CN1036867C - 一种在反射比读数装置中启动计时测量的方法 - Google Patents

一种在反射比读数装置中启动计时测量的方法 Download PDF

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CN1036867C
CN1036867C CN90108896A CN90108896A CN1036867C CN 1036867 C CN1036867 C CN 1036867C CN 90108896 A CN90108896 A CN 90108896A CN 90108896 A CN90108896 A CN 90108896A CN 1036867 C CN1036867 C CN 1036867C
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罗杰·菲利浦斯
杰弗里·麦加劳
弗兰克·朱里克
雷·安德伍德
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Abstract

本发明公开了测定液体中分析物的方法，以及为实施该方法而专门设计的仪器的各个组成部分。本方法包括：从浸有试剂的惰性多孔基体一个表面取得反射比读数，该试剂是在将被分析的液体涂到该基体的另一表面并迁移过基体而到达所读取读数的表面时与分析物起反应，产生吸光的反应产物。为了消除干扰，反射比测量是用两个不同的波长进行的，计时电路是由被分析的液体通过惰性基体使测量反射比的表面润湿，进而使反射比开始下降来启动的。本发明的方法和仪器特别适用于测量血糖水平，而无需将红血细胞与血清或血浆分离。

Description

一种在反射比读数装置中启动计时测量的方法
本申请是申请日为1987年8月13日、申请号为87106256.9、发明名称为“测定分析物的最少的操作步骤系统”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
本发明涉及比色测定含水液体尤其是全血中化学和生物化学组分(分析物)的测试装置和方法。在一个最佳实施例中，还涉及比色测定全血中葡萄糖浓度的测试装置和方法。
定量测定有色含水液体尤其是有色生物液体如全血和尿以及生物液体衍化物如血清和血浆中化学和生物化学组分的重要性日益增加。其重要用途在于内科诊断和治疗以及定量表示接触治疗药物、中毒剂、危险化学药品等的数量。在某些情况下，所测物质的量非常微小-在微克/分升或更少的范围内-或非常难以精密测定以至所使用的仪器是复杂的而且只有熟练的实验室工作人员才能操作。在这种情况下，往往在抽样后数小时或数日还不能得到结果。在其他一些情况下，往往是强调非专业操作者能够在实验室外进行常规的、快速的和具有重现性的测试，而迅速或直接得到数据的能力。
一种常用的医学检验是由糖尿病患者测定血糖水平。目前的学说，指导糖尿病患者按各自病情的性质和严重程度，每天测定他们的血糖水平2至7次。根据所测葡萄糖水平的观察模式，患者和医生共同调整饮食、锻练和服用胰岛素，以改善对疾病的治疗。显然，此种资料应立即提供给患者。
最近，在美国广泛应用的一种方法，是采用Mast在1967年1月17日公开的美国专利第3298789号中所介绍的一种测试装置。在该方法中，将新鲜的全血样品(通常为20～40微升)置于涂有乙基纤维素的试剂垫上，该垫含有葡萄糖氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的酶系统。此酶系统与葡萄糖反应，释放出过氧化氢。该垫还含有指示剂，此指示剂在有过氧化物酶存在的情况下与过氧化氢反应，得到一种强度与血样葡萄糖水平成正比的颜色。
另一钟普及的血糖测定方法是应用相似的化学原理，但不用涂有乙基纤维素的垫，而是采用抗水薄膜，通过该薄膜而使酶和指示剂分散。这种类型的系统已公开在Rey等人1971年12月28日出版的美国专利第3630957号中。
在上述两种情况下，均使血样与试剂垫保持接触一段特定的时间(一般为1分钟)。然后，将前者的血样用水流冲洗，而后者的血样则是从膜上擦去。然后再将试剂垫或薄膜吸干和进行测定。测定的方法是将所显颜色与比色图表对比，或者将该垫或薄膜放在漫反射仪中，读出显色强度值。
上述测定葡萄糖的方法已使用多年，确实存在一定的局限性。做一次扎手指取血试验(finger stick test)需要的样品量相当大，而且对某些毛细管血液不易挤出来的人而言很难获得成功。
此外，这些方法与其他非专业操作者进行的简单比色测定具有共同局限性，因为其结果是以绝对显色读数为基准的，而此种绝对显色读数又与样品和试验试剂之间的绝对反应程度有关。在定时反应时间间隔后必须将样品从试剂垫上洗去或擦去的事实，要求使用者在每次定时间隔的末尾就作好准备，及时擦净，或用水流冲洗。除去样品后反应即终止的事实，可导致结果不太准确，尤其是对于家庭用户来说。冲洗过度，结果偏低，冲洗不足，则结果偏高。
在非专业操作者进行的简单比色测定中经常存在的另一个问题，是将血液涂在试剂垫上时，就需要开始计时顺序。使用者一般用扎手指针取得血液样品，然后要求在其另一只手开始计时工序的同时，将从手指上取得的血液涂到试剂垫上去，因而需要双手同时进行操作。由于经常需要保证在血液刚被涂到试剂垫上时就立即开始计时，所以这是特别困难的。所有的现有技术方法都要求辅助操作或辅助步骤，以取得成功的结果。因此，对反射比读数测定仪的这个方面进行简化是合乎需要的。
红血细胞或其他有色组分的存在往往干扰这些绝对值的测定，因此要求从这两个广泛应用的现有方法中，除去红血细胞。在美国专利第3298789号所述的装置中，所用的乙基纤维素薄膜可以防止红血细胞进入试剂垫。同样地，美国专利第3630957号中所用的抗水薄膜也可以防止红血细胞进入试剂垫。在这两种情况下，冲洗或擦净都起到了测量前除去红血细胞的这些潜在干扰的作用。
因此，仍然需要一种测定有色液体，如血液中的分析物的系统，该系统并不要求从可得到反射读数的反射条中除去过量的液体。
本发明为诊断测定提供了新的方法、组分和装置，其中包括含有信号产生系统的亲水多孔基体和反射比测量仪器，该仪器是当液体渗入基体时在基体的反射比改变的时候起动的。该方法包括将样品(一般为全血)加到基体中，此基体过滤出大颗粒，如红血细胞，通常将基体放在仪器内。信号产生系统产生一种产物，此产物进一步改变基体的反射比，这种改变可与样品中存在分析物相关联。
诊断测定系统的典型例子是全血中葡萄糖的测定，测定是在不受血液干扰而且也没有易受操作误差影响的复杂记录情况下进行的。
结合附图并参考以下的详细说明，很容易理解本发明的内容。附图说明如下：
图1是一个测定装置实施例的透视图，该装置包括可涂被分析液体的反应垫。
图2是实施本发明的仪器的方框示意图。
图3是实施本发明的另一种仪器的方框示意图。
本发明提供一种应用可靠的和容易操作的仪器的改进的快速简易方法来测定葡萄糖一类的被分析物，尤其是测定可导致产生作为酶产物的过氧化物酶的酶底物。该方法包括将足以使基体饱和的少量全血涂到多孔基体上。与基体结合的是一种或几种试剂的信号产物系统，此种系统产生一种产物，促使基体反射比发生变化。测定血液时，基体通常是放在反射比测量仪器中。液体样品渗透到基体中，可导致在测量表面开始发生反射比的变化。在反射比开始变化以后，然后记录一次或几次读数，将测量表面或基体的反射比的进一步的变化，作为反应产物形成的结果与样品中被分析物的量相关联。
为了测定血液，尤其是测定葡萄糖，一般将全血用作测定介质。基体含有产生过氧化氢的氧化酶。基体中还含有另一种酶，特别是过氧化物酶和染料系统，此染料系统可与过氧化物酶一起产些吸光产物。吸光产物改变反射信号。对全血测定来说，读数是在二个不同的波长记录的，将在一个波长上的读数扣除由血细胞比容、血液氧合作用以及会影响结果的其他可变因素所引起的背景干扰。
所用试剂组分包括基体和含在基体中的信号产生系统的各个组成组分。试剂组分可以包括其他特殊用途的组成部分。本发明方法要求将很少量的血液涂到基体上，血液一般不需要进行预处理(但可任意用抗凝血剂处理)。测量的计时是当液体渗入基体时由自动检测基体反射比的变化的仪器来起动的。然后在预定的时间内，将反射比的变化作为反应产物形成的结果，与样品中被分析物的含量相关联。
本发明所考虑的第一个部分是试剂组分，通常是一种垫的形状，其中包括惰性多孔基体和信号产生系统的组成部分，此信号产生系统浸入多孔基体的微孔中、能与被分析物反应，产生光吸收反应产物。信号产生系统并不明显地阻碍液体通过基体。
为了有助于读取反射比，基体最好至少有一面基本上是平滑的。一般将基体制成薄片状，至少有一面是平滑的。用时将被分析的液体样品涂到薄片的一面，从而使任何测定化合物都可借助毛细管作用、毛细作用、重力流动作用和(或)扩散作用通过试剂组分。在基体中信号产生系统的各个组成部分可进行反应产生光吸收反应产物。入射光所照射的试剂组分部位不是涂有样品的部位。光由试剂组分表面反射成漫反射光，这种反射光可通过反射分光光度计的检测器来进行会聚和测量，反射光的量可与样品中被分析物的量相关联，通常是与样品中被分析物的量成反函数关系。
形成试剂组分所需的各个组成部分依次介绍如下。第一种组成部分是基体本身。
基体是一种亲水多孔基体，可以共价键或非共阶键与反应物键合。合，而对蛋白质生物活性，例如酶的酶活性没有明显的有害作用。对共价键合的蛋白质来说，基体具有共价键合的活性位，或者可用已知方法来进行活化。基体的组合物具有反射性，其厚度足以使其空隙容积内或在其表面上有可能形成吸光染料，而实际上影响从基体发生的反射。基体可以是由均匀的组合物组成，或者涂在底物上，以提供所需的结构和物理特性。
基体通常不会在润湿时变形，因此能保持其原来的构型和大小。基体具有一定的吸收能力，所以在合理的限度内能标定其吸收量，变化范围通常低于50％左右，最好是不高于10％。基体具有充分的润湿强度，完全可以进行常规制作。基体可以使非共价键合的试剂相当均匀地分布在基体的表面上。
基体表面采用聚酰胺是一个典型的例子，尤其是用于全血样品，它通常是由4～8个碳原子的单体缩合而成的缩聚物，其中单体是内酰胺或二胺和二羧酸的化合物。具有相同性质的其他聚合物组分也可采用。可将聚酰胺组分改性后引入其他可提供带电结构的官能团，使基体表面可不带电、带正电或带负电，以及呈中性、碱性或酸性。较好的表面是带正电的表面。
当用于测定全血时，较好的多孔基体的平均孔径约为0.1～2.0微米，而更好的是约为0.6～1.0微米。
制备多孔材料的优选方法是将亲水聚合物浇注在非织造的纤维芯上，芯纤维可以是能产生所述的完整性和强度的任何纤维材料，例如聚酯和聚酰胺。可形成吸光反应产物的试剂存在于基体的孔中，但并不阻塞基体，所以要分析的测定介质的液体部分，例如血液可流过基体的微孔，而颗粒物质例如红血细胞则保持在基体的表面上。关于试剂形成的吸光反应产物将在后面作详细讨论。
基体实际上是具有反射能力，所以能够不用反射背衬也能产生漫反射。照射在基体上的入射光较好的是至少有25％被反射，更好是至少有50％被反射，而且以漫反射光发射。通常所用的基体厚度小于0.5毫米左右，0.01～0.3毫米左右较好，0.1～0.2毫米最好，尤其对尼龙基体来说更是如此。
虽然并不一定必须将基体附着在载体上，但是为了使基体具有物理形状和刚性，一般还是将基体附着的载体上。图1提供本发明的一个实施例，图中将一块薄的亲水基体垫11用粘合剂13固定在塑料载体12的一端，此粘合剂13将试剂垫直接地和牢固地粘附在把手上。在试剂垫11与塑料载体12粘附的部分上有一孔14，使样品能够涂在试剂垫的一面上，而光则从另一面反射。
将欲测液体样品涂在垫11上。通常，用血作为所测样品的实例，将试剂垫放在表面积约为10平方毫米至100平方毫米的表面上，最好是在10平方毫米至50平方毫米的表面上，通常此试剂垫的容量是5～10微升的样品就可超过使其饱和的容量。
在现有技术中测量漫反射比，通常是将反射背衬粘附在或放在基体后面。实施本发明时，可以不要这种背衬，或通常是把此种背衬作为试剂组分或反射装置的一个组成部分。
如图1所示，载体支承着试剂垫11，使样品能涂到试剂垫的一侧而光反射比则从涂有样品的试剂垫的反面一侧进行测量。
在图2提供的系统中，试剂被涂在背面手把上带孔的一侧，而光则在试剂垫的另一侧反射并对其进行测量。除了所述结构外，还可采用另一些结构。以本文所提供的范围为条件，试剂垫还可以制成各种形状和形式。此种垫至少要有一面，通常是两面都可以使用的。
可用任何适合的方法将亲水层试剂组分附着在载体上，例如支持器、夹持器或粘结剂，但是较佳方法是将其粘合在衬垫上，这种粘合可以用不起反应的任何粘合剂，和加热法来进行，此法将衬垫表面熔化到足以截留某些用于亲水层的材料，或者应用微波粘合法或超声粘合法，这些方法同样是将亲水样品垫熔化到衬垫上。重要的是这种粘合本身基本上不会干扰漫反射比的测量或所测量的反应，不过，由于在测出读数的部位不需要有粘合剂存在，所以，这种情况不大可能发生。例如，可将粘合剂13涂在衬条12上，随后首先将孔14打在组合在一起的衬条和粘合剂上，然后再将试剂垫11铺在孔14附近的粘合剂上，使试剂垫的外圈部分粘附在衬条上。
任何信号产生系统均可应用，只要此种信号产生系统能与样品中的被分析物反应(直接或间接地)生成一种化合物，此种化合物能在某一波长上而不是在测定介质实际上吸收的波长上具有特性吸收。
聚酰胺基体尤其适用于底物(被分析物)与利用氧的氧化酶接下述方式所进行的反应，即首先产生一种产物，此产物再进一步与染料中间体反应，直接或间接地生成吸收预定波长的染料。例如，一种氧化酶能够将底物氧化并产生作为反应产物的过氧化氢。然后过氧化氢可在催化反应或非催化反应中，与染料中间体或前体反应，生成一种氧化态的中间体或前体。这种氧化过的物质可以生成有色产物或与另一个前体反应，生成最终染料。
被分析物和典型试剂的例子包括 下表所列的物质，但并非仅限于所列举的例子。被分析物和样品类型          试剂血液、血清、尿或其他        葡萄糖氧化酶，过氧化物酶和氧受体生物液体、酒、果汁或        氧受体包括：其他有色含水液体中的        邻联(二)茴香胺(1)葡萄糖。全血是特别优        邻甲苯胺选的样品类型。              邻联甲苯胺(1)
                        联苯胺(1)
                        2，2′-连氮基-二(3-乙苯噻唑啉磺酸
                              -(6))(1)
                        3-甲基-2-苯噻唑啉酮腙+N，N-二甲基苯
                              胺(1)
                        酚+4-氨基非那宗(1)
                        磺化2，4-二氯苯酚+4-氨基非那宗(2)
                        3-甲基-2-苯噻唑啉酮腙+3-(二甲氨基)
                              苯甲酸(3)
                        2-甲氧基-4-烯丙酚(4)
                        4-氨基安替比林-二甲基苯胺(5)
(1)根据Richterich和Columbo的报导(Clinical Chemistry，P.367)
   及本文引用的参考文献。
(2)Analyst，97，(1972)142～5。
(3)Anal.Biochem.，105，(1980)389～397。
(4)Anal.Biochem.，79，(1977)597～601。
(5)Clinica Chemica Acta，75(1977)387～391。
以上皆为本文的参考文献。
本发明的分析方法取决于由漫反射所测得的吸光率的变化，而漫反射决定于所测样品中被分析物的含量。这种变化可通过测量检验样品在经过一定时间的两点或多点之间吸光度的变化来测定。
测定的第一步是将样品涂到基体上。具体的分析步骤如下：首先要取得含有被分析物的含水液体的样品，例如可用扎手指针取得血液。在测定反射比的区域内，将超过基体饱和量的此种液体(即约5～10微升)涂到测试装置的试剂组分上。从下文即可清楚了解到，不需要同时启动计时器(在现有技术中通常需要同时启动计时器)。可除去剩余的液体，例如用薄吸墨水纸，但这种用薄吸墨水纸除去剩余的液体的操作也并不是必须的。测试装置一般装在读取光吸收率的仪器中；例如在涂样品前，通过测量反射比来测定显色强度。在涂样品后的一定时间，测量吸光率。本文所述的吸光率，不仅是指在可见光波长范围内的光，而且还包括可见光波长范围以外的光，例如红外线和紫外线。从这些吸光率的测量中，可根据被分析物的量来标定显色率。
合适的仪器，例如采用带有适当软件的漫反射分光光度计，可以在一定时间自动读取反射比，计算反射比变化率，并用校正系数计算含水液体中被分析物的含量。在图2中示意显示这种装置，图中显示本发明的测试装置，其中包括固定试剂垫11的衬条12。光源5，例如采用高强度发光二极光(LED)将光束投射到试剂垫上。从试剂垫漫反射出光的主要部分(在没有反应产物的条件下，至少为25％较好的是至少35％，更好的是至少为50％)，用光检测器6，例如采用光电晶体管，其所产生的输出电流与其所接受的光成正比，来进行检测。在需要时，可将光源5和/或光检测器6进行改装来产生或响应特定波长的光。将光检测器6的输出信号输给放大器7，例如采用将光电晶体管电流转变为电压的线性集成电路。可将放大器7的输出信号馈给跟踪和保持电路8。这是一种线性/数字组合集成电路，可跟踪或追踪放大器7的模拟电压，在微处理机20发生指令时将电压锁定或保持在当时的水平。模数变换器19从跟踪和保持电路8中得到模拟电压，在微处理机20发出指令时，将其变换为，例如，12位二进制数字码。微处理机20可以是一种数字集成电路。它具有下述各种控制功能：1)为整个系统计时；2)读取模数变换器19的输出信号；3)与程序数据存储器21一起，存储相应于在特定时间内所测得的反射比的数据；4)根据存储的反射比数据计算出被分析物的含量；以及5)将被分析物的浓度数据输送给显示器22。存储器21可以是存储数据和微处理机操作程序的数字集成电路。报表装置22可取各种硬拷贝和软考贝形式，通常它是一种光学显示器，例如液晶显示器或LED显示器，但也可采用纸带打印机、音响信号等显示形式。在需要时，仪器还可包括起停开关并能提供音响或目视报时输出信号，来指示涂布样品和读取数据等的时间。
在本发明中，反射电路本身可通过测量反射比的下降来起动计时，这种反射比下降是在涂在试剂垫上的悬浮液中的含水部分(例如血液)迁移到测量反射比的表面时发生的。一般说来，在测量装置接通“就绪”状态时，在最短的时间间隔内(一般为0.2秒左右)，从通常为灰白色的基本干燥的未经反应的试剂条上自动读取反射比数据。测量一般是在被分析的液体渗透到基体之前，但也可在液体被涂到试剂组分上不是测量反射比的部位后开始进行。用微处理机评定反射比值，一般将逐次值存储在存储器中，然后将各个值与未反应的起始值进行比较。当水溶液渗透到试剂基体时，反射比下降发出起动测量时间间隔的信号。反射比下降5～50％时，可用来起动计时，通常下降大约10％时可起动计时。用这种简单的方法，可使测定介质达到进行测量的表面与开始读数顺序完全同步，无需使用者参予活动。
尽管本申请说明书中所述的所有系统特别适宜使用聚酰胺基体，并且还特别适宜于将这类基体用于测定各种糖类，例如葡萄糖以及源于生物的其他物质的浓度，但是并不需要把本发明的反射比的开关限制于这类基体。例如，用任何不溶于水的亲水物质和任何其他种类的反射比测定物都可以形成与反射比开关一起使用的基体。
提供测定红血细胞中葡萄糖的具体例子，目的在于更详细地说明本发明的优点。虽然此实例是本发明的一个优选实施例，但并不能将本发明局限于检测血液中的葡萄糖。
用于组成试剂组分的聚酰胺表面提供了许多本发明所需要的特征。这些特征是试剂组分是亲水的(很易吸收试剂和样品)、不因润湿而变形(因而为读取反射比而提供平滑的表面)、能与酶配伍(为了提供良好的贮存稳定性)、吸收每单位薄膜体积中有限量的样品(为显示扩大的动力学测量范围所必须的)、以及具有足够的润湿强度，因此可以按常规方法来制造。
在典型的结构中，实施本方法可用包括塑料载体和试剂组分(基体具有浸透在其中的信号产生系统)的仪器。用于制备试剂组分的优选基体是尼龙微量过滤膜，尤其是由浇注在非织造聚酯纤维芯上的尼龙66制成的薄膜。许多这类尼龙微量过滤膜是由Pall超微过滤公司生产提供的，平均孔径为0.1～3.0微米。这类材料具有机械强度和柔曲性、在与水接触时的尺寸稳定性、以及快速润湿的性能。
尼龙的具体化学结构可以有许多变化，其中包括未官能化的含有带电端基的尼龙66(由Pall超微过滤公强出售，商标为Ultipose；“Pall”)。正电荷为主的在pH6以下，而负电荷为主的在pH6以上。在其他些一薄膜中，在形成薄膜之前先将尼龙官能化，得到具有不同性质的薄膜。用羧基官能化的尼龙在pH值很宽的范围内带负电荷，(Pall公司以名为Carboxydyne出售)。尼龙还可在其表面上用高密度带正电荷基团，一般用季胺基团进行官能化，使其在pH值很宽的范围内电荷变化很小(Pall公司出售，产品名为Posidyne)。这种材料特别适用于实施本发明。所用的薄膜还可以具有用于蛋白质共价固定的反应官能团(Pall公司出售，名为Biodyne免疫亲合薄膜)。这种材料可用于共价连接用作试剂的蛋白质，例如酶。虽然所有这些材料都可采用，但在其表面具有高密度带正电荷基团的尼龙，当按配方制成干试剂垫时可提供最好的试剂稳定性。未官能化的尼龙提供仅次于最好的稳定性，羧化尼龙也提供仅次于最好的稳定性。
当与全血一起使用时，能够得到所需结果的孔径约为0.2～2.0微米，较佳约为0.5～1.2微米，最佳约为0.8微米。
有试剂组分在其上面组合的把手的形状是比较不重要的，只要把手能使样品到达试剂组分的一面和使被测量其反射比的入射光到达试剂组分的另一面。把手还有助于把试剂组分放入吸光度测量装置，使它能与光学系统对齐。适合用的把手的一个例子是聚酯薄膜条或其他塑料条，在该条上已涂有转移粘合剂，例如3M 465或Y9460转移粘合剂。在塑料条上冲一个孔，穿过转移粘合剂。然后将含有试剂或以后再加试剂的试剂组分，一般为薄垫形状，用转移粘合剂贴在把手上，使其与穿过把手和转移粘合剂的孔的周围的把手牢固地粘结在一起。这种装置已在图1中说明，图中显示将试剂垫11用粘合剂13与聚酯薄膜把手12粘结。孔14可使样品或入射光到达试剂垫11的一面，到达试剂垫的另一面则是不受限制的。可以选择试剂垫和把手的尺寸，以便使试剂垫在最靠近光源和反射光检测器位置上牢固地装进反射比读数仪器。
如果选择尼龙基体来做试剂垫，当使用所指出的厚度时，最好是将试剂垫用夹持器来承载，承载的方法是从任何方向来测量，在涂有样品的和测量光反射比的部位上没有超过6微米的试剂垫是不被夹持器承载的。没有支承的面积较大，则往往会使薄膜的尺寸稳性较差，从而给测量表面的反射比带来不利的影响。图1所示试剂条上的孔14的直径为5毫米，其操作情况令人满意。
对此种孔的最小直径并无特别限制，不过，为了使制造、样品涂布和光反射比读取容易进行，较好的孔直径至少是2毫米。
虽然许多染料都能用作指示剂，但其选择仍然决定于样品的性质。对于全血作为测定介质，或在被分析的溶液中有其他测定介质和其他污染物来说，必须选择一种染料，此种染料具有一种吸光率，此吸光率的光的波长不同于红血细胞吸收的光的波长。MBTH-DMAB染料偶合(3-甲基-2-苯噻唑啉酮腙氢氯化物和3-二甲氨基苯甲酸)，虽然前面已经介绍过适用于酶免疫测定中过氧化物酶标记物的显色，但从未用于节售的葡萄糖测量试剂中。这种染料偶合产生较大的动力学范围，并且与用于葡萄糖测量的传统染料，例如联苯胺衍生物相比，酶的稳定性提高了。此外，MBTH-DMAB染料偶合并不致癌，而是具有大多数联苯胺衍生物的特征。
能够用于测量葡萄糖的另一个染料偶合是AAP-CTA(4-氨基安替比林和铬变酸)偶合。虽然此染料偶合的动力学范围不如MBTH-DMAB的宽，但在测量葡萄糖时却是稳定的，适用于实施本发明。再者，AAP＝CTA染料偶合的动力学范围扩大了，其酶催化活性稳定性大于较广泛使用的联苯胺染料。
使用MBTH-DMAB偶合可以用一个校准系数来校准血细胞比容和血液氧合程度。较为普遍使用的联苯胺染料并不能作这样的校准。此染料形成的发色团，能吸收大约635毫微米的波长，但不能有效地扩展到700毫微米。在测量波长时容许的变动辐度很小(约±10毫微米)。在700毫微米波长处，可以通过测量血液颜色来测量血细胞比容和氧合程度。此外，市售发光二极管(LED)可在635毫微米和700毫微米两个波长处进行测量，从而简化了测量装置的大批生产。采用上述最佳的薄膜孔径和本试剂配方，就可在700毫微米一个波长上进行测量来校准血细胞比容和氧合性能。
发现有两个附加条件可对聚酰胺基体上的葡萄糖氧化酶和过氧化物酶的配方提供特殊的稳定性和较长的储存期限。这二个附加条件是应用在3.8～5.0，较好的是大约3.8～4.3，最好的是大约4.0的pH值范围，和使用高浓度的缓冲系统来将试剂涂在基体上。最有效的缓冲液为10％(重量)的柠檬酸缓冲液，有效浓度为5～15％。在使用这种重量/体积百分比的溶液中，可将试剂涂在基体上。同样摩尔数的其他缓冲液也可使用。采用低pH值，最好pH4左右、MBTH-DMAB染料系统、以及大约500～1000单位/毫升的高浓度酶溶液，可以获得最大的稳定度。
在制备MBTH-DMAB试剂和形成信号产生系统的其余部分的酶系统时，不需要保持精确的体积和比值，不过，应用下面建议的数值可得到良好的结果。当满足下述条件时，试剂很易被基体吸收，这些条件是：葡萄糖氧化酶在溶液中有大约27～54％(体积)，过氧化物酶的浓度约为2.7～5.4毫克/毫升，MBTH的浓度约为4-8毫克/毫升以及DMAB的浓度约为8～16毫克/毫升。DMAB-MBTH的重量比较好的是保持在(1-4)∶1，更好的是在大约(1.5～2.5)∶1，最好的是在大约2∶1。
试剂组分的基本制作技术一旦建立后是很简单的。薄膜本身是牢固和稳定的，选用优选实施例中的尼龙薄膜尤其如此。涂试剂只需要二种溶液，而这二种溶液都很容易配制，并且很稳定。第一种溶液通常含有染料成分，第二个溶液通常含有酶。例如当使用MBTH-DMAB染料偶合时，将各个染料溶于含水有机溶剂，一般使用1∶1的乙腈和水的混合物。将基体放在溶液中浸一下，吸去多余的液体，然后将基体在50～60℃下干燥10～20分钟。再将含有染料的基体浸在含酶的水溶液中。典型的配方中含有过氧化物酶和葡萄糖氧化酶，以及任何所需的缓冲液，防腐剂、稳定剂等。然后将基体吸干，除去多余的液体并按上述条件进行干燥。葡萄糖试剂的典型配方如下：
染料浸渍
组合：
    40毫克MBTH，
    80毫克DMAB，
    5毫升乙腈，
    5毫升水。
搅拌至所有固体全部溶解后，倾注在玻璃板或其他平滑表面上。浸渍一片Posidyne薄膜(Pall公司产品)，吸去多余液体，在56℃下干燥15分钟。
酶液浸渍
组合：
    6毫升水，
    10毫克EDTA二钠盐，
    200毫克缩多氨酸，低粘度，＜Sigma′
    0.668克柠檬酸钠，
    0.523克柠檬酸，
    2.0毫升6％(重量)Gantrez AN-139溶于水中，＜GAF′
    30毫克辣根过氧化物酶，100单位/毫克，
    3.0毫升葡萄糖氧化酶，2000单位/毫升。
搅拌至所有固体全都溶解后，倾注在玻璃板上或其他平滑表面上。浸渍一片预先用染料浸透过的薄膜，吸去多余的液体，在56℃下干燥15分钟。
用于读取反射比电子仪器至少包括光源、反射光检测器、放大器、模数变换器、带存储器和程序的微处理机和显示装置。
光源一般由发光二极管(LED)组成。虽然可以采用多色光源和能测量两个不同波长的光检测器，但是优选的仪器则包括两个LED光源或一个能发射两个不同波长的光的二极管。能产生本说明书中所述的波长的光的市售LED，包括Hewlett Packard HLMP-1340，发射的最大波长为635毫微米，和Hewlett Packard QEMT-1045，窄带发射的最大波长为700毫微米。适用的市售光检测器包括Hammamatsu 5874-18K和Litronix BPK-65。
虽然其他测量方法都可采用，但下述方法可提供合乎需要的结果。在开始计时后，在特定的时间间隔，用光电检测器进行读数。635毫微米LED仅在很短的测量时间间隔期间开动，该测量时间间隔是在发射比开关所显示的起动时间后大约20秒钟开始的。如果这个读数显示，在样品中葡萄糖含量很高，为了提高精度，可取30秒读数并将其用于最后计算中。一般认为，高含量的起点约为250毫克/分升。用测量开始后大约15秒钟所取的700毫微米的读数来校准背景。当适用的LED被启动时(一般不到1秒钟)，将光检测器在时间间隔内得到的读数进行积累。将信号放大并转换成数字信号后，然后将得到的反射比原始读数用微处理来进行计算。各种微处理机都可用于计算。Rockwell国际公司制造的AIM 65单板微计算机已证明是令人满意的。
对于使用者来说，本发明的方法和仪器，程序非常简单，操作步骤最少。使用时，将试剂条放在检测器中，条中的孔与检测系统中光学器件对齐，将可移动的盖子或其他罩子放在光学器件和试剂条上，保护装置使其不受环境光的影响。然后按测量仪器上的键钮，开始测量顺序，启动微计算机，测量从未反应的试剂垫上反射出的光，即所谓的空白读数(R)。移去盖子，将一滴血涂在试剂垫上，一般是在试剂垫与光学器件和读数装置对齐时才将血涂在试剂垫上。为了减少操作步骤，较好的是将放在检测器中的试剂条与光学器件对齐。当样品流过基体和在其反面侧量反射光时，由于反射比的降低，仪器能够检测出血液或其他样品的涂布情况。反射比的降低启动计时顺序，并于这个问题将在本说明书的其他部分予以详细介绍。在涂样品的15秒钟内，应再将盖子盖上，不过这段时间的长短取决于所测样品的种类。当测量血糖样品时，一般是在涂血液后约30秒即可显示结果，不过对于葡萄糖浓度低于250毫米/分升的葡萄糖样品来说，20秒钟的反应时间也是容许的。假如测定其他样品时，显示结果的适宜时间可以有所不同，而且根据所选择的试剂/样品的特性很容易测定出来。
应用本底电流，即，从带电但无光从试剂垫上反射的光电检测器发出的电流(以便对本底进行校正)，可以对葡萄糖含量(或任何其他被测定的分析物)进行特别准确的评估。业已证明，根据本说明书的优选实施例制作的特殊仪器，在2～3个月内，此数值是不会变化的，而且有可能把该背景读数作为常数编存到计算机存储器中。但是，对于每一次的分析来说，为了取得较精确的结果，将此步骤稍加改进，即可测出此数值。在此改进的步骤中，在将试剂条放入之前可先将测量仪打开，盖上盖了，即可测出本底电流。然后再将测试条放入测量仪中，盖上盖子，测定R值，然后再按上述方法继续进行操作。对于这种改进方法来说，在测量仪的整个使用期内，不需要稳定的本底电流也可以提供较精确的结果。
计算葡萄糖测定结果所需的原始数据是上述以本底反射比(Rb)记录的本底电流；还有上述的未反应的测试条的读数(R)；以及终点测定值。应用本文中所述优选实施例，终点并不特别稳定，并且必须从开始涂布血液起精确计时。但是，本文中所述的测量仪可以自动进行这种计时。对于葡萄糖浓度低于250毫克/分升时，在20秒内可达到适宜的稳定终点，并读取最终反射比R20。对于葡萄糖浓度高达450毫克/分升时，读取30秒的反射比读数R30是合适的。虽然本文中所述的系统，具有高达800毫克/分钟葡萄糖的良好辨别能力，但是有一定程度的干扰而且葡萄糖浓度高于450毫克/分升时结果就不准确了，不过，还不致于大到发生严重问题。对于较高水平的葡萄糖浓度来说，较长的反应时间应可提供更为合适的读数。
对于双波长测量来说，700毫微米反射比读数通常是在15秒时读取(R15)。在15秒钟时，血液将使试剂垫完全饱和。超过15秒钟，染料反应继续进行，并可检测到一小部分700毫微米的读数。由于染料吸收700毫微米的信号是不利的，所以在计算时可以不考虑超过15秒以上的读数。
上述原始数据可用于计算正比于葡萄糖浓度的参数，葡萄糖浓度比反射比测量更容易目测。在需要时，可应用反射比的对数变换，这种变换类似于在透射分光光度计中观察到的吸收率与被分析物浓度之间的关系(比尔定律)。特别为反射比分光光度计推导的简化的Kubelk-Monk方程已证明是特别有用的。在此推导式中，将K/S与被分析物的浓度相关联，K/S的定义可用下列方程式1描述。
         K/S-t＝(1-R*t)/(2×R*t)    (1)
R*t是在一特定终点时间t时所取的反射比，并且是式(2)所述的入射光束的被吸收部分，在式(2)中，Rt是终点反射比R20或R30。
         R*t ＝(Rt-Rb)/(R-Rb)     (2)
R*t的变化范围是从无反射光(Rb)时为0至全反射光(R)时为1。在计算时应用反射率，大大简化了测量仪的设计，因为高稳定的光源和检测电路都不需要了，由于这些组件是由每个R和Rb的测量值来监控的。
对一个波长的读数来说，K/S可在20秒(K/S-20)或30秒(K/S-30)时进行计算。将YSI(耶洛斯普林斯仪器公司Yellow Springs Instruments)葡萄糖测定值与这些参数联系起来的校准曲线，可用方程式(3)概括的三阶多项式方程来精确地描述。
          YSI＝a0+a1(K/S)+a2(K/S)2+a3(K/S)3    (3)
这些多项式的系数列于表1。
                      表1
      单个波长校准曲线的三阶多项拟合系数
              K/S-20         K/S-30
      a0     -55.75         -55.25
      a1     0.1632         0.1334
      a2     -5.765×10-5  -2.241×10-5
      a3     2.58×10-8    1.20×10-8
在优选实施例中所测定的单个化学物质是MBTH-DMAB吲达染料，被分析的复合基体是分布在0.8微米Posidyne薄膜上的全血。题为“近红外分光光度测量方法在食品非破坏性分析中的应用：实验结果综述”(CRC Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition，18(3)203～30(1983))的综述，介绍了测量光密度差△OD(λa-λb)的仪器的应用，其中ODλa是相当于所测成分的吸收峰值的波长的光密度，ODλb是相同成分无明显吸收的波长的光密度。
双波长测量的计算方法必然比单波长测量的复杂，但却更有效。用700毫微米读数进行的第一次校正，是简单地扣除血液的背景颜色。为了进行这种校正，由于血液颜色造成的在635毫微米和700毫微米之间吸光率的关系可以并且已经通过在很宽的血液颜色范围内测量含有0毫克/分升葡萄糖的血液样品来进行测定。颜色范围是由改变血细胞比容来建立的，并观察到是相当好的线性关系。根据这些曲线，可将在700毫微米处的K/S-15进行正规化，得到相当于在635毫微米处的K/S-30。在方程式(4)中叙述了此种关系，式中K/S-15n是在700毫微米的正规化的K/S-15。
         K/S-15n＝(K/S-15×1.54)-0.133    (4)
必须注意的是正规化的700微毫米信号和635毫微米信号只是在葡萄糖为0对才会相等。导出校准曲线的表示式的定义可用下列方程式5和6描述。
         K/S-20/15＝(K/S-20)-(K/S-15n)  (5)
         K/S-30/15＝(K/S-30)-(K/S-15n)  (6)
这些曲线是用类似于方程式(3)的四阶多项式方程的最好拟合，即将四阶项K/S加到式(3)中去。上述方程的计算机拟合系数列于表2。
                       表2
         双波长校准曲线的四阶多项式拟合系数
                   K/S-20/15       K/S-30/15
         a0       -0.1388         1.099
         a1       0.1064          0.05235
         a2       6.259×10-5    1.229×10-4
         a3       -6.12×10-8    -5.83×10-8
         a4       3.21×10-11    1.30×10-11
还研究出应用第二次校正来消除色谱法影响造成的误差。低血细胞比容样品与具有相同的635毫微米读数的高血细胞比容样品相比，其特征在于具有低的700毫微米读数。当(K/S-30)/(K/S-15)比在宽的血细胞比容和葡萄糖浓度的范围内对K/S-30作图时，在图上形成的曲线表明显示色谱法影响(在曲线以上)和没有色谱法影响(在曲线以下)的样品之间的界线。曲线以上的样品的K/S-30通过将读数提高到对应于在具有相同(K/S-30)/(K/S-15)的曲线上的某个点来进行校正。
上述校正因子是专用于单架仪器和有限数量的试剂的制剂。对于各个仪器和试剂的最佳计算方法可按上述相同方法。
总之，本发明的系统将操作者的操作步骤减少到最少的程度，比现有技术的反射比读数方法具有更多的优点。例如，在与现有的测定血液中葡萄糖的方法相比，具有许多明显的优点。第一，使薄试剂垫饱和所需要的样品量很少(一般为5～10微升)。第二，所需操作时间仅仅是将样品涂到薄亲水层上和盖紧盖子所需的时间(一般为4～7秒钟)。第三，不需要同时开始计时。第四，可用全血。本发明方法不需要进行分离或利用无红细胞样品，而且还可以应用于其他深色样品。
由于应用全血实施本发明还导致一些不明显的优点。一般说来，含水溶液(如血液)会渗入亲水薄膜，而在薄膜背面形成一层液体层，于是此种表面不适合于进行反射比的测定。但是已经发现，显然由于血液中的红血细胞和蛋白质与基体发生作用，血液就会润湿聚酰胺基体而无多余的液体渗入多孔基体，来在基体背面干扰反射比读数。
此外，用于本发明的薄膜在润湿时，会被认为是能透射光的，而只有一部分微弱信号返回反射比测量装置。现有技术一般都指出，为了反射足够的光，反射层必须在基体后面。在其他的情况下，在测量颜色前，将白色垫放在试剂垫的后面。但是在本发明的情况下，既不需要反射层，也不需要白色垫。事实上，本发明一般是当入射光照射到基体时，在试剂组分的背面放一块吸光表面来进行的。应用在试剂组分背面有一块的吸光表面，并同时在两个不同波长上测量反射比，就可以得到满意的反射比测量结果，而无需从基体中除去多余的液体，从而减少了现有技术一般要求的步骤。
以上对本发明作了一般性介绍，参阅下述具体实施例，将会更好地理解本发明，除非另有说明，否则这些实施例只是为了说明本发明，而不能认为是用来限制本发明。
                      实施例1
重现性：
应用一份男性的血液样品(JG，血细胞比容＝45)，收集列于表3～5的重现性数据。
                       表3
              单波长MPX系统的重现性
              平均值(毫克/分升) S.D.(毫克/分升)   ％ C.V.YSI(毫克/分升)      20秒    30秒   20秒    30秒    20秒   30秒
 25             23.1    23.0   2.1     2.04    9.1    9.0
 55             53.3    53.2   3.19    3.32    6.0    6.3
101             101     101    3.0     3.3     3.0    3.3
326             326.6   327    13.3    9.8     4.1    3.0
501                     503            17.1           3.4
690                     675            28             4.15
810                     813            37             4.5
                        表4
              双波长MPX系统的重现性
              平均值(毫克/分升) S.D.(毫克/分升)  ％C.V.YSI(毫克/分升)      20秒    30秒   20秒    30秒    20秒    30秒
 25             25      27     1.34    1.55    5.4     5.7
 55             55      57.4   2.58    2.62    4.7     4.6
101             101     101.5  2.55    2.18    2.5     2.1
326             332     330    15.0    7.1     4.5     2.1
501                     505            21.3            4.2
690                     687            22.8            3.3
810                     817            30.4            3.7
                       表5
               3.0毫米直径孔隙的重现性
                            ％ C.V.
    YSI(毫克/分升)    4.7毫米     3.0毫米
       55-100          4.8         4.9
        300            3.0         5.0
        600            3.8         5.5
      平均值           3.9         5.1
将血液分成等分试样，加入葡萄糖使其含量范围为25～800毫克/分升。从500个样品条(Lot FJ4-49B)中随便取样，测定每一条中的葡萄糖检验水平，共进行了20个样品的测定。从本研究的结果得出如下结论：
1)单波长与双波长的比较：30秒双波长的结果的平均C.V.为3.7％V.S.，30秒单波长的结果的平均C.V.为4.8％，在25～810毫克/分升的葡萄糖范围内，平均C.V.值改进了23％。在25～326毫克/分升的葡萄糖范围内，平均C.V.值改进了33％，此时平均C.V.值从5.4％降至3.6％，在最常用的葡萄糖范围内有显著的改进。在25～325毫克/分升的葡萄糖范围内，与单波长的测量相比，20秒的双波长的测量，平均C.V.值的改进量是相同的(表3和表4)。
2)双波长，20秒与30秒结果的比较：在25～100％毫克/分升范围内，20秒结果的平均C.V.与30秒读数几乎相等，即4.2％与4.1％。但是，在326毫克/分升，30秒读数的C.V.为2.1％，而20秒的C.V.为4.5％。正如从K/S-20响应曲线看到的，曲线的斜率在250毫克/公升以上时明显下降。结果异致20秒结果的葡萄糖水平高于300，再现性很差。根据此再现性数据，20秒结果的截止点，大约是在100～326毫克/分升之间。250毫克/分升的截止点可根据下面实施例2中的分离研究结果进行确定。
3)孔径大小：研究了较小的光学部件孔径，即3.0毫米(如上所述)5～0分钟。应用10个同样的，手工浸渍的片状样品的初始实验，的确证明用3.0毫米的孔径改进了C.V.值，显然是因为较容易与系统的光学部件对齐的缘故。但是，采用机器压制的筒形薄膜时，4.7毫米较大孔径的平均C.V.(表5)为3.9％以(如上所述)，3.0毫米孔径的平均C.V.为5.1％。此时C.V.增加了30％，正如下面所讨论的，这很可能是由于机压筒形薄膜的表面不均匀所造成的。
                      实施例2
分离：
为了将本发明方法(MPX)与一般的现有方法进行比较，采用由耶洛斯普林斯仪器公司(YSI耶洛斯普林斯，俄亥俄)制造的耶洛斯普林斯23A型葡萄糖分析仪，测定36名输血者的血液。输血者男女人数相等其血细胞比容范围为3.5％至55％。所用血样是在30小时内收集的，用肝素锂(lithium heparin)作为抗凝血剂。每份血液样品分成等分部分，加入葡萄糖，得到152份0～700毫克/分升葡萄糖范围的样品。每份样品都测定两份，得到的数据点总共为304个。
根据这些数据和葡萄糖含量绘制响应曲线，然后用适当的方程式进行计算(表1和2)。然后将这些MPX葡萄糖值对YSI值进行作图，得到点状图。
MPX系统的对比：对20秒和30秒两种测量时间来说，目视观察发现，在单波长的点状图上的点比双波长的点状图上的点更为分散。超过250毫克/分升的20秒读数显得非常分散，但是30秒读数在葡萄糖水平为≥500毫克/分升时才分散得很宽。
在不同的葡萄糖范围内，测定偏离YSI的偏差，用数量来说明这些点状图。得到的结果如下：
                   表6
         根据分离数据确定MPX的精度MPX    测量时间  S.D(毫克/分升)          C.V.范围*波长     (秒)        0～50      50～250  250～450  450～70单        20         ±5.6         7.2      14.5     —单        30         ±6.9         7.1      8.8     10.2
      20         ±2.3         5.3      12.8     —
      30         ±2.19        5.5      5.8     8.4
注：这些是测定方法中的中间C.V.值。
a)双波长系统得到的C.V.值低于单波长系统30％。
b)单波长系统，在0～50毫克/分升范围内，S.D.为±6～7毫克
  /分升，而双波长的测量，1S.D.只有±2.2毫克/分升。
c)30秒MPX测量的截止点为250毫克分升。对50～250毫克/分升
  来说，20秒和30秒测量可得到相同的测定方法中的中间C.V.值
  (单波长的约为7％，双波长的约为5.5％)。但是，在250～
  450克/分升范围时，测定方法中的中间C.V.值则比上述C.V.值
  高一倍还多，对20秒读数来说，单波长的是14.5％，双波长的是
  12.8％。
d)30秒读数，在450毫克/分升以上，对单波长和双波长都不适用
  (C.V.为10.2％和8.4％)。
结论：MPX两个系统的最佳量在0～450毫克/分升范围内。
1)MPX 30双波长系统：此种两个波长系统可提供30稍测量时间，在50～450毫克/分升范围内(表7)，C.V.为11.3％，具有95％置信界限(定义是测量概率在YSI的2 S.D.内)和在0～50毫克/分升范围内，S.D.为±4.4毫克/分升。
2)MPX 30/20双波长系统：此种双波长系统可提供20秒测量时间和在0～250毫克/分升范围内，以及30秒测量时间和在250～450毫克/分升范围内。其95％置信界限与MPX 30双波长系统(表7)的几乎相同，在50～450毫克/分升范围内，C.V.为11.1％，而在0～50毫克/分升范围内，C.D.为±4.6毫克/分升。
                   表7
      MPX、GlucoScan Plus和Accu-Chek bG*
            试剂条95％置信界限的对比测量范围            MPX单波长                   MPX双波长毫克/分升       20秒          30秒         20秒          30秒0～50      11.2毫克/分升   13.8毫克/公升 4.6毫克/分升   4.4毫克/分升50～250         14.4％      14.2％       10.6％          11.0％250～450         —                   17.6％        —                        11.6％77～405       GlucoScan    Plus(Drexler   Clinical)      15.9％77～405       Accu-Chek    bG  (Drexler   Clinical)      10.7％50～450       MPX 20/30    双波长混合                    11.1％50～450       MPX 30       双波长                        11.3％
*MPX的置信界限根据YSI得到。GlucoScan Plus和Accu-Chek b G的置信界限由回归方程对YSI作图导出，由于校准时差值较小，故除去偏倚。
                      实施例3
稳定性
最佳稳定性的大部分实验室小型装置工作都是用人工浸渍的0.8微米Posidyne膜片完成的。具体的染料/酶的配制如前所述。
1)室温稳定性：此研究试图用图来说明响应贮藏在18～20℃用硅胶干燥的0.8微米Posidyne薄膜试剂的任何变化。两个半月后，将室温样品的响应与储存在5℃的样品的响应进行比较时，并无值得注意的变化。各个点状图的葡萄糖含量范围均为0～450毫克/分升。
2)37℃时的稳定性：37℃稳定性研究所用的试剂与室温研究所用试剂相同。把在37℃下与在室温下，用粘合剂或不用粘合剂加应力的试剂条的葡萄糖含量的差值对时间作图。虽然，由于手制试剂条再现性很差，所以数据是离散的，但是无论是否用粘合剂加应力的试剂条的，稳定性都是极好的。
3)56℃时的稳定性：应用在膜片上的相同配方的不同制剂进行8次5至6天的稳定性研究(表8)。对低葡萄糖(80～100毫克/分升)试验水平来说，在加应力时，平均葡萄糖值下降3.4％，最高下降9.55％。对于高葡萄糖(280～320毫克/分升)试验水平的来说，葡萄糖读数平均下降3.4％，最大下降10.0％。
                     表8
     pH＝4.0、0.8微米Posidyne膜片试剂配方在
             56℃加应力5～6天的稳定性
             百分差(56℃与室温样品比较)样品编号  YSI(80～100毫克/分升)  YSI(280～320毫克/分升)FJ22B             -6.25                  +5.4FJ27A             -4.0                   -5.14FJ28B             -2.4                   -5.3FJ30H             -9.55                  -10.0FJ31C             +4.43                  -1.24FJ36              -3.2                   -8.5FJ48B*            -3.0                    0.0GM48A*            -3.0                   -2.5平均值            -3.4                   -3.4
*这两个样品含有二倍标准浓度的酶和染料。
研究在56℃加应力19天的薄膜，证明用或不用粘合剂加应力试剂的条没有很大差别。在二种葡萄糖值的情况下，在低检验水平(80～100)和300毫克/分升时，19天的葡萄糖值都下降＜15％。
另一项56℃的研究是采用人工浸渍的0.8微米Posidyne薄膜和二倍标准浓度的酶和染料来进行的。制作相同配方的不同制剂，测定14天的稳定性。将两项研究的平均结果绘制成图。高检验水平和低检验水平的葡萄糖在14天内的变化都在±10％以内。这些数据表明此配方特别稳定。
                      实施例4
样品量
表9列出MPX所需的样品量。
                  表9
           样品量对MPX测定的影响样品量          双波长                   单波长(微升)                平均值                           平均值
             低葡萄糖YSI＝563    41    50    39    31    40    31    42    30    19    304    44    49    49    49    48    41    45    44    45    445    54    48    49    51    50    50    49    48    49    4910   48    48    50    47    48    54    53    56    55    5420   49    49    49    50    49    55    57    58    60    58
             高葡萄糖YSI＝3603   301   260   276   286   280   274   232   244   260   2524   383   387   367   341   367   361   356   342   318   3445   398   402   382   370   388   378   387   366   351   37010  364   362   378   368   368   356   358   379   369   36620  375   370   380   378   376   380   382   389   385   384
用微量移液管将表中所示的样品体积转移到图1所示的试剂垫上。当将扎手指取得的血涂在试剂条上时，不能将全部样品转移，因此，上表所示的体积不代表进行分析时从手指上挤出的所需全部血样量。3-微升的样品是完全覆盖试剂垫圈所需的最低量。此量不能提供足够的样品来完全浸透试剂垫，并且MPX的测定结果编低。4-微升样品仅仅浸透试剂垫，而5微升样品具显然是足够的。10微升样品是较大的滴量，而20微升样品是极大的滴量，很可能只是在用移液管来取血样时才使用。
在低葡萄糖浓度时，单波长的结果与样品量有一定的关系，而采用双波长测定时，则完全消除了这种依赖关系。虽然单波长的这种关系也许是可接受的，但是，显然是不理想的。
                      实施例5
再现性：
上述实验测定法总是重复进行的，通常每个数据点测定2、3或4次。即使用极高血细胞比容或极高氧气水平的样品这些结果总是很一致的。C.V.值低于5％。因此，显然，再现性是非常好至极好的。
本发明可提供许多比目前市售的或文献中所介绍的系统好的优点。原始记录简易，几乎不需要专门的技巧，使用者比较地不容易出错。可迅速地进行测定，并使用便宜和比较无害的试剂，是在家中使用的设备和物质的重要条件。使用者得到的结果是可以相信的并可与保养疗法结合起来。此外，试剂具有较长的贮存期限，因此，得到的结果在较长的时期内是可靠的。设备简单可靠，基本自动化。
在本说明书中特别提到的所有专利和刊物，对本专业的普通技术人员来说是列举性质的，而对于与本发明有关系的那些专利和刊物来说，就象那些特别和个别地进行参考的参考文献一样都进行了个别地参考。
现已对本发明作了充分的描述，显然，对本业业的普通技术人员来说，可在不脱离下面权利要求书中所限定的本发明的精神和范围内进行各种修改和改进。

Claims (2)

1.一种在反射比读数装置中启动计时测量的方法，此法包括下列步骤：
(1)从多孔基体的第一表面取得第一个反射比读数；
(2)将样品涂在所述基体的第二表面；
(3)从所述第一表面取得至少另一个反射比读数；
(4)将所述另一个反射比读数与所述第一个反射比读数进行比较；
(5)当达到所述第一表面的所述样品导致预定的反射比降低时启动计时测量；和
(6)在已经启动所述计时测量后，在预定的时间至少取得一个反射比读数。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其中所述基体具有与其结合的染料前体。
CN90108896A 1986-08-13 1987-08-13 一种在反射比读数装置中启动计时测量的方法 Expired - Lifetime CN1036867C (zh)

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