JP5031755B2 - 共融混合物を用いた二次電池及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
共融混合物を用いた二次電池及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5031755B2 JP5031755B2 JP2008535472A JP2008535472A JP5031755B2 JP 5031755 B2 JP5031755 B2 JP 5031755B2 JP 2008535472 A JP2008535472 A JP 2008535472A JP 2008535472 A JP2008535472 A JP 2008535472A JP 5031755 B2 JP5031755 B2 JP 5031755B2
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- secondary battery
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- electrolyte
- lithium
- eutectic mixture
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 73
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 61
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 28
- -1 allylamide compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
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- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
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- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims 4
- GTCAXTIRRLKXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl carbamate Chemical compound COC(N)=O GTCAXTIRRLKXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N monomethyl-formamide Natural products CNC=O ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 21
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
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- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
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- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 4
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- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- YQHLDYVWEZKEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N cumene hydroperoxide Chemical compound OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 YQHLDYVWEZKEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003950 cyclic amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- ISAOCJYIOMOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N desyl alcohol Natural products C=1C=CC=CC=1C(O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ISAOCJYIOMOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-tert-butyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- JQVXMIPNQMYRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl dimethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OC)OC JQVXMIPNQMYRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019382 gum benzoic Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QOSATHPSBFQAML-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen peroxide;hydrate Chemical compound O.OO QOSATHPSBFQAML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002432 hydroperoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XCAUINMIESBTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Pb]=S XCAUINMIESBTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IMACFCSSMIZSPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenacyl chloride Chemical compound ClCC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 IMACFCSSMIZSPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003140 primary amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003334 secondary amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CC(N)C1 RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YRHRIQCWCFGUEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioxanthen-9-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 YRHRIQCWCFGUEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002341 toxic gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006276 transfer reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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Description
R2は、水素、ハロゲン、炭素数1〜20のアルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基又はアリル基を表し、
Xは、水素、酸素、炭素、窒素、硫黄から選択され(但し、Xが水素の場合、R2は存在しない)、
Yは、リチウムと塩を形成することができるアニオンを表し、
nは、0〜10の整数を表す(この時、nが1以上の場合、Xは水素を除いた炭素、酸素、窒素、硫黄から選択される)。
1)共融混合物が有する基本物性、例えば、共融混合物そのものの物的な安定性によって、従来の有機溶媒及びイオン性液体に比べてより広い電位窓を示すため、適用する二次電池の使用電圧範囲を広げることができるようになる。実際に、従来のイオン性液体及び有機溶媒電解質の電位窓の上限値が4〜4.5V程度であるが、これに対して、本発明の共融混合物の電位窓の上限値は、4.5〜5.5Vの範囲を示し、前記イオン性液体及び有機溶媒電解質に比べてより広い電位窓を有することが本発明の実験例により確認された。特に、カプロラクタム/LiTFSI、バレロラクタム/LiTFSI共融混合物は、5.5Vの電位窓、LiSO3CF3/メチルウレア共融混合物は、5.7Vの電位窓を示し、高作動電圧においても使用可能であることがわかった(表1参照)。
2)本発明の電解質に含まれる共融混合物は、既存の溶媒に比べて、蒸気圧が無いため、電解質の蒸発及び枯渇の問題がなく、難燃性を有するため、電気化学素子の安全性を向上することができる。また、共融混合物そのものが非常に安定した形態を有するため、電池内における副反応の抑制がなされ、高電導度を通じた電池の性能向上を図ることができる。
3)また、前記共融混合物そのものが構成成分としてリチウム塩を含有しているため、リチウムイオンが両電極活物質として挿入及び脱離されるリチウムイオン電池においても、別のリチウム塩を追加する必要がないという長所がある。
4)さらに、従来のイオン性液体をリチウム二次電池の電解質として使用する場合、充放電サイクルにおいて、二次電池の初期容量及び第3サイクル以後の二次電池の容量減少が非常に大きく発生するという問題があった。二次電池の初期容量及びサイクル進行による容量減少の問題は、初期充電の際に陰極表面に形成される非活性膜であるSEI(Solid Electrolyte Interface)膜と関連があるが、炭素材を使用する場合、イオン性液体そのものの高還元電位によって陰極においてリチウムイオンより高い電圧で還元分解される。また、イオン性液体は、そのもののリチウムイオンよりサイズが大きな2つ以上の有機カチオン、例えば、イミダゾリウム及びアンモニウムのカチオンが含まれているが、これらの有機カチオンは、リチウムイオンに比べて移動速度が速いため、陰極に先に到達して取り囲むようになる。これによって、リチウムイオンの陰極内部への円滑な挿入移動を阻害して、これと同時にリチウムイオンと前記有機カチオンとが共に陰極に挿入されるという問題点があった。
本発明の共融混合物を含有する電解質は、その形態を問わずに用いることができるが、好ましくは、2つの実施様態、即ち、液体及びゲルポリマーの形態を適用することができる。
1)本発明に係る電解質の第1の実施様態は、共融混合物を含有する液状(liquid type)の電解質であって、前述のアミド基を含有する化合物及びリチウムを含有するイオン結合性塩からなる共融混合物を単独で使用して構成することができる。なお、当業界における通常の既知の電解質添加剤成分をさらに含めることもできる。
2)本発明に係る電解質の第2の実施様態は、共融混合物を含有するゲルポリマータイプの電解質である。前記ゲルポリマーは、共融混合物をサポートする機能を果たすため、電解質漏れの問題を解決することができ、素子の薄膜化及びフィルム状の加工を行うことができるという長所がある。
本発明の二次電池は、図1に示されたように、陰極、陽極、電解質及び分離膜で構成される。
実施例1
陽極活物質としてLiNi0.5Mn1.5O4、導電材として人造黒鉛、バインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデンを、94:3:3の重量比で混合し、得られた混合物に、N−メチルピロリドンを加えてスラリ(slurry)を製造した。このスラリをアルミニウム箔に塗布し、130℃で2時間の間乾燥することで、陽極を得た。
精製したアセトアミドとLi(CF3SO2)2Nの代わりに、下記表1のアミド基含有化合物とリチウム塩とをそれぞれ使用して共融混合物を製造したことを除いては前記実施例1と同様な方法でリチウム二次電池を得た。
電解質として共融混合物の代わりにイオン性液体EMI−BF4を使用したことを除いては、前記実施例1と同様に、リチウムに対する電位が1.5Vの陰極活物質Li4/3Ti5/3O4を使用してリチウム二次電池を得た。
リチウム電池が0.5V以下の通常の黒鉛炭素を用いた陰極を使用したことを除いては前記実施例1と同様な方法でリチウム二次電池を製造した。なお、陰極は、陰極活物質である黒鉛炭素、人造黒鉛及びバインダーを、94:3:3の重量比で混合し、N−メチルピロリドンを加えてスラリを製造した後、このスラリを銅箔に塗布し、130℃で二時間の間乾燥することで得られた。
本発明に係るアミド基含有化合物及びリチウム塩を含有する共融混合物の物性を評価するため、様々な測定を行った。
本発明に係る共融混合物を電解質成分として含有するリチウム二次電池の特性を下記のように分析した。
Claims (18)
- 陽極と、陰極と、分離膜と、及び電解質を備えてなる二次電池であって、
前記電解質が、(a)アミド基含有化合物と、及び(b)イオン化可能なリチウム塩とにより形成されてなる共融混合物を含んでなり、
前記陰極が、リチウムに対する電位(Li/Li+)が共融混合物の電位窓領域に含まれる金属または金属酸化物を用いた電極であり、
前記アミド基含有化合物が、炭素数が1〜10のアルキルアミド、アルケニルアミド、アリールアミドまたはアリルアミド化合物であり、1次アミド化合物、2次アミド化合物または3次アミド化合物であり、
前記アミド基含有化合物とリチウム塩とのモル%比が1:1〜8:1である、二次電池。 - 前記アミド基含有化合物が、アセトアミド、ウレア、メチルウレア、カプロラクタム、バレルラクタム(valerlactam)、トリフルオロアセトアミド、メチルカルバメート及びホルムアミドからなる群から選択された一種以上のものである、請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 前記リチウム塩のアニオンが、 F−、Cl−、Br−、I−、NO3 −、N(CN)2 −、BF4 −、ClO4 −、RSO3 −、RCOO−;PF6 −、(CF3)2PF4 −、(CF3)3PF3 −、(CF3)4PF2 −、(CF3)5PF−、(CF3)6P−、(CF3SO3 −)2、(CF2CF2SO3 −)2、(CF3SO3)2N−、CF3CF2(CF3)2CO−、(CF3SO2)2CH−、(SF5)3C−、(CF3SO2)3C−、CF3(CF2)7SO3 −、CF3CO2 −、CH3CO2 −、SCN及び(CF3CF2SO2 −)2Nからなる群から選択された一種以上のものである、請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 前記電解質が、共融混合物を単独で使用する液状のものである、請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 前記電解質が、(i)共融混合物と、及び(ii)重合反応でゲルポリマーを形成することができるモノマーと含んでなる電解質の前駆体液を重合させることにより形成されるゲルポリマータイプである、請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 前記モノマーが、ビニルモノマーである、請求項6に記載の二次電池。
- 前記ビニルモノマーが、アクリロニトリル、メチルメタクリレート、メチルアクリレート、メタクリロニトリル、メチルスチレン、ビニルエステル類、塩化ビニル、塩化ビニリデン、アクリルアミド、テトラフルオロエチレン、酢酸ビニル、メチルビニルケトン、エチレン、スチレン、パラメトキシスチレン及びパラシアノスチレンからなる群から選択される一種以上のものである、請求項7に記載の二次電池。
- 前記電解質の前駆体液が、重合開始剤又は光開始剤をさらに含有する、請求項6に記載の二次電池。
- 前記電解質前駆体液の混合比が、重量比として、x(共融混合物):y(重合反応でゲルポリマーを形成できるモノマー):z(重合開始剤)の時、
xが0.5〜0.95であり、
yが0.05〜0.5であり、
zが0.00〜0.05であり、
x+y+z=1である、請求項6に記載の二次電池。 - 前記電解質が、電池内部においてイン−サイチュ重合を行って製造されるものである、請求項6に記載の二次電池。
- 前記電解質が、共融混合物がポリマー又はゲルポリマーに含浸されてなる、請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 前記ポリマーが、ポリメチルメタクリレート、ポリ二フッ化ビニリデン、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリヒドロキシエチルメタクリレートからなる群より選択されるものである、請求項12に記載の二次電池。
- 前記金属又は金属酸化物が、リチウムに対する電位(Li/Li+)が1V以上である、請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 前記リチウムに対する電位(Li/Li+)が1V以上の金属又は金属酸化物が、WO3、MoO3、LiCr3O8、LiV3O8、TiS2及びスピネル構造を有するLixTi5/3−yLyO4(但し、Lは2族〜16族からなる群から選択された1種以上で、Ti及びOを除いた元素であり、4/3≦x≦7/3、0≦y≦5/3)で表れる酸化物からなる群から選択された一種以上のものである、請求項14に記載の二次電池。
- 前記二次電池が、リチウム二次電池である、請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- (a)アミド基含有化合物と、及び
(b)イオン化可能なリチウム塩とで構成される共融混合物を含んでなり、
前記アミド基含有化合物が、炭素数が1〜10のアルキルアミド、アルケニルアミド、アリールアミドまたはアリルアミド化合物であり、1次アミド化合物、2次アミド化合物または3次アミド化合物であり、
前記アミド基含有化合物とリチウム塩とのモル%比が1:1〜8:1である、二次電池用電解質。
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