TWI654202B - 增進抗體功效之通用糖型之組合物及方法 - Google Patents
增進抗體功效之通用糖型之組合物及方法Info
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- TWI654202B TWI654202B TW104117111A TW104117111A TWI654202B TW I654202 B TWI654202 B TW I654202B TW 104117111 A TW104117111 A TW 104117111A TW 104117111 A TW104117111 A TW 104117111A TW I654202 B TWI654202 B TW I654202B
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Abstract
本揭示係關於糖蛋白,尤其單株抗體,其包括糖改造Fc區,其中該Fc區包括具有Sia2(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2之結構之最佳化N-聚糖。相對於包括野生型Fc區之相當單株抗體,該糖改造Fc區以較大親和力結合FcγRIIA或FcγRIIIA。本發明之單株抗體尤其可用於預防、治療或改善期望由FcγR調介之效應細胞功能(例如ADCC)之功效增進之疾病、病症或感染(例如癌症、自體免疫疾病、傳染性疾病)有關的一或多種症狀,且可用於增進藉由ADCC調介效應之治療抗體之治療功效。
Description
基於抗體之療法具有已證實記錄之抵抗許多疾病(包含發炎性病症、癌症、傳染性疾病及實體器官移植排斥)之功效。當前,在美國、歐盟及若干其他國家,超過40種治療性單株抗體(mAb)已批准用於臨床應用中。大部分該等抗體用於癌症及免疫疾病之療法中。具有抗腫瘤活性之治療抗體之實例包含抗CD20、抗Her2、抗EGFR、抗CD40、抗CTLA-4及抗PD-1抗體。
大部分治療抗體係單株抗體且藉由雜交瘤技術製得,其中納入轉基因人類化小鼠來表現鼠類/人類嵌合或人類化抗體以避免源自物種差異之不期望免疫學反應。最近,全人類抗體之研發已變為主要趨勢且其印象深刻之進展受益於噬菌體展示抗體文庫或單一B細胞之利用。
類似於許多其他哺乳動物蛋白質,抗體發生異質糖基化,且Fc區中之糖基化已成為高效且安全之治療性單株抗體之研發中的重要問題,此乃因聚糖可經由與Fc受體之相互作用而顯著影響抗體活性。因此,需要研發具有充分定義之Fc-聚糖以理解該等相互作用且改良醫藥之安全性及功效之均質單株抗體。為此,已報導,去除核心岩藻糖殘基將增進IgG之抗體依賴性細胞毒性(ADCC)活性,此乃因Fc-聚糖與人類FcγRIIIa受體之間之相互作用有所增加。兩種FDA批准之糖改
造抗體莫格利珠單抗(mogamulizumab)(POTELLIGENT®)及奧比圖珠單抗(obinutuzuman)(GA101)係去岩藻糖基化抗體,其中藉由FUT8基因敲除CHO細胞系產生POTELLIGENT®且GA101係來自GnT-III過度表現系統。此外,較多FcγIIIa表現於長期RA之單核球上,且較大岩藻糖基化趨勢亦發現於RA患者之IgG重鏈中,從而暗示可使用不僅中和促發炎性細胞介素且亦與自體自身抗體競爭FcγIIIa之非岩藻糖基化醫藥抗體達成RA治療及緩解。
因此,極為關注使用最佳化Fc糖型生成治療性單株抗體。
本揭示內容係基於用於單株抗體、具體而言單株抗體之均質群體(「糖抗體」)之糖-最佳化Fc之發現。最佳化糖型展現效應細胞功能(例如ADCC)之增進功效。
術語「糖抗體」係由發明者Dr.Chi-Huey Wong創造,其係指在Fc上具有單一均質N-聚糖之單株抗體(較佳地治療性單株抗體)之均質群體。構成均質群體之個別糖抗體實質上相同,結合相同表位,且含有具有充分定義之聚糖結構及序列之相同Fc聚糖。
「實質上相同」意指所比較對象具有基本上相同之接近相似性,如由熟習此項技術者所理解。「實質上相同」涵蓋「相同」。
如本文中所使用,術語「糖抗體(glycoantibodies)」(「GAbs」)係指在Fc上具有相同N-聚糖之IgG分子之均質群體。術語「糖抗體(glycoantibody)」(「GAb」)係指糖抗體(glycoantibodies)中之個別IgG分子。
因此,本揭示內容之一態樣係關於在Fc上包括單一均質N-聚糖之單株抗體之均質群體的組合物,其中該結構係構用於增進效應細胞功能之功效之最佳化N-聚糖結。
在較佳實施例中,N-聚糖附接至Fc區之Asn-297。
在較佳實施例中,其中N-聚糖係由Sia2(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2之結構組成。
可在活體外產生本文所闡述之糖抗體。可藉由Fc糖改造生成糖抗體。在某些實施例中,自藉由哺乳動物細胞培養獲得之單株抗體以酶方式或化學酶方式改造糖抗體。
在一些實施例中,相對於相應單株抗體中之野生型Fc區,本文所闡述糖抗體之Fc區展現對FcγRIIA或FcγRIIIA之增加之結合親和力。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體展相對於野生型免疫球蛋白現增進之抗體依賴性細胞介導之細胞毒性(ADCC)活性。
在一些實施例中,糖抗體係選自由人類IgG1、IgG2、IgG3及IgG4組成之群。
單株抗體可為人類化、人類或嵌合抗體。
本文所闡述之糖抗體可結合與癌症、自體免疫病症、發炎性病症或傳染性疾病有關之抗原。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體係糖改造抗CD20。在一些實例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體係糖改造利妥昔單抗(Rituximab)(Rituxan®)。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體係糖改造抗HER2。在一些實例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體係糖改造曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab)(Herceptin®)。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體係糖改造抗TNFα。在一些實例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體係糖改造阿達木單抗(Adalimumab)(Humira®)。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體係糖改造F16抗體。
本揭示內容之另一態樣描述一種醫藥組合物,其包括本文所闡
述糖抗體之組合物及醫藥上可接受之載劑。該醫藥組合物可用於治療學(例如腫瘤學)、自體免疫病症、發炎性病症及傳染性疾病。
在一些實施例中,該醫藥組合物可用於預防、治療或改善一或多種與期望由FcγR調介之效應細胞功能(例如ADCC)之增進功效之疾病、病症或感染(例如癌症、自體免疫疾病、傳染性疾病)有關的症狀,且可用於增進其效應藉由ADCC調介之治療抗體之治療功效。
本文所揭示者亦包含增進抗體依賴性細胞介導之細胞毒性(ADCC)活性之方法,該方法包括向個體投與一定量之本文所闡述之糖抗體。
另外,本文所揭示者包含預防、治療或改善一或多種與疾病、病症或感染有關之症狀之方法,該方法包括向有需要之個體投與治療有效量之本文所闡述之醫藥組合物。該疾病、病症或感染可選自由癌症、自體免疫病症、發炎性病症及傳染性感染組成之群。
本揭示內容之另一態樣描述治療有需要之人類個體之病毒性疾病之方法,其包括:(a)向個體投與阻斷NK細胞之抑制受體之第一化合物,及(b)向個體投與治療有效量之本文所闡述之醫藥組合物。
在本文所闡述之該等治療方法中,糖抗體之醫藥組合物可單獨或連同第二治療劑(例如第二抗體或化學治療劑或免疫抑制劑)投與。
本申請案涉及各種頒佈專利、公開專利申請案、期刊論文及其他公開案,其皆以引用方式併入本文中。
本發明一或多個實施例之詳細內容陳述於下文說明書中。根據下列圖式及若干實施例之詳細說明亦及隨附申請專利範圍,本發明之其他特徵或優點將顯而易見。
圖1.展示(a)用於經由重塑IgG1之Fc區上之聚糖結構(b)來製備均質抗體之一般策略。
圖2.展示各種糖改造利妥昔單抗之抗體依賴性B細胞消耗活性。
使用新製人類PBMC細胞實施人類B細胞之消耗且在FACS上基於CD19+CD2-B細胞分析。(A)與一系列不同糖改造利妥昔單抗相比,2,6-NSCT利妥昔單抗展示較高消耗能力。(B)在10種供體之全血B細胞消耗活性中,2,6-唾液酸化利妥昔單抗之活性顯著大於未處理利妥昔單抗且p值為0.0016,而單-GlcNAc利妥昔單抗展示最低活性。(C)Ramos及Raji之所製得利妥昔單抗抗性細胞在細胞表面上表現較低含量之CD20。(D、E)2,6-NSCT利妥昔單抗展示針對正常細胞及抗性細胞之顯著ADCC功效,而未處理抗體明顯損失其針對抗性菌株之活性。
圖3.展示V158 FcγRIIIa介導之ADCC報告基因生物分析中之糖改造Herceptin之EC50。在6:1之E/T比率下使用SKBR3作為靶細胞且使用V158 FcγRIIIa改造Jurkat作為效應細胞實施實驗。同一圖形中展示之所有數據係在同一微量板及同一批次效應細胞中進行之實驗;繪製95%置信區間之條。(A)非岩藻糖基化Herceptin G8及商業Herceptin展示類似ADCC效應,從而闡釋抗FcγRIIIa之去岩藻糖基化優點在非岩藻糖基化Herceptin G8中損失。(B)二等分及其非二等分類似物Herceptin G9及G4展示類似EC50值,從而指示在此分析中觀察到並無較佳二等分聚糖介導之ADCC功能。(C)與具有兩個半乳糖末端之糖改造Herceptin G1相比,觀察到在2,6-唾液酸化抗體中並無顯著EC50變化,而在2,3-唾液酸化Herceptin中展示表觀EC50增加。結果指示,Fc上之2,3-唾液酸化將較低效應細胞活化,但2,6-連接者並非如此。倍數誘導曲線係所誘導發光除以無抗體對照之誘導之結果。(D)選擇圖形(A)至(C)中具有最低EC50之試樣且與商業Herceptin進行比較。所有試樣在此ADCC報告基因生物分析中皆顯示較佳活性。
圖4.展示,具有附接至Fc Asn297之改質均質SCT聚糖之抗流感抗
體FI6(FI6m)顯著展示其ADCC活性增進且預防性保護小鼠免受H1N1病毒攻擊的致死劑量影響。(a)細胞毒性表示為在與PBMC(效應細胞)及各種濃度抗體一起培育時經流感H1血凝素(HA)(A/加利福尼亞州(California)/07/09)表現之裂解HEK293T細胞(靶細胞)之百分比。(b)ADCC活性展示為來自螢光素酶報告基因分析之在經活化T細胞路徑之ADCC信號傳導細胞核因子活化時發出信號之生物發光的倍數增加。將HA表現之HEK293T細胞(靶細胞)與NK細胞以及該螢光素酶報告基因(效應細胞)及各種量之抗流感抗體FI6及FI6m一起培育。使用軟體GraphPad Prism以4PL非線性回歸進行曲線擬合。(c)在流感病毒A/加利福尼亞州/07/09(H1N1)之致死劑量(10 MLD50)感染下監測小鼠之存活。在感染之前2小時,向每一群組之小鼠(N=9)經腹膜腔內分別給予2.5mg/kg FI6、FI6m或PBS。FI6及FI6m組具有顯著存活差異(p<0.01)。
除非另外指示,否則本發明實踐將採用熟習此項技術者熟知之分子生物學、微生物學、重組DNA及免疫學之習用技術。該等技術全面闡釋於文獻中。例如參見Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual,第2版,由Sambrook、Fritsch及Maniatis編輯(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,1989);DNA Cloning,第I及II卷(D.N.Glover編輯,1985);Culture Of Animal Cells(R.I.Freshney,Alan R.Liss公司,1987);Immobilized Cells And Enzymes(IRL Press,1986);B.Perbal,A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning(1984);the treatise,Methods In Enzymology(Academic Press公司,N.Y.);Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells(J.H.Miller及M.P.Calos編輯,1987,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory);Methods In Enzymology,第154及
155卷(Wu等人,編輯),Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology(Mayer及Walker編輯,Academic Press,London,1987);Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Harlow及Lanes(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,1988);及Handbook Of Experimental Immunology,第I-IV卷(D.M.Weir及C.C.Blackwell,編輯,1986)。
術語「糖抗體」係由發明者Dr.Chi-Huey Wong創造,其係指具有結合Fc區之單一均質糖型之單株抗體(較佳地治療性單株抗體)之均質群體。構成基本上均質群體之個別糖抗體相同,結合相同表位,且含有具有充分定義之聚糖結構及序列之相同Fc聚糖。
如本文中所使用,術語「抗CD20糖抗體」(「anti-CD20 glycoantibodies,anti-CD20 GAbs」)係指在Fc上具有相同糖型之抗CD20 IgG分子之均質群體。
如本文中所使用,術語「抗CD20糖抗體」(「anti-CD20 glycoantibody,anti-CD20 GAb」)係指抗CD20糖抗體(anti-CD20 glycoantibodies)中之個別IgG分子。
如本文中所使用,術語「聚糖」係指多糖、寡糖或單糖。聚糖可為糖殘基之單體或聚合物且可為直鏈或具支鏈。聚糖可包含天然糖殘基(例如葡萄糖、N-乙醯基葡糖胺、N-乙醯基神經胺酸、半乳糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖、己糖、阿拉伯糖、核糖、木糖等)及/或改質糖(例如2'-氟核糖、2'-去氧核糖、磷酸甘露糖、6'硫N-乙醯基葡糖胺等)。聚糖在本文中亦用於係指糖偶聯物(例如糖蛋白、糖脂、糖肽、糖蛋白質組、肽多糖、脂多糖或蛋白聚糖)之碳水化合物部分。聚糖通常僅由單糖之間之O-糖苷鏈接組成。舉例而言,纖維素係由ß-1,4-連接D-葡萄糖構成之聚糖(或更具體而言葡聚糖),且甲殼質係由ß-1,4-連接N-乙醯基-D-葡糖胺構成之聚糖。聚糖可為單糖殘基之均聚物或異聚物,且可為直鏈或具支鏈。聚糖可發現附接至蛋白質,如在糖蛋白及
蛋白聚糖中。其通常發現於細胞之外表面上。O-及N-連接聚糖極常見於真核細胞中,但亦可發現(但較不常見)於原核細胞中。N-連接聚糖發現附接至序列子中天門冬醯胺之R-基團氮(N)。序列子係Asn-X-Ser或Asn-X-Thr序列,其中X係除堅果糖外之任一胺基酸。
如本文中所使用,術語「岩藻糖」、「核心岩藻糖」及「核心岩藻糖殘基」可互換使用且係指在α1,6-位連接至N-乙醯基葡糖胺之岩藻糖。
如本文中所使用,術語「N-聚糖」、「N-連接聚糖」、「N-連接糖基化」、「Fc聚糖」及「Fc糖基化」可互換使用且係指由連接至含Fc多肽中天門冬醯胺殘基之醯胺氮之N-乙醯基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)附接之N-連接寡糖。術語「含Fc多肽」係指包括Fc區之多肽(例如抗體)。
如本文中所使用,術語「糖基化模式」及「糖基化特徵」可互換使用且係指以酶方式或以化學方式自糖蛋白或抗體釋放且然後(例如)使用LC-HPLC或MALDI-TOF MS及諸如此類分析碳水化合物結構之N-聚糖物質之特徵性「指紋」。例如參見Current Analytical Chemistry,第1卷,第1期(2005),第28-57頁中之綜述;其全部內容以引用方式併入本文中。
如本文中所使用,術語「糖改造Fc」在本文中使用時係指Fc區上之N-聚糖以酶方式或以化學方式發生改變或改造。本文所用之術語「Fc糖改造」係指用於製備糖改造Fc之酶或化學製程。改造之實例性方法闡述於(例如)Wong等人,USSN12/959,351中,其內容以引用方式併入本文中。
在Fc區糖基化特徵背景中之術語「均質」、「均勻」、「均勻地」及「均質性」可互換使用且欲指由一種期望N-聚糖物質代表之單一糖基化模式,其中具有較少或並無痕量前體N-聚糖。在某些實施例中,前體N-聚糖之痕量係小於約2%。
「基本上純」蛋白質意指基於組合物之總重量包括至少約90重量%(包含(例如)至少約91重量%、至少約92重量%、至少約93重量%、至少約94重量%、至少約95重量%、至少約96重量%、至少約97重量%、至少約98重量%或至少約99重量%)之蛋白質之組合物。
「基本上均質」蛋白質意指基於組合物之總重量包括至少約98重量%之蛋白質(包含(例如)至少約98.5%、至少約99%)之組合物。在某些實施例中,蛋白質係抗體、結構變體及/或其抗原結合片段。
如本文中所使用,術語「IgG」、「IgG分子」、「單株抗體」、「免疫球蛋白」及「免疫球蛋白分子」可互換使用。
如本文中所使用,術語「Fc受體」或「FcR」闡述結合抗體之Fc區之受體。較佳FcR係原始序列人類FcR。另外,較佳FcR係結合IgG抗體者(γ受體)且包含FcγRI(CD64)、FcγRII(CD32)及FcγRIII(CD16)亞類之受體,包含該等受體之對偶基因變體及選擇性剪接形式。
FcγRII受體包含FcγRIIA(「活化型受體」)及FcγRIIB(「抑制型受體」),二者具有主要在胞質結構域上有所不同之類似胺基酸序列。
活化型受體FcγRIIA在其胞質結構域中含有免疫受體酪胺酸活化基序(ITAM)。抑制型受體FcγRIIB在其胞質結構域中含有免疫受體酪胺酸抑制基序(ITIM)。(參見M.in Daëron,Annu.Rev.Immunol.15:203-234(1997)中之綜述)。在Ravetch及Kinet,Annu.Rev.Immunol 9:457-92(1991);Capel等人,Immunomethods 4:25-34(1994);及de Haas等人,J.Lab.Clin.Med.126:330-41(1995)中對FcR進行綜述。本文之術語「FcR」涵蓋其他FcR,包含彼等欲在將來鑑別者。該術語亦包含新生兒受體(FcRn),該受體負責將母體IgG轉移至胎兒體內(Guyer等人,J.Immunol.117:587(1976)及Kim等人,J.Immunol.24:249(1994))。
本文所用之術語「效應物功能」係指源自抗體Fc區與Fc受體或
配體之相互作用之生物化學事件。實例性「效應物功能」包含C1q結合、補體依賴性細胞毒性、Fc受體結合、抗體依賴性細胞介導之細胞毒性(ADCC)、吞噬作用、細胞表面受體(例如B細胞受體BCR)下調。
可使用業內已知之各種分析來分析該等效應物功能。
如本文中所使用,「抗體依賴性細胞介導之細胞毒性」或「ADCC」係指以下細胞毒性形式:其中結合存在於某些細胞毒性細胞(例如天然殺傷(NK)細胞、嗜中性球及巨噬細胞)上之Fc受體(FcR)之經分泌Ig使該等細胞毒性效應細胞能夠特異性結合帶抗原靶細胞且隨後利用細胞毒素殺死該靶細胞。抗體「攻擊」細胞毒性細胞且為該殺死絕對所需。用於介導ADCC之原代細胞(NK細胞)僅表現FcγRIII,而單核球表現FcγRI、FcγRII及FcγRIII。FcR於造血細胞上之表現匯總於Ravetch及Kinet,Annu.Rev.Immunol 9:457-92(1991)之第464頁表3中。為評價所關注分子之ADCC活性,可實施活體外ADCC分析,例如闡述於美國專利第5,500,362號或美國專利第5,821,337號中者。可用於該等分析之效應細胞包含周邊血單核細胞(PBMC)及天然殺傷(NK)細胞。另一選擇為或另外,可在活體內(例如在諸如揭示於Clynes等人,PNAS(USA)95:652-656(1998)中之動物模型等動物模型中)評價所關注分子之ADCC活性。
本文所用之術語「補體依賴性細胞毒性」或「CDC」係指在補體存在下靶細胞之裂解。經典補體途徑之活化係藉由補體系統之第一補體(C1q)與抗體(適當亞類)之結合來起始,該等抗體結合其同族抗原。
為評價補體活化,可實施CDC分析,例如如Gazzano-Santoro等人,J.Immunol.Methods 202:163(1996)中所闡述。
「嵌合」抗體(免疫球蛋白)中重鏈及/或輕鏈之一部分與衍生自特定物種或屬特定抗體種類或亞類之抗體的相應序列相同或同源,而該(等)鏈之其餘部分與衍生自另一物種或屬另一抗體種類或亞類之抗
體的相應序列相同或同源;且包含該等抗體之片段,只要其展現期望生物活性即可(美國專利第4,816,567號;Morrison等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,81:6851-6855(1984))。本文所用之人類化抗體係嵌合抗體之子組。
「人類化」形式之非人類(例如鼠類)抗體係含有最少量源自非人類免疫球蛋白之序列之嵌合抗體。在極大程度上,人類化抗體係如下人類免疫球蛋白(接受者或受體抗體):其中接受者之超變區殘基由來自非人類物種(例如小鼠、大鼠、兔或非人類靈長類動物)之超變區(供體抗體)之具有期望特異性、親和力及容量之殘基所代替。在一些情況下,人類免疫球蛋白之Fv框架區(FR)殘基由相應非人類殘基代替。
另外,人類化抗體可包括未在接受者抗體或供體抗體中發現之殘基。
作出該等改質以進一步改善抗體性能,例如結合親和力。通常,人類化抗體將包括實質上全部之至少一個且通常兩個可變結構域,其中全部或實質上全部超變環對應於非人類免疫球蛋白之彼等超變環,且全部或實質上全部FR區為人類免疫球蛋白序列之彼等FR區,但FR區可包含改良結合親和力之一或多個胺基酸取代。FR中之該等胺基酸取代之數量通常在H鏈中不超過6,且在L鏈中不超過3。人類化抗體視情況亦包括通常人類免疫球蛋白之免疫球蛋白恆定區(Fc)之至少一部分。其他細節參見Jones等人,Nature 321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature 332:323-329(1988);及Presta,Curr.Op.Struct.Biol.2:593-596(1992)。亦參見下列綜述文件及其中所引用之參考文獻:Vaswani及Hamilton,Ann.Allergy,Asthma & Immunol.1:105-115(1998);Harris,Biochem.Soc.Transactions 23:1035-1038(1995);Hurle及Gross,Curr.Op.Biotech.5:428-433(1994)。
如本文中所使用,術語「抗原」定義為任一能夠誘發免疫反應之物質。如本文中所使用,術語「抗原特異性」係指特定抗原或抗原
片段之供應產生特異性細胞增殖之細胞群體之性質。
如本文中所使用,術語「免疫原性」係指免疫原、抗原或疫苗刺激免疫反應之能力。
如本文中所使用,術語「表位」定義為抗原分子中接觸抗體之抗原結合位點或T細胞受體之部分。
如本文中所使用,術語「特異性結合」係指結合對(例如抗體及抗原)之間之相互作用。在各種情況下,特異性結合可體現為親和力常數為約10-6莫耳/公升、約10-7莫耳/公升或約10-8莫耳/公升或更小。
「分離」抗體係已經鑒定並自其天然環境組份中分離及/或回收之抗體。其天然環境之污染組份係會干擾抗體之研究、診斷或治療用途之材料,且可包含酶、激素及其他蛋白質性溶質或非蛋白質性溶質。
本文所用之片語「實質上類似」、「實質上相同」、「等效」或「實質上等效」表示兩個數值(例如一個值與分子有關且另一者與參考/對比分子有關)之間具有足夠高相似度,從而熟習此項技術者會認為該兩個值之間之差異在藉由該等值(例如Kd值、抗病毒效應等)所量測生物特性之背景下具有較少或不具有生物及/或統計學顯著性。該兩個值之間之差異係(例如)小於約50%、小於約40%、小於約30%、小於約20%及/或小於約10%,其隨參考/對比分子之值而變化。
本文所用之片語「實質上減少」或「實質上不同」表示兩個數值(通常一個值與分子有關且另一值與參考/對比分子有關)之間具有足夠高差異度,從而熟習此項技術者會認為該兩個值之間之差異在藉由該等值(例如Kd值)所量測生物學特性之背景下具有統計學顯著性。該兩個值之間之差異係(例如)大於約10%、大於約20%、大於約30%、大於約40%及/或大於約50%,其隨參考/對比分子之值而變化。
「結合親和力」通常係指分子(例如抗體)之單一結合位點與其結合配偶體(例如抗原)之間之非共價相互作用的總強度。除非另外指示,否則本文所用之「結合親和力」係指固有結合親和力,其反映結合對之成員(例如抗體及抗原)之間之1:1相互作用。分子X對於其配偶體Y之親和力通常可表示為解離常數(Kd)。可藉由業內已知之常用方法(包含彼等闡述於本文中者)來量測親和力。低親和力抗體通常緩慢地結合抗原且往往易於解離,而高親和力抗體通常較快結合抗原且往往較長時間保持結合。多種量測結合親和力之方法為業內已知,其任一者皆可用於本發明目的。具體闡釋性實施例闡述於下文中。
抗體之「可變區」或「可變結構域」係指抗體重鏈或輕鏈之胺基末端結構域。該等結構域通常係抗體之最可變部分且含有抗原結合位點。
術語「可變」係指如下事實:在抗體之間可變結構域的某些部分於序列上存在廣泛差異且可用於實現每一特定抗體對其特定抗原之結合及特異性。然而,可變性在整個抗體可變結構域中並非均勻分佈。在輕鏈及重鏈可變結構域二者中該可變性均集中在三個稱為互補決定區(CDR)或超變區之區段上。可變結構域之保守程度較高之部分稱為框架(FR)。原始重鏈及輕鏈之可變結構域各自包括4個由三個CDR連結之主要採用β薄片構形的FR區,該等CDR形成連結且在一些情形下形成β薄片結構之一部分的環。每一鏈中之CDR藉助FR區保持緊密靠近,且與來自另一鏈之CDR一起促進形成抗體之抗原結合位點(參見Kabat等人,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,第5版,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,Md(1991))。恆定結構域並不直接參與抗體與抗原之結合,但展現各種效應物功能,例如抗體參與抗體依賴性細胞毒性。
抗體之木瓜酶消化產生兩個相同抗原結合片段,稱為「Fab」片
段,其各自具有單一抗原結合位點;及殘餘「Fc」片段,其名稱反映其易於結晶之能力。經胃蛋白酶處理產生F(ab’)2片段,該片段具有兩個抗原組合位點且仍然能夠交聯抗原。
「Fv」係含有完全抗原識別及結合位點之最小抗體片段。在雙鏈Fv物質中,此區域係由一個重鏈可變結構域與一個輕鏈可變結構域之緊密非共價結合二聚體組成。在單鏈Fv物質中,一個重鏈可變結構域及一個輕鏈可變結構域可藉由柔性肽連接體共價連接,從而該等輕鏈及重鏈可以與雙鏈Fv物質中類似之「二聚體」結構來締合。每一可變結構域之3個CDR以此構形相互作用以界定VH-VL二聚體之表面上之抗原結合位點。六個CDR共同賦予了該抗體抗原結合特異性。然而,即使單一可變結構域(或Fv之一半,其僅包括三個對抗原具有特異性之CDR)亦具有識別並結合抗原之能力,但其親和力低於完整結合位點。
Fab片段亦含有輕鏈恆定結構域及重鏈之第一恆定結構域(CH1)。Fab'片段與Fab片段之不同之處在於在重鏈CH1結構域之羧基末端添加幾個殘基,包含一或多個來自抗體鉸鏈區之半胱胺酸。在本文中,Fab'-SH係恆定結構域中之半胱胺酸殘基具有游離硫醇基之Fab'之名稱。F(ab')2抗體片段最初係作為在其間具有鉸鏈半胱胺酸之Fab'片段對產生。亦已知抗體片段之其他化學偶合。
根據恆定結構域之胺基酸序列,可將來自任何脊椎動物物種之抗體(免疫球蛋白)之「輕鏈」指定為兩種完全不同類型(稱為卡帕(κ)及蘭布達(λ))中之一種。
端視抗體(免疫球蛋白)重鏈中恆定結構域之胺基酸序列,可將抗體(免疫球蛋白)指定為不同種類。存在5大類抗體:IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG及IgM,且該等類別中之若干可進一步分成子類(同種型),例如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA1及IgA2。對應於不同類別之免疫球
蛋白之重鏈恆定結構域分別稱為α、δ、ε、γ及μ。不同種類之免疫球蛋白之亞單位結構及三維構形已眾所周知且通常闡述於(例如)Abbas等人,Cellular及Mol.Immunology,第4版(2000)中。抗體可為較大融合分子之一部分,其係藉由抗體與一或多種其他蛋白質或肽之共價或非共價締合來形成。
術語「全長抗體」、「完整抗體」與「全抗體」在本文中可互換使用,其係指呈實質上完整形式之抗體,且不為如下文所定義之抗體片段。該等術語尤其係指重鏈含有Fc區之抗體。
「抗體片段」僅包括完整抗體之一部分,其中該部分保留至少一種及(至多)大部分或所有通常在存在於完整抗體中時與該部分有關之功能。在一實施例中,抗體片段包括完整抗體之抗原結合位點且由此保留結合抗原之能力。在另一實施例中,抗體片段(例如包括Fc區者)在存在於完整抗體中時保留通常與Fc區有關之生物功能中之至少一者,例如FcRn結合、抗體半衰期調變、ADCC功能及補體結合。在一實施例中,抗體片段係活體內半衰期實質上類似於完整抗體之單價抗體。舉例而言,此一抗體片段可包括連接至能賦予片段活體內穩定性之Fc序列的抗原結合臂。
本文所用之術語「單株抗體」係指自實質上均質抗體之群體獲得之抗體,亦即,除可少量存在之可能天然突變外,構成該群體之個別抗體均相同。因此,修飾語「單株」指示並非獨立抗體混合物之抗體性質。該單株抗體通常包含含有結合靶之多肽序列之抗體,其中靶結合多肽序列係藉由包含自複數個多肽序列選擇單一靶結合多肽序列之製程獲得。舉例而言,選擇製程可為自複數個純系(例如一組雜交瘤純系、噬菌體純系或重組DNA純系)選擇獨特純系。應理解,可進一步改變所選靶結合序列以(例如)改良對靶之親和力,人類化靶結合序列,改良其在細胞培養物中之產生,減小其活體內免疫原性,產生
多特異性抗體等,且包括經改變靶結合序列之抗體亦係本發明之單株抗體。與通常包含針對不同決定簇(表位)之不同抗體的多株抗體製劑相比,單株抗體製劑之每一單株抗體針對抗原上之單個決定簇。除特異性外,單株抗體製劑之優勢亦在於其通常不受其他免疫球蛋白污染。修飾語「單株」指示抗體特徵係自實質上均質之抗體群體獲得,且不應理解為需要藉由任一特定方法來產生該抗體。舉例而言,擬用於本發明之單株抗體可藉由各種技術製得,包含(例如)雜交瘤方法(例如Kohler等人,Nature,256:495(1975);Harlow等人,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,第2版,1988);Hammerling等人,Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell hybridomas 563-681(Elsevier,N.Y.,1981))、重組DNA方法(例如參見美國專利第4,816,567號)、噬菌體展示技術(例如參見Clackson等人,Nature,352:624-628(1991);Marks等人,J.Mol.Biol.222:581-597(1992);Sidhu等人,J.Mol.Biol.338(2):299-310(2004);Lee等人,J.Mol.Biol.340(5):1073-1093(2004);Fellouse,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 101(34):12467-12472(2004);及Lee等人,J.Immunol.Methods 284(1-2):119-132(2004))及用於在動物中產生具有一部分或所有編碼人類免疫球蛋白序列之人類免疫球蛋白基因座或基因之人類或人類樣抗體之技術(例如參見WO98/24893;WO96/34096;WO96/33735;WO91/10741;Jakobovits等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 90:2551(1993);Jakobovits等人,Nature 362:255-258(1993);Bruggemann等人,Year in Immunol.7:33(1993);美國專利第5,545,807號、第5,545,806號、第5,569,825號、第5,625,126號、第5,633,425號、第5,661,016號;Marks等人,Bio.Technology 10:779-783(1992);Lonberg等人,Nature 368:856-859(1994);Morrison,Nature 368:812-813(1994);Fishwild等人,Nature Biotechnol.14:845-851
(1996);Neuberger,Nature Biotechnol.14:826(1996)及Lonberg及Huszar,Intern.Rev.Immunol.13:65-93(1995)。
具體而言,本文之單株抗體包含「嵌合」抗體,其中重鏈及/或輕鏈之一部分與衍生自特定物種或屬特定抗體種類或亞類之抗體的相應序列相同或同源,而該(等)鏈之其餘部分與衍生自另一物種或屬另一抗體種類或亞類之抗體的相應序列相同或同源;以及該等抗體之片段,只要其展現期望生物學活性即可(美國專利第4,816,567號;及Morrison等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,81:6851-6855(1984))。
亦參見下列綜述文件及其中所引用之參考文獻:Vaswani及Hamilton,Ann.Allergy,Asthma & Immunol.1:105-115(1998);Harris,Biochem.Soc.Transactions 23:1035-1038(1995);Hurle及Gross,Curr.Op.Biotech.5:428-433(1994)。
本文所用之術語「超變區」、「HVR」或「HV」係指抗體可變結構域中序列超變及/或結構上形成所定義環之區域。通常,抗體包括6個超變區;3個位於VH中(H1、H2、H3),且3個位於VL中(L1、L2、L3)。本文使用且涵蓋多個超變區之描述。Kabat互補決定區(CDR)係基於序列可變性且使用最為廣泛(Kabat等人,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,第5版,Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,Md.(1991))。而Chothia係指結構環之位置(Chothia及Lesk J.Mol.Biol.196:901-917(1987))。AbM超變區代表Kabat CDR與Chothia結構環之間的折衷方案且用於Oxford Molecular之AbM抗體建模軟體中。「接觸」超變區係基於對可獲得複雜晶體結構之分析。來自該等超變區中每一者之殘基如下所述。
Loop Kabat AbM Chothia Contact
L1 L24-L34 L24-L34 L26-L32 L30-L36
L2 L50-L56 L50-L56 L50-L52 L46-L55
L3 L89-L97 L89-L97 L91-L96 L89-L96
H1 H31-H35B H26-H35B H26-H32 H30-H35B
(Kabat編號)
H1 H31-H35 H26-H35 H26-H32 H30-H35
(Chothia編號)
H2 H50-H65 H50-H58 H53-H55 H47-H58
H3 H95-H102 H95-H102 H96-H101 H93-H101
超變區可包括如下「經延伸超變區」:VL中之24-36或24-34(L1)、46-56或50-56或49-56(L2)及89-97或89-96(L3)以及VH中之26-35(H1)、50-65或49-65(H2)及93-102、94-102或95-102(H3)。對於該等定義中之每一者,根據Kabat等人(見上文)對可變結構域殘基編號。
「框架」或「FR」殘基係彼等除如本文所定義超變區殘基外之可變結構域殘基。
術語「如Kabat中之可變結構域殘基編號」或「如Kabat中之胺基酸位置編號」及其變化形式係指在Kabat等人,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,第5版,Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,Md.(1991)中用於抗體編譯之重鏈可變結構域或輕鏈可變結構域之編號系統。使用此編號系統,實際線性胺基酸序列可含有較少或額外之對應於可變結構域FR或HVR之縮短或插入之胺基酸。舉例而言,重鏈可變結構域可包含在H2之殘基52後之單胺基酸插入(根據Kabat編號之殘基52a)及重鏈FR殘基82後之插入殘基(例如,根據Kabat編號之殘基82a、82b及82c等)。可藉由將抗體序列之同源區與「標準」Kabat編號序列比對來確定給定抗體殘基之Kabat編號。
「單鏈Fv」或「scFv」抗體片段包括抗體之VH及VL結構域,其中該等結構域係以單一多肽鏈存在。通常,scFv多肽進一步包括VH
結構域與VL結構域之間之多肽連接體,其使得scFv能夠形成用於抗原結合之期望結構。關於scFv之綜述,參見Pluckthun,The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies,第113卷,Rosenburg及Moore編輯,Springer-Verlag,New York,第269-315頁(1994)。
術語「雙鏈抗體」係指具有兩個抗原結合位點之小抗體片段,該等片段包括在同一多肽鏈(VH-VL)中與輕鏈可變結構域(VL)連結之重鏈可變結構域(VH)。藉由使用過短而不容許在同一鏈上之兩個結構域之間配對之連接體,迫使該等結構域與另一鏈之互補結構域配對並產生兩個抗原結合位點。雙鏈抗體更全面地闡述於(例如)EP 404,097;WO93/1161;及Hollinger等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,90:6444-6448(1993)中。
「人類抗體」係擁有對應於由人類產生之抗體之胺基酸序列之胺基酸序列及/或使用用於製備如本文所揭示人類抗體的任一技術者。此人類抗體之定義明確排除包括非人類抗原結合殘基之人類化抗體。
「親和力成熟」抗體係在其一或多個HVR中存在一或多處改變之抗體,該等改變會使抗體對抗原之親和力與不擁有彼等改變之親代抗體有所改良。在一實施例中,親和力成熟抗體對靶抗原具有毫微莫耳或甚至皮莫耳親和力。親和力成熟抗體係藉由業內已知程序產生。
Marks等人,Bio/Technology 10:779-783(1992)闡述藉由VH及VL結構域改組達成親和力成熟。CDR及/或框架殘基之隨機突變誘發闡述於以下文獻中:Barbas等人,Proc Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 91:3809-3813(1994);Schier等人,Gene 169:147-155(1995);Yelton等人,J.Immunol.155:1994-2004(1995);Jackson等人,J.Immunol.154(7):3310-9(1995);及Hawkins等人,J.Mol.Biol.226:889-896(1992)。
「阻斷性」抗體或「拮抗劑」抗體係抑制或降低所結合抗原之生物活性的抗體。某些阻斷性抗體或拮抗劑抗體實質上或完全地抑制抗原之生物活性。
本文所用之「激動劑抗體」係模擬所關注多肽之功能活性中之至少一者的抗體。
「病症」係任一受益於本發明抗體之治療之病狀。此包含慢性及急性病症或疾病,包含使哺乳動物易患所討論病症之彼等病理學病狀。本文擬治療病症之非限制性實例包含癌症。
術語「細胞增殖性病症」及「增殖性病症」係指與一定程度之異常細胞增殖有關之病症。在一實施例中,細胞增殖性病症係癌症。
本文所用之「腫瘤」係指所有腫瘤性細胞生長及增殖(無論係惡性的抑還係良性的)以及所有癌前期及癌性細胞及組織。本文中所提及之術語「癌症」、「癌性」、「細胞增殖性病症」、「增殖性病症」及「腫瘤」並不相互排斥。
術語「癌症」及「癌性」通常係指或闡述哺乳動物之特徵通常在於細胞生長/增殖失調之生理學病狀。癌症之實例包含但不限於癌瘤、淋巴瘤(例如何傑金氏淋巴瘤(Hodgkin’s lymphoma)及非何傑金氏淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin's lymphoma))、母細胞瘤、肉瘤及白血病。該等癌症之更特定實例包含鱗狀細胞癌、小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、肺腺癌、肺鱗狀癌瘤、腹膜癌、肝細胞癌、胃腸癌、胰臟癌、膠質母細胞瘤、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、膀胱癌、肝細胞瘤、乳癌、結腸癌、結腸直腸癌、子宮內膜或子宮癌瘤、唾液腺癌瘤、腎癌、肝癌、前列腺癌、外陰癌、甲狀腺癌、肝癌瘤、白血病及其他淋巴增生性病症及各種類型之頭頸癌。
如本文中所使用,術語「抗原」定義為任一能夠誘發免疫反應之物質。
如本文中所使用,術語「抗原特異性」係指供應特定抗原或抗原片段造成特異性細胞增殖之一種細胞群體之性質。
本文所用之術語「表現CD20之癌症」係指癌細胞展示表現CD20抗原之所有癌症。較佳地,本文所用之表現CD20之癌症係指淋巴瘤(較佳為B-細胞非何傑金氏淋巴瘤(NHL))及淋巴細胞白血病。該等淋巴瘤及淋巴細胞白血病包含(例如)a)濾泡性淋巴瘤;b)小無裂細胞淋巴瘤/伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)(包含地方性伯基特氏淋巴瘤、偶發性伯基特氏淋巴瘤及非伯基特氏淋巴瘤);c)邊緣區淋巴瘤(包含結節外邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤(黏膜相關淋巴樣組織淋巴瘤,MALT)、結節邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤及脾臟邊緣區淋巴瘤);d)外套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL);e)大細胞淋巴瘤(包含B-細胞瀰漫性大細胞淋巴瘤(DLCL)、瀰漫性混合細胞淋巴瘤、免疫母細胞性淋巴瘤、原發性縱隔B細胞淋巴瘤、血管中心性淋巴瘤-肺B-細胞淋巴瘤);f)多毛細胞白血病;g)淋巴細胞淋巴瘤、沃爾登斯特倫巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia);h)急性淋巴細胞白血病(ALL)、慢性淋巴細胞白血病(CLL)/小淋巴細胞淋巴瘤(SLL)、B-細胞前淋巴細胞白血病;i)漿細胞腫瘤、漿細胞性骨髓瘤、多發性骨髓瘤、漿細胞瘤;j)何傑金氏病(Hodgkin's disease)。該表現CD20之癌症更佳係B-細胞非何傑金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)。表現CD20之癌症尤其係外套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、急性淋巴細胞白血病(ALL)、慢性淋巴細胞白血病(CLL)、B-細胞瀰漫性大細胞淋巴瘤(DLCL)、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、多毛細胞白血病、濾泡性淋巴瘤、多發性骨髓瘤、邊緣區淋巴瘤、移植後淋巴增生性病症(PTLD)、HIV伴發性淋巴瘤、沃爾登斯特倫巨球蛋白血症或原發性CNS淋巴瘤。
如本文中所使用,「治療」係指試圖改變所治療個體或細胞之自然過程之臨床介入,且可用於預防或在臨床病理學過程期間實施。治
療之期望效應包含防止疾病發生或復發、緩解症狀、減少疾病之任何直接或間接病理結果、防止或降低發炎及/或組織/器官損害、降低疾病進展速率、改善或緩和疾病狀態及緩解或改良預後。在一些實施例中,使用本發明抗體來延遲疾病或病症之發生。
「個體(individual或subject)」係脊椎動物。在某些實施例中,脊椎動物係哺乳動物。哺乳動物包含(但不限於)農場動物(例如牛)、運動動物、寵物(例如貓、狗及馬)、靈長類動物、小鼠及大鼠。在某些實施例中,脊椎動物係人類。
用於治療目的之「哺乳動物」係指任何歸類為哺乳動物之動物,包含人類、家畜及農場動物,以及動物園動物、運動動物或寵物(例如狗、馬、貓、牛等)。在某些實施例中,哺乳動物係人類。
「有效量」係指在所需劑量及時間段內有效達成期望治療或預防結果之量。
本發明之物質/分子之「治療有效量」可根據諸如以下因素而變化:個體之疾病狀態、年齡、性別及體重,以及物質/分子於該個體內引發期望反應之能力。治療有效量亦為物質/分子之治療有益效應勝過其任何毒性或有害效應的量。「預防有效量」係指在所需劑量及時間段內有效達成期望預防結果之量。通常(但未必),因預防劑量係在患病之前或患病早期用於個體中,故預防有效量會小於治療有效量。
本文所用之術語「細胞毒性劑」係指抑制或阻止細胞功能及/或引起細胞破壞之物質。該術語意欲包含放射性同位素(例如At211、I131、I125、Y90、Re186、Re188、Sm153、Bi212、P32、Pb212及Lu之放射性同位素);化學治療劑(例如胺甲蝶呤(methotrexate)、阿黴素(adriamicin)、長春花生物鹼(長春新鹼(vincristine)、長春鹼(vinblastine)、依託泊苷(etoposide))、多柔比星(doxorubicin)、美法侖
(melphalan)、絲裂黴素C(mitomycin C)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、道諾黴素(daunorubicin)或其他嵌入劑);酶及其片段,例如溶核酶;抗生素;及毒素,例如來自細菌、真菌、植物或動物來源之小分子毒素或酶活性毒素,包含其片段及/或變體;及下文所揭示之各種抗腫瘤劑或抗癌劑。其他細胞毒性劑闡述於下文中。殺腫瘤劑引起腫瘤細胞破壞。
「化學治療劑」係可用於治療癌症之化學化合物。化學治療劑之實例包含烷基化劑,例如噻替哌(thiotepa)及CYTOXAN®(環磷醯胺);磺酸烷基酯,例如白消安(busulfan)、英丙舒凡(improsulfan)及哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);氮雜環丙烷,例如苯得哌(benzodopa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、米得哌(meturedopa)及烏得哌(uredopa);伸乙基亞胺及甲基蜜胺,包含六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、三伸乙基嘧胺、三伸乙基磷醯胺、三伸乙基硫代磷醯胺及三羥甲基嘧胺;多聚乙醯(尤其布拉他辛(bullatacin)及布拉他辛酮(bullatacinone));δ-9-四氫大麻酚(屈大麻酚(dronabinol)、MARINOL®);β-拉帕醌(lapachone);拉帕醇(lapachol);秋水仙鹼(colchicine);樺木酸;喜樹鹼(camptothecin)(包含合成類似物托泊替康(topotecan)(HYCAMTIN®)、CPT-11(伊立替康(irinotecan),CAMPTOSAR®)、乙醯基喜樹鹼(acetylcamptothecin)、莨菪素及9-胺基喜樹鹼);苔蘚蟲素(bryostatin);卡利司他汀(callystatin);CC-1065(包含其阿多來新(adozelesin)、卡折來新(carzelesin)及比折來新(bizelesin)合成類似物);鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin);鬼臼酸;替尼泊苷(teniposide);念珠藻素(cryptophycin)(尤其念珠藻素1及念珠藻素8);多拉司他汀(dolastatin);多卡米星(duocarmycin)(包含合成類似物KW-2189及CB1-TM1);艾榴素(eleutherobin);水鬼蕉鹼(pancratistatin);匍枝珊瑚醇(sarcodictyin);海綿抑制素(spongistatin);氮芥,例如苯丁酸氮
芥、萘氮芥(chlomaphazine)、氯磷醯胺(cholophosphamide)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)、氮芥(mechlorethamine)、鹽酸氧氮芥、美法侖、新氮芥(novembichin)、苯乙酸氮芥膽甾醇酯(phenesterine)、潑尼氮芥(prednimustine)、曲磷胺(trofosfamide)、尿嘧啶氮芥;亞硝基脲,例如卡莫司汀(carmustine)、氯脲菌素(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、尼莫司汀(nimustine)及雷莫司汀(ranimnustine);抗生素,例如烯二炔抗生素(例如卡奇黴素(calicheamicin),尤其卡奇黴素γ1I及卡奇黴素ωI 1(例如參見Agnew,Chem.Intl.Ed.Engl.,33:183-186(1994));達內黴素(dynemicin),包含達內黴素A;埃斯波黴素(esperamicin);以及新製癌菌素髮色團(neocarzinostatin chromophore)及有關色蛋白烯二炔抗生素發色團)、阿克拉黴素(aclacinomysin)、放線菌素(actinomycin)、安麴黴素(authramycin)、偶氮絲胺酸、博來黴素(bleomycin)、放線菌素c(cactinomycin)、卡拉比星(carabicin)、洋紅黴素(carminomycin)、嗜癌黴素(carzinophilin)、色黴素(chromomycin)、更生黴素(dactinomycin)、道諾黴素、地托比星(detorubicin)、6-重氮基-5-側氧基-L-正白胺酸、ADRIAMYCIN®多柔比星(包含嗎啉基-多柔比星、氰基嗎啉基-多柔比星、2-吡咯啉基-多柔比星及去氧阿黴素)、泛艾黴素(epirubicin)、依索比星(esorubicin)、艾達黴素(idarubicin)、麻西羅黴素(marcellomycin)、絲裂黴素(例如絲裂黴素C)、黴酚酸、諾加黴素(nogalamycin)、橄欖黴素(olivomycin)、培洛黴素(peplomycin)、波弗黴素(potfiromycin)、嘌呤黴素(puromycin)、三鐵阿黴素(quelamycin)、羅多比星(rodorubicin)、鏈黑菌素(streptonigrin)、鏈脲菌素(streptozocin)、殺結核菌素(tubercidin)、烏苯美司(ubenimex)、淨司他汀(zinostatin)、佐柔比星(zorubicin);抗代謝劑,例如胺甲蝶呤及5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);葉酸類似物,例如二甲葉酸(denopterin)、胺
甲蝶呤、蝶羅呤(pteropterin)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate);嘌呤類似物,例如氟達拉濱(fludarabine)、6-巰嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫鳥嘌呤;嘧啶類似物,例如安西他濱(ancitabine)、阿紮胞苷(azacitidine)、6-阿紮尿苷(azauridine)、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、二去氧尿苷、去氧氟尿苷、依諾他濱(enocitabine)、氟尿苷(floxuridine);雄激素,例如卡普睪酮(calusterone)、丙酸甲雄烷酮(dromostanolone propionate)、環硫雄醇(epitiostanol)、美雄烷(mepitiostane)、睪內酯(testolactone);抗腎上腺劑,例如胺魯米特(aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)、曲洛司坦(trilostane);葉酸補充劑,例如亞葉酸;醋葡醛內酯;醛磷醯胺糖苷;胺基酮戊酸;恩尿嘧啶(eniluracil);安吖啶(amsacrine);貝斯特布西(bestrabucil);比生群(bisantrene);依達曲沙(edatraxate);地磷醯胺(defofamine);秋水仙胺(demecolcine);地吖醌(diaziquone);依氟鳥胺酸(elfornithine);依利乙銨(elliptinium acetate);埃坡黴素(epothilone);依託格魯(etoglucid);硝酸鎵;羥基脲;香菇多糖;氯尼達明(lonidamine);類美坦辛(maytansinoids),例如美坦辛(maytansine)及安絲菌素(ansamitocin);米托胍腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);美得眠(mopidanmol);硝基胺;噴司他汀(pentostatin);蛋胺氮芥(phenamet);吡柔比星(pirarubicin);洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone);2-乙基醯肼;丙卡巴肼(procarbazine);PSK®多糖複合物(JHS Natural Products,Eugene,Oreg.);雷佐生(razoxane);根黴素(rhizoxin);西佐喃(sizofuran);鍺螺胺(spirogermanium);替奴佐酸(tenuazonic acid);三亞胺醌(triaziquone);2,2',2"-三氯三乙胺;單端孢黴烯(trichothecene)(尤其T-2毒素、疣孢菌素A(verracurin A)、桿孢菌素A(roridin A)及蛇形菌索(anguidine));烏拉坦(urethan);長春地辛(vindesine)(ELDISINE®、FILDESIN®);達卡巴嗪(dacarbazine);
甘露氮芥(mannomustine);二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol);二溴衛矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);加賽特辛(gacytosine);阿糖胞苷(arabinoside)(「Ara-C」);噻替哌(thiotepa);類紫杉醇(taxoid),例如太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel)(TAXOL®)(Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology,Princeton,N.J.)、太平洋紫杉醇之無克列莫佛(Cremophor)、經白蛋白改造之奈米顆粒調配物(ABRAXANETM)(American Pharmaceutical Partners,Schaumberg,Ill.)及多西紫杉醇(doxetaxel)(TAXOTERE®)(Rhône-Poulenc Rorer,Antony,France);苯丁酸氮芥;吉西他濱(gemcitabine)(GEMZAR®);6-硫鳥嘌呤;巰嘌呤;胺甲蝶呤;鉑類似物,例如順鉑(cisplatin)及卡鉑(carboplatin);長春鹼(VELBAN®);鉑;依託泊苷(VP-16);異環磷醯胺;米托蒽醌;長春新鹼(ONCOVIN®);奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin);醛氫葉酸;長春瑞濱(vinorelbine)(NAVELBINE®);諾肖林(novantrone);依達曲沙(edatrexate);道諾黴素(daunomycin);胺基蝶呤(aminopterin);伊班膦酸鹽(ibandronate);拓撲異構酶抑制劑RFS 2000;二氟甲基鳥胺酸(DMFO);類視色素,例如視黃酸;卡培他濱(capecitabine)(XELODA®);上述藥劑中任一者之醫藥上可接受之鹽、酸或衍生物;以及上述藥劑中之兩者或更多者之組合,例如環磷醯胺、多柔比星、長春新鹼及潑尼松龍(prednisolone)之組合療法之縮寫CHOP及利用與5-FU及醛氫葉酸組合之奧沙利鉑(ELOXATINTM)之治療方案的縮寫FOLFOX。
如本文中所使用,「治療」係指試圖改變所治療個體或細胞之自然過程之臨床介入,且可用於預防或在臨床病理學過程期間實施。治療之期望效應包含防止疾病發生或復發、緩解症狀、減少疾病之任何直接或間接病理結果、防止或降低發炎及/或組織/器官損害、降低疾病進展速率、改善或緩和疾病狀態及緩解或改良預後。在一些實施例
中,使用本發明抗體來延遲疾病或病症之發生。
「個體(individual或subject)」係脊椎動物。在某些實施例中,脊椎動物係哺乳動物。哺乳動物包含(但不限於)農場動物(例如牛)、運動動物、寵物(例如貓、狗及馬)、靈長類動物、小鼠及大鼠。在某些實施例中,脊椎動物係人類。
用於治療目的之「哺乳動物」係指任何歸類為哺乳動物之動物,包含人類、家畜及農場動物,以及動物園動物、運動動物或寵物(例如狗、馬、貓、牛等)。在某些實施例中,哺乳動物係人類。
「有效量」係指在所需劑量及時間段內有效達成期望治療或預防結果之量。
本發明之物質/分子之「治療有效量」可根據諸如以下因素而變化:個體之疾病狀態、年齡、性別及體重,以及物質/分子於該個體內引發期望反應之能力。治療有效量亦為物質/分子之治療有益效應勝過其任何毒性或有害效應的量。「預防有效量」係指在所需劑量及時間段內有效達成期望預防結果之量。通常(但未必),因預防劑量係在患病之前或患病早期用於個體中,故預防有效量會小於治療有效量。
本文所用之術語「細胞毒性劑」係指抑制或阻止細胞功能及/或引起細胞破壞之物質。該術語意欲包含放射性同位素(例如At211、I131、I125、Y90、Re186、Re188、Sm153、Bi212、P32、Pb212及Lu之放射性同位素);化學治療劑(例如胺甲蝶呤、阿黴素、長春花生物鹼(長春新鹼、長春鹼、依託泊苷)、多柔比星、美法侖、絲裂黴素C、苯丁酸氮芥、道諾黴素或其他嵌入劑);酶及其片段,例如溶核酶;抗生素;及毒素,例如來自細菌、真菌、植物或動物來源之小分子毒素或酶活性毒素,包含其片段及/或變體;及下文所揭示之各種抗腫瘤劑或抗癌劑。其他細胞毒性劑闡述於下文中。殺腫瘤劑引起腫瘤細胞破
壞。
「治療(treating或treatment)」或「緩解」係指治療性治療及預防性(prophylactic或preventative)措施;其中目標係預防或減緩(減弱)靶定病理學病狀或病症。彼等需要治療者包含彼等已患有病症者以及彼等易於患有病症者或彼等擬預防病症者。若在接受治療量之本發明方法之抗體之後,患者展示下列情形中之一或多者之可觀察及/或可量測減小或不存在,則個體或哺乳動物成功「治療」感染:減小感染細胞數量或不存在感染細胞;減小總感染細胞之百分比;及/或減輕(至一定程度)一或多種與特定感染有關之症狀;減小發病率及死亡率;及改良生活品質問題。用於評價疾病之成功治療及改良之上述參數可易於藉由醫師熟知之常規程序量測。
術語「治療有效量」係指有效「治療」個體或哺乳動物之疾病或病症之抗體或藥物之量。參見「治療」之先前定義。
與一或多種其他治療劑「組合」投與包含以任一順序同時(並行)及連續投與。
本文所用之「載劑」包含在所用劑量及濃度下對所暴露細胞或哺乳動物無毒之醫藥上可接受之載劑、賦形劑或穩定劑。通常,生理學上可接受之載劑係pH緩衝水溶液。生理學上可接受之載劑的實例包含緩衝劑,例如磷酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽及其他有機酸;抗氧化劑,包含抗壞血酸,低分子量(小於約10個殘基)多肽;蛋白質,例如血清白蛋白、明膠或免疫球蛋白;親水性聚合物,例如聚乙烯吡咯啶酮;胺基酸,例如甘胺酸、麩醯胺酸、天門冬醯胺、精胺酸或離胺酸;單糖、二糖及其他碳水化合物,包含葡萄糖、甘露糖或糊精;螯合劑,例如EDTA;糖醇,例如甘露糖醇或山梨糖醇;形成鹽之抗衡離子,例如鈉;及/或非離子型表面活性劑,例如TWEENTM、聚乙二醇(PEG)及PLURONICSTM。
自培養物中之哺乳動物細胞所產生重組蛋白之糖基化係確保有效使用治療抗體之重要過程(Goochee等人,1991;Jenkins及Curling,1994)。哺乳動物細胞培養遞送並不皆具有相同性質之糖基化模式之異質混合物。該等糖基化模式可影響諸如治療性蛋白質之安全性、功效及血清半衰期等性質。已藉由研發新穎種類之單株抗體(稱為「糖抗體」)來成功解決糖型異質性問題。
術語「糖抗體」係由發明人Dr.Chi-Huey Wong創造,其係指在Fc上具有單一均質糖型之單株抗體(較佳為治療性單株抗體)之均質群體。構成均質群體之個別糖抗體相同,結合相同表位,且含有明確定義之聚糖結構及序列之相同Fc聚糖。
糖抗體可自市售或研發中之單株抗體(較佳為治療性單株抗體)生成。用於治療性應用之單株抗體可為人類化、人類或嵌合單株抗體。
本文所用之術語「親代抗體」係指用於產生糖抗體之單株抗體。親代抗體可藉由細胞培養例如哺乳動物細胞培養物、嗜甲醇酵母菌(Pichia pastoris)或昆蟲細胞系獲得。較佳地,親代抗體係在哺乳動物細胞培養物中產生。親代抗體可為FDA批准或正處於研發中。
單株抗體可使用業內已知之多種技術,包含使用雜交瘤、重組及噬菌體展示技術或其組合製得。舉例而言,單株抗體可使用雜交瘤技術,包含業內已知及教示於以下者產生:例如Harlow等人,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,第2版,1988);Hammerling等人,Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas 563-681(Elsevier,N.Y.,1981);每一者之全部內容以引用方式併入本文中。本文所用之術語「單株抗體」(縮寫為「mAb」)不限於經由雜交瘤技術產生之抗體。術語「單株抗體」係指源自單一純系(包含任何真核、原核或噬菌體純系)之抗體而並非指
產生其之方法。「單株抗體」可包括兩種蛋白質(亦即重鏈及輕鏈)或由其組成。
本文闡述自治療性單株抗體由Fc糖改造衍生之功能活性糖抗體。具有最佳化糖型之糖抗體展現較治療性單株抗體強之生物活性。預期具有最佳化糖型之糖抗體可提供治療性應用之替代物。
本發明糖抗體由Fc上之單一均質糖型(N-聚糖)組成。在一些實施例中,N-聚糖附接至Fc區之Asn-297。
本發明之N-聚糖具有Man3GlcNAc2之共有五糖核心,其亦稱為「三甘露糖核心」或「五糖核心」,其中「Man」係指甘露糖,「Glc」係指葡萄糖,「NAc」係指N-乙醯基,且GlcNAc係指N-乙醯基葡糖胺。
在一些實施例中,N-聚糖具有二分枝結構。
本文所闡述之N-聚糖可具有鏈內取代,包括「二等分」GlcNAc。在聚糖於三甘露糖核心上包括二等分GlcNAc時,該結構表示為Man3GlcNAc3。在聚糖包括附接至三甘露糖核心之核心岩藻糖時,該結構表示為Man3GlcNAc2(F)。N-聚糖可包括一或多種末端唾液酸(例如N-乙醯基神經胺酸)。表示為「Sia」之結構係指末端唾液酸。唾液酸化可發生於二分枝結構之α1-3或α1-6臂上。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之N-聚糖包括至少一個α2-6末端唾液酸。在某些實施例中,N-聚糖包括一個α2-6末端唾液酸。在一較佳實施例中,N-聚糖包括兩個α2-6末端唾液酸。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之N-聚糖包括至少一個α2-3末端唾液酸。在某些實施例中,N-聚糖包括一個α2-3末端唾液酸。在一較佳實施例中,N-聚糖包括兩個α2-3末端唾液酸。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之N-聚糖包括至少一種半乳糖。在某些實施例中,N-聚糖包括一種半乳糖。在一較佳實施例中,N-聚
糖包括兩種半乳糖。
較佳地,本揭示內容之N-聚糖不含核心岩藻糖。
表1列示糖抗體中之實例性N-聚糖。
Fc上之糖基化可影響各種免疫球蛋白效應物調介之功能,包含ADCC、CDC及循環半衰期。ADCC增進係用於改良治療抗體藥物功效之關鍵策略。可降低有效藥物劑量以達成較低藥物成本之益處。本文所闡述之糖抗體之特徵可在於功能性質。
本文所闡述之糖抗體可用於治療癌症。FDA已批准多種用於癌症療法之治療性單株抗體,且許多種正在臨床試驗中單獨或與其他治療劑組合進行研究。可使用該等單株抗體(「親代抗體」)產生糖抗體。
用於癌症之實例性單株抗體包含但不限於Ado-艾曲妥珠單抗(Ado-trastuzumab emtansine)(Kadcyla)、阿來組單抗(Alemtuzumab)(Campath)、貝利木單抗(Belimumab)(Benlysta)、貝伐珠單抗(Bevacizumab)(Avastin)、貝倫妥單抗-維多汀(Brentuximab vedotin)(Adcetris)、卡博替尼(Cabozantinib)(Cometriq)、卡那單抗
(Canakinumab)(Ilaris)、西妥昔單抗(Cetuximab)(Erbitux)、德奴單抗(Denosumab)(Xgeva)、替伊莫單抗(Ibritumomab tiuxetan)(Zevalin)、伊匹單抗(Ipilimumab)(Yervoy)、尼沃魯單抗(Nivolumab)(Opdivo)、奧奴珠單抗(Obinutuzumab)(Gazyva)、奧法木單抗(Ofatumumab)(Arzerra、HuMax-CD20)、帕尼單抗(Panitumumab)(Vectibix)、皮落株單抗(Pembrolizumab)(Keytruda)、帕妥珠單抗(Pertuzumab)(Perjeta)、雷莫蘆單抗(Ramucirumab)(Cyramza)、利妥昔單抗(Rituxan、Mabthera)、司妥昔單抗(Siltuximab)(Sylvant)、托珠單抗(Tocilizumab)、托西莫單抗(Tositumomab)(Bexxar)及曲妥珠單抗(Herceptin)。
「CD20」抗原係分子量大約為35kD之非糖基化跨膜磷蛋白,其發現於來自周邊血或淋巴樣器官之大於90%之B細胞之表面上。CD20表現於早期前B細胞發育期間且保留至血漿細胞分化;其並未發現於人類幹細胞、淋巴樣祖細胞或正常血漿細胞上。CD20存在於正常B細胞以及惡性B細胞上。文獻中之用於CD20之其他名稱包含「B-淋巴球限制分化抗原」及「Bp35」。CD20抗原闡述於(例如)Clark及Ledbetter,Adv.Can Res.52:81-149(1989)及Valentine等人,J.Biol.Chem.264(19):11282-11287(1989)中。
本揭示內容描述新穎種類之抗CD20抗體,稱為「抗CD20糖抗體」(「抗CD20 GAb」)。抗CD20糖抗體可藉由Fc糖改造自抗CD20單株抗體生成。構成均質群體之個別抗CD20糖抗體相同且含有具有充分定義之聚糖結構及序列之相同Fc聚糖。本發明之抗CD20 GAb特異性結合細胞膜上人類CD20抗原之相同表位,如其親代抗體。
本文所用之術語「親代抗體」係指用於產生抗CD20糖抗體之抗CD20單株抗體。
親代抗體可藉由細胞培養(例如哺乳動物細胞培養、嗜甲醇酵母菌或昆蟲細胞系)獲得。較佳地,親代抗體係在哺乳動物細胞培養物中產生。親代抗體可為FDA批准或正處於研發中。實例性親代抗體包含但不限於利妥昔單抗、奧法木單抗、托西莫單抗、歐力珠單抗(Ocrelizumab)、11B8或7D8(揭示於W02004/035607中)、揭示於WO 2005/103081中之抗CD20抗體(例如C6)、揭示於W02003/68821中之抗CD抗體(例如IMMU-106(來自Immunomedics))、揭示於W02004/103404中之抗CD20抗體(例如AME-133(來自Applied Molecular Evolution/Lilly))及揭示於US 2003/0118592中之抗CD20抗體(例如TRU-015(來自Trubion Pharmaceuticals公司))、90Y標記之2B8鼠類抗體(指定為「Y2B8」,ZEVALIN®)(Biogen-Idec公司)(例如Anderson等人之美國專利第5,736,137號;ATCC寄存號:HB11388);鼠類及嵌合2H7抗體(例如Robinson等人之美國專利第5,677,180號);人類化2H7抗體(例如rhuMAb2H7及其他形式(Genentech公司))(例如Adams等人之WO 2004/056312及下文所述之其他參考文獻);針對CD20之人類單株抗體(GenMab A/S/Medarex公司)(例如Teeling等人之WO 2004/035607及WO 2005/103081);結合CD20之細胞外表位之嵌合或人類化單株抗體(Biomedics公司)(例如Numazaki等人之WO 2006/106959);人類化LL2及類似抗體(Immunomedics公司)(例如Hansen之美國專利第7,151,164號及US 2005/0106108);A20抗體(Immunomedics公司),例如嵌合A20(cA20)或人類化A20抗體(hA20,IMMUN-106T,維妥珠單抗(veltuzumab))(例如Hansen等人之US 2003/0219433);針對CD20之全人類抗體(Amgen/AstraZeneca)(例如Gazit等人之WO 2006/130458);針對CD20之抗體(Avestha Gengraine Technologies Pvt有限公司)(例如Morawala之WO 2006/126069);及CD20之嵌合或人類化B-Ly1抗體(Roche/GlycArt Biotechnology AG),
例如GA101(例如WO 2005/044859;US 2005/0123546;US 2004/0072290;及Umana等人之US 2003/0175884)。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之實例性抗CD20 GAb包括具有SEQ ID NO:1中所陳述胺基酸序列之重鏈及具有SEQ ID NO:2中所陳述胺基酸序列之輕鏈。在一較佳實施例中,抗CD20 GAb包括利妥昔單抗之輕鏈序列及重鏈序列。
下表1展示利妥昔單抗之重鏈及輕鏈序列
在一些實施例中,N-聚糖附接至Fc區之Asn-297。
本發明之N-聚糖具有Man3GlcNAc2之共有五糖核心,其亦稱為「三甘露糖核心」或「五糖核心」,其中「Man」係指甘露糖,「Glc」係指葡萄糖,「NAc」係指N-乙醯基,且GlcNAc係指N-乙醯基葡糖胺。
在一些實施例中,N-聚糖具有二分枝結構。
本文所闡述之N-聚糖可具有鏈內取代,包括「二等分」GlcNAc。在聚糖於三甘露糖核心上包括二等分GlcNAc時,該結構表示為Man3GlcNAc3。在聚糖包括附接至三甘露糖核心之核心岩藻糖時,該結構表示為Man3GlcNAc2(F)。N-聚糖可包括一或多種末端唾液酸(例如N-乙醯基神經胺酸)。表示為「Sia」之結構係指末端唾液酸。
唾液酸化可發生於二分枝結構之α1-3或α1-6臂上。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之N-聚糖包括至少一個α2-6末端唾液酸。在某些實施例中,N-聚糖包括一個α2-6末端唾液酸。在一較佳實施例中,N-聚糖包括兩個α2-6末端唾液酸。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之N-聚糖包括至少一個α2-3末端唾液酸。在某些實施例中,N-聚糖包括一個α2-3末端唾液酸。在一較佳實施例中,N-聚糖包括兩個α2-3末端唾液酸。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之N-聚糖包括至少一種半乳糖。
在某些實施例中,N-聚糖包括一種半乳糖。在一較佳實施例中,N-聚糖包括兩種半乳糖。
較佳地,本揭示內容之N-聚糖不含核心岩藻糖。
表2列示抗CD20糖抗體中之實例性N-聚糖。本揭示內容實施例可包含或不包含本文所列示之任一N-聚糖。
Fc上之糖基化可影響各種免疫球蛋白效應物調介之功能,包含ADCC、CDC及循環半衰期。ADCC增進係用於改良治療抗體藥物功效之關鍵策略。可降低有效藥物劑量以達成較低藥物成本之益處。本文所闡述之抗CD20糖抗體之特徵可在於功能性質。抗CD20 GAb具有細胞生長抑制活性,包含針對人類CD20表現細胞之細胞凋亡。在一些實施例中,抗CD20 GAb展現強於其親代抗體之細胞生長抑制活性。
與親代抗體之ADCC活性相比,本發明糖抗體之增加之ADCC活
性為至少約5倍,包含但不限於至少約6倍、約7倍、約8倍、約9倍、約10倍、約15倍、約20倍、約25倍、約30倍、約35倍、約40倍、約50倍、約60倍及約80倍或至少約本文所列示任兩個數值之間之範圍內之值。
表3列示與利妥昔單抗相比抗CD20 GAb之實例性增進之ADCC活性。實例性分析闡述於實例中。
本文所闡述之諸多抗CD20 GAbs、尤其GAb101及GAb104與其親代抗體利妥昔單抗相比展現增進之ADCC活性。本發明糖抗體預計可作為治療劑展現用於涉及B細胞或由B細胞所產生抗體之B細胞介導之惡性腫瘤及免疫學疾病之優良效應,且本發明目標係使用抗CD20 GAb來研發治療劑。
本文所闡述之糖抗體令人吃驚地能夠提供改良之ADCC且並不影響CDC。實例性CDC分析闡述於實例中。在實例性實施例中,糖抗體之ADCC有所增加,但其他免疫球蛋白型效應物功能(例如補體依賴性細胞毒性(CDC))保持類似或並不顯著影響。
表4列示抗CD20 GAb及利妥昔單抗之實例性FcγRIIIA結合。可使用業內已知分析量測FcγRIIIA結合。實例性分析闡述於實例中。Fc受體結合可測定為抗CD20 GAb對利妥昔單抗之相對比率。實例性實施例中之Fc受體結合增加至少1.2倍、2倍、3倍、4倍、5倍、6倍、7
倍、8倍、9倍、10倍、15倍或20倍、30倍、40倍、50倍、100倍或更高。
與利妥昔單抗相比,結合數據展示,抗CD20 GAb、尤其GAb101及GAb104對靶分子CD20展現較強結合親和力。
總而言之,與利妥昔單抗相比,抗CD20 GAb展現增進之ADCC活性及較強FcγRIIIA結合親和力。本發明糖抗體預計可單獨或以包括兩種或更多種該等抗體之組合物形式及視情況與其他治療(例如化學療法)組合提供優良臨床反應。ADCC增進之抗CD20糖抗體預計可提供用於B細胞淋巴瘤及其他疾病之替代治療。本發明糖抗體可有利地用於改變當前投與途徑及當前治療方案,此乃因其增加之效應物功能意味著其可以較低濃度及較小頻率投用,由此減小抗體毒性及/或抗體耐受性產生之可能。另外,改良之效應物功能產生治療先前抵抗使用重組宿主系統中所產生相應抗CD20單株抗體之治療或難以治療之臨床適應症的新方式。
本發明之抗CD20糖抗體可藉由Fc糖改造自市售或處於臨床前或臨床研發中之抗CD20單株抗體(「親代抗體」)產生。較佳地,單株抗體係治療性單株抗體。Fc糖改造可以酶方式或以化學酶方式實施。在一較佳實施例中,親代抗體係利妥昔單抗。
本發明糖抗體中之N-聚糖較佳地經去岩藻糖基化。
N-聚糖之去岩藻糖基化係去除Fc結構域之N-聚糖中之核心岩藻糖的過程。可以酶方式採用去岩藻糖基化。因N-聚糖埋入兩個Fc結構域之間,酶去岩藻糖基化效率因空間阻礙(亦即,岩藻糖苷酶至岩藻糖殘基之接近由Fc結構域之位置阻斷)而極低。
業內已知許多α-岩藻糖苷酶。實例包含來自角蠑螺(Turbo cornutus)、白法螺(Charonia lampas)、糞炭疽桿菌(Bacillus fulminans)、黑麴黴(Aspergillus niger)、產氣莢膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)、牛腎(Glyko)、雞肝之α-岩藻糖苷酶(Tyagarajan等人,1996,Glycobiology 6:83-93)及來自木薯黃單孢桿菌(Xanthomonas manihotis)之α-岩藻糖苷酶II(Glyko,PROzyme)。許多種類之岩藻糖苷
酶亦市面有售(尤其係Glyko,Novato,Calif.;PROzyme,San Leandro,Calif.;Calbiochem-Novabiochem公司,San Diego,Calif.)。然而,已知並無α-岩藻糖苷酶自N-連接聚糖有效去除核心岩藻糖。
WO 2013/12066揭示藉由來自牛腎之α-岩藻糖苷酶對(Fucαl,6)GlcNAc-利妥昔單抗實施去岩藻糖基化。如WO 2013/12066中所闡述,將(Fucαl,6)GlcNAc-利妥昔單抗之反應混合物與來自牛腎之α-岩藻糖苷酶(自Prozyme購得)在37℃下一起培育20天以完全去除(Fucαl,6)GlcNAc-利妥昔單抗中之岩藻糖。
已報導免疫球蛋白之熱不穩定性(Vermeer等人,Biophys J.Jan 78:394-404(2000))。Fab片段對熱處理最敏感,而Fc片段對降低之pH最敏感。為檢驗抗體之熱穩定性及功能活性,實施與WO 2013/12066中所闡述相同之實驗,且發現在37℃下熱處理3天之後抗體損失對CD20之約10%之結合親和力。另外,發現在37℃下熱處理7天之後,抗體損失對CD20之約20%之結合親和力。預計在延長熱處理(例如在37℃下20天)之後,抗體顯著損失對CD20之結合親和力,如WO 2013/12066中所闡述。
在試圖合成具有改良治療價值之糖抗體時,意外發現能夠自N-連接聚糖有效去除岩藻糖殘基之脆弱類桿菌(Bacteroides fragilis)α-岩藻糖苷酶(GenBank登錄編號:YP_212855.1)。已使用特異性酶成功達成有效去岩藻糖基化。重要的是,已藉由使用產生N-聚糖之簡易去岩藻糖基化之特異性α-岩藻糖苷酶來有益地改良製備本發明糖抗體之效率,如圖1中所圖解說明。
因此,本發明提供α-岩藻糖苷酶之組合物及使用α-岩藻糖苷酶去除N-聚糖之核心岩藻糖之改良方法。α-岩藻糖苷酶包括胺基酸序列與SEQ ID NO:5之序列具有至少80%、85%、90%、95%、98%或99%一致性之多肽或其變體。去岩藻糖基化之改良方法包括使抗體與α-岩藻
糖苷酶接觸,且其中α-岩藻糖苷酶包括胺基酸序列與SEQ ID NO:5之序列具有至少80%、85%、90%、95%、98%或99%一致性之多肽、變體或其片段。
本文所闡述者包含製備抗CD20糖抗體之改良方法,該方法包括以下步驟:(a)使抗CD20單株抗體與α-岩藻糖苷酶及至少一種糖苷內切酶接觸,由此得到具有單一N-乙醯基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)之去岩藻糖基化抗體,及(b)在適宜條件下向GlcNAc中添加碳水化合物部分。
在一些實施例中,本發明方法之抗CD20單株抗體係利妥昔單抗。
使用糖苷內切酶修剪N-聚糖中之寡糖之可變部分。本文所用之糖苷內切酶之實例包含但不限於EndoA、EndoF、EndoF1、EndoF2、EndoF3、EndoH、EndoM、EndoS、EndoS2及其變體。
本發明方法之α-岩藻糖苷酶包括胺基酸序列與SEQ ID NO:5之序列具有至少85%一致性之多肽、其功能變體。
在一些實施例中,α-岩藻糖苷酶包括胺基酸序列與SEQ ID NO:5之序列具有至少90%或95%一致性之多肽、其變體或片段。
在某些實施例中,α-岩藻糖苷酶係重組類桿菌(Bacteroides)α-岩藻糖苷酶。
本發明方法中之步驟(a)得到具有單一N-乙醯基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)之去岩藻糖基化抗體。隨後使用轉糖苷酶實施酶調介糖基化以向GlcNAc中添加指定碳水化合物部分且延長糖鏈。可由此產生糖抗體之均質群體。如本文所闡述之轉糖苷酶之實例包含但不限於EndoA、EndoF、EndoF1、EndoF2、Endo F3、EndoH、EndoM、EndoS、Endo S2及其變體。
在一些實施例中,本發明方法之碳水化合物部分係選自由以下組成之群:Sia2(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-3/α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-6/α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-3/α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-6/α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-6)GalGlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-3)GalGlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-6)GalGlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-3)GalGlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、
GalGlcNAcMan3GlcNAc2、Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、GalGlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、GalGlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、GlcNAcMan3GlcNAc2及Man3GlcNAc2。
在較佳實施例中,碳水化合物部分係選自由以下組成之群:Sia2(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-3/α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-6/α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-3/α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia2(α2-6/α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-3)Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-6)GalGlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-3)GalGlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-6)GalGlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Sia(α2-3)GalGlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2、Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2、GalGlcNAcMan3GlcNAc2及Gal2GlcNAc3Man3GlcNAc2。
本發明方法中之步驟(b)引起糖鏈延伸。糖鏈延伸之一種方法係經由酶催化糖基化反應。業內眾所周知,使用糖噁唑啉作為酶催化糖基化反應中之糖供體進行糖基化可用於合成寡糖,此乃因糖基化反應係加成反應且其進行並不伴隨酸、水或諸如此類之任何消除。(Fujita等人,Biochim.Biophys.Acta 2001,1528,9-14)
在一些實施例中,碳水化合物部分係糖噁唑啉。
適宜條件亦包含將反應混合物培育至少20分鐘、30分鐘、40分鐘、50分鐘、60分鐘、70分鐘、80分鐘、90分鐘或100分鐘、較佳地
小於60分鐘。培育較佳地發生於室溫下、更佳地在大約20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃、40℃或45℃下及最佳地在大約37℃下。
應理解,本發明之α-岩藻糖苷酶之多肽可進行衍生或改質以有助於其分離或純化。因此,在本發明之一實施例中,藉由添加能夠直接及特異性結合分離構件之配體來衍生或改質用於本發明之多肽。另一選擇為,藉由添加結合對之一個成員來衍生或改質多肽且分離構件包括藉由添加結合對之另一成員來衍生或改質之試劑。可使用任何適宜結合對。在藉由添加結合對之一個成員來衍生或改質用於本發明之多肽之一較佳實施例中,多肽較佳地加組胺酸標籤或加生物素標籤。通常,在基因層面上包含組胺酸或生物素標籤之胺基酸編碼序列且蛋白質重組表現於大腸桿菌(E.coli.)中。組胺酸或生物素標籤通常存在於多肽之一端(在N-末端或C-末端處)。組胺酸標籤通常係由6個組胺酸殘基組成,但其可長於此長度(通常長達7、8、9、10或20個胺基酸)或較短(例如5、4、3、2或1個胺基酸)。另外,組胺酸標籤可含有一或多種胺基酸取代、較佳地如上文所定義之保守取代。
如本文所闡述之變體多肽係彼等胺基酸序列自SEQ ID NO:5中之胺基酸序列有所變化者,但與包括具有SEQ ID NO:5之胺基酸序列之多肽之酶展現相同或類似功能。
如本文中所使用,關於序列之序列一致性百分比(%)定義為在比對序列且引入間隙(若需要)以達成最大百分比序列之後,候選多肽序列中與參考多肽序列中之胺基酸殘基相同之胺基酸殘基之一致性百分比。出於確定序列一致性百分比之目的,比對可以熟習此項技術者所熟知之多種方式來達成,例如使用可公開獲得之電腦軟體,例如BLAST、ALIGN或Megalign(DNASTAR)軟體。彼等熟習此項技術者可測定用於量測比對之適當參數,包含在所比較序列之全長範圍內達成最大比對所需要之任何演算法。
本發明之一些較佳實施例顯示於實例中。
用於人類化非人類抗體之方法為業內所熟知。通常,人類化抗體具有自非人類來源引入至其中之一或多個胺基酸殘基。該等非人類胺基酸殘基經常稱為「引入」殘基,其通常取自「引入」可變結構域。基本上可遵循Winter及合作者之方法(Jones等人,Nature,321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature,332:323-327(1988);Verhoeyen等人,Science,239:1534-1536(1988))藉由用齧齒類動物之CDR序列取代人類抗體之對應序列來實施人類化。因此,該等「人類化」抗體為嵌合抗體(美國專利第4,816,567號),其中實質上少於一個完好人類可變結構域已由來自非人類物種之對應序列所取代。實際上,人類化抗體通常為人類抗體,其中一些CDR殘基及可能一些FR殘基由來自齧齒類動物抗體中類似位點之殘基所取代。
擬用於製備人類化抗體之人類可變結構域(輕及重)之選擇對於減小抗原性極為重要。根據所謂的「最佳擬合」方法,針對已知人類可變結構域序列之整個文庫來篩選齧齒類動物抗體之可變結構域之序列。然後將最接近齧齒類動物之人類序列視為用於人類化抗體之人類框架(FR)(Sims等人,J.Immunol.,151:2296(1993);Chothia等人,J.Mol.Biol.,196:901(1987))。另一方法使用衍生自輕鏈或重鏈之特定子組之所有人類抗體之共有序列的特定框架。相同框架可用於若干不同人類化抗體(Carter等人,Proc.Natl.Acad Sci.USA,89:4285(1992);Prestaetal.,J.Immnol.,151:2623(1993))。
另外重要的是,人類化抗體應保留對抗原之高親和力及其他有利之生物性質。為達成此目標,根據較佳方法可藉由使用親代與人類化序列之三維模型分析親代序列及各種概念性人類化產物之方法來製備人類化抗體。三維免疫球蛋白模型通常係市面有售且為彼等熟習此項技術者所熟知。可使用電腦程式,該等電腦程式可闡釋並顯示所選
候選免疫球蛋白序列之可能的三維構型結構。藉由觀察該等顯示內容可分析殘基在候選免疫球蛋白序列功能行使中之可能作用,亦即分析可影響候選免疫球蛋白結合其抗原之能力的殘基。以此方式,可自接受者序列及引入序列中選擇FR殘基併合併以達成期望抗體特性,例如對靶抗原之親和力增加。一般而言,CDR殘基直接且最為實質性地參與影響抗原結合。
另一選擇為,目前可產生轉基因動物(例如小鼠),該等轉基因動物在免疫後能夠在不產生內源性免疫球蛋白之情況下產生完整人類抗體譜。舉例而言,已闡述在嵌合及種系突變體小鼠中抗體重鏈接合區(JH)基因之純合缺失導致內源性抗體產生之完全抑制。將人類種系免疫球蛋白基因陣列轉入該等種系突變體小鼠中可在受到抗原攻擊後引起人類抗體的產生。例如參見Jakobovits等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,90:2551(1993);Jakobovits等人,Nature,362:255-258(1993);Bruggermann等人,Year in Immuno.,7:33(1993).人類抗體亦可衍生自噬菌體展示文庫(Hoogenboom等人,J.Mol.Biol.,227:381(1991);Marks等人,J.Mol.Biol.,222:581-597(1991))。
HER2基因在大約30%之乳癌中過度表現或擴增。具有HER2過度表現或擴增之乳癌患者具有縮短之無疾病及總體存活期。HER2蛋白質可視為用於過度表現HER2基因之癌症之抗體療法之獨特及有用靶。單株抗體抗HER2曲妥珠單抗(Herceptin®)已成功用於與此靶相關之惡性癌症之療法,其由FDA在1998年批准用於治療過度表現HER2之乳癌。仍需要針對HER2之改良治療抗體,其更有效地預防及/或治療各種涉及表現HER2之細胞之疾病,包含但不限於乳癌。
本揭示內容描述新穎種類之抗HER2抗體,稱為「抗HER2糖抗體」(「抗HER2 GAb」)。抗HER2糖抗體可藉由Fc糖改造自抗HER2
單株抗體生成。構成均質群體之個別抗HER2糖抗體相同且含有具有充分定義之聚糖結構及序列之相同Fc聚糖。本發明之抗HER2 GAb特異性結合人類HER2抗原之相同表位,如其親代抗體。
本文所用之術語「親代抗體」係指用於產生抗HER2糖抗體之抗HER2單株抗體。
親代抗體可藉由細胞培養(例如哺乳動物細胞培養、嗜甲醇酵母菌或昆蟲細胞系)獲得。較佳地,親代抗體係在哺乳動物細胞培養物中產生。親代抗體可為FDA批准或正處於研發中。FDA批准之抗HER2治療抗體包含曲妥珠單抗(Herceptin)、拉帕替尼(Lapatinib)(Tykerb)、帕妥珠單抗(Perjeta)、Ado-艾曲妥珠單抗(Kadcyla,Genentech)。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之抗HER2 GAb包括具有SEQ ID NO:3中所陳述胺基酸序列之重鏈及具有SEQ ID NO:4中所陳述胺基酸序列之輕鏈。在一較佳實施例中,抗HER2 GAb包括曲妥珠單抗之輕鏈序列及重鏈序列。
下表1展示曲妥珠單抗之重鏈及輕鏈序列
Fc上之糖基化可影響各種免疫球蛋白效應物調介之功能,包含ADCC、CDC及循環半衰期。ADCC增進係用於改良治療抗體藥物功效之關鍵策略。可降低有效藥物劑量以達成較低藥物成本之益處。本文所闡述之抗HER2糖抗體之特徵可在於功能性質。抗HER2 GAb具有細胞生長抑制活性,包含針對人類HER2表現細胞之細胞凋亡。在一些實施例中,抗HER2 GAb展現強於其親代抗體之細胞生長抑制活性。
與親代抗體之ADCC活性相比,本發明糖抗體之ADCC活性增加至少3倍、較佳地至少9倍、更佳地ADCC活性增加至少10倍、較佳地ADCC活性增加至少12倍、較佳地ADCC活性增加至少20倍、最佳地ADCC活性增加至少30倍。
可與親代抗體相比使用靶癌症細胞系(例如SKBR5、SKBR3、LoVo、MCF7、OVCAR3及/或Kato III)來量測發明性糖抗體之ADCC裂解活性。
表7列示與曲妥珠單抗相比抗HER2 GAb之實例性增進之ADCC活
性。實例性分析闡述於實例中。
與其親代抗體利妥昔單抗相比,本文所闡述之諸多抗HER2 GAb、尤其GAb101及GAb104展現增進之ADCC活性。本發明糖抗體預計可作為治療劑展現用於HER2陽性疾病之優良效應,且本發明目標係使用抗HER2 GAb來研發治療劑。
本文所闡述之糖抗體令人吃驚地能夠提供改良之ADCC且並不影響CDC。實例性CDC分析闡述於實例中。在實例性實施例中,糖抗體之ADCC有所增加,但其他免疫球蛋白型效應物功能(例如補體依賴性細胞毒性(CDC))保持類似或並不顯著影響。
表8列示抗HER2 GAb及Herceptin之實例性FcγRIIIA結合。
可使用業內已知分析量測FcγRIIIA結合。實例性分析闡述於實例中。Fc受體結合可測定為抗HER2 GAb對曲妥珠單抗之相對比率。實例性實施例中之Fc受體結合增加至少2.5倍、3倍、4倍、5倍、6倍、7倍、8倍、9倍、10倍、15倍或20倍、30倍、40倍、50倍或更高。
與曲妥珠單抗相比,結合數據展示,抗HER2 GAb、尤其GAb101及GAb104對靶分子HER2展現較強結合親和力。
總而言之,與曲妥珠單抗相比,抗HER2 GAb、尤其GAb101展現增進之ADCC活性及較強FcγRIIIA結合親和力。本發明糖抗體預計可單獨或較佳地以包括兩種或更多種該等抗體之組合物形式及視情況與其他治療(例如化學療法)組合提供優良臨床反應。ADCC增進之抗HER2糖抗體預計可提供用於HER2陽性疾病之替代治療。本發明糖抗體可有利地用於改變當前投與途徑及當前治療方案,此乃因其增加之效應物功能意味著其可以較低濃度及較小頻率投用,由此減小抗體毒性及/或抗體耐受性產生之可能。另外,其改良之效應物功能產生治療先前抵抗使用重組宿主系統中所產生相應抗HER2單株抗體之治療或難以治療之臨床適應症的新方式。
本發明之抗HER2糖抗體可藉由Fc糖改造自市售或處於臨床前或臨床研發中之抗HER2單株抗體(「親代抗體」)產生。較佳地,單株抗體係治療性單株抗體。Fc糖改造可以酶方式或以化學酶方式實施。在一較佳實施例中,親代抗體係曲妥珠單抗。
本發明糖抗體中之N-聚糖較佳地經去岩藻糖基化。
製備抗HER2糖抗體之方法類似於本文所闡述製備抗CD20糖抗體之方法。簡言之,該方法包括以下步驟:(a)使抗HER2單株抗體與α-岩藻糖苷酶及至少一種糖苷內切酶接觸,由此得到具有單一N-乙醯基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)之去岩藻糖基化抗體,及(b)在適宜條件下向GlcNAc中添加期望碳水化合物部分。
在較佳實施例中,碳水化合物部分係Sia2(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc。
本文所闡述之糖抗體可用於治療自體免疫性及/或發炎。用於自體免疫性及發炎之實例性單株抗體包含但不限於那他珠單抗(Natalizumab)(Tysabri;Biogen Idec/Elan)、維多珠單抗(Vedolizumab)(MLN2;Millennium Pharmaceuticals/Takeda)、貝利木單抗(Benlysta;Human Genome Sciences/GlaxoSmithKline)、阿塞西普(Atacicept)(TACI-Ig;Merck/Serono)、阿來塞普(Alefacept)(Amevive;Astellas)、奧泰朱單抗(Otelixizumab)(TRX4;Tolerx/GlaxoSmithKline)、泰利珠單抗(Teplizumab)(MGA031;MacroGenics/Eli Lilly)、利妥昔單抗(Rituxan/Mabthera;Genentech/Roche/Biogen Idec)、奧法木單抗(Arzerra;Genmab/GlaxoSmithKline)、歐力珠單抗(Ocrelizumab)(2H7;Genentech/Roche/Biogen Idec)、依哌佐單抗(Epratuzumab)(hLL2;Immunomedics/UCB)、阿來組單抗(Campath/MabCampath;Genzyme/Bayer)、阿巴西普(Abatacept)(Orencia;Bristol-Myers Squibb)、艾庫珠單抗(Eculizumab)(Soliris;Alexion pharmaceuticals)、奧馬珠單抗(Omalizumab)(Xolair;Genentech/Roche/Novartis)、卡那單抗(Ilaris;Novartis)、美泊利單抗(Mepolizumab)(Bosatria;GlaxoSmithKline)、來利珠單抗(Reslizumab)(SCH55700;Ception Therapeutics)、托珠單抗(Actemra/RoActemra;Chugai/Roche)、優特克單抗(Ustekinumab)(Stelara;Centocor)、佈雷奴單抗(Briakinumab)(ABT-874;Abbott)、依那西普(Etanercept)(Enbrel;Amgen/Pfizer)、英夫利昔單抗(Infliximab)(Remicade;Centocor/Merck)、阿達木單抗
(Humira/Trudexa;Abbott)、賽妥珠單抗(Certolizumab pegol)(Cimzia;UCB)及戈利木單抗(Golimumab)(Simponi;Centocor)。
單核球及巨噬細胞對於內毒素或其他刺激反應而分泌稱為腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNFα)及腫瘤壞死因子-β(TNFβ)之細胞介素。TNFα係可溶性17kD蛋白質亞單位之同三聚體(homotrimer)(Smith,等人,J.Biol.Chem.262:6951-6954(1987))。亦存在TNF之膜結合26kD前體形式(Kriegler等人,Cell 53:45-53(1988))。TNF-α係發炎反應之強誘導劑,係先天免疫性之關鍵調節劑且在調節針對細胞內細菌及某些病毒感染之Th1免疫反應中發揮重要作用。然而,失調之TNF亦可有助於諸多病理學情況。該等病理情況包含免疫介導之發炎疾病(IMIDs),包含類風濕性關節炎、克羅恩氏病(Crohn's disease)、牛皮癬性關節炎、強直性脊柱炎、潰瘍性結腸炎及嚴重慢性斑塊狀牛皮癬。
本揭示描述新穎種類之抗TNFα單株抗體,稱為「抗TNFα糖抗體」(「抗TNFα GAb」)。抗TNFα糖抗體可自抗TNFα單株抗體(「親代抗體」)由Fc糖改造生成。本文所用之術語「親代抗體」係指用於產生抗TNFα糖抗體之抗TNFα單株抗體。構成均質群體之個別抗TNFα糖抗體相同且含有明確定義之聚糖結構及序列之相同Fc聚糖。本發明之抗TNFα糖抗體可結合人類TNFα抗原之相同表位,如其親代抗體。
親代抗體可在諸如哺乳動物細胞、嗜甲醇酵母菌或昆蟲細胞等細胞中產生。較佳地,親代抗體係在哺乳動物細胞中產生。親代抗體可為FDA批准或正處於研發中。經批准或處於研發中之抗TNFα單株抗體包含英夫利昔單抗、阿達木單抗、戈利木單抗、CDP870(賽妥珠單抗)、TNF-TeAb及CDP571。
本發明之抗TNFα糖抗體可包括具有SEQ ID NO:1中所述胺基酸序列之重鏈及具有SEQ ID NO:2中所述胺基酸序列之輕鏈。本發明之
抗TNFα糖抗體可包括阿達木單抗(Humira®)之輕鏈序列及重鏈序列。下表9展示阿達木單抗之重鏈及輕鏈序列
本發明之抗TNFα糖抗體可藉由Fc糖改造自抗TNFα單株抗體
(「親代抗體」)產生。在一些實施例中,親代抗體係阿達木單抗(Humira®)。
製備抗TNFα糖抗體之方法類似於本文所闡述製備抗CD20糖抗體之方法。簡言之,該方法包括以下步驟:(a)使抗TNFα單株抗體與α-岩藻糖苷酶及至少一種糖苷內切酶接觸,由此得到具有單一N-乙醯基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)之去岩藻糖基化抗體,及(b)在適宜條件下向GlcNAc中添加期望碳水化合物部分。
在較佳實施例中,碳水化合物部分係Sia2(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體可用於治療傳染性疾病。
用於傳染性疾病之實例性單株抗體包含但不限於抗依波拉(Ebola)抗體(例如MB-003(c13C6、h13F6及c6D8)、ZMab(m1H3、m2G4及m4G7)及ZMapp(c13C6、c2G4、c4G7))、抗HIV抗體(例如VRC01、VRC02、VRC03、VRC06、b12、HJ16、8ANC131、8ANC134、CH103、NIH45、NIH46、NIH45G54W、NIH46G54W、3BNC117、3BNC60、VRC-PG04、1NC9、12A12、12A21、VRC23、PG9、PGT145、PGDM1400、PG16、2G12、PGT121、PGT128、PGT135、4E10、10E8、Z13及2F5)及抗流感抗體(例如C179、CR6261、F10、FI6、CR8020、CH65、C05、TCN-032、D005、CR9114及S139/1)。
在一些實施例中,本揭示內容描述新穎種類之糖改造FI6單株抗體。FI6單株抗體係中和抗流感A病毒抗體。中和抗體對流感A病毒具有反應。抗體之重鏈及輕鏈之胺基酸序列係彼等闡述於PCT公開案
WO 2013011347中者。
製備FI6糖抗體之方法類似於本文所闡述製備抗CD20糖抗體之方法。簡言之,該方法包括以下步驟:(a)使FI6單株抗體與α-岩藻糖苷酶及至少一種糖苷內切酶接觸,由此得到具有單一N-乙醯基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)之去岩藻糖基化抗體,及(b)在適宜條件下向GlcNAc中添加期望碳水化合物部分。
在較佳實施例中,碳水化合物部分係Sia2(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc。
本揭示內容之醫藥組合物可用於治療。舉例而言,該醫藥組合物可用於預防、治療或改善一或多種與期望由FcγR調介之效應細胞功能(例如ADCC)之增進功效之疾病、病症或感染(例如癌症、自體免疫疾病、傳染性疾病)有關的症狀,且可用於增進其效應藉由ADCC調介之治療抗體之治療功效。
在製備如本文所闡述之抗體之後,可產生「預凍乾調配物」。用於製備調配物之抗體較佳地基本上純且期望地基本上均質(亦即不含污染蛋白質等)。「基本上純」蛋白質意指基於組合物之總重量包括至少約90重量%蛋白質、較佳地至少約95重量%之組合物。「基本上均質」蛋白質意指基於組合物之總重量包括至少約99重量%蛋白質之組合物。在某些實施例中,蛋白質係抗體。
考慮期望劑量體積、投與模式等來確定預凍乾調配物中之抗體量。在所選蛋白質係完整抗體(全長抗體)之情形下,約2mg/mL至約50mg/mL、較佳地約5mg/mL至約40mg/mL及最佳地約20-30mg/mL係實例性起始蛋白質濃度。蛋白質通常存在於溶液中。舉例而言,蛋白質可存在於pH為約4-8及較佳地約5-7之pH緩衝溶液中。實例性緩衝劑包含組胺酸、磷酸鹽、Tris、檸檬酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽及其他有機酸。
緩衝劑濃度可為約1mM至約20mM或約3mM至約15mM,此端視(例如)緩衝劑及調配物(例如復原調配物)之期望等滲性而定。較佳緩衝劑係組胺酸,其中如下文所顯示此可具有凍乾保護性質。經證實,琥珀酸鹽為另一有用緩衝劑。
將凍乾保護劑添加至預凍乾調配物中。在較佳實施例中,凍乾保護劑係非還原糖,例如蔗糖或海藻糖。預凍乾調配物中凍乾保護劑之量通常應使得在復原後所得調配物等滲。然而,高滲復原調配物亦可適宜。此外,凍乾保護劑之量不應過低而使蛋白質在凍乾後發生不可接受之程度的降解/聚集。在凍乾保護劑係糖(例如蔗糖或海藻糖)且蛋白質係抗體之情形下,預凍乾調配物中之實例性凍乾保護劑濃度為約10mM至約400mM及較佳地約30mM至約300mM及最佳地約50mM至約100mM。
選擇用於每一蛋白質及凍乾保護劑之蛋白質對凍乾保護劑之組合比率。在使用抗體作為所選蛋白質且使用糖(例如蔗糖或海藻糖)作為凍乾保護劑以用於生成具有高蛋白質濃度之等滲復原調配物之情形下,凍乾保護劑對抗體之莫耳比率可為約100莫耳至約1500莫耳凍乾保護劑對1莫耳抗體及較佳地約200莫耳至約1000莫耳凍乾保護劑對1莫耳抗體、例如約200莫耳至約600莫耳凍乾保護劑對1莫耳抗體。
在本發明之較佳實施例中,已發現期望將表面活性劑添加至預凍乾調配物中。另一選擇為,或此外,可將表面活性劑添加至凍乾調配物及/或復原調配物中。實例性表面活性劑包含非離子型表面活性劑,例如聚山梨醇酯(例如聚山梨醇酯20或80);泊洛沙姆(poloxamer)(例如泊洛沙姆188);曲拉通(Triton);十二烷基硫酸鈉(SDS);月桂基硫酸鈉;辛基糖苷鈉;月桂基-、肉豆蔻基-、亞麻油基-或硬脂醯基-磺基甜菜鹼;月桂基-、肉豆蔻基-、亞麻油基-或硬脂醯基-肌胺酸;亞麻油基-、肉豆蔻基-或鯨蠟基-甜菜鹼;月桂醯胺基丙基-、椰子醯
胺基丙基-、亞麻油醯胺基丙基-、肉豆蔻醯胺基丙基-、棕櫚油醯胺基丙基-或異硬脂醯胺基丙基-甜菜鹼(例如月桂醯胺基丙基);肉豆蔻醯胺基丙基-、棕櫚油醯胺基丙基-或異硬脂醯胺基丙基-二甲胺;甲基椰油基牛黃酸鈉或甲基油基牛磺酸二鈉;及MONAQUATTM系列(Mona Industries公司,Paterson,N.J.)、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇及乙二醇與丙二醇之共聚物(例如Pluronics、PF68等)。所添加表面活性劑之量應可減少復原蛋白質之聚集並使在復原後微粒之形成最小化。舉例而言,表面活性劑可以約0.001-0.5%及較佳地約0.005-0.05%之量存在於預凍乾調配物中。
在本發明之某些實施例中,在製備預凍乾調配物時使用凍乾保護劑(例如蔗糖或海藻糖)及增積劑(例如甘露醇或甘胺酸)之混合物。增積劑可使得產生均勻凍乾餅狀物且其中並無過量氣穴等。
其他醫藥上可接受之載劑、賦形劑或穩定劑(例如彼等闡述於Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences第16版,Osol,A.編輯(1980)中者)可包含於預凍乾調配物(及/或凍乾調配物及/或復原調配物)中,前提係其不會不利地影響調配物之期望特性。可接受之載劑、賦形劑或穩定劑在所用劑量及濃度下對接受者無毒且包含:額外緩衝劑;防腐劑;共溶劑;抗氧化劑,包含抗壞血酸及甲硫胺酸;螯合劑,例如EDTA;金屬錯合物(例如Zn-蛋白質錯合物);生物可降解聚合物,例如聚酯;及/或成鹽抗衡離子,例如鈉。
本文所闡述之醫藥組合物及調配物較佳地較為穩定。「穩定」調配物/組合物係以下物質:其中抗體在儲存後基本上保持其物理及化學穩定性及完整性。用於量測蛋白質穩定性之各種分析技術在業內可獲得且綜述於Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery,247-301,Vincent Lee編輯,Marcel Dekker公司,New York,N.Y.,Pubs.(1991)及Jones,A.Adv.Drug Delivery Rev.10:29-90(1993)中。可於所選時間段之所
選溫度下量測穩定性。
用於活體內投與之調配物必須無菌。此易於藉由過濾經由無菌過濾膜在凍乾及復原之前或之後達成。另一選擇為,舉例而言,可藉由在約120℃下對除蛋白質外之成份實施高壓滅菌約30分鐘來達成整個混合物之無菌性。
在將蛋白質、凍乾保護劑及其他可選組份混合至一起之後,將調配物凍乾。許多不同凍乾劑可用於此目的,例如Hull50®(Hull,USA)或GT20®(Leybold-Heraeus,Germany)凍乾劑。冷凍-乾燥係藉由冷凍調配物且隨後使來自冷凍內容物之冰在適於初級乾燥之溫度下昇華來達成。在此條件下,產物溫度低於調配物之共熔點或陷縮溫度。通常,在通常介於約50毫托至250毫托之間之適宜壓力下,用於初級乾燥之擱板溫度將介於約-30℃至25℃之間(前提係產物在初級乾燥期間保持冷凍)。容納試樣之容器(例如玻璃小瓶)之調配物、大小及類型以及液體體積主要取決於乾燥所需之時間,其可介於幾小時至數天(例如40-60hr)之間。二級乾燥階段可在約0-40℃下實施,其主要取決於容器之類型及大小及所採用蛋白質之類型。然而,在本文中發現,二級乾燥步驟可能未必需要。舉例而言,凍乾之整個除水期中之擱板溫度可介於約15℃-30℃(例如約20℃)之間。二級乾燥所需之時間及壓力將使得產生適宜凍乾餅狀物,此端視(例如)溫度及其他參數而定。二級乾燥時間取決於產物中之期望殘餘水分含量,且通常持續至少約5小時(例如10-15小時)。壓力可與初級乾燥步驟期間所採用之壓力相同。冷凍-乾燥條件可端視調配物及小瓶大小而變化。
在一些情況下,可期望在容器中凍乾蛋白質調配物,其中復原蛋白質以避免轉移步驟。此情況下之容器可為(例如)3、5、10、20、50或100cc小瓶。作為一般主張,凍乾將得到凍乾調配物,其中其水分含量小於約5%及較佳地小於約3%。
在期望階段、通常在向患者投與蛋白質時,可使用稀釋劑復原凍乾調配物,從而復原調配物中之蛋白質濃度為至少50mg/mL、例如約50mg/mL至約400mg/mL、更佳地約80mg/mL至約300mg/mL及最佳地約90mg/mL至約150mg/mL。復原調配物中之該等高蛋白質濃度可視為尤其可用於預期皮下遞送復原調配物之情形。然而,對於其他投與途徑(例如靜脈內投與)而言,可能期望復原調配物中之蛋白質濃度較低(例如在復原調配物中約5-50mg/mL或約10-40mg/mL蛋白質)。在某些實施例中,復原調配物中之蛋白質濃度顯著高於預凍乾調配物。舉例而言,復原調配物中之蛋白質濃度可為預凍乾調配物之約2-40倍、較佳地3-10倍及最佳地3-6倍(例如至少三倍或至少四倍)。
復原通常係在約25℃之溫度下進行以確保完全水合,但可視需要採用其他溫度。復原所需之時間將端視(例如)稀釋劑之類型、賦形劑及蛋白質之量而定。實例性稀釋劑包含無菌水、注射用抑菌水(BWFI)、pH緩衝溶液(例如磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水)、無菌鹽水溶液、林格氏溶液(Ringer's solution)或右旋糖溶液。稀釋劑視情況含有防腐劑。實例性防腐劑已在上文中加以闡述,且諸如苄醇或酚醇等芳族醇為較佳防腐劑。利用蛋白質及防腐劑功效測試藉由評價不同防腐劑濃度之相容性來測定所採用防腐劑之量。舉例而言,若防腐劑係芳族醇(例如苄醇),則其可以約0.1%-2.0%及較佳地約0.5%-1.5%但最佳地約1.0%-1.2%之量存在。較佳地,復原調配物具有小於6000個顆粒/小瓶,該等顆粒之大小>10μm。
本文所揭示者包含預防、治療或改善一或多種與疾病、病症或感染有關之症狀之方法,該方法包括向有需要之個體投與治療有效量之本文所闡述之醫藥組合物。疾病、病症或感染包含但不限於癌症、自體免疫病症、發炎性病症及傳染性感染。
本揭示內容之醫藥組合物可用於癌症。本文所揭示者包含治療患者之癌症之方法,該方法包括向患者投與有效量之本文所闡述之醫藥組合物。
癌症之實例包含但不限於聽神經瘤、腺癌、腎上腺癌、肛門癌、血管肉瘤(例如淋巴管肉瘤、淋巴管內皮肉瘤、血管肉瘤)、盲腸癌、良性單株丙球血症、膽管癌(例如膽管上皮癌)、膀胱癌、乳癌(例如乳腺癌、乳頭狀癌、乳房癌、乳房髓質癌瘤)、腦癌(例如腦膜瘤;神經膠質瘤,例如星形細胞瘤、少突神經膠質瘤;髓母細胞瘤)、支氣管癌、類癌腫瘤、子宮頸癌(例如子宮頸腺癌)、絨毛膜癌、脊索瘤、顱咽管瘤、結腸直腸癌(例如結腸癌、直腸癌、結腸直腸腺癌)、上皮癌瘤、室管膜瘤、內皮肉瘤(例如卡波西氏肉瘤(Kaposi's sarcoma)、多發性特發性出血性肉瘤)、子宮內膜癌(例如子宮癌、子宮肉瘤)、食道癌(例如食道腺癌、巴雷特氏腺癌(Barrett’s adenocarinoma))、尤因氏肉瘤(Ewing sarcoma)、眼癌(例如眼內黑素瘤、視網膜母細胞瘤)、家族性嗜伊紅細胞增多症、膽囊癌、胃癌(例如胃腺癌)、胃腸道間質腫瘤(GIST)、頭頸癌(例如頭頸鱗狀細胞癌瘤)、口腔癌(例如口腔鱗狀細胞癌瘤(OSCC)、喉癌(例如喉頭癌、咽癌、鼻咽癌、口咽癌))、造血癌症(例如白血病,例如急性淋巴細胞性白血病(ALL)(例如B細胞ALL、T細胞ALL)、急性髓細胞白血病(AML)(例如B細胞AML、T細胞AML)、慢性髓細胞白血病(CML)(例如B細胞CML、T細胞CML)及慢性淋巴細胞性白血病(CLL)(例如B細胞CLL、T細胞CLL);淋巴瘤,例如何傑金氏淋巴瘤(HL)(例如B細胞HL、T細胞HL)及非何傑金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)(例如B細胞NHL,例如瀰漫性大細胞淋巴瘤(DLCL)(例如瀰漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)))、濾泡性淋巴瘤、慢性淋巴細胞性白血病/小淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤
(CLL/SLL)、外套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤(例如黏膜相關淋巴樣組織(MALT)淋巴瘤、結節邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤、脾臟邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤)、原發性縱隔B細胞淋巴瘤、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、淋巴漿細胞淋巴瘤(亦即「瓦爾登斯特倫氏巨球蛋白血症」)、多毛細胞白血病(HCL)、免疫母細胞性大細胞淋巴瘤、前驅B-淋巴母細胞淋巴瘤及原發性中樞神經系統(CNS)淋巴瘤;及T細胞NHL,例如前驅T-淋巴母細胞淋巴瘤/白血病、周邊T細胞淋巴瘤(PTCL)(例如皮膚T細胞淋巴瘤(CTCL)(例如蕈樣真菌病、塞紮裡症候群(Sezary syndrome))、血管免疫母細胞T細胞淋巴瘤、結節外天然殺傷T細胞淋巴瘤、腸病型T細胞淋巴瘤、皮下脂膜炎樣T細胞淋巴瘤、退行性大細胞淋巴瘤);如上文所闡述之一或多種白血病/淋巴瘤之混合物;及多發性骨髓瘤(MM))、重鏈疾病(例如α鏈疾病、γ鏈疾病、μ鏈疾病)、血管母細胞瘤、發炎性肌纖維母細胞腫瘤、免疫細胞澱粉樣變性、腎癌(例如腎母細胞瘤(亦稱為維爾姆斯氏腫瘤(Wilms’tumor)、腎細胞癌瘤)、肝癌(例如肝細胞癌(HCC)、惡性肝瘤)、肺癌(例如支氣管原癌瘤、小細胞肺癌(SCLC)、非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)、肺腺癌)、平滑肌肉瘤(LMS)、肥大細胞增多症(例如全身性肥大細胞增多症)、骨髓增殖異常症候群(MDS)、間皮瘤、骨髓增殖性病症(MPD)(例如真性紅細胞增多症(PV)、原發性血小板增多症(ET)、原因不明性髓樣化生(AMM)(亦稱為骨髓纖維化(MF))、慢性特發性骨髓纖維化、慢性髓細胞白血病(CML)、慢性嗜中性白血病(CNL)、嗜酸細胞增多症候群(HES))、神經母細胞瘤、神經纖維瘤(例如神經纖維瘤病(NF)類型1或類型2、神經鞘瘤病)、神經內分泌癌(例如胃腸胰神經內分泌腫瘤(GEP-NET)、類癌腫瘤)、骨肉瘤、卵巢癌(例如囊腺癌、卵巢胚胎性癌瘤、卵巢腺癌)、乳頭狀腺癌、胰臟癌(例如胰臟腺癌、胰管內乳頭狀黏液性贅瘤(IPMN)、島細胞腫瘤)、陰經癌(例如陰經及陰囊之佩吉特氏病
(Paget’s disease))、松果體瘤、原始神經外胚層腫瘤(PNT)、前列腺癌(例如前列腺腺癌)、直腸癌、橫紋肌肉瘤、唾液腺癌、皮膚癌(例如鱗狀細胞癌瘤(SCC)、角質棘皮瘤(KA)、黑素瘤、基底細胞癌瘤(BCC))、小腸癌(例如盲腸癌)、軟組織肉瘤(例如惡性性纖維組織細胞瘤(MFH)、脂肪肉瘤、惡性周邊神經鞘腫瘤(MPNST)、軟骨肉瘤、纖維肉瘤、黏液肉瘤)、皮脂腺癌瘤、汗腺癌瘤、滑膜瘤、睪丸癌(例如精原細胞瘤、睪丸胚胎性癌瘤)、甲狀腺癌(例如甲狀腺乳頭狀癌瘤、乳頭狀甲狀腺癌瘤(PTC)、甲狀腺髓樣癌)、尿道癌、陰道癌及外陰癌(例如外陰之佩吉特氏病)。
在一些實施例中,所提供糖抗體可用於治療肺癌。在一些實施例中,所提供化合物可用於治療小肺癌。在一些實施例中,所提供化合物可用於治療非小肺癌。在一些實施例中,所提供化合物可用於治療大腸癌。在一些實施例中,所提供化合物可用於治療胰臟癌。在一些實施例中,所提供化合物可用於治療膽管癌或子宮內膜癌。
在一些實施例中,本揭示內容描述治療有需要之人類個體之癌症之方法,其包括向個體投與治療有效量之抗CD20糖抗體及醫藥上可接受之載劑。
癌症之實例包含但不限於B細胞淋巴瘤、NHL、前體B細胞淋巴母細胞白血病/淋巴瘤及成熟B細胞贅瘤、B細胞慢性淋巴細胞性白血病(CLL)/小淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(SLL)、B細胞前淋巴細胞白血病、淋巴漿細胞淋巴瘤、外套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL),濾泡性淋巴瘤(FL)、低度(low-grade)、中度及高度(FL),皮膚濾泡中心淋巴瘤、邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤、MALT型邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤、結節邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤、脾臟型邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤、多毛細胞白血病、瀰漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、漿細胞瘤、漿細胞骨髓瘤、移植後淋巴增生性
病症、沃爾登斯特倫巨球蛋白血症及退行性大細胞淋巴瘤(ALCL)。
在某些實施例中,癌症係B細胞淋巴瘤,例如非何傑金氏淋巴瘤。
在一些實施例中,本揭示內容描述治療有需要之人類個體之癌症之方法,其包括向個體投與治療有效量之抗HER2糖抗體及醫藥上可接受之載劑。
癌症之實例包含但不限於乳癌、腦癌、肺癌、口腔癌、食道癌、胃癌、肝癌、膽管癌、胰臟癌、結腸癌、腎癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌及前列腺癌。在一些實施例中,癌症係腦癌、肺癌、乳癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、結腸癌或胰臟癌。
在本文所闡述之該等治療方法中,糖抗體之醫藥組合物可單獨或連同第二治療劑(例如第二抗體或化學治療劑或免疫抑制劑)投與。
在某些實施例中,第二治療劑係抗癌劑。抗癌劑涵蓋生物治療抗癌劑以及化學治療劑。實例性生物治療抗癌劑包含但不限於干擾素、細胞介素(例如腫瘤壞死因子、干擾素α、干擾素γ)、疫苗、造血生長因子、單株血清治療劑、免疫刺激劑及/或免疫調節劑(例如IL-1、2、4、6或12)、免疫細胞生長因子(例如GM-CSF)及抗體(例如HERCEPTIN(曲妥珠單抗)、T-DM1、AVASTIN(貝伐珠單抗)、ERBITUX(西妥昔單抗)、VECTIBIX(帕尼單抗)、RITUXAN(利妥昔單抗)、BEXXAR(托西莫單抗))。實例性化學治療劑包含但不限於抗雌激素(例如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)及甲地孕酮(megestrol))、LHRH激動劑(例如戈舍瑞林(goscrclin)及亮丙瑞林(leuprolide))、抗雄激素(例如氟利坦(flutamide)及比卡魯胺(bicalutamide))、光動力療法(例如維替泊芬(vertoporfin)(BPD-MA)、酞菁、光敏劑Pc4及去甲氧基-竹紅菌甲素A(2BA-2-DMHA))、氮芥
(例如環磷醯胺、異環磷醯胺、曲磷胺、苯丁酸氮芥、雌莫司汀及美法侖)、亞硝基脲(例如卡莫司汀(BCNU)及洛莫司汀(CCNU))、烷基磺酸酯(例如白消安及曲奧舒凡(treosulfan))、三氮烯(例如達卡巴嗪、替莫唑胺(temozolomide))、含鉑化合物(例如順鉑、卡鉑、奧沙利鉑)、長春花生物鹼(例如長春新鹼、長春鹼、長春地辛及長春瑞濱)、類紫杉醇(例如太平洋紫杉醇或太平洋紫杉醇等效物,例如奈米顆粒白蛋白結合太平洋紫杉醇(ABRAXANE)、二十二碳六烯酸結合-太平洋紫杉醇(DHA-太平洋紫杉醇,Taxoprexin)、聚麩胺酸鹽結合-太平洋紫杉醇(PG-太平洋紫杉醇、聚麩胺酸太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel poliglumex)、CT-2103、XYOTAX)、腫瘤活化前藥(TAP)ANG1005(結合三個太平洋紫杉醇分子之Angiopep-2)、太平洋紫杉醇-EC-1(結合erbB2識別肽EC-1之太平洋紫杉醇)及葡萄糖偶聯太平洋紫杉醇(例如2'-太平洋紫杉醇琥珀酸甲酯2-吡喃葡萄糖基酯);多西紫杉醇(docetaxel)、taxol)、表鬼白毒素(例如依託泊苷、磷酸依託泊苷(etoposide phosphate)、替尼泊苷、托泊替康、9-胺基喜樹鹼、伊立替康注射液(camptoirinotecan)、伊立替康、克立那托(crisnatol)、絲裂黴素C(mytomycin C))、抗代謝物、DHFR抑制劑(例如胺甲蝶呤、二氯胺甲喋呤(dichloromethotrexate)、三甲曲沙、依達曲沙)、IMP去氫酶抑制劑(例如黴酚酸、噻唑羧胺核苷(tiazofurin)、利巴韋林(ribavirin)及EICAR)、核糖核苷酸抑制劑(例如羥基脲及去鐵胺(deferoxamine))、尿嘧啶類似物(例如5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、氟尿苷、去氧氟尿苷、雷替曲塞(ratitrexed)、替加氟-尿嘧啶(tegafur-uracil)、卡培他濱)、胞嘧啶類似物(例如阿糖胞苷(ara C)、胞嘧啶阿糖胞苷及氟達拉濱)、嘌呤類似物(例如巰基嘌呤及硫鳥嘌呤)、維他命D3類似物(例如EB 1089、CB 1093及KH 1060)、異戊烯化抑制劑(例如洛伐他汀(lovastatin))、多巴胺能神經毒素(例如1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶鎓離子)、細
胞週期抑制劑(例如星狀孢子素(staurosporine))、放線菌素(例如放線菌素D、更生黴素)、博來黴素(例如博來黴素A2、博來黴素B2、培洛黴素)、蒽環類抗生素(例如道諾黴素、多柔比星、聚乙二醇化脂質多柔比星、艾達黴素、泛艾黴素、吡柔比星、佐柔比星、米托蒽醌)、MDR抑制劑(例如維拉帕米(verapamil))、Ca2+ ATPase抑制劑(例如毒胡蘿蔔內酯(thapsigargin))、伊馬替尼(imatinib)、沙立度胺(thalidomide)、來那度胺(lenalidomide)、酪胺酸激酶抑制劑(例如阿昔替尼(axitinib)(AG013736)、博舒替尼(bosutinib)(SKI-606)、西地尼布(cediranib)(RECENTINTM,AZD2171)、達沙替尼(dasatinib)(SPRYCEL®,BMS-354825)、埃羅替尼(erlotinib)(TARCEVA®)、吉非替尼(gefitinib)(IRESSA®)、伊馬替尼(Gleevec®,CGP57148B,STI-571)、拉帕替尼(TYKERB®,TYVERB®)、來他替尼(lestaurtinib)(CEP-701)、來那替尼(neratinib)(HKI-272)、尼羅替尼(nilotinib)(TASIGNA®)、司馬沙尼(semaxanib)(司馬西尼(semaxinib),SU5416)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)(SUTENT®,SU11248)、托西尼布(toceranib)(PALLADIA®)、凡德他尼(vandetanib)(ZACTIMA®,ZD6474)、瓦他拉尼(vatalanib)(PTK787,PTK/ZK)、曲妥珠單抗(HERCEPTIN®)、貝伐珠單抗(AVASTIN®)、利妥昔單抗(RITUXAN®)、西妥昔單抗(ERBITUX®)、帕尼單抗(VECTIBIX®)、蘭尼單抗(ranibizumab)(Lucentis®)、尼羅替尼(TASIGNA®)、索拉非尼(Sorafenib)(NEXAVAR®)、依維莫司(everolimus)(AFINITOR®)、阿來組單抗(CAMPATH®)、吉妥單抗(gemtuzumab ozogamicin)(MYLOTARG®)、西羅莫司(temsirolimus)(TORISEL®)、ENMD-2076、PCI-32765、AC220、乳酸多韋替尼(dovitinib lactate)(TKI258、CHIR-258)、BIBW 2992(TOVOKTM)、SGX523、PF-04217903、PF-02341066、PF-299804、BMS-777607、ABT-869、
MP470、BIBF 1120(VARGATEF®)、AP24534、JNJ-26483327、MGCD265、DCC-2036、BMS-690154、CEP-11981、替沃紮尼(tivozanib)(AV-951)、OSI-930、MM-121、XL-184、XL-647及/或XL228)、蛋白酶體抑制劑(例如硼替佐米(bortezomib)(VELCADE))、mTOR抑制劑(例如雷帕黴素(rapamycin)、特姆莫司(temsirolimus)(CCI-779)、依維莫司(everolimus)(RAD-001)、地磷莫司(ridaforolimus)、AP23573(Ariad)、AZD8055(AstraZeneca)、BEZ235(Novartis)、BGT226(Norvartis)、XL765(Sanofi Aventis)、PF-4691502(Pfizer)、GDC0980(Genetech)、SF1126(Semafoe)及OSI-027(OSI))、奧利默森(oblimersen)、吉西他濱、洋紅黴素(carminomycin)、甲醯四氫葉酸(leucovorin)、培美曲塞(pemetrexed)、環磷醯胺、達卡巴嗪、丙卡巴肼(procarbizine)、潑尼松龍(prednisolone)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、喜樹鹼(campathecin)、普利黴素(plicamycin)、天門冬醯胺酶(asparaginase)、胺基蝶呤(aminopterin)、甲胺喋呤(methopterin)、泊非黴素(porfiromycin)、美法侖、異長春鹼(leurosidine)、長春羅新(leurosine)、瘤克甯錠、曲貝替定(trabectedin)、丙卡巴肼(procarbazine)、圓皮海綿內酯(discodermolide)、洋紅黴素、胺基蝶呤及六甲基密胺(hexamethyl melamine)。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體可用於治療自體免疫及/或發炎性疾病。
在一些實施例中,本揭示內容描述治療有需要之人類個體之自體免疫或發炎性疾病之方法,其包括向個體投與治療有效量之抗CD20糖抗體及醫藥上可接受之載劑。
自體免疫或發炎性疾病之實例包含但不限於類風濕性關節炎、幼年型類風濕性關節炎、全身性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)、韋格納氏病(Wegener's disease)、發炎性腸疾病、特發性血小板減少性紫癜(ITP)、血栓性血小板減少性紫癜(TTP)、自體免疫性血小板減少症、多發性硬化、牛皮癬、IgA腎病變、IgM多發性神經病變、重症肌無力、血管炎、糖尿病、雷諾氏症候群(Reynaud's syndrome)、克羅恩氏病、潰瘍性結腸炎、胃炎、橋本氏甲狀腺炎(Hashimoto's thyroiditis)、強直性脊柱炎、C型肝炎相關冷球蛋白血症性血管炎、慢性局灶性腦炎、大皰性類天皰瘡、血友病A、膜性增殖性腎小球腎炎、成人及幼年型皮肌炎、成人型多肌炎、慢性蕁麻疹、原發性膽汁性肝硬變、視神經脊髓炎、格雷夫氏甲狀腺機能障礙性疾病(Graves' dysthyroid disease)、大皰性類天皰瘡、膜性增殖性腎小球腎炎、丘-施二氏症候群(Churg-Strauss syndrome)、哮喘、牛皮癬性關節炎、皮炎、呼吸下窘迫症候群、腦膜炎、腦炎、葡萄膜炎、濕疹、動脈粥樣硬化、白血球黏附缺陷、幼年發病型糖尿病、萊特爾氏病(Reiter's disease)、貝切特氏病(Behcet's disease)、溶血性貧血、特應性皮炎、韋格納氏肉芽腫病(Wegener's granulomatosis)、歐門氏症候群(Omenn's syndrome)、慢性腎衰竭、急性感染性單核白血球增多症、HIV及疱疹相關疾病、全身性硬化、薛格連氏症候群(Sjorgen's syndrome)及腎小球腎炎、皮肌炎、ANCA、再生障礙性貧血、自體免疫溶血性貧血(AIHA)、因子VIII缺陷、血友病A、自體免疫嗜中性白血球減少症、卡斯爾曼氏症候群(Castleman's syndrome)、古德巴斯德症候群(Goodpasture's syndrome)、實體器官移植排斥、移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)、自體免疫肝炎、淋巴樣間質性肺炎(HIV)、閉塞性細支氣管炎(非移植)、格-巴二氏症候群(Guillain-Barre syndrome)、大血管血管炎、巨細胞(高安氏(Takayasu's))動脈炎、中血管血管炎、川畸氏病
(Kawasaki's disease)及結節性多動脈炎(polyarteritis nodosa)。在某些實施例中,自體免疫或發炎性疾病係類風濕性關節炎。
在一些實施例中,本揭示內容描述治療有需要之人類個體之自體免疫或發炎性疾病之方法,其包括向個體投與治療有效量之抗TNFα糖抗體及醫藥上可接受之載劑。
在一些實施例中,本文所闡述之糖抗體可用於治療由細菌或病毒感染引起之傳染性疾病。
傳染性疾病之實例包含但不限於人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、巨細胞病毒(CMV)、依波拉病毒(Ebola virus)、A型肝炎病毒、B型肝炎病毒、C型肝炎病毒(HCV)、愛潑斯坦-巴爾病毒(Epstein-Barr virus)、水痘帶狀疱疹病毒(VZV)、漢江病毒(Hantaan virus)、流感病毒、單純疱疹病毒(HSV)、人類疱疹病毒6(HHV-6)、人類疱疹病毒8(HHV-8)、人類乳頭狀瘤病毒或小病毒、SARS病毒、麻疹病毒;腮腺炎病毒;風疹病毒;狂犬病病毒;乳頭狀瘤病毒;牛痘病毒;水痘帶狀疱疹病毒;天花病毒;脊髓灰白質炎病毒;鼻病毒;呼吸道合胞病毒;惡性瘧原蟲(P.falciparum);間日瘧原蟲(P.vivax);三日瘧原蟲(P.malariae);卵形瘧原蟲(P.ovale);白喉桿菌(Corynebacterium diphtheriae);破傷風桿菌(Clostridium tetani);肉毒桿菌(Clostridium botulinum);百日咳博德特菌(Bordetella pertussis);流感嗜血桿菌(Haemophilus influenzae);腦膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitidis)、血清組A、B、C、W135及/或Y;肺炎鏈球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae);無乳鏈球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae);釀膿鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes);金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus);炭疽芽孢桿菌(Bacillus anthracis);卡他莫拉
菌(Moraxella catarrhalis);沙眼披衣菌(Chlamydia trachomatis);肺炎披衣菌(Chlamydia pneumoniae);鼠疫耶爾森氏菌(Yersinia pestis);土拉文氏桿菌(Francisella tularensis);沙門菌屬(Salmonella species);霍亂弧菌(Vibrio cholerae);毒性大腸桿菌;人類內源性反轉錄病毒;其他微生物病原體;其他微生物毒素、過敏原、腫瘤抗原、自體抗原及異體抗原、化學物質或毒素。在某些實施例中,傳染性疾病係由HIV、HCV或其組合引起。
在一些實施例中,本揭示內容描述治療有需要之人類個體之病毒性疾病之方法,其包括向個體投與治療有效量之FI6糖抗體及醫藥上可接受之載劑。
病毒性疾病可由以下病毒引起:HIV(人類免疫缺陷病毒)、RSV(呼吸道合胞病毒)、CMV(巨細胞病毒)、依波拉病毒、A型肝炎病毒、B型肝炎病毒、C型肝炎病毒、愛潑斯坦-巴爾病毒、水痘帶狀疱疹病毒(VZV)、漢江病毒、流感病毒、單純疱疹病毒(HSV)、人類疱疹病毒6(HHV-6)、人類疱疹病毒8(HHV-8)、人類乳頭狀瘤病毒或小病毒。在單獨特定實施例中,病毒性疾病係由HIV或由C型肝炎病毒引起。
在一些實施例中,本揭示內容描述治療有需要之人類個體之病毒性疾病之方法,其包括:(a)向個體投與阻斷NK細胞之抑制受體之第一化合物,及(b)向個體投與治療有效量之本文所闡述之醫藥組合物。
「治療(Treating或treatment)」或「緩解」係指治療性治療及預防性(prophylactic或preventative)措施;其中目標係預防或減緩(減弱)靶定病理學病狀或病症。彼等需要治療者包含彼等已患有病症者以及彼等易於患有病症者或彼等擬預防病症者。若在接受治療量之本發明
方法之抗體之後,患者展示下列情形中之一或多者之可觀察及/或可量測減小或不存在,則個體或哺乳動物成功「治療」感染:減小感染細胞數量或不存在感染細胞;減小總感染細胞之百分比;及/或減輕(至一定程度)一或多種與特定感染有關之症狀;減小發病率及死亡率;及改良生活品質問題。用於評價疾病之成功治療及改良之上述參數可易於藉由醫師熟知之常規程序量測。
術語「治療有效量」係指有效「治療」個體或哺乳動物之疾病或病症之抗體或藥物之量。參見「治療」之先前定義。
與一或多種其他治療劑「組合」投與包含以任一順序同時(並行)及連續投與。
本文所用之「載劑」包含在所用劑量及濃度下對所暴露細胞或哺乳動物無毒之醫藥上可接受之載劑、賦形劑或穩定劑。通常,生理學上可接受之載劑係pH緩衝水溶液。生理學上可接受之載劑的實例包含緩衝劑,例如磷酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽及其他有機酸;抗氧化劑,包含抗壞血酸,低分子量(小於約10個殘基)多肽;蛋白質,例如血清白蛋白、明膠或免疫球蛋白;親水性聚合物,例如聚乙烯吡咯啶酮;胺基酸,例如甘胺酸、麩醯胺酸、天門冬醯胺、精胺酸或離胺酸;單糖、二糖及其他碳水化合物,包含葡萄糖、甘露糖或糊精;螯合劑,例如EDTA;糖醇,例如甘露糖醇或山梨糖醇;形成鹽之抗衡離子,例如鈉;及/或非離子型表面活性劑,例如TWEENTM、聚乙二醇(PEG)及PLURONICSTM。
本發明包含下列實例以證明本發明之較佳實施例。彼等熟習此項技術者應瞭解,下列實例中揭示之技術代表本發明者發現在實踐本發明中運行良好之技術,且因此可認為構成其實踐之較佳方式。然而,彼等熟習此項技術者借助於本揭示內容應瞭解,可對所揭示特定實施例作出多種改變且仍獲得相同或類似結果,此並不背離本發明之
精神及範圍。
為活化用於糖基化之分子篩MS-4Å,將其連結至真空系統並加熱1小時。在將經活化分子篩冷卻至室溫之後,將其添加至含有供體(1.5~2.0當量,對於一位置糖基化)及受體(1.0當量)之燒瓶。向混合物中添加二氯甲烷,且然後將溶液在室溫下攪拌3h。在-78℃下向溶液中添加N-碘琥珀醯亞胺(NIS,1.7~2.2當量)及三氟甲烷磺酸三甲基矽烷基酯(TMSOTf,0.1當量),且然後在-20℃下攪拌溶液。藉由薄層層析(TLC)分析監測反應,該分析係在玻璃背襯矽膠板(Merck DC Kieselgel 60F254)上實施且藉由UV光(254nm)及酸性鉬酸銨鈰觀察。在受體完全消耗之後,使用飽和NaHCO3(水溶液)及20% Na2S2O3終止反應,且然後經由矽藻土墊過濾混合物。在使用兩份二氯甲烷萃取水層之後,使用鹽水洗滌合併之有機層,藉由MgSO4乾燥,並濃縮。藉由矽膠管柱層析(使用甲苯/乙酸乙酯作為洗脫系統)純化粗製物以得到產物(產率展示於反應圖中)。
將存於無水甲苯中之三氟甲磺酸銀(5當量)、雙(環戊二烯基)二氯化鉿(3.5當量)及4Å經活化分子篩之混合物在室溫下攪拌1h。然後將反應混合物冷卻至-50℃,添加存於甲苯中之受體(1.0當量)及供體(1.2~1.5當量)之溶液。將混合物在-10℃下攪拌2-8h。在TLC指示受體完全消耗之後,使用Et3N終止反應,使用EtOAc稀釋並經由矽藻土過濾。使用NaHCO3水溶液及鹽水溶液洗滌濾液。藉由Na2SO4乾燥有機層並在真空中濃縮。藉由矽膠管柱層析(使用甲苯/乙酸乙酯作為洗脫系統)純化粗製物以得到產物(產率展示於反應圖中)。
將NaOMe(0.25當量)添加至存於THF/甲醇(2/3)中之起始材料(1.0當量)之溶液中。在室溫下攪拌反應液並藉由TLC分析監測。在乙醯基完全去保護之後,藉由IR-120中和溶液,過濾,並濃縮。藉由矽膠管柱層析(使用己烷/乙酸乙酯作為洗脫系統)純化粗製物以得到產物(產率展示於反應圖中)。
將Zn粉(20當量)及乙酸(0.2當量)添加至存於THF中之起始材料(1.0當量)之溶液中。在室溫下攪拌反應液並藉由薄層層析(TLC)分析監測。在Troc基團完全去保護之後,過濾溶液,並濃縮。藉由矽膠管柱層析(使用己烷/乙酸乙酯作為洗脫系統)純化粗製物以得到產物(產率展示於反應圖中)。
將對甲苯磺酸(pTSA,1.5當量)添加至存於ACN/MeOH(2/1)中之起始材料(1.0當量)之溶液中。在室溫下攪拌反應液並藉由薄層層析(TLC)分析監測。在亞苄基完全去除之後,藉由三甲胺終止反應且然後濃縮。藉由矽膠管柱層析(使用己烷/乙酸乙酯作為洗脫系統)純化粗製物以得到產物(產率展示於反應圖中)。
將經保護寡糖(50mmol)及10mL乙二胺:nBuOH(1/4)之混合物在90℃下攪拌過夜。蒸發揮發物,且使粗製物與10mL Ac2O/吡啶(1/2)反應過夜。使用高真空去除溶劑,且藉由急驟管柱層析(使用丙酮/甲苯作為洗脫系統)純化產物。使用甲醇鈉在MeOH(10mL)中對產物實施去乙醯基化過夜。藉由使用IR-120中和反應液,然後過濾並在真空中濃縮。藉由急驟管柱層析(使用丙酮/甲苯作為洗脫系統)純化殘餘物。將產物溶於10mL MeOH:H2O:HCOOH(6/3/1)中,添加Pd(OH)2
(50重量%),且將反應液實施氫化過夜。經由矽藻土過濾反應混合物並在真空中濃縮。藉由G-15凝膠管柱層析使用水作為洗脫劑純化殘餘物。凍乾產物以得到白色粉末(產率展示於反應圖中)。
將起始材料(5μmol)、CTP(1μmol)、Neu5Ac(9.5μmol)、PEP(10μmol)、α-2,6唾液酸轉移酶(200μL,估計濃度為2mg/L)、CMK(80單位)、PK(40單位)及PPA(40單位)溶於50μmol含有1% BSA之二甲基胂酸鈉(pH 7.4)(130μL)中。將反應液在37℃及輕微攪動下培育2d。藉由使用G-15凝膠層析(洗脫劑為H2O)純化產物以在凍乾之後提供白色固體形式之期望產物。
此研究之目標係製備在抗癌及抗發炎功能中具有最佳化活性之同源抗體。因此,選擇市售利妥昔單抗IgG1作為模型,此乃因其已用於治療癌症及自體免疫疾病。首先使用糖蛋白重塑之策略獲得在Fc區
中具有單-GlcNAc之均質抗體,然後使用單-GlcNAc抗體連接純合成聚糖以獲得用於活性分析之均質抗體(圖1a)。組合使用來自大腸桿菌之岩藻糖苷酶BfFucH與糖苷內切酶(僅來自釀膿鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogene)之EndoS或Endo F1/F3或Endo F1/S之混合物)以在一天內一鍋式製備均質單-GlcNAc糖基化抗體。此岩藻糖苷酶更有效於來自牛腎者(其需要培育20天(23))。已發現,在37℃培育一週導致利妥昔單抗結構發生劣化且使得針對其抗原之結合親和力損失約15%(支持資訊)。然後,藉由使用EndoS突變體(23),將一系列合成聚糖噁唑啉成功轉移至單-GlcNAc利妥昔單抗中以形成在Fc區具有不同聚糖之均質利妥昔單抗,從而用於後續結合及功能分析。
儘管Ravetch組報導2,6-唾液酸化IVIG與2,3-唾液酸化IVIG相比係負責抗發炎活性之主要結構,但其與不同FcγR之詳細相互作用尚未研究(11)。另外,Raju之研究展示,抗體中之高唾液酸化程度會使ADCC劣化(12),但尚未明瞭2,6-及2,3-唾液酸化抗體對細胞毒性具有類似效應。為研究該等唾液酸化鏈接之差異,自單-GlcNAc利妥昔單抗製備2,6-及2,3-唾液酸化抗體(表示為2,6NSCT-利妥昔單抗及2,3NSCT-利妥昔單抗)。與未改質利妥昔單抗相比,單-GlcNAc利妥昔單抗展示完全損失或實質上減小針對FcγRIIIa、FcγRIIa、FcγRI及C1q(除FcγRIIb外)之結合親和力。然而,在延長聚糖以形成2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗之結構之後,其針對FcγRIIa、FcγRIIb及尤其FcγRIIIa之結合親和力有所增加,但針對C1q觀察到並無顯著變化(表11A)。有所不同地,對於2,3-NSCT-利妥昔單抗而言,僅與FcγRIIIa之相互作用部分地有所增加,但其與對FcγRIIb及FcγRIIa之識別未變或甚至有所降低(表11A)。對應於C1q對利妥昔單抗及2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗之相當結合親和力,FACS結果展示,兩種抗體在CDC中顯示相同趨勢(表
11B)。然而,2,3-NSCT-利妥昔單抗之細胞毒性低於2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗,如藉由半最大有效濃度(EC50)之較高值所展示(表11B)。
除CDC外,ADCC亦係考慮與抗體相關之細胞毒性之關鍵問題。
據報導,IgG1之去岩藻糖基化經由增加非岩藻糖基化Fc-聚糖與FcγRIIIa之間之相互作用來有效提高ADCC效應(5、33)。在PBMC介導之ADCC分析中監測PI染色之死細胞,該ADCC係藉由未處理利妥昔單抗及經處理mAb、2,3-NSCT-及2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗在流式細胞儀上使用三種不同CFSE標記之B淋巴瘤細胞(Raji、Ramos及SKW6.4)來誘導。實際上,與商業利妥昔單抗相比,2,6-NSCT-及2,3-NSCT-利妥昔單抗皆展示與FcγRIIIa之較強相互作用及ADCC之較小EC50(表11A及11C)。有趣的是,2,6-唾液酸基鏈接展示極佳親和力及針對FcγRIIIa及ADCC之效應,而2,3-鏈接具有較弱活性。相同抗體之ADCC結果在不同靶細胞(包含Raji、Ramos及SKW6.4)中相當(表11C)。
為研究細胞毒性是否受2,6-唾液酸化影響,製備其他均質非岩藻糖基化利妥昔單抗,包含彼等含有二等分改質之聚糖、3’-臂中之單-唾液酸化、三甘露糖核心、末端GlcNAc端、半乳糖尾及其他不對稱聚糖者。在表面血漿共振分析中,並無經改質非岩藻糖基化利妥昔單抗顯示針對FcγRIIIa之結合親和力強於2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗,但觀察到在不同糖型中具有一定Kd變化(表12)。然後,在PBMC介導之人類B細胞之消耗中藉由在流式細胞儀上分析CD19+ CD3- B細胞來實施經改造抗體之細胞毒性誘導研究。對應於SPR數據,在抗體濃度為10ng/mL或更大時,2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗之B細胞消耗功效極佳(圖2A)。另外,在10個供體之全血B細胞消耗測試中,2,6-NSCT-利妥昔
單抗之活性亦顯著高於非改質利妥昔單抗且p值為0.0016,而單-GlcNAc利妥昔單抗展示最低活性(圖2B)。該等數據指示,免疫球蛋白G1上之2,3-及2,6-唾液酸化針對其功能具有不同活性且2,6-NSCT較利妥昔單抗有益於B細胞消耗。該等結果難以在先前研究中驗證,此乃因許多試樣係來自CHO細胞,其表現具有含有2,3-唾液酸化但缺乏2,6-鏈接之各種聚糖之蛋白質(34)。
如同許多醫藥,利妥昔單抗因高劑量及長期給藥而出現抗性(35、36)。為理解2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗是否係有效用於藥物抗性細胞,製備Ramos及Raji之利妥昔單抗抗性細胞系以在2,6-NSCT改質利妥昔單抗之不同濃度下評估其PBMC介導之ADCC(圖2C-E)。在與利妥昔單抗共培養較長時間段之後,Ramos及Raji B細胞進化成彼等在表面上具有較小CD20表現者(圖2C)。因此,非改質利妥昔單抗明顯損失其針對抗性菌株之活性並不令人吃驚(圖2D及2E)。然而,2,6-NSCT利妥昔單抗展示針對非抗性及抗性細胞之極佳ADCC活性。
為另外評估源自2,6-NSCT聚糖改質之印象深刻之細胞毒性是否可應用於其他抗體,使用不同聚糖結構改質另一抗體Herceptin且加以評估。
糖改造Herceptin及FcγRIIIa之動力學結合分析列示於表3中。類似於ELISA分析中之2,3-及2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗之親和力差異,2,6-NSCT-Herceptin對FcγRIIIa展示較強相互作用,而使用2,3-NSCT-Herceptin觀察到有害效應。同時,Fc非岩藻糖基化之效應更顯著於使用2,6-或2,3-鏈接之唾液酸化之效應。另外,所有糖改造Herceptin之相應Kd展示類似於利妥昔單抗中之情形之趨勢(表13)。與其他抗體(G3、G4、G5、G6、G7、G9及2,3-NSCT)相比,抗體(例如G1、G2及
2,6-NSCT)對FcγRIIIa之親和力增加9倍以上。具體而言,在利妥昔單抗及Herceptin之兩種情形下,非岩藻糖基化糖改造G8幾乎損失其針對ADCC活性之去岩藻糖基化優點。在與非二等分類似物G4相比時,具有二等分聚糖之抗體G9展示在利妥昔單抗及Herceptin中針對FcγRIIIa之親和力略微但並不顯著地增加。總而言之,2,6-NSCT-Herceptin在SPR分析中在該等非岩藻糖基化類似物中實際上亦展示極佳FcγRIIIa結合親和力。
為另外理解對Herceptin之FcγRIIIa介導之ADCC之Fc糖基化效應,實施ADCC報告基因生物分析,其利用V158 FcγRIIIa改造Jurkat效應細胞之經活化T細胞(NFAT)路徑之信號傳導細胞核因子並採用SKBR3作為靶細胞且E/T比率為6。與動力學數據一致,非岩藻糖基化G8 Herceptin之EC50展示損失FcγRIIIa活性且顯示對岩藻糖基化Herceptin之類似ADCC效應(圖3A)。有趣的是,先前研究展示,抗體上由增加含量之β(1,4)-N乙醯基葡糖胺基轉移酶III產生之更多二等分聚糖與其較強ADCC相關(37)。與之相反,研究展示,在Herceptin及利妥昔單抗之二等分及非二等分抗體G9及G4之間觀察到並無顯著Kd差異且Herceptin糖型之EC50值在FcγRIIIa細胞調介分析中展示類似細胞毒性特徵(圖3B)。因此可推斷出,二等分IgG1在FcγRIIIa主導之ADCC中並不具有較佳功能。
此外,與非唾液酸化G1-Herceptin相比,2,3-唾液酸化Herceptin之ADCC明顯減小,而2,6-NSCT Herceptin仍維持其活性(圖3C),從而指示2,3-鏈接引起唾液酸化介導之ADCC減小。為探究2,6-NSCT在抗體醫藥中之潛在用途,選擇在每一板中具有最低EC50之糖改造非岩藻糖基化Herceptin試樣進行其他活性研究(圖3D),且發現所有試樣皆展現良好細胞毒性且能夠在低濃度下殺死一半癌症細胞。
為探究2,6-NSCT聚糖在Fc改質中之用途,評估抗體之均質2,6-NSCT聚糖改質是否可增加抗病毒抗體去除病毒感染細胞之ADCC效應。製備抗流感廣泛中和抗體FI6,其已知結合各種流感亞型之血凝素(HA)之幹區且其中和活性與ADCC有關(38)。將FI6抗體之Fc聚糖改質為均質2,6-NSCT聚糖且與人類HEK293T細胞(其表現細胞表面上之HA以模擬流感感染細胞)混合;然後,藉由靶細胞中PBMC調介之殺死及效應細胞中經活化T細胞(NFAT)路徑之ADCC信號傳導細胞核因子之活化來量測ADCC效應。細胞毒性結果展示,均質2,6-NSCT聚糖改質FI6(FI6m)實際上展現其ADCC活性顯著高於(增加2至3倍)常見未改質FI6抗體(圖4A)。此外,在使用均質FI6m時,亦觀察到效應物NK細胞之ADCC信號傳導NFAT路徑之活化之發生2倍增進(圖4B)。該觀察指示,抗病毒抗體之均質2,6-NSCT聚糖改質可為增進病毒感染細胞上ADCC之效應物功能之一般策略。
接下來,測試藉由FI6之均質2,6-NSCT改質之活體外ADCC增進在給予致死劑量感染之流感H1N1的小鼠模型中是否可轉換為保護。
單株FI6之被動轉移已展示會保護先前之H1N1感染(39)。實際上,使用均質2,6-NSCT聚糖改質,在使用A/加利福尼亞州/07/2009 H1N1病毒攻擊小鼠時,FI6m展示顯著較佳之保護(圖4C)。在使用複合型聚糖之混合物時,FI6m之存活率為66%且常用FI6為11%。總而言之,已顯示,在流感病毒感染小鼠模型中,藉由抗體之均質2,6-NSCT聚糖改質所達成之活體外ADCC增進與病毒感染之活體內保護一致。
(A)在ELISA中實施單-GlcNAc、2,3-NSCT-及2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗針對FcγRs及C1q之結合實驗。去糖基化致使單-GlcNAc利妥昔單抗損失其針對FcγRIIIa、FcγRIIa、FcγRI及C1q之結合親和力,而2,3-及
2,6-唾液酸化抗體保留其親和力,且2,6-唾液酸化利妥昔單抗展示與FcγRIIa、FcγRIIb及FcγRIIIa之增進之相互作用。(B)在FACS中實施CDC分析。2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗與未處理抗體展示類似CDC活性,但2,3-NSCT-利妥昔單抗之結果展示減小之CDC功效以及較高之EC50值。(C)新鮮PBMC介導之ADCC分析。使用3種不同B細胞Raji、Ramos及SKW6.4實施分析實驗。結果展示,藉由EC50值量測之活性自未改質利妥昔單抗至糖改造非岩藻糖基化2,3-NSCT-利妥昔單抗顯著增加,其中2,6-NSCT-利妥昔單抗最高。
藉助人類Fab捕獲套組捕獲所分析抗體且使用單一循環動力學方法進行檢測。
藉由山羊抗人類F(ab’)2之F(ab’)2片段捕獲所分析抗體且藉由單一循環動力學方法使用雙重參考進行檢測。所展示數據代表2個重複值。
*使用商業利妥昔單抗之KD值除以糖改造利妥昔單抗之KD值來計算倍數
*使用商業Herceptin之KD值除以糖改造Herceptin之KD值來計算倍數
Claims (31)
- 一種包括單株抗體或其抗原結合片段之均質群體之組合物,其中每一糖抗體或抗原結合片段分子在Fc區上包括單一均質N-聚糖,其中該N-聚糖具有Sia2(α2-6)Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2之結構,且其中該N-聚糖經最佳化以改良效應細胞功能。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該Fc區上之N-聚糖相對於相應單株抗體中之野生型Fc區對FcγRIIA或FcγRIIIA展現增加之結合親和力。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等單株抗體相對於相應野生型單株抗體展現改良之抗體依賴性細胞介導之細胞毒性(ADCC)活性。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等單株抗體係選自人類IgG1、IgG2、IgG3及IgG4。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等單株抗體結合至少一種與癌症、自體免疫或發炎疾病或傳染性疾病有關之抗原。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等單株抗體結合至與癌症有關之抗原。
- 如請求項6之組合物,其中該抗原係選自由以下組成之群:GD2、GD3、GM2、Globo-H、SSEA-3、SSEA-4、CD16A、CD30、CD32B、CD33、CD52、EpCAM、CEA、gpA33、HER2/neu、A33、CD5、CD11c、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD23、CD27、CD40、CD45、CD79a、CD79b、CD103、CTLA4、ErbB1、ErbB3、ErbB4、VEGF受體、TNF-α受體、TNF-β受體或TNF-γ受體、gpA33、黏液素、TAG-72、CAIX、PSMA、葉酸結合蛋白、VEGF、VEGFR、整合素αVβ3、整合素α5β1、EGFR、ERBB2、ERBB3、MET、IGF1R、EPHA3、TRAILR1、TRAILR2、RANKL、FAP及腱糖蛋白(Tenascin)。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等單株抗體結合至與自體免疫或發炎疾病有關之抗原。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該抗原係選自由介白素5及其受體、腫瘤壞死因子及其受體組成之群。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等單株抗體結合於病毒感染細胞上表現之抗原。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該抗原係選自由gp120、CXCR4及Vero毒素組成之群。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該組合物係在活體外產生。
- 一種醫藥調配物,其包括如請求項1之組合物及醫藥上可接受之載劑。
- 一種如請求項1至12中任一項之組合物的用途,其係用於製備增進抗體依賴性細胞介導之細胞毒性(ADCC)活性的藥物。
- 一種如請求項13之醫藥調配物的用途,其係用於製備預防、治療或改善一或多種與疾病、病症或感染有關之症狀的藥物。
- 如請求項15之用途,其中該疾病、病症或感染係選自由以下組成之群:癌症、自體免疫病症、發炎病症或傳染性感染。
- 如請求項16之用途,其中該癌症係選自由以下組成之群:腦癌、肺癌、乳癌、口腔癌、食道癌、胃癌、肝癌、膽管癌、胰臟癌、結腸癌、腎癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌及前列腺癌。
- 如請求項16之用途,其中該癌症係選自由以下組成之群:B細胞淋巴瘤、NHL、前體B細胞淋巴母細胞白血病/淋巴瘤及成熟B細胞贅瘤、B細胞慢性淋巴細胞性白血病(CLL)/小淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(SLL)、B細胞前淋巴細胞白血病、淋巴漿細胞淋巴瘤、外套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、濾泡性淋巴瘤(FL)、低度(low-grade)、中度及高度(FL)、皮膚濾泡中心淋巴瘤、邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤、MALT型邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤、結節邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤、脾臟型邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤、多毛細胞(hairy cell)白血病、瀰漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤、伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)、漿細胞瘤、漿細胞骨髓瘤、移植後淋巴增生性病症、沃爾登斯特倫巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia)及退行性(anaplastic)大細胞淋巴瘤(ALCL)。
- 如請求項16之用途,其中該自體免疫或發炎疾病係選自由以下組成之群:類風濕性關節炎、幼年型類風濕性關節炎、全身性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)、狼瘡性腎炎、潰瘍性結腸炎、韋格納氏病(Wegener's disease)、發炎性腸疾病、特發性血小板減少性紫癜(ITP)、血栓性血小板減少性紫癜(TTP)、自體免疫性血小板減少症、多發性硬化、牛皮癬、IgA腎病變、IgM多發性神經病變、重症肌無力、血管炎、糖尿病、雷諾氏症候群(Reynaud's syndrome)、薛格連氏症候群(Sjorgen's syndrome)及腎小球腎炎。
- 如請求項19之用途,其中該自體免疫或發炎疾病係類風濕性關節炎。
- 如請求項16之用途,其中該傳染性疾病係由以下針對人類之病原體引起:諸如人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、巨細胞病毒(CMV)、依波拉病毒(Ebola virus)、A型肝炎病毒、B型肝炎病毒、C型肝炎病毒(HCV)、愛潑斯坦-巴爾病毒(Epstein-Barr virus)、水痘帶狀疱疹病毒(VZV)、漢江病毒(Hantaan virus)、流感病毒、單純疱疹病毒(HSV)、人類疱疹病毒6(HHV-6)、人類疱疹病毒8(HHV-8)、人類乳頭狀瘤病毒或小病毒、SARS病毒、麻疹病毒;腮腺炎病毒;風疹病毒;狂犬病病毒;乳頭狀瘤病毒;牛痘病毒;水痘帶狀疱疹病毒;天花病毒;脊髓灰白質炎病毒;鼻病毒;呼吸道合胞病毒;惡性瘧原蟲(P.falciparum);間日瘧原蟲(P.vivax);三日瘧原蟲(P.malariae);卵形瘧原蟲(P.ovale);白喉桿菌(Corynebacterium diphtheriae);破傷風桿菌(Clostridium tetani);肉毒桿菌(Clostridium botulinum);百日咳博德特菌(Bordetella pertussis);流感嗜血桿菌(Haemophilus influenzae);腦膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitidis),血清群A、B、C、W135及/或Y;肺炎鏈球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae);無乳鏈球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae);釀膿鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes);金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus);炭疽芽孢桿菌(Bacillus anthracis);卡他莫拉菌(Moraxella catarrhalis);沙眼披衣菌(Chlamydia trachomatis);肺炎披衣菌(Chlamydia pneumoniae);鼠疫耶爾森氏菌(Yersinia pestis);土拉文氏桿菌(Francisella tularensis);沙門菌屬(Salmonella species);霍亂弧菌(Vibrio cholerae);毒性大腸桿菌;人類內源性反轉錄病毒;其他微生物病原體;其他微生物毒素、過敏原、腫瘤抗原、自體抗原及異體抗原、化學物質或毒素。
- 如請求項21之用途,其中該傳染性疾病係由HIV、HCV或其組合引起。
- 如請求項15之用途,其中期望由FcγR所調介之效應細胞功能之功效增進以預防、治療或改善一或多種與該疾病、病症或感染有關之症狀。
- 如請求項15之用途,其中期望ADCC增進以預防、治療或改善一或多種與該疾病、病症或感染有關之症狀。
- 如請求項14或15之用途,其中該藥物係單獨或連同選自由第二抗體、化學治療劑及免疫抑制劑組成之群之第二治療劑投與。
- 一種阻斷NK細胞之抑制受體之第一化合物及如請求項13之醫藥調配物的用途,其係用於製備治療有需要人類個體之病毒性疾病的藥物。
- 如請求項26之用途,其中該病毒性疾病係由以下引起:HIV(人類免疫缺陷病毒)、RSV(呼吸道合胞病毒)、CMV(巨細胞病毒)、依波拉病毒、A型肝炎病毒、B型肝炎病毒、C型肝炎病毒、愛潑斯坦-巴爾病毒、水痘帶狀疱疹病毒(VZV)、漢江病毒、流感病毒、單純疱疹病毒(HSV)、人類疱疹病毒6(HHV-6)、人類疱疹病毒8(HHV-8)、人類乳頭狀瘤病毒或小病毒。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等單株抗體包括利妥昔單抗(Rituximab)(Rituxan®)之輕鏈序列及重鏈序列。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等單株抗體包括曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab)(Herceptin®)之輕鏈序列及重鏈序列。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等單株抗體包括阿達木單抗(Adalimumab)(Humira)之輕鏈序列及重鏈序列。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該等單株抗體係FI6單株抗體。
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