JP2007516693A - 癌の治療および診断のための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
癌の治療および診断のための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、癌の治療、特徴付け、ならびに診断のための組成物ならびに方法に関する。具体的には、本発明は、充実性腫瘍幹細胞に関連する遺伝子発現プロファイル、ならびに充実性腫瘍幹細胞の診断、特徴付け、および治療に有用な新規
の幹細胞癌マーカーを提供する。
乳癌は、生涯の間に女性人口の約10%を侵すと見積もられるため、ほとんどの先進工業国では最も一般的な女性の悪性腫瘍である。その死亡率は、早期診断および改良治療のおかげで、その発症率に伴って増加しないが、依然、中年女性の主要な死因の一つである。乳癌の早期診断にも関わらず、新たに乳癌と診断された女性の約1〜5%は診断時点で遠隔転移を有する。その上、最初に限局性疾患と診断された患者の約50%が転移を再発する。これらの再発の85%は、前記疾患の初期発現後、最初の5年以内に起きる。
本発明は、癌の治療、特徴付け、ならびに診断のための組成物ならびに方法に関する。具体的には、本発明は、充実性腫瘍幹細胞に関連する遺伝子発現プロファイル、ならびに充実性腫瘍幹細胞の診断、特徴付け、および治療に有用な新規の幹細胞癌マーカーを提供する。
本発明は、癌の治療、特徴付け、ならびに診断のための組成物ならびに方法に関する。具体的には、本発明は、充実性腫瘍幹細胞に関連する遺伝子発現プロファイル、ならびに充実性腫瘍幹細胞の診断、特徴付け、および治療に有用な新規マーカーを提供する。標的にされ得る(例えば診断または治療の目的で)適切なマーカーは、表4〜8に示されるような充実性腫瘍幹細胞で発現の異なる遺伝子および前記遺伝子によりコードされるペプチドである。発現の異なる遺伝子、およびそれによりコードされるペプチドは、充実性腫瘍幹細胞の存在を同定するために、ならびに存在する任意の充実性腫瘍幹細胞の増殖を減らす(もしくは絶つ)、自己再生経路を妨げる、または生存経路を妨げるのに適した分子を決定しスクリーニングするために(例えば定量的に)検出され得る。これらの表に示される発現の異なる遺伝子、およびそれによりコードされるペプチドも、一つまたは複数のこれらのマーカーを(例えばマーカーの活性を阻害または促進するために)標的とする治療剤を作製するために役立つ。
本発明の理解を容易にするため、幾つかの用語および語句が以下に定義される。
本発明は癌の治療、特徴付け、ならびに診断のための組成物および方法を提供する。具体的には、本発明は、充実性腫瘍幹細胞に関連する遺伝子発現プロファイル、ならびに充実性腫瘍幹細胞の診断、特徴付け、および治療に有用な新規マーカーを提供する。
一般的な癌は、短命な成熟細胞の補充を担う大亜集団の増殖細胞を含む組織で生じる。このような器官において、細胞の成熟は序列に並べられ、前記序列では、希少集団の幹細胞が成熟細胞を生じ、自己再生1-11と呼ばれる過程を通して永続させる。幹細胞は希少なため、前記細胞は生物学的性質、分子性質、および生化学的性質を研究するために単離されるべきである。幹細胞が大半の組織を生じそうだが、幹細胞はほんの少数の組織で厳密に同定され精製されてきた。リンパ造血系を生じる幹細胞は、造血幹細胞(HSC)と呼ばれ、マウスおよびヒトから単離されており、最もよく特徴付けられた幹細胞である。HSCを含む組織の有用性は、骨髄破壊的なプロトコル12後に血液リンパ系を再生するため、骨髄移植で大量に使用する癌治療で証明されている。患者からのHSCの見込み単離は自己移植のない癌である集団をもたらし得る13-17。
細胞系は癌細胞の分子変化および生化学的変化の本発明者らの理解に著しい利点をもたらしてきたが、効果的な癌治療の検証に使用することは幾分限られている90、91。細胞系はデノボ腫瘍における薬効の不完全な予測因子である90、91。幾つかの因子はこの欠陥の原因となる可能性がある。癌細胞系は組織培養で増殖するよう特異的に適応する癌細胞の亜集団から選択され、これらの細胞系の生物学的性質および機能的性質は劇的に変化し得る92-95。さらに、ごく少数の乳癌腫瘍から得る癌細胞は細胞系または異種移植腫瘍を確立する96、97。これらの細胞系の表現型特性および機能特性はインビボでのそれらの性質に比べて劇的に変化し得る94。例えば、正常造血細胞および白血病組織培養細胞の両方のマーカー発現は、組織培養で急速に変化でき、それらが由来する起源の幹細胞のものをしばしば反映しない92、94、95、98。培養で正常な幹細胞を増殖できる条件が発明されても、前記条件は、培養の幹細胞がインビボで存在する細胞集団の階層を再現しない方法で、しばしば自己再生または分化を促進する。総合すれば、これらの観察は、癌細胞系の生物学的性質が前記系が由来する癌細胞と著しく異なり得ることを示唆する。これはおそらく何故前記細胞系がしばしば病院で薬物効果の貧弱な予測因子であるかを少なくとも部分的に説明する。
本発明は、その発現が充実性腫瘍幹細胞で特異的に変化する(例えば上方制御または下方制御される)マーカーを提供する。このようなマーカーは種々の癌(例えば乳癌)の診断および特徴付けおよび改変(例えば治療標的化)での使用を見出す。
ある態様において、本発明は幹細胞癌マーカー(例えば乳癌幹細胞癌マーカー)の発現の検出方法を提供する。好ましい態様において、発現は直接測定される(例えばRNAまたはタンパク質のレベルで)。ある態様において、発現は組織試料(例えば生検組織)で検出される。他の態様において、発現は体液(例えば血漿、血清、全血、粘液および尿を含むが、これらに限定されない)で検出される。本発明はさらにマーカーを検出するためのパネルおよびキットを提供する。好ましい態様において、幹細胞癌マーカーの存在は被験体に予後を提供するために用いられる。提供される情報は治療方針を指示するためにも用いられる。例えば、被験体が充実性腫瘍幹細胞(例えば表4〜8を参照)を示すマーカーを有することが見出される場合、さらなる治療(例えばホルモン療法または放射線療法)が、効果的な可能性が高い初期の時点(例えば転移前)で開始され得る。その上、被験体がホルモン療法に反応しない腫瘍を有することが見出される場合、前記治療の費用および不都合が回避できる。
幾つかの好ましい態様において、充実性腫瘍幹細胞の癌マーカー(例えば、表4〜8に開示されるものを含むが、これに限定されない)の検出は、組織試料(例えば乳癌組織)における相当するmRNAの発現を測定することにより検出される。mRNAの発現は、下記に開示されるものを含むが、これに限定されない、任意の適切な方法により測定され得る。
他の態様において、幹細胞癌マーカーの遺伝子発現は対応するタンパク質またはポリペプチドの発現を測定することにより検出される。タンパク質の発現は任意の適切な方法により検出され得る。ある態様において、タンパク質は免疫組織化学により検出される。他の態様において、タンパク質は前記タンパク質に対して生じる抗体への結合により検出される。抗体の作製は下記に記載する。
ある態様において、コンピュータに基づく分析プログラムは、検出検定(例えば単数または複数の所与マーカーの存在、不在、または量)により作成された生データを臨床医にとって予測価値のあるデータに翻訳するために用いられる。臨床医は任意の適切な手段を用いた予測データにアクセスできる。従って、幾つかの好ましい態様において、本発明は、遺伝学または分子生物学に長けていそうにない臨床医が生データを理解する必要がないという更なる利点を提供する。データはその最も役立つ形態で臨床医に直接提示される。その結果、臨床医は被験体の治療を最適にするための情報を迅速に利用できる。
更なる他の態様において、本発明は癌の検出および特徴づけのため(例えば表4〜8に示される一つまたは複数のマーカーを検出するため、または表4〜8に示される一つまたは複数のマーカーにより発現するペプチドの活性を調節するため)のキットを提供する。ある態様において、キットは検出試薬および緩衝液に加えて癌マーカーに特異的な抗体を含む。他の態様において、キットはmRNAまたはcDNAの検出に特異的な試薬を含む(例えばオリゴヌクレオチド・プローブまたはプライマー)。好ましい態様において、キットは、あらゆる対照、検定を実施するための取扱説明書、および結果の分析および提示に必要な任意のソフトウェアを含む、検出検定を実施するために必要な構成要素の全てを含む。
ある態様において、インビボ撮像技術は動物(例えばヒトまたは非ヒト哺乳動物)での癌マーカーの発現を可視化するために用いられる。例えば、ある態様において、癌マーカーのmRNAまたはタンパク質は癌マーカーに特異的な標識抗体を用いて標識される。特異的に結合し標識された抗体は、放射性核種撮像、陽電子放出断層撮影、コンピュータ体軸断層撮影、X線または磁気共鳴の撮像法、蛍光検出、および化学発光検出を含むが、これらに限定されない、インビボ撮像法を用いて、個体で検出できる。本発明の癌マーカーに対する抗体を作製する方法は以下に記載する。
本発明は単離された抗体および抗体断片(例えばFab)を提供する。好ましい態様において、本発明は、本明細書に記載する(例えば表4〜8に示されるような)幹細胞癌マーカーの少なくとも5、または少なくとも15のアミノ酸残基からなる単離ポリペプチドに特異的に結合するモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片を提供する。これらの抗体または抗体断片は本明細書に記載される診断方法、薬物スクリーニング方法、および治療方法での使用(例えば、幹細胞の癌マーカー・ペプチドの活性を検出または調節するため)を見出す。
ある態様において、本発明は薬物スクリーニングアッセイを提供する(例えば抗癌薬をスクリーニングするため)。本発明のスクリーニング方法は本発明の方法を用いて同定された幹細胞癌マーカーを使用する(例えば表4〜8に示される幹細胞癌マーカーを含むが、これらに限定されない)。例えば、ある態様において、本発明は幹細胞癌マーカー遺伝子の発現を変化させる(例えば増減させる)化合物をスクリーニングする方法を提供する。ある態様において、候補化合物は癌マーカーに向けられるアンチセンス剤またはsiRNA剤(例えばオリゴヌクレオチド)である。他の態様において、候補化合物は本発明の幹細胞癌マーカーに特異的に結合する抗体である。ある態様において、小分子の化合物のライブラリーは本明細書に記載する方法を用いてスクリーニングされる。
ある態様において、本発明は癌(例えば乳癌)の治療を提供する。ある態様において、治療は癌マーカー(例えば表4〜8に示すものを含むが、これらに限定されない)を標的にする。
候補の治療剤は薬物スクリーニングおよび研究用途における使用も見出す。ある態様において、本発明は幹細胞癌マーカーの発現を標的にする。例えば、ある態様において、本発明は、本発明の幹細胞癌マーカーをコードする核酸分子の機能を調節し、最終的に発現する癌マーカーの量を調節する際に使用する、オリゴマーのアンチセンス化合物、具体的にはオリゴヌクレオチド(例えば上述する薬物スクリーニング法で同定されるもの)を含む組成物を使用する。これは本発明の癌マーカーをコードする一つまたは複数の核酸と特異的にハイブリダイズするアンチセンス化合物を提供することにより達成される。オリゴマー化合物とその標的核酸との特異的なハイブリダイゼーションは正常な核酸の機能を妨げる。標的核酸に特異的にハイブリダイズする化合物による前記核酸のこの機能調節は一般に「アンチセンス」と呼ばれる。妨げられるDNAの機能は複製および転写を含む。妨げれるRNAの機能は、例えば、タンパク質翻訳部位へのRNAの転座、RNAからタンパク質への翻訳、一つまたは複数のmRNA種を生じるRNAのスプライシング、およびRNAにより関与または促進され得る触媒活性などのあらゆる生体機能を含む。標的核酸機能によるこのような妨害の全体的効果は本発明の癌マーカーの発現調節である。本発明の文脈において、「調節」は遺伝子発現の増加(刺激)または減少(阻害)のいずれかを意味する。例えば腫瘍の増殖を潜在的に抑制するために、発現が阻害され得る。
本発明は本発明の幹細胞癌マーカーの発現を調節するのに用いる任意の遺伝子操作の使用を意図する。遺伝子操作の例は、遺伝子ノックアウト(例を挙げると、例えば組換えを用いて染色体から癌マーカー遺伝子を除去する)、誘導プロモーターを含むまたは含まないアンチセンス構築物の発現、異種遺伝子(例えば誘導プロモーターにより制御される)の付加などを含むが、これらに限定されない。インビトロまたはインビボにおける細胞への核酸構築物の送達は任意の適切な方法を用いて行われ得る。適切な方法は所望の事象が起きるような細胞に核酸構築物を導入する方法である(例えばアンチセンス構築物の発現)。
ある態様において、本発明は本発明の幹細胞癌マーカー(例えば表4〜8に示されるもの)を発現する腫瘍を標的にする抗体を提供する。任意の適切な抗体(例えばモノクローナル、ポリクローナル、または合成)が本明細書で開示される治療方法で利用され得る。好ましい態様において、癌治療に用いる抗体はヒト化抗体である。抗体をヒト化する方法は当技術分野において周知である(例えば米国特許第6,180,370号、第5,585,089号、第6,054,297号、および第5,565,332号;これらのそれぞれは参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)。
他の態様において、RNAiは本発明の幹細胞癌マーカー(例えば表4〜8に示されるもの)の発現を調節するために用いられる。RNAiはヒトを含む大半の真核生物において外来遺伝子の発現を制御するために進化的に保存された細胞防御を表す。RNAiは、二本鎖RNA(dsRNA)により誘発され、dsRNAに応答して相同な一本鎖標的RNAの配列特異的mRNA分解を惹起する。mRNA分解の媒介物質は低分子干渉RNA二本鎖(siRNA)であり、siRNAは通常細胞での酵素切断により長いdsRNAから産生される。siRNAは、一般に長さ約21ヌクレオチド(例えば長さ21〜23ヌクレオチド)であり、2つのヌクレオチド3’-突出部により特徴付けられる塩基対構造を有する。細胞への短いRNAの導入、すなわちRNAi後、配列はRISC(RNA誘導性サイレンシング複合体)と呼ばれる酵素複合体に送達されると考えられる。RISCは前記標的を認識しエンドヌクレアーゼで切断する。より長いRNA配列が細胞に送達される場合、RNaseIII酵素(Dicer)はより長いdsRNAを21〜23ヌクレオチドのds siRNA断片に変換することに留意される。
本発明は薬学的組成物(例えば本発明の幹細胞癌マーカーを標的にする小分子、アンチセント、抗体、またはsiRNAを含む)をさらに提供する。本発明の薬学的組成物は、治療される部位に応じて局部治療または全身治療のいずれが望ましいかに依存して幾つかの方法で投与され得る。投与は局部的(眼、膣もしくは直腸の送達を含む粘膜を含む)、肺(例えば、粉末もしくはエアロゾルの吸入もしくは吹送により、噴霧器によるものを含む;気管内;鼻腔内;表皮および経皮)、経口または非経口であり得る。非経口投与は、静脈内、動脈内、皮下、腹腔内もしくは筋内の注射または注入;または頭蓋内、例えば鞘内もしくは脳室内の投与であり得る。
本発明は、本発明の外因性癌マーカー遺伝子またはその突然変異体および変異体(例えば切断または一塩基変異多型)またはそのノックアウトを含むトランスジェニック動物の作製を意図する。好ましい態様において、トランスジェニック動物は野生型動物と比べて変化した表現型(例えばマーカーの増減する存在)を示す。このような表現型の有無を分析する方法は、本明細書に開示するものを含むが、これらに限定されない。幾つかの好ましい態様において、トランスジェニック動物はさらに増減する腫瘍の増殖または癌の証拠を示す。
下記の実施例は、本発明の好ましいある種の態様および局面を証明しさらに説明するために提供され、その範囲を限定するものとして解釈されるべきでない。
充実性腫瘍細胞異種移植モデルの確立および分析
この実施例はヒト由来のヒト充実性腫瘍細胞を用いたマウスでの腫瘍の生成およびこれらの腫瘍の分析を記載する。
マウスの準備。8週齢の雌NOD-SCIDマウスは0.2mlのケタミン/キシラジン(4mlの容積で20mgのキシラジンと混合した300mgのケタミン。マウス20gあたりに0.02mlの溶液が使用された)の腹腔内注射により麻酔された。HBSSを用いて200μlに希釈した。次いで、マウスは腹腔内注射によりVP-16(エトポシド)で処理した(マウス1kgあたり30mgのエトポシド用量、200μlの最終注射用量用に無血清HBSSで希釈した)。同時に、エストロゲンのペレットは套管針を用いてマウスの首の裏の皮下に置かれた。全ての腫瘍注射/移植はこの手法の5日後に為された。下記の手法において、マウスは上述するように麻酔された。
ヒト乳癌腫瘍のWnt/β-カテニン経路を特徴付ける
この実施例は、上述した異種移植モデルを用いてヒト乳癌腫瘍のWnt/β-カテニン経路をどのように特徴づけできるかを記載する。Wnt/β-カテニン経路は正常な幹細胞の増殖および自己再生に役割を果たす。結腸癌と違って、かなりの割合のヒト乳癌がこの重要な経路の恒常的活性化を有すると考えられるが、この経路がヒトの前記疾患の病理学にどんな役割を果たすかは明確に確率されていない84-89。上記の異種移植モデルはヒトの乳癌腫瘍における前記経路の生物学的影響を特徴付けるために用いられ得る。これらの試験は患者からの切除直後の癌細胞および初期継代異種移植腫瘍を用いて行われる。
腫瘍原性細胞におけるβ-カテニンの局在性
正常な造血細胞において、核のβ-カテニンは幹細胞区画にのみ見出される。Reya et al.はさらにβ-カテニン・シグナル伝達が正常な幹細胞の自己再生に必要であることを証明する。最近完了した、腫瘍原性および非腫瘍原性の腫瘍1乳癌細胞におけるβ-カテニンの細胞内局在性の分析はこの考えをさらに支持する。通常、β-カテニンの細胞内分布は癌細胞で不均一である。幾つかの細胞では、前記タンパク質は主として外膜に局在する一方、他では、主として核に局在する。前記タンパク質の細胞内分布は腫瘍原性および非腫瘍原性の癌細胞で異なる。β-カテニンは非腫瘍原性癌細胞の細胞質に主として局在し、一方、腫瘍原性細胞の核に主として存在する(図8)。Wntシグナルにより活性化されると、β-カテニンは細胞膜から核に移行して下流の標的遺伝子を活性化するため、このデータは、Wntシグナル伝達が乳癌幹細胞の自己再生で役割を果たすという仮説を支持する。
幹細胞癌マーカーの同定
この実施例は、種々の幹細胞癌マーカーがどのようにマイクロアレイ・スクリーニングを用いて同定されたかを記載する。これらのスクリーニングの結果は処理され、異なって発現する遺伝子の名前は表4〜8に報告される(上記参照)。
Claims (21)
- a)被験体から組織試料を提供する工程、および
b)該組織試料における充実性腫瘍幹細胞の有無が測定されるような条件下で表4〜8の少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーを該組織試料において検出する工程
を含む、充実性腫瘍幹細胞を検出するための方法。 - 検出工程が、少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーの発現レベルを測定する工程を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 検出工程が、少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーのmRNA発現を検出する工程を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 検出工程が、少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーのポリペプチド発現を検出する工程を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 被験体がヒトの被験体を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 組織試料が腫瘍組織を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 被験体に予後を提供する工程C)をさらに含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーが表8に由来する、請求項1記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーが、Bmi-1、eed、easyh1、easyh2、rnf2、yy1、smarcA3、smarcA5、smarcD3、smarcE1、mllt3、FZD1、FZD2、FZD3、FZD4、FZD6、FZD7、FZD8、FZD9、FZD10、WNT2、WNT2B、WNT3、WNT5A、WNT10B、WNT16、AXIN1、BCL9、MYC、および(TCF4)からなる群より選択される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 表4〜8に示される少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーに対する少なくとも一つの薬剤を含む、生物学的有効量の組成物と充実性腫瘍の細胞とを接触させる工程を含む、充実性腫瘍の大きさを縮小する方法。
- 生物学的有効量が、充実性腫瘍において充実性腫瘍幹細胞の細胞死を惹起するまたは増殖を阻害するのに十分な量である、請求項10記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一つの薬剤が抗体、ペプチド、または小分子である、請求項10記載の方法。
- 抗体、ペプチドまたは小分子が、少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーの細胞外ドメインに向けられたものである、請求項12記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーが、Bmi-1、eed、easyh1、easyh2、rnf2、yy1、smarcA3、smarcA5、smarcD3、smarcE1、mllt3、FZD1、FZD2、FZD3、FZD4、FZD6、FZD7、FZD8、FZD9、FZD10、WNT2、WNT2B、WNT3、WNT5A、WNT10B、WNT16、AXIN1、BCL9、MYC、および(TCF4)からなる群より選択される、請求項10記載の方法。
- 表4〜8に示される少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーに対する少なくとも一つの薬剤を含む生物学的有効量の組成物と充実性腫瘍幹細胞とを接触させる工程を含む、充実性腫瘍幹細胞を死滅させる方法または該細胞の増殖を阻害する方法。
- 接触後に充実性腫瘍幹細胞の死または増殖予防を確認する工程をさらに含む、請求項15記載の方法。
- 細胞死がアポトーシスである、請求項16記載の方法。
- 少なくとも一つの幹細胞癌マーカーが、Bmi-1、eed、easyh1、easyh2、rnf2、yy1、smarcA3、smarcA5、smarcD3、smarcE1、mllt3、FZD1、FZD2、FZD3、FZD4、FZD6、FZD7、FZD8、FZD9、FZD10、WNT2、WNT2B、WNT3、WNT5A、WNT10B、WNT16、AXIN1、BCL9、MYC、および(TCF4)からなる群より選択される、請求項15記載の方法。
- 充実性腫瘍幹細胞が細胞表面マーカーCD44、ESA、またはB38.1を発現する、請求項15記載の方法。
- 癌細胞におけるβ-カテニンの局在性が主に核または主に細胞質であると決定されるように、癌細胞におけるβ-カテニンの存在を検出する工程を含む、腫瘍原性と非腫瘍原性の癌細胞を識別する方法。
- β-カテニンの局在性が主に核である場合に癌細胞を腫瘍原性と同定する工程、またはβ-カテニンの局在性が主に細胞質である場合に癌細胞を非腫瘍原性と同定する工程をさらに含む、請求項20記載の方法。
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KR20060031809A (ko) | 2006-04-13 |
EP2003196A2 (en) | 2008-12-17 |
US20130244256A1 (en) | 2013-09-19 |
EP1639090A2 (en) | 2006-03-29 |
EP2003196A3 (en) | 2009-01-07 |
CA2528669A1 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
US20060019256A1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
AU2008202471B2 (en) | 2012-07-05 |
WO2005005601A8 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
WO2005005601A2 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
AU2004256425A1 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
EP2481814A3 (en) | 2012-10-10 |
AU2008202471A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 |
US20120315216A1 (en) | 2012-12-13 |
WO2005005601A3 (en) | 2006-04-27 |
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