求項１記載のプロトン伝導体。
  6. 成分（ａ）が、式
    Figure 2009004374
     （式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）を有するピラゾールからなる窒素ベース物質の酸付加塩である、請求項１記載のプロトン伝導体。
  7. 成分（ａ）が、式
    Figure 2009004374
     （式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）を有するイミダゾリンからなる窒素ベース物質の酸付加塩である、請求項１記載のプロトン伝導体。
  8. 前記酸が、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸、ビスフルオロスルホンイミド、ビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド、ビストリフルオロメタン−スルホニルメタン、トリストリフルオロメタン−スルホニルメタン、およびトリスフルオロスルホニルメタンからなる群から選ばれる、請求項１〜７のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体。
  9. 成分（ａ）が、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸によるイミダゾールの付加塩である、請求項３記載のプロトン伝導体。
  10. 成分（ａ）が、ビスフルオロスルホンイミドによるイミダゾールの付加塩である、請求項３記載のプロトン伝導体。
  11. 成分（ａ）が、ビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミドによるイミダゾールの付加塩である、請求項３記載のプロトン伝導体。
  12. 成分（ａ）が、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸による２−へキシルイミダゾールの付加塩である、請求項３記載のプロトン伝導体。
  13. 成分（ｂ）が、式
    Figure 2009004374
     （式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）を有するイミダゾールからなる窒素ベース物質である、請求項１〜12のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体。
  14. 成分（ｂ）が、式
    Figure 2009004374
     （式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）を有する１,２,３−トリアゾールからなる窒素ベース物質である、請求項１〜12のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体。
  15. 成分（ｂ）が、式
    Figure 2009004374
     （式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）を有する１,３,４−トリアゾールからなる窒素ベース物質である、請求項１〜12のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体。
  16. 成分（ｂ）が、式
    Figure 2009004374
     （式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）を有するピラゾールからなる窒素ベース物質である、請求項１〜12のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体。
  17. 成分（ｂ）が、式
    Figure 2009004374
     （式中、Ｙiは前記の意味を有する）を有するイミダゾリンからなる窒素ベース物質である、請求項１〜12のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体。
  18. 成分（ｂ）がイミダゾールからなる窒素ベース物質である、請求項１〜12のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体。
  19. 成分（ｂ）が２−ヘキシルイミダゾールからなる窒素ベース物質である、請求項１〜12のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体。
  20. ３モルのイミダゾールと１モルのイミダゾリウムトリフラートとの混合物を含む、請求項１記載のプロトン伝導体。
  21. ４モルのイミダゾールと１モルのイミダゾリウムビス（トリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド）との混合物を含む、請求項１記載のプロトン伝導体。
  22. ４モルのイミダゾールと１モルのイミダゾリウムビスフルオロスルホンイミドとの混合物を含む、請求項１記載のプロトン伝導体。
  23. ３モルまたは４モルの２−ヘキシルイミダゾールと１モルの２−ヘキシルイミダゾリウムとの混合物を含む、請求項１記載のプロトン伝導体。
  24. 請求項１〜23のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体からなる液体電解質。
  25. 請求項１〜23のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体を含み、少なくとも１種の極性基を含んだポリマー中に溶解されたポリマー電解質。
  26. 前記ポリマーがポリエチレンオキシドである、請求項25記載のポリマー電解質。
  27. ある間隔をあけて互いに対向関係にて配置された２つの透明な半導性電極、このとき各電極は、その一方の側が透明支持体に固定されていて、その他方の側にバンドギャップの広い半導性物質の被膜を含む；および
    前記電極の間に配置されていて半導性物質の被膜に接触している、請求項25または26に記載のポリマー電解質；
    を含むエレクトロクローム系。
  28. ある間隔をあけて互いに対向関係にて配置された２つの透明な半導性電極、このとき各電極は、その一方の側が透明支持体に固定されている；および
    前記電極の間に配置されていて各電極の他方の側に接触しており、そして少なくとも１種のレドックス着色剤を含んでいる、請求項25または26に記載のポリマー電解質；
    を含むエレクトロクローム系。
  29. ある間隔をあけて互いに対向関係にて配置された２つの透明な半導性電極、このとき各電極は、その一方の側が透明支持体に固定されており、電極の一方が、その他方の側にバンドギャップの広い半導性物質の被膜を含む；及び
    前記電極の間に配置されていて半導性物質の被膜に接触しており、そしてバンドギャップの広い前記半導性物質に対して相補的である少なくとも１種のレドックス対を含んでいる、請求項25または26に記載のポリマー電解質；
    を含むエレクトロクローム系。
  30. アノード、カソード、および前記アノードと前記カソードの間に配置された、請求項24〜26のいずれか一項に記載の電解質を含むエレクトロクローム発電体。
  31. アノード、カソード、および前記アノードと前記カソードの間に配置された、請求項24〜26のいずれか一項に記載の電解質を含む電気化学的スーパーコンデンサー。
  32. 請求項１〜23のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体を含むセンサー。
  33. 請求項１〜23のいずれか一項に記載のプロトン伝導体からなる無水プロトン性溶媒。
  34. 化学反応、光化学反応、または電気化学反応を起こさせるための、請求項33記載の無水プロトン性溶媒の使用。
JP2008143090A 1996-12-30 2008-05-30 液体形態のプロトン伝導体 Pending JP2009004374A (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002194127A CA2194127A1 (fr) 1996-12-30 1996-12-30 Anions delocalises utiles en tant que solutes electrolytiques
CA002199231A CA2199231A1 (fr) 1997-03-05 1997-03-05 Nouveaux materiaux ioniques

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP52951798A Division JP4361137B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 液体形態のプロトン伝導体

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2009004374A true JP2009004374A (ja) 2009-01-08

Family

ID=25678955

Family Applications (14)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP52951898A Expired - Lifetime JP4823401B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 過フッ化アミド塩及びイオン伝導物質としてのその使用方法
JP52951698A Expired - Lifetime JP4683675B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 複素環式芳香族アニオン塩及びイオン性導電材料としてのその使用
JP52951798A Expired - Lifetime JP4361137B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 液体形態のプロトン伝導体
JP52951398A Expired - Lifetime JP4070244B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 表面変性された炭化物質
JP52951498A Expired - Lifetime JP4124487B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 五員環アニオン塩又はテトラアザペンタレン誘導体と、イオン伝導性物質としてのそれらの使用
JP52951598A Pending JP2000508677A (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 マロン酸ニトリル誘導体アニオン塩、及びイオン伝導性材料としてのそれらの使用
JP2007193021A Pending JP2008007781A (ja) 1996-12-30 2007-07-25 表面変性された炭化物質
JP2008143090A Pending JP2009004374A (ja) 1996-12-30 2008-05-30 液体形態のプロトン伝導体
JP2009010733A Expired - Lifetime JP4927108B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 2009-01-21 複素環式芳香族アニオン塩及びイオン性導電材料としてのその使用
JP2009120239A Expired - Lifetime JP5629061B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 2009-05-18 過フッ化アミド塩及びイオン伝導物質としてのその使用方法
JP2010006864A Expired - Lifetime JP5209649B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 2010-01-15 マロン酸ニトリル誘導体アニオン塩、及びイオン伝導性材料としてのそれらの使用
JP2013033109A Pending JP2013173740A (ja) 1996-12-30 2013-02-22 過フッ化アミド塩及びイオン伝導物質としてのその使用方法
JP2014001687A Withdrawn JP2014169271A (ja) 1996-12-30 2014-01-08 過フッ化アミド塩及びイオン伝導物質としてのその使用方法
JP2015234934A Pending JP2016104739A (ja) 1996-12-30 2015-12-01 過フッ化アミド塩及びイオン伝導物質としてのその使用方法

Family Applications Before (7)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP52951898A Expired - Lifetime JP4823401B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 過フッ化アミド塩及びイオン伝導物質としてのその使用方法
JP52951698A Expired - Lifetime JP4683675B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 複素環式芳香族アニオン塩及びイオン性導電材料としてのその使用
JP52951798A Expired - Lifetime JP4361137B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 液体形態のプロトン伝導体
JP52951398A Expired - Lifetime JP4070244B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 表面変性された炭化物質
JP52951498A Expired - Lifetime JP4124487B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 五員環アニオン塩又はテトラアザペンタレン誘導体と、イオン伝導性物質としてのそれらの使用
JP52951598A Pending JP2000508677A (ja) 1996-12-30 1997-12-30 マロン酸ニトリル誘導体アニオン塩、及びイオン伝導性材料としてのそれらの使用
JP2007193021A Pending JP2008007781A (ja) 1996-12-30 2007-07-25 表面変性された炭化物質

Family Applications After (6)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2009010733A Expired - Lifetime JP4927108B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 2009-01-21 複素環式芳香族アニオン塩及びイオン性導電材料としてのその使用
JP2009120239A Expired - Lifetime JP5629061B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 2009-05-18 過フッ化アミド塩及びイオン伝導物質としてのその使用方法
JP2010006864A Expired - Lifetime JP5209649B2 (ja) 1996-12-30 2010-01-15 マロン酸ニトリル誘導体アニオン塩、及びイオン伝導性材料としてのそれらの使用
JP2013033109A Pending JP2013173740A (ja) 1996-12-30 2013-02-22 過フッ化アミド塩及びイオン伝導物質としてのその使用方法
JP2014001687A Withdrawn JP2014169271A (ja) 1996-12-30 2014-01-08 過フッ化アミド塩及びイオン伝導物質としてのその使用方法
JP2015234934A Pending JP2016104739A (ja) 1996-12-30 2015-12-01 過フッ化アミド塩及びイオン伝導物質としてのその使用方法

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (15) US6120696A (ja)
EP (9) EP0850933A1 (ja)
JP (14) JP4823401B2 (ja)
CA (9) CA2805188C (ja)
DE (6) DE69736994T2 (ja)
WO (6) WO1998029877A1 (ja)

Families Citing this family (316)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5962546A (en) 1996-03-26 1999-10-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Cationically polymerizable compositions capable of being coated by electrostatic assistance
DE69736994T2 (de) * 1996-12-30 2007-07-26 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.) Ionische Malonsäuredinitril Derivate und deren Verwendung
EP1388546B1 (fr) 1997-07-25 2010-09-08 ACEP Inc. Utilisation des composés ioniques ayant une charge anionique délocalisée comme composants de catalyseur
WO1999005126A1 (fr) * 1997-07-25 1999-02-04 Acep Inc. Composes ioniques perfluorovinyliques et leur utilisation dans des materiaux conducteurs
CA2215849A1 (en) 1997-09-11 1999-03-11 Christophe Michot New solvent and electrolytic composition with high conductivity and wide stability range
EP0968181B1 (fr) 1997-12-01 2005-04-27 Acep Inc. Sels de sulfones perfluores, et leurs utilisations comme materiaux a conduction ionique
GB9726008D0 (en) * 1997-12-10 1998-02-04 Secr Defence Eletrolyte
ATE231169T1 (de) * 1998-03-03 2003-02-15 Du Pont Im wesentlichen fluorierte ionomere
US6063522A (en) * 1998-03-24 2000-05-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Electrolytes containing mixed fluorochemical/hydrocarbon imide and methide salts
FR2781932B1 (fr) * 1998-07-10 2000-09-01 Giat Ind Sa Electrolyte solide polymere et ses procedes de preparation
US6294289B1 (en) * 1998-08-25 2001-09-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Cyano-substituted methide and amide salts
US6350545B2 (en) * 1998-08-25 2002-02-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Sulfonylimide compounds
DE19858925A1 (de) * 1998-12-19 2000-06-21 Aventis Res & Tech Gmbh & Co Elektrolytsystem für Lithiumbatterien und dessen Verwendung sowie Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien
DE60029151T2 (de) * 1999-03-01 2007-05-31 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minami-Ashigara Photoelektrochemische Zelle mit einem Elektrolyten aus Flüssigkristallverbindungen
JP3724252B2 (ja) * 1999-04-19 2005-12-07 ダイソー株式会社 架橋高分子固体電解質及びその用途
US6372820B1 (en) * 1999-05-06 2002-04-16 Cabot Corporation Polymerized modified particles and methods of making the same
US6593690B1 (en) * 1999-09-03 2003-07-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Large area organic electronic devices having conducting polymer buffer layers and methods of making same
AU739381B2 (en) * 1999-09-24 2001-10-11 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Electrolyte composition, photosensitized solar cell using said electrolyte composition, and method of manufacturing photosensitized solar cell
US6765115B1 (en) * 1999-11-23 2004-07-20 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method for preparing dimetal sulfonyl amide salts
WO2001038300A1 (en) * 1999-11-23 2001-05-31 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method for preparing dimetal sulfonyl amide salts
CN1175512C (zh) * 1999-11-29 2004-11-10 松下电器产业株式会社 非水电解质及非水电解质电池
EP1237858B1 (en) 1999-12-02 2004-07-14 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method for preparing imides from sulfonyl fluorides
US6692658B2 (en) * 1999-12-17 2004-02-17 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Electrolyte and secondary cell
SG83222A1 (en) * 1999-12-27 2001-09-18 Sumitomo Chemical Co Catalyst component for addition polymerization, catalyst for addition polymerization, and process for producing addition polymer
AU2000253140A1 (en) * 2000-01-11 2001-07-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Perfluoroalkanesulfonate salts in electrochemical systems
WO2001053368A1 (en) 2000-01-19 2001-07-26 E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company Process for making graft copolymers
US6522522B2 (en) * 2000-02-01 2003-02-18 Cabot Corporation Capacitors and supercapacitors containing modified carbon products
DE10004928A1 (de) * 2000-02-04 2001-08-09 Solvay Fluor & Derivate Verwendung von Amidinen
ATE251172T1 (de) * 2000-03-31 2003-10-15 Polimeri Europa Spa Polymerisationskatalysatorkomplexe für die homo- und die copolymerisation von ethylen
US7220914B2 (en) * 2003-12-01 2007-05-22 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Zwitterionic compounds and photovoltaic cells containing same
JP4682395B2 (ja) * 2000-04-28 2011-05-11 日産自動車株式会社 非水電池
DE10023744A1 (de) * 2000-05-15 2001-12-13 Bayer Ag Elektrochrome Anzeigevorrichtung mit hoher Kantenschärfe
US6647166B2 (en) 2000-08-17 2003-11-11 The Regents Of The University Of California Electrochromic materials, devices and process of making
JP4799776B2 (ja) * 2000-08-22 2011-10-26 富士フイルム株式会社 電解質組成物及びそれを用いた電気化学電池
JP2002134113A (ja) * 2000-10-30 2002-05-10 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 非水系二次電池
US6841303B2 (en) * 2001-01-17 2005-01-11 Skc Co., Ltd. High ionic conductivity gel polymer electrolyte for rechargeable polymer batteries
WO2002094883A2 (en) * 2001-01-22 2002-11-28 Covalent Associates, Inc. One-step process for the preparation of halide-free hydrophobic salts
EP1857432A3 (en) 2001-03-12 2008-05-14 The Queen's University of Belfast Synthesis of metal bis-triflimide compounds and methods for purification thereof
JP3969077B2 (ja) * 2001-04-04 2007-08-29 住友化学株式会社 高分子電解質及びその製造方法
US20030054172A1 (en) * 2001-05-10 2003-03-20 3M Innovative Properties Company Polyoxyalkylene ammonium salts and their use as antistatic agents
JP4752135B2 (ja) * 2001-05-25 2011-08-17 株式会社Ｇｓユアサ リチウム電池
JP4222466B2 (ja) * 2001-06-14 2009-02-12 富士フイルム株式会社 電荷輸送材料、それを用いた光電変換素子及び光電池、並びにピリジン化合物
JP4287741B2 (ja) * 2001-06-22 2009-07-01 アグフア−ゲヴエルト，ナームローゼ・フエンノートシヤツプ 伝導性パターンを有する材料；ならびに伝導性パターンの形成のための材料及び方法
US6746751B2 (en) 2001-06-22 2004-06-08 Agfa-Gevaert Material having a conductive pattern and a material and method for making a conductive pattern
US6545109B2 (en) 2001-06-29 2003-04-08 3M Innovative Properties Company Imide salts as emulsifiers for the polymerization of fluoroolefins
EP1414896B1 (en) * 2001-08-02 2005-01-12 3M Innovative Properties Company Optically clear and antistatic pressure sensitive adhesives
JP4036279B2 (ja) * 2001-10-09 2008-01-23 よこはまティーエルオー株式会社 プロトン伝導体及びこれを用いた燃料電池
US7241535B2 (en) * 2001-10-15 2007-07-10 Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. Electrolyte for lithium-sulfur batteries and lithium-sulfur batteries comprising the same
JP4004769B2 (ja) * 2001-10-17 2007-11-07 Ｎｅｃトーキン株式会社 電解液、並びにこれを用いた電気化学セル
DE10155281A1 (de) * 2001-11-08 2003-06-05 Solvent Innovation Gmbh Verfahren zur Entfernung polarisierbarer Verunreinigungen aus Kohlenwasserstoffen und Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen durch Extraktion mit ionischen Flüssigkeiten
US7303852B2 (en) * 2001-12-27 2007-12-04 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. Photoacid generating compounds, chemically amplified positive resist materials, and pattern forming method
JP4482334B2 (ja) * 2002-01-25 2010-06-16 エンゲン グループ インコーポレイテッド エネルギー蓄積装置用高分子修飾電極、および該高分子修飾電極を基礎とした電気化学スーパーキャパシタ
US20030153094A1 (en) * 2002-02-13 2003-08-14 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Conductimetric biosensor device, method and system
AU2003224809A1 (en) * 2002-03-27 2003-10-13 Avery Dennison Corporation Switchable electro-optical laminates
CN101853959A (zh) 2002-04-02 2010-10-06 株式会社日本触媒 电解质溶液用材料及其用途
US6803152B2 (en) * 2002-04-19 2004-10-12 Ener1 Battery Company Nonaqueous electrolytes based on organosilicon ammonium derivatives for high-energy power sources
US7709158B1 (en) 2002-05-09 2010-05-04 Electrochem Solutions, Inc. Guanidine derivatives as cations for ambient temperature molten sales in electrochemical power sources
CA2428420A1 (en) * 2002-05-09 2003-11-09 Wilson Greatbatch Technologies, Inc. Guanidine derivatives as cations for ambient temperature molten salts in electrochemical power sources
US7042615B2 (en) 2002-05-17 2006-05-09 The Regents Of The University Of California Electrochromic devices based on lithium insertion
US7390441B2 (en) * 2002-05-23 2008-06-24 Columbian Chemicals Company Sulfonated conducting polymer-grafted carbon material for fuel cell applications
US7413683B2 (en) * 2002-05-23 2008-08-19 Columbian Chemicals Company Sulfonated conducting polymer-grafted carbon material for fuel cell applications
KR20050012748A (ko) * 2002-05-23 2005-02-02 콜롬비안케미컬스컴파니 연료 전지 용도를 위한 전도성 중합체-그라프트된 탄소 물질
US7459103B2 (en) * 2002-05-23 2008-12-02 Columbian Chemicals Company Conducting polymer-grafted carbon material for fuel cell applications
US7241334B2 (en) * 2002-05-23 2007-07-10 Columbian Chemicals Company Sulfonated carbonaceous materials
US7763186B2 (en) * 2002-06-21 2010-07-27 Los Alamos National Security, Llc Preparation and purification of ionic liquids and precursors
BR0305630A (pt) * 2002-06-21 2004-11-30 Univ California Solução de eletrólito para dispositivos eletro-ópticos compreendendo lìquidos iÈnicos, dispositivo eletro-óptico, composto e método para preenchimento de um dispositivo eletro-óptico
JP2004031423A (ja) * 2002-06-21 2004-01-29 Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd グローブボックス装置
KR100463181B1 (ko) * 2002-07-12 2004-12-23 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 리튬-설퍼 전지용 전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬-설퍼 전지
US20040038127A1 (en) * 2002-08-20 2004-02-26 Schlaikjer Carl Roger Small cation/delocalizing anion as an ambient temperature molten salt in electrochemical power sources
JP2004082365A (ja) * 2002-08-23 2004-03-18 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd 感熱記録材料
JP4509787B2 (ja) 2002-09-24 2010-07-21 イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー ポリマー酸コロイドを伴って製造される水分散性ポリチオフェン
US7317047B2 (en) 2002-09-24 2008-01-08 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electrically conducting organic polymer/nanoparticle composites and methods for use thereof
WO2004029133A1 (en) 2002-09-24 2004-04-08 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Water dispersible polyanilines made with polymeric acid colloids for electronics applications
CA2500304A1 (en) 2002-09-24 2004-04-08 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electrically conducting organic polymer/nanoparticle composites and methods for use thereof
EP1406336A1 (en) * 2002-10-01 2004-04-07 Xoliox SA Electrolyte composition having improved aluminium anticorrosive properties
EP1564260B1 (en) * 2002-11-22 2013-03-13 Japan Carlit Co., Ltd. Coloring matter absorbing near-infrared ray and filter for cutting off near-infrared ray
US8124869B2 (en) 2003-01-15 2012-02-28 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Dye-sensitized type solar cell
US20040149472A1 (en) * 2003-02-03 2004-08-05 Warner Benjamin P. Radiofrequency attenuator and method
JP2004265638A (ja) * 2003-02-25 2004-09-24 Ebara Corp 混合伝導カーボンおよび電極
US7390438B2 (en) 2003-04-22 2008-06-24 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Water dispersible substituted polydioxythiophenes made with fluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid colloids
US7312100B2 (en) * 2003-05-27 2007-12-25 The North Carolina State University In situ patterning of electrolyte for molecular information storage devices
US7659026B2 (en) * 2003-06-27 2010-02-09 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Fluorinated sulfonamide compounds and polymer electrolyte membranes prepared therefrom for use in electrochemical cells
WO2005006352A1 (ja) * 2003-07-11 2005-01-20 Ube Industries, Ltd. 酸・塩基混合物および該混合物からなるイオン伝導体
US7001936B2 (en) * 2003-07-16 2006-02-21 Lexmark International, Inc. Pigmented inkjet ink
WO2005034275A2 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-04-14 Honeywell International Inc. Electrolyte with indicator
US7074491B2 (en) * 2003-11-04 2006-07-11 Dionex Corporation Polar silanes for binding to substrates and use of the bound substrates
US7358012B2 (en) 2004-01-06 2008-04-15 Sion Power Corporation Electrolytes for lithium sulfur cells
US8828610B2 (en) 2004-01-06 2014-09-09 Sion Power Corporation Electrolytes for lithium sulfur cells
US10297827B2 (en) 2004-01-06 2019-05-21 Sion Power Corporation Electrochemical cell, components thereof, and methods of making and using same
US10629947B2 (en) 2008-08-05 2020-04-21 Sion Power Corporation Electrochemical cell
TWI302760B (en) * 2004-01-15 2008-11-01 Lg Chemical Ltd Electrochemical device comprising aliphatic nitrile compound
JP4433165B2 (ja) * 2004-02-16 2010-03-17 ソニー株式会社 カチオン伝導体およびこれを用いた電気化学デバイス
JP4507629B2 (ja) * 2004-02-20 2010-07-21 東洋インキ製造株式会社 樹脂グラフトカーボンブラック組成物
JP2007523264A (ja) * 2004-02-23 2007-08-16 イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー 膜式電解研磨向け装置
US7351358B2 (en) 2004-03-17 2008-04-01 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Water dispersible polypyrroles made with polymeric acid colloids for electronics applications
US7785740B2 (en) * 2004-04-09 2010-08-31 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Overcharge protection for electrochemical cells
US8147962B2 (en) 2004-04-13 2012-04-03 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Conductive polymer composites
US20080138704A1 (en) 2004-05-10 2008-06-12 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Material for Electrolytic Solution, Ionic Material-Containing Composition and Use Thereof
US7960057B2 (en) * 2004-05-17 2011-06-14 Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. Battery with molten salt electrolyte and phosphorus-containing cathode
US20050287441A1 (en) * 2004-06-23 2005-12-29 Stefano Passerini Lithium polymer electrolyte batteries and methods of making
JP2006008454A (ja) * 2004-06-25 2006-01-12 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd 炭素微粒子構造体とその製造方法、およびこれを製造するための炭素微粒子転写体と炭素微粒子構造体製造用溶液、並びに炭素微粒子構造体を用いた炭素微粒子構造体電子素子とその製造方法、そして集積回路
JP4731132B2 (ja) * 2004-06-29 2011-07-20 株式会社Ａｄｅｋａ 非水電解液及び該電解液を用いた非水電解液二次電池
JP4412598B2 (ja) * 2004-07-20 2010-02-10 第一工業製薬株式会社 イオンポリマーゲル電解質およびその前駆体組成物
AU2004240178A1 (en) * 2004-08-20 2006-03-09 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Zwitterionic additives for electrochemical devices
EP1634867A1 (de) * 2004-08-25 2006-03-15 Lonza AG Tricyanomethansalze organischer Kationen
US8697309B2 (en) 2004-09-03 2014-04-15 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Proton conductor and fuel cell using the same
KR100663032B1 (ko) * 2004-09-21 2006-12-28 주식회사 엘지화학 공융혼합물을 포함하는 전해질 및 이를 이용한 전기 변색소자
US20060068987A1 (en) * 2004-09-24 2006-03-30 Srinivas Bollepalli Carbon supported catalyst having reduced water retention
JP4709518B2 (ja) * 2004-09-29 2011-06-22 株式会社東芝 プロトン伝導膜及び燃料電池
CA2588575A1 (en) * 2004-12-13 2006-06-22 Transfert Plus, S.E.C. Compositions, redox couples and uses thereof
FR2879458B1 (fr) * 2004-12-21 2007-07-20 Centre Nat Rech Scient Cnrse Sulfamides et sulfinimides fluores
ZA200705619B (en) 2005-01-10 2009-01-28 Avery Dennison Corp Removable curl labels
KR100616666B1 (ko) 2005-01-27 2006-08-28 삼성전기주식회사 카본나노튜브에 구아니딘기를 형성하는 방법,구아니딘기가 형성된 카본나노튜브를 기판에 부착하는방법 및 이에 따라 제조된 카본나노튜브 및 기판
JP2006257288A (ja) * 2005-03-17 2006-09-28 Kaneka Corp 金属表面コーティング用組成物、導電性高分子の製造方法、金属表面のコーティング方法、ならびに電解コンデンサおよびその製造方法
WO2006088033A1 (ja) * 2005-02-17 2006-08-24 Kaneka Corporation 金属表面コーティング用組成物、導電性高分子の製造方法、金属表面のコーティング方法、ならびに電解コンデンサおよびその製造方法
JP4856883B2 (ja) * 2005-03-03 2012-01-18 富士フイルム株式会社 機能性素子、エレクトロクロミック素子、光学デバイス及び撮影ユニット
DE102005013790B4 (de) * 2005-03-24 2007-03-29 Polymaterials Ag Polymerelektrolyt, Verwendung des Polymerelektrolyten und elektrochemische Vorrichtung, die den Polymerelektrolyten umfasst
CA2506104A1 (en) * 2005-05-06 2006-11-06 Michel Gauthier Surface modified redox compounds and composite electrode obtain from them
JP4877228B2 (ja) * 2005-05-31 2012-02-15 コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 エレクトロクロミック表示素子及びフルカラーエレクトロクロミック表示素子
US7579184B2 (en) * 2005-06-02 2009-08-25 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Methods to increase dynamic range and improve quantitative analysis in rapid biosensors
JP5489458B2 (ja) * 2005-06-28 2014-05-14 イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー 高仕事関数の透明コンダクタ
CN101595532B (zh) 2005-06-28 2013-07-31 E.I.内穆尔杜邦公司 缓冲组合物
WO2007022624A1 (en) * 2005-08-22 2007-03-01 Transfert Plus, S.E.C. Process for preparing sulfonylimides and derivatives thereof
JP5031755B2 (ja) * 2005-10-27 2012-09-26 エルジー・ケム・リミテッド 共融混合物を用いた二次電池及びその製造方法
WO2007055392A1 (en) * 2005-11-11 2007-05-18 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Ionic compound
US7919629B2 (en) 2005-12-12 2011-04-05 Phostech Lithium Inc. Sulphonyl-1,2,4-triazole salts
US7521394B2 (en) * 2005-12-29 2009-04-21 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois Nanoparticles containing titanium oxide
US7901660B2 (en) * 2005-12-29 2011-03-08 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois Quaternary oxides and catalysts containing quaternary oxides
US8216680B2 (en) * 2006-02-03 2012-07-10 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Transparent composite conductors having high work function
JP4682057B2 (ja) * 2006-02-20 2011-05-11 富士フイルム株式会社 感光性組成物、該感光性組成物を用いたパターン形成方法及び該感光性組成物に用いられる化合物
WO2007104144A1 (en) * 2006-03-10 2007-09-20 Transfert Plus, S.E.C. Compounds, ionic liquids, molten salts and uses thereof
TWI353677B (en) * 2006-03-21 2011-12-01 Novaled Ag Method for preparing doped organic semiconductor m
US7884209B2 (en) * 2006-03-30 2011-02-08 Novaled Ag Use of bora-tetraazapentalenes
WO2007142731A2 (en) * 2006-04-04 2007-12-13 The Regents Of The University Of California High elastic modulus polymer electrolytes
US8268197B2 (en) * 2006-04-04 2012-09-18 Seeo, Inc. Solid electrolyte material manufacturable by polymer processing methods
US7696122B2 (en) * 2006-07-05 2010-04-13 Cabot Corporation Electrocatalyst inks for fuel cell applications
US20080214814A1 (en) * 2006-07-18 2008-09-04 Zaiwei Li Stable ionic liquid complexes and methods for determining stability thereof
WO2008013095A1 (fr) 2006-07-27 2008-01-31 Nichicon Corporation Composé ionique
EP1903029A1 (de) * 2006-08-16 2008-03-26 Lonza Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkali- oder Erdalkalimetalltricyanomethaniden
CN101501899B (zh) * 2006-08-17 2012-05-30 三菱化学株式会社 锂离子二次电池用负极活性物质及其制造方法以及使用该活性物质的锂离子二次电池用负极及锂离子二次电池
US7820323B1 (en) 2006-09-07 2010-10-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Metal borate synthesis process
US7833660B1 (en) 2006-09-07 2010-11-16 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Fluorohaloborate salts, synthesis and use thereof
RU2461597C2 (ru) 2006-11-02 2012-09-20 Эйвери Деннисон Корпорейшн Эмульсионный клей для смываемой пленки
JP5003685B2 (ja) * 2006-11-08 2012-08-15 コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 表示素子
US7864397B2 (en) * 2006-12-04 2011-01-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Curable electrolyte
US8043418B2 (en) * 2006-12-08 2011-10-25 General Electric Company Gas separator apparatus
KR100767427B1 (ko) * 2006-12-21 2007-10-17 제일모직주식회사 리튬 2차전지용 비수성 전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬2차전지
US20080191172A1 (en) 2006-12-29 2008-08-14 Che-Hsiung Hsu High work-function and high conductivity compositions of electrically conducting polymers
JP5110625B2 (ja) * 2007-02-02 2012-12-26 パナソニック株式会社 蓄電デバイス
US7820347B1 (en) * 2007-02-06 2010-10-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Conversion of salt halides to nitrate salts
US7875388B2 (en) 2007-02-06 2011-01-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Electrodes including polyacrylate binders and methods of making and using the same
EP2122723B1 (en) * 2007-02-06 2017-04-12 3M Innovative Properties Company Electrodes including novel binders and methods of making and using the same
WO2008098137A2 (en) 2007-02-07 2008-08-14 Zettacore, Inc. Liquid composite compositions using non-volatile liquids and nanoparticles and uses thereof
WO2008128073A2 (en) * 2007-04-13 2008-10-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Antistatic optically clear pressure sensitive adhesive
US8012277B2 (en) * 2007-04-13 2011-09-06 Alliant Techsystems Inc. Ionic liquid and a method of synthesizing an ionic liquid
JP2008266155A (ja) * 2007-04-17 2008-11-06 Asahi Kasei Corp スルホンイミドリチウム塩の製造方法
EP2148904B1 (en) * 2007-04-24 2012-06-06 Sun Chemical Corporation Pigments for non-aqueous inks and coatings
US8241526B2 (en) * 2007-05-18 2012-08-14 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Aqueous dispersions of electrically conducting polymers containing high boiling solvent and additives
US8287810B2 (en) * 2007-06-20 2012-10-16 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Electrically-active ferromagnetic particle conductimetric biosensor test kit
KR101451802B1 (ko) * 2007-07-31 2014-10-16 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 글리시딜 에테르계 화합물을 채용한 유기전해액 및 리튬전지
US8222445B2 (en) 2007-08-16 2012-07-17 Lonza Ltd Process for preparing and method of purifying alkali metal and alkaline earth metal tricyanomethanides
JP4936069B2 (ja) * 2007-10-31 2012-05-23 株式会社デンソー モータ制御装置
US20090122389A1 (en) 2007-11-14 2009-05-14 E Ink Corporation Electro-optic assemblies, and adhesives and binders for use therein
US20090181441A1 (en) * 2007-11-27 2009-07-16 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Porous silicon-polymer composites for biosensor applications
CN101878559A (zh) * 2007-11-30 2010-11-03 株式会社藤仓 电解质组合物和使用其的光电转换元件
FR2925181B1 (fr) * 2007-12-12 2010-09-10 Hydro Quebec Lentille optique electrochrome
EP2243806B1 (en) * 2007-12-27 2012-03-28 Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd. Method of producing an aqueous dispersion of surface-treated carbon black
EP2240973B1 (en) * 2008-01-08 2018-03-28 Sion Power Corporation Porous electrodes and associated methods
US8889301B2 (en) * 2008-01-16 2014-11-18 Seeo, Inc. Gel polymer electrolytes for batteries
KR101013328B1 (ko) 2008-01-18 2011-02-09 주식회사 엘지화학 공융혼합물을 포함하는 전해질 및 이를 구비한전기화학소자
US8034485B2 (en) 2008-05-29 2011-10-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Metal oxide negative electrodes for lithium-ion electrochemical cells and batteries
US9782949B2 (en) 2008-05-30 2017-10-10 Corning Incorporated Glass laminated articles and layered articles
JP5471036B2 (ja) * 2008-06-05 2014-04-16 ソニー株式会社 マグネシウムイオン含有非水電解液及びこれを用いた電気化学デバイス
US7715082B2 (en) * 2008-06-30 2010-05-11 Soladigm, Inc. Electrochromic devices based on lithium insertion
JP2010047751A (ja) * 2008-07-24 2010-03-04 Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd イオン交換ポリマー
FR2935382B1 (fr) * 2008-08-29 2010-10-08 Centre Nat Rech Scient Sel d'anion pentacylique et son utilisation comme electrolyte
JP4444355B2 (ja) * 2008-09-03 2010-03-31 株式会社東芝 燃料電池
US7951525B2 (en) * 2008-09-08 2011-05-31 International Business Machines Corporation Low outgassing photoresist compositions
US8129448B2 (en) * 2008-12-18 2012-03-06 Cabot Corporation Method of preparing polymer modified pigments
US20100193449A1 (en) * 2009-02-02 2010-08-05 Jian-Ku Shang Materials and methods for removing arsenic from water
CN102349115B (zh) 2009-03-12 2013-06-19 E.I.内穆尔杜邦公司 用于涂层应用的导电聚合物组合物
EP3255111B1 (en) 2009-03-30 2022-10-12 Avery Dennison Corporation Removable adhesive label containing high tensile modulus polymeric film layer
CN107610582B (zh) 2009-03-30 2020-07-31 艾利丹尼森公司 含有固有地可收缩高分子膜的可移除粘合标签
CN102449677B (zh) 2009-03-30 2016-02-03 艾利丹尼森公司 含具有亲水性的高分子膜层的可移除粘合标签
US8432603B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2013-04-30 View, Inc. Electrochromic devices
FR2944149B1 (fr) * 2009-04-06 2011-04-29 Centre Nat Rech Scient Electrode composite.
EP2421918B1 (en) 2009-04-21 2020-08-26 LG Chem, Ltd. Electrically conductive polymer compositions and films made therefrom
US8945427B2 (en) 2009-04-24 2015-02-03 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electrically conductive polymer compositions and films made therefrom
JP5645459B2 (ja) * 2009-07-10 2014-12-24 富士フイルム株式会社 感活性光線性または感放射線性樹脂組成物およびこれを用いたパターン形成方法
EP2471130B1 (en) 2009-08-28 2019-12-04 Sion Power Corporation Electrochemical cells comprising porous structures comprising sulfur
EP2314572A1 (de) 2009-10-20 2011-04-27 Philipps-Universität Marburg Lithiumsalze von Pentafluorphenylamid-Anionen, ihre Herstellung und ihre Verwendung
US9951008B2 (en) 2009-11-03 2018-04-24 University Of Notre Dame Du Lac Ionic liquids comprising heteraromatic anions
TW201117245A (en) 2009-11-11 2011-05-16 Taiwan Textile Res Inst Water-based electrolyte for electric double layer capacitor and electric double layer capacitor having the same
JP5629510B2 (ja) * 2009-11-30 2014-11-19 大日本印刷株式会社 トリアリールメタン系染料
KR101311933B1 (ko) * 2009-12-29 2013-09-27 제일모직주식회사 전도성 고분자 중합체, 전도성 고분자 조성물, 전도성 고분자 조성물막 및 이를 이용한 유기광전소자
US8730649B2 (en) 2010-03-12 2014-05-20 Taiwan Textile Research Institute Aqueous electrolyte solution for electric double-layer capacitor and electric double-layer capacitor having the same
JP2011198508A (ja) * 2010-03-17 2011-10-06 Sony Corp リチウム二次電池、リチウム二次電池用電解液、電動工具、電気自動車および電力貯蔵システム
KR101346977B1 (ko) 2010-06-04 2014-01-02 주식회사 엘지화학 하이드로포르밀화 반응 부산물 제거용 장치 및 방법
CN103283064B (zh) 2010-08-24 2017-07-11 锡安能量公司 用于在电化学电池中使用的电解质材料
JP5398801B2 (ja) * 2010-10-29 2014-01-29 旭化成株式会社 高分子電解質
WO2012128964A1 (en) 2011-03-08 2012-09-27 Trinapco, Inc. Method of making fluorosulfonylamine
JP5673258B2 (ja) * 2011-03-17 2015-02-18 大日本印刷株式会社 カラーフィルター用着色組成物及びそれを用いたカラーフィルター、並びに表示装置
US8859297B2 (en) 2011-05-23 2014-10-14 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Detection of conductive polymer-labeled analytes
US8735002B2 (en) 2011-09-07 2014-05-27 Sion Power Corporation Lithium sulfur electrochemical cell including insoluble nitrogen-containing compound
KR101807911B1 (ko) 2011-06-17 2017-12-11 시온 파워 코퍼레이션 전극 도금 기술
JP6060478B2 (ja) * 2011-08-03 2017-01-18 住友化学株式会社 化合物及びその製造方法
JP5268123B2 (ja) * 2011-08-26 2013-08-21 株式会社 東北テクノアーチ リチウム電池
US10739337B2 (en) 2011-08-30 2020-08-11 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Extraction and detection of pathogens using carbohydrate-functionalized biosensors
JP2013053208A (ja) * 2011-09-02 2013-03-21 Dic Corp 活性エネルギー線硬化型インクジェット記録用インク組成物及び画像形成方法
FR2979630B1 (fr) * 2011-09-05 2013-10-04 Univ Provence Aix Marseille 1 Copolymeres a blocs dont un polyanionique base sur un monomere anion de type tfsili comme electrolyte de batterie.
WO2013040100A1 (en) * 2011-09-13 2013-03-21 Wildcat Discovery Technologies, Inc. Electrolyte materials for batteries and methods for use
EP2757413A4 (en) * 2011-09-16 2015-05-27 Nat Inst Of Advanced Ind Scien GRADING ELECTROCHROMIC REFLECTING ELEMENT IN WHICH A NONAQUEOUS HYDROGENIC ION CONDUCTING ELECTROLYTIC LAYER IS INSERTED, AND GRADING ELEMENT USING THE ELECTROCHROMIC GRADING REFLECTING ELEMENT
EP2760074B1 (en) * 2011-09-19 2017-11-15 LG Chem, Ltd. Cable-type secondary cell
JP6118805B2 (ja) 2011-10-13 2017-04-19 シオン・パワー・コーポレーション 電極構造およびその製造方法
DE102011055028A1 (de) 2011-11-04 2013-05-08 Jacobs University Bremen Ggmbh Elektrolyt-Zusatz für Lithium-basierte Energiespeicher
JP5871209B2 (ja) * 2011-11-15 2016-03-01 国立大学法人山形大学 ビススルホンイミド構造を持つポリマー及びこれを含む電極ならびに電池
WO2013072470A1 (en) * 2011-11-17 2013-05-23 Jonsson Erlendur Anions and derived salts with high dissociation in non-protogenic solvents
JP2013114934A (ja) * 2011-11-29 2013-06-10 Nippon Synthetic Chem Ind Co Ltd:The 金属塩、電極保護膜形成剤、それを用いた二次電池用電解質、及び二次電池
EP2785703B1 (en) * 2011-11-30 2017-01-11 Solvay SA 5-Fluorinated derivatives of Meldrum's acid (5-fluoro-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione derivatives), methods for their preparation and their use as solvent additives in lithium ion batteries.
KR20220120709A (ko) 2011-12-12 2022-08-30 뷰, 인크. 박막 디바이스 및 제조
TWI447993B (zh) * 2011-12-30 2014-08-01 Ind Tech Res Inst 負極材料與負極極板
DE102012201942B8 (de) * 2012-02-09 2015-02-26 Ewe-Forschungszentrum Für Energietechnologie E. V. Verwendung eines aktivierten kohlenstoffhaltigen Materials, Verfahren zur Herstellung einer kohlenstoffhaltigen Elektrode, kohlestoffhaltige Elektrode, deren Verwendung sowie Vanadium-Redox-Flow-Zelle
WO2013123131A1 (en) 2012-02-14 2013-08-22 Sion Power Corporation Electrode structure for electrochemical cell
DE102012102162A1 (de) * 2012-03-14 2013-09-19 Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts Ionenleitende polymere Verbindung für elektrochemische Zellen
WO2013148242A1 (en) * 2012-03-28 2013-10-03 Cabot Corporation Oxidized carbon blacks treated with polyetheramines and coating compositions comprising same
WO2013142994A1 (en) * 2012-03-30 2013-10-03 Valorisation-Recherche, Limited Partnership Redox-active ionic liquids
CA2776178A1 (en) 2012-04-05 2013-10-05 Hydro-Quebec Ionic compounds
JP5660112B2 (ja) * 2012-04-27 2015-01-28 株式会社豊田自動織機 リチウムイオン二次電池用正極及びリチウムイオン二次電池
US9181173B2 (en) 2012-11-16 2015-11-10 Trinapco, Inc. Synthesis of tetrabutylammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and related salts
US9577289B2 (en) 2012-12-17 2017-02-21 Sion Power Corporation Lithium-ion electrochemical cell, components thereof, and methods of making and using same
JP6268833B2 (ja) * 2012-12-17 2018-01-31 株式会社豊田中央研究所 非水電解液二次電池及び非水電解液二次電池の製造方法
CN105190966B (zh) 2012-12-19 2018-06-12 锡安能量公司 电极结构及其制造方法
CN102993196B (zh) * 2012-12-20 2015-01-28 北京科技大学 三唑类衍生物、其制备方法及其纳米粒子和纳米粒子的应用
KR20150096729A (ko) * 2012-12-20 2015-08-25 솔베이(소시에떼아노님) 전해질 성분으로서의 n-함유 복소환 음이온들의 염들
JP6201363B2 (ja) * 2013-03-25 2017-09-27 三菱ケミカル株式会社 非水系電解液及びそれを用いた非水系電解液電池
WO2015029248A1 (ja) * 2013-09-02 2015-03-05 株式会社日立製作所 負極活物質被覆材並びにこれを用いた負極材料、負極、リチウムイオン二次電池及び電池システム並びにモノマー及びその合成方法
JP6162084B2 (ja) * 2013-09-06 2017-07-12 富士フイルム株式会社 着色組成物、硬化膜、カラーフィルタ、カラーフィルタの製造方法、固体撮像素子、画像表示装置、ポリマー、キサンテン色素
WO2015048765A1 (en) 2013-09-30 2015-04-02 University Of Notre Dame Du Lac Compounds, complexes, compositions, methods and systems for heating and cooling
FR3011683A1 (fr) * 2013-10-03 2015-04-10 Arkema France Sel d'anion pentacyclique : composition pour batteries
FR3012462B1 (fr) * 2013-10-31 2016-01-01 Arkema France Compositions stables de poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) et de stabilisants anioniques a acidite limitee
US10086331B2 (en) 2013-11-05 2018-10-02 University Of Notre Dame Du Lac Carbon dioxide capture using phase change ionic liquids
CN106256034B (zh) 2014-05-01 2019-04-23 锡安能量公司 电极制造方法及相关制品
CA2948001C (en) 2014-05-12 2023-03-14 Johna Leddy Lanthanide electrochemistry
JP2017518625A (ja) * 2014-06-06 2017-07-06 ローベルト ボツシユ ゲゼルシヤフト ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツングＲｏｂｅｒｔ Ｂｏｓｃｈ Ｇｍｂｈ リチウム硫黄電池用ポリマー電解質
JP6541508B2 (ja) * 2014-08-25 2019-07-10 住友化学株式会社 塩、樹脂、レジスト組成物及びレジストパターンの製造方法
CN104600357B (zh) * 2014-12-08 2017-05-31 上海大学 聚合物复合材料固态电解质及其制备方法
US10068715B2 (en) 2014-12-12 2018-09-04 Corning Incorporated Activated carbon and electric double layer capacitor thereof
US10826113B2 (en) * 2015-04-13 2020-11-03 Global Graphene Group, Inc. Zinc ion-exchanging energy storage device
JP6658204B2 (ja) * 2015-04-28 2020-03-04 信越化学工業株式会社 光酸発生剤、レジスト組成物及びパターン形成方法
DE102015210388A1 (de) * 2015-06-05 2016-12-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Organische Heterozyklische Alkalimetallsalze als n-Dotierstoffe in der Organischen Elektronik
EP3113275B1 (de) * 2015-06-29 2021-06-09 VARTA Micro Innovation GmbH Sekundäre magnesiumbatterie und elektrolytsystem sowie elektrode für eine sekundäre magnesiumbatterie
WO2017011759A1 (en) * 2015-07-15 2017-01-19 Trustees Of Boston University Ionic liquid electrolytes and electrochemical devices comprising same
JP2017066377A (ja) * 2015-09-29 2017-04-06 Jsr株式会社 着色組成物、着色硬化膜、並びに表示素子及び固体撮像素子
GB2544495B (en) 2015-11-17 2018-12-05 Nexeon Ltd Surface modified electrochemically active material
US10847790B2 (en) 2015-11-17 2020-11-24 Nexeon Limited Functionalised electrochemically active material and method of functionalisation
KR102056591B1 (ko) * 2015-12-07 2019-12-17 주식회사 엘지화학 점착제 조성물
TWI662364B (zh) 2015-12-31 2019-06-11 Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Llc 光致抗蝕劑組合物、包含光致抗蝕劑組合物的經塗佈基板及形成電子裝置的方法
TWI619699B (zh) 2015-12-31 2018-04-01 Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Llc 光酸產生劑
CN109641837B (zh) * 2016-07-26 2022-03-08 东曹精细化工株式会社 卤化物得以减少的具有聚合性官能团的磺酰亚胺的有机溶剂溶液
JP6853636B2 (ja) * 2016-09-08 2021-03-31 三菱マテリアル電子化成株式会社 ペルフルオロアルキルスルホンアミドの製造方法
JP6744848B2 (ja) * 2016-09-13 2020-08-19 信越化学工業株式会社 粘着剤組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法
JP6761384B2 (ja) * 2016-09-29 2020-09-23 信越化学工業株式会社 粘着剤組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法
JP6761386B2 (ja) * 2016-09-29 2020-09-23 信越化学工業株式会社 粘着剤組成物、生体電極、生体電極の製造方法、及び塩
KR102141267B1 (ko) * 2016-11-04 2020-08-04 주식회사 엘지화학 방향족 고리를 포함하는 화합물 및 이를 포함하는 중합체
JP6919993B2 (ja) 2017-01-06 2021-08-18 信越化学工業株式会社 生体電極組成物、生体電極及び生体電極の製造方法
JP6966310B2 (ja) * 2017-02-06 2021-11-10 信越化学工業株式会社 生体電極組成物、生体電極、生体電極の製造方法、及び高分子化合物
JP6892376B2 (ja) 2017-02-14 2021-06-23 信越化学工業株式会社 生体電極組成物、生体電極、生体電極の製造方法、及び高分子化合物
JP6765988B2 (ja) * 2017-02-22 2020-10-07 信越化学工業株式会社 導電性ポリマー用高分子化合物及びその製造方法
JP6661212B2 (ja) * 2017-02-22 2020-03-11 信越化学工業株式会社 導電性ポリマー複合体及び基板
EP3601233A4 (en) * 2017-03-27 2021-01-06 Hydro-Québec SALT FOR USE IN ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITIONS OR AS ELECTRODE ADDITIVES
ES2693587A1 (es) * 2017-06-09 2018-12-12 Universidad Carlos Iii De Madrid Sales a base de aniones orgánicos de sulfonamidas y sus usos
JP7160350B2 (ja) * 2017-07-06 2022-10-25 公立大学法人大阪 生体組織透明化法及びその試薬
JP6886556B2 (ja) * 2017-08-08 2021-06-16 ジェンテックス コーポレイション 透明イオン交換膜を有する電気光学装置
US10232360B1 (en) 2017-09-12 2019-03-19 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, Lp Use of organic dopants to enhance acetylene hydrogenation catalysts
US10245583B1 (en) * 2017-09-12 2019-04-02 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, Lp Use of charge-containing molecules linked with covalent bonds to enhance acetylene hydrogenation catalysts
JP6845191B2 (ja) * 2017-10-19 2021-03-17 信越化学工業株式会社 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法
JP6920000B2 (ja) * 2017-10-26 2021-08-18 信越化学工業株式会社 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法
KR102228070B1 (ko) * 2017-11-01 2021-03-12 주식회사 엘지화학 화학 증폭형 포토레지스트 조성물 및 이를 이용한 포토레지스트 필름
JP6850279B2 (ja) * 2017-11-21 2021-03-31 信越化学工業株式会社 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法
CN107706463B (zh) * 2017-11-23 2018-11-06 林宝领 一种锂电池的亚硝基接枝碳酸酯电解液及制备方法
CN109851704B (zh) * 2017-11-30 2020-06-19 比亚迪股份有限公司 聚合物隔膜及其制备方法和应用及锂电池
CN109851703B (zh) * 2017-11-30 2020-10-23 比亚迪股份有限公司 适用于粘结剂的偏二氟乙烯类共聚物及其制备方法和应用
CN109860471B (zh) * 2017-11-30 2020-12-25 比亚迪股份有限公司 聚合物隔膜及其制备方法和应用及锂电池
CN109935902B (zh) * 2017-12-19 2021-10-19 成都大超科技有限公司 固态电解质及其锂电池电芯、锂电池
JP6839125B2 (ja) 2018-04-02 2021-03-03 信越化学工業株式会社 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法
JP7080732B2 (ja) * 2018-06-01 2022-06-06 三菱マテリアル電子化成株式会社 含フッ素スルホニルイミド塩基含有シリコーン化合物とそれを含有する導電性シリコーン組成物
US11394056B2 (en) * 2018-06-08 2022-07-19 Solid State Battery Incorporated Composite solid polymer electrolytes for energy storage devices
JP7111653B2 (ja) 2018-06-25 2022-08-02 信越化学工業株式会社 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法
JP7099990B2 (ja) 2018-06-26 2022-07-12 信越化学工業株式会社 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法
CN112424685A (zh) 2018-07-20 2021-02-26 株式会社尼康 相机附件及信息发送方法
EP3605700A1 (en) 2018-07-31 2020-02-05 Solvay Sa New components for electrolyte compositions
WO2020025499A1 (en) 2018-07-31 2020-02-06 Solvay Sa New components for electrolyte compositions
EP3604276A1 (en) 2018-07-31 2020-02-05 Solvay Sa New components for electrolyte compositions
WO2020025502A1 (en) 2018-07-31 2020-02-06 Solvay Sa New components for electrolyte compositions
EP3605699A1 (en) 2018-07-31 2020-02-05 Solvay Sa New components for electrolyte compositions
EP3605698A1 (en) 2018-07-31 2020-02-05 Solvay Sa New components for electrolyte compositions
WO2020025501A1 (en) 2018-07-31 2020-02-06 Solvay Sa New components for electrolyte compositions
JP6966396B2 (ja) * 2018-08-23 2021-11-17 信越化学工業株式会社 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法
KR102650658B1 (ko) 2018-11-15 2024-03-25 삼성전자주식회사 헤테로고리 방향족 구조의 음이온을 포함하는 금속염 및 그 제조방법, 그리고 상기 금속염을 포함하는 전해질 및 전기화학소자
CN109776709B (zh) * 2018-12-25 2021-09-07 广东工业大学 一种聚对苯乙烯磺酰(三氟甲基磺酰)亚胺锂-聚碳酸亚乙烯基酯共聚物及其应用
EP3883037B1 (en) * 2019-01-17 2023-03-01 LG Energy Solution, Ltd. Electrolyte for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery including the same
JP7237606B2 (ja) * 2019-01-25 2023-03-13 国立大学法人東京農工大学 ４－スチレン誘導体を重合したポリマー並びに、これを用いたマグネシウム二次電池用バインダーもしくはコート剤、及びマグネシウム二次電池
DE102019208914A1 (de) * 2019-06-19 2020-12-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Salz mit Anion mit unfluorierter Dialkylamid-Sulfonyl- und/oder -Sulfoximid-Gruppe und mit Perfluoralkyl-Sulfonyl-Gruppe
CN110305172B (zh) * 2019-06-26 2020-09-01 武汉大学 一种钴膦酸盐及其制备方法和作为宽温域质子传导材料的应用
CN110368899A (zh) * 2019-07-16 2019-10-25 邱越 一种活性炭复合材料及其制备方法和应用
CN110721745B (zh) * 2019-09-25 2020-09-08 中山大学 一种抗中毒的水溶性过氧化物分解催化剂及其制备方法和应用
KR20210070609A (ko) 2019-12-05 2021-06-15 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 리튬 이차전지용 비수전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지
WO2021150022A1 (ko) * 2020-01-21 2021-07-29 하이드로메이트 코팅스, 인크. 비닐 아미노 비방향족고리 화합물로 표면개질된 기질 및 그의 표면개질 방법
CN115004096A (zh) * 2020-02-05 2022-09-02 金泰克斯公司 电致变色化合物
CN111477962B (zh) * 2020-05-29 2021-07-20 珠海市赛纬电子材料股份有限公司 一种锂离子电池非水电解液及含该非水电解液的锂离子电池
CN111883834B (zh) * 2020-07-24 2022-12-13 香河昆仑新能源材料股份有限公司 一种非水锂离子电池电解液添加剂、包含其的电解液以及锂离子电池
CN111883836A (zh) * 2020-07-24 2020-11-03 香河昆仑化学制品有限公司 一种锂离子电池非水电解液和锂离子电池
CN111934015B (zh) * 2020-08-28 2022-08-19 珠海市赛纬电子材料股份有限公司 一种锂离子电池非水电解液及含该非水电解液的锂离子电池
EP4338216A1 (en) 2021-05-12 2024-03-20 LITRONIK Batterietechnologie GmbH Primary alkali metal cells with geminal dinitrile additives
EP4322264A1 (en) * 2021-05-17 2024-02-14 Central Glass Co., Ltd. Non-aqueous electrolyte and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using same
CN115286587B (zh) * 2022-07-06 2024-02-23 珠海中科先进技术研究院有限公司 一种高离域的碱金属化合物及其制备方法和应用

Family Cites Families (68)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3054800A (en) * 1949-09-17 1962-09-18 Harry P Burchfield 3, 5-dinitro-1, 2, 4-triazoles and process for preparing same
US2959475A (en) * 1957-02-19 1960-11-08 Du Pont Method for the control of weeds
CH484920A (de) * 1966-05-13 1970-03-13 Sandoz Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aminsalzen von 1,2,4-Triazolen
NL174644C (nl) * 1970-04-13 1984-07-16 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Werkwijze ter bereiding van een herbicide verbinding; tevens werkwijze voor de bereiding van een preparaat met herbicide werking.
FR2097745A5 (en) * 1970-04-13 1972-03-03 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Fluoroalkyl sulphonamido-diaryl-(thio)-ethers and derivs - herbicides antiinflamma
BE791595A (fr) 1971-11-18 1973-05-17 Omf California Inc Electrolyte pour accumulateur
JPS5148516B2 (ja) * 1973-02-07 1976-12-21
DD118433A1 (ja) * 1975-03-17 1976-03-05
US4226873A (en) 1977-02-23 1980-10-07 Gulf Oil Corporation 5-Substituted-3-fluorosulfonyl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles and use as insecticides and miticides
JPS53117094A (en) * 1977-03-23 1978-10-13 Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc Preparation of composition and high polymer
US4105525A (en) * 1978-01-23 1978-08-08 Orion Research Incorporated Internal standard electrolyte for ammonia sensor
EP0010396A1 (en) * 1978-10-24 1980-04-30 Fbc Limited Fungicidal and herbicidal compositions, certain cyanomethane and cyanoethene derivatives being active agents thereof, the preparation of these derivatives and methods for combating fungi and weeds
FR2527602A1 (fr) * 1982-06-01 1983-12-02 Anvar Bis perhalogenoacyl- ou sulfonyl- imidures de metaux alcalins, leurs solutions solides avec des matieres plastiques et leur application a la constitution d'elements conducteurs pour des generateurs electrochimiques
DE3230923A1 (de) * 1982-08-20 1984-02-23 Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen Thiadiazinone, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und diese enthaltende fungizide
JPS6020950A (ja) * 1983-07-13 1985-02-02 Nippon Zeon Co Ltd 硬質用塩化ビニル樹脂組成物
US5232940A (en) * 1985-12-20 1993-08-03 Hatton Leslie R Derivatives of N-phenylpyrazoles
US4664761A (en) * 1985-12-27 1987-05-12 Uop Inc. Electrochemical method and apparatus using proton-conducting polymers
US4664757A (en) * 1985-12-27 1987-05-12 Uop Inc. Method and apparatus for gas detection using proton-conducting polymers
JPH0654686B2 (ja) * 1986-01-14 1994-07-20 三洋電機株式会社 二次電池
JPS62219908A (ja) * 1986-03-20 1987-09-28 日本ケミコン株式会社 電解コンデンサ用電解液
US4714569A (en) * 1986-07-22 1987-12-22 Toska Co., Ltd. Process for preparing conductive coating composition
FR2606216A1 (fr) * 1986-10-30 1988-05-06 Elf Aquitaine Materiau a conduction ionique
FR2606217B1 (fr) * 1986-10-30 1990-12-14 Elf Aquitaine Nouveau materiau a conduction ionique constitue par un sel en solution dans un electrolyte liquide
EP0289624B1 (en) * 1986-11-10 1992-08-12 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Colored fine spherical particles, process for their preparation, and their uses
US4966954A (en) * 1987-03-04 1990-10-30 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Production and processing of thermally stable polyenaminonitriles and polyaminoquinolines therefrom
US4882244A (en) * 1987-04-02 1989-11-21 The University Of Michigan-Ann Arbor Battery containing a metal anode and an electrolyte providing high rates of metal electrolysis at near ambient temperatures
US4835074A (en) * 1987-09-25 1989-05-30 The Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. Modified carbons and electrochemical cells containing the same
JPH01152165A (ja) * 1987-12-09 1989-06-14 Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Co Ltd 表面処理されたカーボンブラツクの製造方法
JP2724377B2 (ja) * 1988-05-12 1998-03-09 汪芳 白井 イオン伝導性組成物
FR2645533B1 (fr) 1989-04-06 1991-07-12 Centre Nat Rech Scient Procede de synthese de sulfonylimidures
NL9001075A (ja) * 1990-05-04 1991-12-02 Duphar Int Res
IT1246357B (it) * 1990-07-12 1994-11-17 Ausimont Spa Processo per la preparazione di composti perfluoroalcossisolfonici
US5273840A (en) 1990-08-01 1993-12-28 Covalent Associates Incorporated Methide salts, formulations, electrolytes and batteries formed therefrom
US5281261A (en) * 1990-08-31 1994-01-25 Xerox Corporation Ink compositions containing modified pigment particles
FR2673769B1 (fr) * 1991-03-07 1993-06-18 Centre Nat Rech Scient Materiaux polymeriques a conduction ionique.
EP0532408A1 (fr) * 1991-09-13 1993-03-17 Saint-Gobain Vitrage International Polymère conducteur protonique, application en tant qu'électrolyte dans des dispositifs électrochimiques
FR2683524A1 (fr) 1991-11-08 1993-05-14 Centre Nat Rech Scient Derives des bis(perfluorosulfonyl)methanes, leur procede de preparation, et leurs utilisations .
FR2687671B1 (fr) * 1992-02-21 1994-05-20 Centre Nal Recherc Scientifique Monomeres derives de sultones perhalogenees et polymeres obtenus a partir de ces monomeres.
JP2845389B2 (ja) * 1992-03-10 1999-01-13 大日精化工業株式会社 熱転写記録用着色組成物
DE4217366A1 (de) 1992-05-26 1993-12-02 Bayer Ag Imide und deren Salze sowie deren Verwendung
US5354784A (en) * 1992-08-10 1994-10-11 Arakawa Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Cyclopentadienyliron complex salt, process for preparing the same and photopolymerizable composition containing the same
US5518841A (en) * 1993-02-12 1996-05-21 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Composite cathode
US5538812A (en) * 1994-02-04 1996-07-23 Moltech Corporation Electrolyte materials containing highly dissociated metal ion salts
JP3878206B2 (ja) * 1994-03-21 2007-02-07 サントル・ナショナル・ドゥ・ラ・ルシェルシュ・シャンティフィク 良好な耐食性を示すイオン性伝導材料
JP3499916B2 (ja) 1994-05-30 2004-02-23 三洋電機株式会社 高分子固体電解質電池とその製造方法
FR2723098B1 (fr) * 1994-07-28 1996-10-04 Centre Nat Rech Scient Materiau macromoleculaire comportant des substituants ioniques et son utilisation dans les systemes electrochimiques
JP3117369B2 (ja) * 1994-09-12 2000-12-11 セントラル硝子株式会社 スルホンイミドの製造方法
US5525436A (en) * 1994-11-01 1996-06-11 Case Western Reserve University Proton conducting polymers used as membranes
WO1996024929A1 (en) 1995-02-08 1996-08-15 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Reduced solvent antistatic hard coat
US5609990A (en) 1995-02-08 1997-03-11 Imation Corp. Optical recording disk having a sealcoat layer
US5514493A (en) 1995-03-06 1996-05-07 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Perfluoroalkylsulfonates, sulfonimides, and sulfonyl methides, and electrolytes containing them
US5874616A (en) 1995-03-06 1999-02-23 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Preparation of bis (fluoroalkylenesulfonyl) imides and (fluoroalkysulfony) (fluorosulfonyl) imides
US5748439A (en) * 1995-06-06 1998-05-05 Telectronics Pacing Systems, Inc. Capacitors having high strength electrolytic capacitor separators
JPH0912920A (ja) * 1995-06-28 1997-01-14 Nippon Oil Co Ltd 炭素材料の製造方法
US5831108A (en) * 1995-08-03 1998-11-03 California Institute Of Technology High metathesis activity ruthenium and osmium metal carbene complexes
US5691081A (en) 1995-09-21 1997-11-25 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Battery containing bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide and cyclic perfluoroalkylene disulfonylimide salts
US5795496A (en) * 1995-11-22 1998-08-18 California Institute Of Technology Polymer material for electrolytic membranes in fuel cells
FR2742437B1 (fr) * 1995-12-14 1998-01-09 Electricite De France Bis(phenylsulfonyl)imidures, leur procede de preparation et materiaux a conduction ionique les comprenant
EP1020438A3 (en) 1996-03-26 2003-02-26 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Ionic fluorinated sulphonamides and sulphones
US5817376A (en) 1996-03-26 1998-10-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Free-radically polymerizable compositions capable of being coated by electrostatic assistance
US5962546A (en) 1996-03-26 1999-10-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Cationically polymerizable compositions capable of being coated by electrostatic assistance
US5688613A (en) * 1996-04-08 1997-11-18 Motorola, Inc. Electrochemical cell having a polymer electrolyte
DE19632285A1 (de) * 1996-08-09 1998-02-19 Hoechst Ag Protonenleiter mit einer Temperaturbeständigkeit in einem weiten Bereich und guten Protonenleitfähigkeiten
DE69736994T2 (de) * 1996-12-30 2007-07-26 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.) Ionische Malonsäuredinitril Derivate und deren Verwendung
US6063522A (en) 1998-03-24 2000-05-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Electrolytes containing mixed fluorochemical/hydrocarbon imide and methide salts
US5874606A (en) 1998-03-31 1999-02-23 Occidental Chemical Corporation Process for making o-arylbenzonitriles
US6294289B1 (en) 1998-08-25 2001-09-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Cyano-substituted methide and amide salts
US6350545B2 (en) 1998-08-25 2002-02-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Sulfonylimide compounds

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP4124487B2 (ja) 2008-07-23
US6171522B1 (en) 2001-01-09
US6576159B1 (en) 2003-06-10
EP0889863A2 (fr) 1999-01-13
WO1998029399A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
WO1998029396A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
CA2244979C (fr) 2008-05-06
JP2000508676A (ja) 2000-07-11
US20020009650A1 (en) 2002-01-24
CA2244979A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
JP2000508114A (ja) 2000-06-27
DE69721748T2 (de) 2004-03-11
DE69705301T2 (de) 2002-05-02
US20010024749A1 (en) 2001-09-27
DE69736994T2 (de) 2007-07-26
DE69705301D1 (de) 2001-07-26
DE69721748D1 (de) 2003-06-12
EP0890176B1 (fr) 2001-06-20
CA2248246C (fr) 2010-02-09
EP2380882B1 (fr) 2012-08-15
EP0890176A1 (fr) 1999-01-13
WO1998029358A2 (fr) 1998-07-09
US20020102380A1 (en) 2002-08-01
CA2248244A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
JP4361137B2 (ja) 2009-11-11
JP2002514245A (ja) 2002-05-14
DE69715361T2 (de) 2003-04-30
WO1998029388A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
CA2248303C (fr) 2010-05-25
JP4683675B2 (ja) 2011-05-18
WO1998029389A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
US7906235B2 (en) 2011-03-15
US20030052310A1 (en) 2003-03-20
EP1391952A3 (fr) 2016-04-27
JP2000508678A (ja) 2000-07-11
EP0850921A1 (fr) 1998-07-01
JP2016104739A (ja) 2016-06-09
DE69715799D1 (de) 2002-10-31
US20050074668A1 (en) 2005-04-07
DE69715361D1 (de) 2002-10-17
JP4070244B2 (ja) 2008-04-02
US6835495B2 (en) 2004-12-28
CA2704986C (fr) 2013-04-09
JP2013173740A (ja) 2013-09-05
CA2683826C (fr) 2013-06-11
DE69739501D1 (de) 2009-09-03
US6319428B1 (en) 2001-11-20
JP4823401B2 (ja) 2011-11-24
CA2805188C (fr) 2015-12-08
JP2010100647A (ja) 2010-05-06
EP0850920A3 (fr) 1998-07-08
CA2248244C (fr) 2010-05-11
JP2009149656A (ja) 2009-07-09
JP2008007781A (ja) 2008-01-17
EP1201650B1 (fr) 2006-11-22
JP2000508677A (ja) 2000-07-11
US6120696A (en) 2000-09-19
EP1201650A3 (fr) 2004-01-02
US20030066988A1 (en) 2003-04-10
US6395367B1 (en) 2002-05-28
US20050123831A1 (en) 2005-06-09
CA2248304C (fr) 2007-11-13
CA2248242A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
EP0850933A1 (fr) 1998-07-01
US6506517B2 (en) 2003-01-14
DE69736994D1 (de) 2007-01-04
JP2000508346A (ja) 2000-07-04
CA2248304A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
CA2683826A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
CA2704986A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
US6228942B1 (en) 2001-05-08
EP0850932B1 (fr) 2009-07-22
WO1998029877A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
JP2014169271A (ja) 2014-09-18
US6333425B1 (en) 2001-12-25
EP1201650A2 (fr) 2002-05-02
EP0850932A1 (fr) 1998-07-01
DE69715799T2 (de) 2003-08-14
JP5629061B2 (ja) 2014-11-19
US6365068B1 (en) 2002-04-02
EP2380882A1 (fr) 2011-10-26
CA2248242C (fr) 2010-07-06
CA2248303A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
CA2248246A1 (fr) 1998-07-09
EP0850920A2 (fr) 1998-07-01
JP2009242401A (ja) 2009-10-22
JP5209649B2 (ja) 2013-06-12
EP1391952A2 (fr) 2004-02-25
EP0850920B1 (fr) 2002-09-11
WO1998029358A3 (fr) 1998-10-08
JP4927108B2 (ja) 2012-05-09
EP0850921B1 (fr) 2002-09-25
EP0889863B1 (fr) 2003-05-07
CA2805188A1 (fr) 1998-07-09

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP4361137B2 (ja) 液体形態のプロトン伝導体
Madasamy et al. Viologen-based electrochromic materials and devices
Gélinas et al. Air-stable, self-bleaching electrochromic device based on viologen-and ferrocene-containing triflimide redox ionic liquids
US6620546B1 (en) Materials for use as electrolytic solutes
US8790537B2 (en) Process for the preparation of solid polymer electrolytes using ionic liquids
US10545387B2 (en) Electrochromic device for applying voltage to electrodes
US7126054B2 (en) Raw material kit for electrolytic composition, electrolytic composition, and dye-sensitized solar cell
Pande et al. RGB-to-black multicolor electrochromic devices enabled with viologen functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
EP3633445A1 (en) Electrochemical device comprising carbon quantum dot ionic compound electrolyte
Hsiao et al. Achieving low-driving voltage electrochromic devices with N-methylphenothiazine derived ionic liquid
Fan et al. A novel ionic liquid with stable radical as the electrolyte for hybrid type electrochromic devices
CN111399260A (zh) 一种光学性质可智能调节的电解质及电化学器件
US20220244607A1 (en) A functional and transparent gel electrolyte system and fast switching electrochromic/electrochemical devices thereof
JPS58207027A (ja) 全固体型エレクトロクロミツク表示装置
Adams Electrochromic, Electrofluorochromic, and Photoactive Properties of Thiazolothiazole-Based, Multifunctional Materials
JPS6117581A (ja) イソチアナフテン構造を有する重合体
EP0628848A1 (en) Electrochromic device
JPH05107566A (ja) エレクトロクロミツク素子
JPS62207324A (ja) 置換ピロ−ル重合体
JPH0219442B2 (ja)
JPH04324841A (ja) エレクトロクロミック素子
JPH06202165A (ja) エレクトロクロミック素子
JPS6197328A (ja) フイルム状ポリアゾフエニレン及び表示素子
JPH0328220A (ja) エレクトロクロミック素子
JPS63291037A (ja) エレクトロクロミック素子及びその製造法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20111206

A601 Written request for extension of time

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601

Effective date: 20120301

A602 Written permission of extension of time

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A602

Effective date: 20120306

A601 Written request for extension of time

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601

Effective date: 20120405

A602 Written permission of extension of time

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A602

Effective date: 20120410

A601 Written request for extension of time

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601

Effective date: 20120427

A602 Written permission of extension of time

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A602

Effective date: 20120507

A02 Decision of refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02

Effective date: 20120727