ES2321409T3 - Arn (dsarn) de hebra doble para la inhibicion de la expresion de un gen predeterminado. - Google Patents
Arn (dsarn) de hebra doble para la inhibicion de la expresion de un gen predeterminado. Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Oligorribonucleótido con estructura de doble hebra (dsARN) para la inhibición de la expresión de un gen objetivo predeterminado en células de mamíferos, estando constituido el dsARN por 15 a 21 pares de bases, y presentando una hebra de dsARN una zona I complementaria al gen objetivo, constituida por 15 a 21 pares de nucleótidos sucesivos, y estando formada una zona II complementaria dentro de la estructura de hebra doble por II hebras simples de ARN separadas, estando estabilizada la estructura de hebra doble por enlace químico de las hebras simples.
Description
ARN (dsARN) de hebra doble para la inhibición de
la expresión de un gen predeterminado.
La invención se refiere a un
oligorribonucleótido con estructura de hebra doble para la
inhibición de la expresión de un gen objetivo predeterminado en una
célula.
Se conoce tal procedimiento por la WO 99/32619
publicada posteriormente. El procedimiento conocido tiene por
objetivo la inhibición de la expresión de genes en células de
invertebrados. A tal efecto es necesario que el
oligorribonucleótido de hebra doble presente una secuencia idéntica
al gen objetivo con una longitud de al menos 25 bases. Para la
consecución de una inhibición eficiente es necesaria una longitud de
la secuencia idéntica de 300 a 1.000 pares de bases. El gasto de
obtención de tal oligorribonucleótido es elevado.
La DE 196 31 919 C2 describe un ARN antisentido
con estructuras secundarias especiales, presentándose el antisentido
en forma de un vector que codifica las mismas. En el caso del ARN
antisentido se trata de una molécula de ARN que es complementaria a
zonas de mARN. Mediante enlace en estas zonas se provoca una
inhibición de la expresión génica. Esta inhibición se puede emplear
en especial para el diagnóstico y/o terapia de enfermedades, por
ejemplo enfermedades tumorales, o infecciones virales. De modo
desventajoso, se debe introducir el ARN antisentido en la célula en
una cantidad que presenta al menos la misma magnitud que la cantidad
de mARN. La eficacia de los procedimientos antisentido conocidos no
es especialmente elevada.
Se conoce por la US 5,712,257 un medicamento que
contiene ARN (dsARN) de hebra doble de pares defectuosos, y
fragmentos biológicamente activos de pares defectuosos de dsARN en
forma de un complejo ternario con un agente tensioactivo. El dsARN
empleado en este caso está constituido por hebras simples de ácido
nucleico obtenidas sintéticamente sin secuencia de bases definida.
Las hebras simples efectúan entre sí apareamientos de bases
irregulares, los denominados
"Nicth-Watson-Crick", de modo
que se forman hebras dobles de pares defectuosos. El dsARN conocido
sirve para la inhibición de la propagación de retrovirus, como VIH.
Se puede inhibir la propagación del virus si se introduce en las
células dsARN de secuencia no específica. En este caso se llega a
una inducción de interferona, mediante lo cual se debe inhibir la
propagación de virus. El efecto inhibidor, o bien la eficacia de
este procedimiento, es reducido.
Se conoce por Fire, A. et. al, NATURE,
Vol. 391, página 806, que el dsARN, una de cuyas hebras es
complementaria por secciones aún gen a inhibir de un nematodo,
inhibe la expresión de este gen con una eficacia elevada. Sostendrá
el concepto que la eficacia especial del dsARN empleado en células
del nematodo no se basa en el principio antisentido, sino
posiblemente en propiedades catalíticas del dsARN, o bien se puede
atribuir a enzimas inducidos por el mismo. En este artículo no se
dice nada sobre la eficacia de dsARN específico con relación a la
inhibición de la expresión génica, en especial en células de
mamíferos y células humanas.
La WO 99/53050 describe agentes y procedimientos
para la reducción de la expresión génica en células eucariotas, en
especial células vegetales, introduciéndose genes quiméricos que
codifican moléculas de ARN tanto sentido, como también antisentido,
que están orientadas contra el gen objetivo. Un oligorribonucleótido
con dos hebras simples de ARN separadas, en especial para la
inhibición de la expresión génica en células de mamíferos, no se da
a conocer en la WO 99/53050.
La WO 00/63364 describe procedimientos y
composiciones para la inhibición de la función de una secuencia de
nucleótidos objetivo en una célula de mamífero. El agente previsto
es un ARN de doble hebra al menos parcialmente, con una longitud
mínima de 200 nucleótidos.
La WO 99/32619 describe ARN, que presentan una
región con estructura de doble hebra para la inhibición de la
expresión génica de un gen objetivo en una célula. La invención se
ejemplifica por medio de la inhibición de la expresión génica en
C. elegans. Las estructuras que se emplean en este caso
tienen una longitud de varios cientos de pares de bases. En la WO
99/32619 no se describe un enlace químico de las hebras
aisladas.
La WO 94/01550 describe agentes terapéuticos que
encuentran empleo en carga terapéutica basada en oligonucleótidos
antisentido.
Es tarea de la presente invención eliminar los
inconvenientes según el estado de la técnica. Se debía indicar en
especial un procedimiento, medicamento, o bien un empleo lo más
eficiente posible para la obtención de un medicamento, con el cual
se pueda provocar una inhibición especialmente eficaz de la
expresión de un gen objetivo predeterminado.
La invención se define mediante las
reivindicaciones. Correspondientemente, la invención pone a
disposición un oligorribonucleótido con estructura de hebra doble
(dsARN) para la inhibición de la expresión de un gen objetivo
predeterminado en células de mamíferos, estando constituido el dsARN
por 15 a 21 pares de bases, presentando una hebra de dsARN una zona
I constituida por 15 a 21 pares de nucleótidos sucesivos
complementarios al gen objetivo, y estando formada una zona II
complementaria a la estructura de hebra doble por dos hebras
simples de ARN separadas, estando estabilizada la estructura de
hebra doble por enlace químico de las hebras simples.
Otros acondicionamientos resultan de las
reivindicaciones 2 a 28.
Según la invención, para la inhibición de la
expresión de un gen objetivo predeterminado en una célula de
mamífero está previsto introducir un oligorribonucleótido que
presenta 15 a 21 pares de bases, definido en las reivindicaciones,
con estructura de hebra doble (dsARN) en la célula, presentando una
hebra de dsARN una zona I complementaria al gen objetivo, que
presenta a lo sumo 21 pares de nucleótidos sucesivos, y formándose
una zona II complementaria dentro de la estructura de hebra doble
por dos hebras sencillas de ARN separadas. El oligorribonucleótido
presenta al menos por secciones una secuencia de nucleótidos
definida. La sección definida puede estar limitada a la zona I
complementaria. No obstante, también puede ser que el
oligorribonucleótido de hebra doble presente en total una secuencia
de nucleótidos definida. También se describe que el dsARN puede ser
más largo que la zona I complementaria al gen objetivo. La zona I
complementaria puede presentar disposición terminal, o estar
insertada en el dsARN.
El dsARN según la invención se puede obtener por
vía sintética, o bien enzimática con procedimientos de uso
común.
Sorprendentemente, se ha mostrado que ya con una
longitud de zona complementaria de menos de 25 pares de nucleótidos
sucesivos, se puede conseguir una inhibición eficaz de la expresión
del gen objetivo. Se pueden poner a disposición
oligorribonucleótidos correspondientes con gasto de obtención más
reducido.
En especial el dsARN con una longitud de más de
50 pares de nucleótidos induce determinados mecanismos celulares en
células de mamíferos y células humanas, por ejemplo la proteína
quinasa dependiente de dsARN, o el sistema 2-5A.
Esto conduce a la desaparición del efecto de interferencia
ocasionado por el dsARN que presenta una secuencia definida. De
este modo se bloquea la biosíntesis de proteínas en la célula. En
especial se elimina este inconveniente mediante la presente
invención.
Además se facilita claramente la absorción de
dsARN con longitud de cadena reducida en la célula, o bien en el
núcleo celular, frente a dsARN de cadena más larga.
Se ha mostrado ventajoso que el dsARN se
presente en estructuras micelares, preferentemente en liposomas. El
dsARN puede estar incluido igualmente en cápsidas virales naturales,
o en cápsidas sintéticas obtenidas por vía química o enzimática, o
estructuras derivadas de las mismas. Las características citadas
anteriormente posibilitan una inclusión del dsARN en células
objetivo predeterminadas.
Convenientemente se exprime el gen a inhibir en
células eucariotas. El gen objetivo puede ser seleccionado a partir
del siguiente grupo: oncogén, gen de citoquina, gen de proteína Id,
gen de desarrollo, gen prión. También se puede exprimir en
organismos patógenos, preferentemente en plasmodios. Puede ser
componente de un virus o viroide, preferentemente patógeno humano.
El procedimiento propuesto posibilita la obtención de agentes para
la terapia de enfermedades controladas genéticamente, por ejemplo
cáncer, enfermedades virales o enfermedad de Alzheimer.
El virus o viroide puede ser también un virus o
viroide patógeno animal o vegetal. En este caso, el procedimiento
según la invención permite también la puesta a disposición de
agentes para el tratamiento de enfermedades animales o
vegetales.
Según otra característica de acondicionamiento,
el dsARN presenta configuración de hebra doble por secciones. Los
extremos del dsARN pueden estar modificados para contrarrestar una
degradación en la célula o una disociación en las hebras simples.
Se presenta una disociación en especial en el caso de empleo de
bajas concentraciones o longitudes de cadena reducidas. Para la
inhibición especialmente eficaz de la disociación se puede aumentar
la cohesión de la estructura de hebra doble provocada por los pares
de nucleótidos a través de al menos 1, preferentemente 2 enlaces
químicos adicionales. Un dsARN según la invención, cuya disociación
está reducida, presenta una estabilidad más elevada contra la
degradación enzimática y química en la célula, o bien en el
organismo.
Convenientemente se forma enlace químico
mediante un enlace covalente o iónico, un enlace por puentes de
hidrógeno, interacciones hidrófobas, preferentemente interacciones
de van-der-Waals o de apilado, o
mediante coordinación de iones metálicos. Según una característica
de acondicionamiento especialmente ventajosa, se puede obtener el
mismo al menos en 1, preferentemente en ambos extremos de la zona II
complementaria.
Además se ha mostrado ventajoso formar el enlace
químico por medio de uno o varios grupos de enlace, siendo los
grupos de enlace preferentemente cadenas de
poli-(oxifosfinicooxi-1,3-propanodiol)
y/o polietilenglicol. Se puede formar el enlace químico también
mediante análogos de purina utilizados en lugar de purinas en las
zonas II complementarias. Además es ventajoso que el enlace químico
se forme a través de unidades azabenceno introducidas en las zonas
II complementarias. Además se puede formar el mismo mediante
análogos de nucleótidos modificados utilizados en lugar de
nucleótidos en las zonas II complementarias.
Se ha mostrado conveniente utilizar para la
obtención del enlace químico al menos uno de los siguientes grupos:
azul de metileno; grupos bifuncionales, preferentemente
bis-(2-cloroetil)-amina;
N-acetil-N'-(p-glioxilbenzoil)-cistamina;
4-tiouracilo; psoraleno. Además se puede formar el
enlace químico mediante los grupos tiofosforilo introducidos en los
extremos de la zona de hebra doble. Preferentemente se obtiene el
enlace químico en los extremos de la zona de hebra doble mediante
enlaces de triple hélice.
Se puede inducir el enlace químico
convenientemente mediante luz ultravioleta.
Los nucleótidos de dsARN pueden estar
modificados. Esto provoca un activado de una proteína quinasa
dependiente de ARN de hebra doble, PKR en la célula.
Ventajosamente, al menos un grupo 2'-hidroxilo de
los nucleótidos del dsARN en la estructura de hebra doble está
reemplazado por un grupo químico, preferentemente un grupo
2'-amino o un grupo 2'-metilo. Al
menos un nucleótido en al menos una hebra de la estructura de hebra
doble puede ser también un denominado "locked nucleotide" con
un anillo sacárico modificado químicamente, de modo preferente a
través de un puente 2'-O,
4'-C-metileno. Ventajosamente,
varios nucleótidos son "locked nucleotide".
Según otro acondicionamiento especialmente
ventajoso está previsto que el dsARN esté enlazado, asociado, o
rodeado por al menos una proteína envolvente viral procedente de un
virus, derivada del mismo, u obtenida sintéticamente. La proteína
envolvente puede ser derivada del virus de polioma. La proteína
envolvente puede contener la proteína viral 1(VP1) y/o la
proteína viral 2(VP2) del virus de polioma. Se conoce el
empleo de tales proteínas envolventes, por ejemplo, por la DE 196
18 797 A1. Las características citadas anteriormente facilitan de
manera esencial la introducción de dsARN en la célula.
En el caso de formación de una cápsida o de una
estructura de tipo cápsida a partir de la proteína envolvente, uno
de los lados está orientado al interior de la cápsida o de la
estructura de tipo cápsida. La estructura formada es especialmente
estable.
El dsARN puede ser complementario al elemento de
trascripción de ARN primario o procesado del gen obtenido. La célula
puede ser una célula de vertebrado o una célula humana.
Se puede introducir al menos dos dsARN
diferentes entre sí en la célula, siendo una hebra de cada dsARN
complementaria, al menos por secciones, respectivamente a uno de al
menos dos genes objetivo diferentes. De este modo es posible
inhibir simultáneamente la expresión de al menos dos genes objetivo
diferentes. Para suprimir la expresión de una proteína quinasa
dependiente de ARN de hebra doble PKR, en la célula, uno de los
genes objetivo es ventajosamente el gen PKR. De este modo se puede
suprimir eficazmente la actividad de PKR en la célula.
Además se describe un medicamento con al menos
un oligorribonucleótido que presenta al menos 15 a 49 pares de
bases con estructura de hebra doble (dsARN) para la inhibición de la
expresión de un gen objetivo predeterminado en células de
mamíferos, presentando una hebra de dsARN una zona I complementaria
al gen objetivo al menos por secciones, que presenta a lo sumo 49
pares de nucleótidos sucesivos, y estando formada una zona II
complementaria dentro de la estructura de hebra doble por dos
hebras simples de ARN separadas. Sorprendente se ha mostrado que
tal ARN es apropiado como medicamento para la inhibición de la
expresión de un gen predeterminado en células de mamíferos. La
inhibición se ocasiona ya a concentraciones que son más reducidas al
menos en un orden de magnitud en comparación con el empleo de
oligorribonucleótidos de hebra simple. El medicamento según la
invención es altamente eficaz. Son de esperar efectos secundarios
más reducidos. Sorprendentemente se ha mostrado que ya con una
longitud de zona I complementaria de un máximo de 49 pares de bases
se puede conseguir una inhibición eficiente de la expresión del gen
objetivo. Se pueden poner a disposición oligorribonucleótidos
correspondientes con gasto de obtención reducido.
Del mismo modo se describe un empleo de un
oligorribonucleótido que presenta 15 a 49 pares de bases con
estructura de hebra doble (dsARN) para la obtención de un
medicamento para la inhibición de la expresión de un gen objetivo
predeterminado en células de mamíferos, presentando una hebra de
dsARN una zona I complementaria al gen objetivo al menos por
secciones, que presenta a lo sumo 49 pares de nucleótidos sucesivos,
y estando formada una zona II complementaria dentro de la
estructura de hebra doble por dos hebras simples de ARN separadas.
Sorprendentemente, tal dsARN es apropiado para la obtención de un
medicamento para la inhibición de la expresión de un gen
predeterminado. En el caso de un empleo de dsARN, la inhibición se
ocasiona ya a concentraciones más reducidas en un orden de magnitud
en comparación con el empleo de oligorribonucleótidos de hebra
simple. Por lo tanto, el empleo citado posibilita la obtención de
medicamentos especialmente eficaces.
Respecto a otros acondicionamientos del
medicamento y al empleo se remite a la descripción de las
características precedentes.
A continuación se explican más detalladamente
ejemplos de realización de la invención por medio de las figuras.
Muestran:
la figura 1 la representación esquemática de un
plásmido para la trascripción in vitro con polimerasa T7 y
SP6,
la figura 2 ARN según electroforesis en un gel
de poliacrilamida al 8% y coloración de bromuro de etidio,
la figura 3 una representación de elementos de
trascripción de ARN radioactivos según la electroforesis en un gel
de poliacrilamida al 8% con urea 7 M por medio de un "Instant
Imagers", y
las figuras 4a-e fluorescencia
de Texas-Rot y YPF en fibroblastos murinos.
\newpage
Ejemplo de realización
1
Se identificó la inhibición de la trascripción
mediante dsARN de secuencias homólogas en un sistema de trascripción
in vitro con un extracto nuclear a partir de células HeLa
humanas. La matriz de ADN para este ensayo era el plásmido
linealizado por medio de BamHI pCMV1200.
Para el empleo en la síntesis enzimática de
dsARN se construyó el plásmido representado en la figura 1. A tal
efecto se llevó a cabo en primer lugar una reacción en cadena de
polimerasa (PCR) con el kit de trascripción "positive control
DNA" de HeLaScribe® Nuclear Extract in vitro de la firma
Promega, Madison, USA como matriz de ADN. Uno de los cebadores
empleados contenía la secuencia de un punto de corte EcoRI y del
promotor de polimerasa T7-ARN según el protocolo de
secuencia número 1. El otro cebador contenía la secuencia de un
punto de corte BamHI y del promotor de polimerasa
SP6-ARN según el protocolo de secuencia numero 2.
Además, ambos cebadores presentan en sus extremos 3' zonas
idénticas, o bien complementarias, respecto a la matriz ADN. Se
llevó a cabo el PCR por medio del "Taq PCR Core Kit" de la
firma Qiagen, Hilden, Alemania, según datos del fabricante. En un
volumen de 100 \mul se emplearon como matriz MgCl_{2}1,5 mM,
respectivamente dNTP 200 \muM, respectivamente cebador 0,5
\muM, 2,5 U de Taq-ADN-polimerasa,
y aproximadamente 100 ng de "positive control DNA" como matriz
en tampón de PCR. Tras el desnaturalizado inicial del ADN matriz
mediante calentamiento a 94ºC durante 5 minutos, se efectuó la
amplificación en 30 ciclos de 60 segundos respectivamente de
desnaturalizado a 94ºC, condensación de 60 segundos a 5ºC por
debajo de la temperatura de fusión calculada del cebador, y
1,5-2 minutos de polimerización a 72ºC. Tras una
polimerización final de 5 minutos a 72ºC se analizaron 5 \mul de
la carga de reacción mediante electroforesis en gel de agarosa. La
longitud del fragmento de ADN amplificado de este modo ascendía a
400 pares de bases, correspondiendo 340 pares de bases al
"positive control DNA". Se purificó el producto de PCR, se
hidrolizó con EcoRI y BamHI, y tras nueva purificación se empleó
para la unión con un vector pUC18, igualmente hidrolizado por medio
de EcoRI y BamHI. Se efectuó la transformación de azul de E.
Coli XL1. El plásmido obtenido (pCMV5) porta un fragmento de
ADN, que es flanqueado en el extremo 5' por el promotor T7, y en el
extremo 3' por el promotor SP6. Mediante linealizado del plásmido
con BamHI, se puede emplear in vitro con la
T7-ARN-polimerasa para la
trascripción run-off de un ARN de 340 nucleótidos
de longitud, representado en el protocolo de secuencia número 3, de
hebras simple. Si se linealiza el plásmido con EcoRI, se puede
emplear para la trascripción run-off con la
SP6-ARN-polimerasa, produciéndose la
hebra complementaria. Correspondientemente al procedimiento
representado anteriormente se sintetizó también un ARN más largo en
23 nucleótidos. A tal efecto se unió un ADN representado en el
protocolo de secuencia nº 4, a través de los puntos de corte EcoRI y
BamHI, con el vector pUC18.
Como matrices de ADN para la transcripción in
vitro con extracto nuclear HeLa se construyó el plásmido
pCMV1200. A tal efecto se amplificó un fragmento EcoRI/BamHI de 1191 bp de tamaño con el ADN de control positivo obtenido en el kit de transcripción HeLaScribe® Nuclear Extract in vitro, por medio de PCR. El fragmento amplificado comprendía el promotor CMV de 828 bp de tamaño "inmediatamente anterior", y un fragmento de ADN transcribible de 363 bp de tamaño. Se ligó el producto de PCR a través de un ligamiento "parte sobresaliente T" con el vector pGEM-T. En el extremo 5' del fragmento se encuentra un punto de corte BamHI. Se linealizó el plásmido mediante hidrólisis con BamHI, y se empleó como matriz para la transcripción run-off.
pCMV1200. A tal efecto se amplificó un fragmento EcoRI/BamHI de 1191 bp de tamaño con el ADN de control positivo obtenido en el kit de transcripción HeLaScribe® Nuclear Extract in vitro, por medio de PCR. El fragmento amplificado comprendía el promotor CMV de 828 bp de tamaño "inmediatamente anterior", y un fragmento de ADN transcribible de 363 bp de tamaño. Se ligó el producto de PCR a través de un ligamiento "parte sobresaliente T" con el vector pGEM-T. En el extremo 5' del fragmento se encuentra un punto de corte BamHI. Se linealizó el plásmido mediante hidrólisis con BamHI, y se empleó como matriz para la transcripción run-off.
Se linealizó ADN de plásmido pCMV5 con EcoRI, o
bien BamHI. Se empleó el mismo como matriz de ADN para una
trascripción in vitro de las hebras simples de ARN
complementarias con SP6, o bien
T7-ARN-polimerasa. A tal efecto se
empleó el sistema "Riboprobe in vitro Transcription" de
la firma Promega, Madison, USA. Según los datos del fabricante se
incubaron 2 \mug de ADN de plásmido linealizado en 100 \mul de
tampón de trascripción y 40 U T7- o SP6-ARN-
polimerasa 5 a 6 horas a 37ºC. A continuación se degradó la matriz
de ADN mediante adición de 2,5 \mul de DNasa RQ1 exento de RNasa,
e incubación durante 30 minutos a 37ºC. Se completó la carga de
trascripción con H_{2}O a 300 \mul, y se purificó mediante
extracción con fenol. Se precipitó el ARN mediante adición de 150
\mul de acetato amónico 7 M, y 1125 \mul de etanol, y se
conservó a -65ºC para la hibridación.
Para la hibridación se centrifugaron 500 \mul
del ARN de hebras simple conservado en etanol y precipitado. Se
secó el comprimido resultante, y se absorbió en 30 \mul de tampón
PIPES, pH 6,4, en presencia de un 80% de formamida, 400 mM NaCl y 1
mM EDTA. Se reunieron respectivamente 15 \mul de hebras simples
complementarias, y se calentaron durante 10 minutos a 85ºC. A
continuación se incubaron las cargas a 50ºC durante la noche, y se
enfriaron a temperatura ambiente.
En la hibridación se emplearon sólo cantidades
aproximadamente equimolares de ambas hebras simples. De este modo,
las preparaciones de dsARN contenían ARN (ssARN) de hebra simple
como contaminación. Para eliminar estas contaminaciones de ssARN,
se trataron las cargas tras la hibridación con las ribonucleasas
específicas de hebras simple RNasaA de páncreas de vaca, y RNasaT1
de Aspergillus oryzae. RNasaA es una endorribonucleasa
específica para pirimidinas. RNasaT1 es una endorribonucleasa, que
corta preferentemente en el lado 3' de guanosinas. dsARN no es un
sustrato para estas ribonucleasas. Para el tratamiento de RNasa se
añadió a las cargas en 300 \mul Tris, pH 7,4, NaCl 300 mM y EDTA
5 mM, 1,2 \mul RNasaA en una concentración de 10 mg/ml y 2 \mul
de RNasaT1 en una concentración de 290 \mug/ml. Se incubaron las
cargas 1,5 horas a 30ºC. Después se desnaturalizaron las RNasas
mediante adición de 5 \mul de proteinasaK en una concentración de
20 mg/ml, así como 10 \mul de SDS al 20%, e incubación durante 30
minutos a 37ºC. Se purificó el dsARN mediante extracción con fenol,
y se precipitó con etanol. Para poder verificar la integridad de la
digestión de RNasa, se trataron dos cargas de control con ssARN
análogamente a las cargas de hibridación.
Se absorbió el comprimido desecado en 15 \mul
de tampón TE, pH 6,5, y se sometió a una electroforesis en gel de
poliacrilamida nativa en un gel al 8%. A continuación se tiñó el gel
de acrilamida en una disolución de bromuro de etidio, y se lavó en
un baño de agua. La figura 2 muestra el ARN visibilizado en un
transiluminador UV. Los ARN sentido aplicados en la vía 1, y
antisentido aplicados en la vía 2, mostraban bajo las condiciones
seleccionadas un comportamiento de dilución diferente que los dsARN
de la carga de hibridación aplicados en la vía 3. El ARN sentido, o
bien antisentido aplicado en las vías 4, o bien 5, tratado con RNasa
no generaba ninguna banda visible. Esto muestra que los ARNs de
hebra simple se degradaron completamente. El dsARN aplicado en la
vía 6, tratado con RNasa de la carga de hibridación, es resistente
frente al tratamiento con RNasa. La banda de migración más rápida
en el gel nativo en comparación con el dsARN aplicado en la vía 3,
resulta de dsARN, que está exento de ssARN. Además de las bandas
principales dominantes, tras el tratamiento con RNasa se presentan
bandas más débiles, de migración más rápida.
Bajo empleo del kit de trascripción HeLaScribe®
Nuclear Extract in vitro de la firma Promega, Madison, USA
se determinó la eficiencia de trascripción del fragmento de ADN
indicado anteriormente, obtenido en el plásmido pCMV1200, homólogo
al "positive control DNA", en presencia del dsARN
(dsARN-CMV5) de secuencias homólogas. Además se
analizó la influencia de dsARN (dsARN-YFP) de
secuencias no homólogas, correspondiente al gen (YFP) "proteína
fluorescente amarilla". Este dsARN se había obtenido análogamente
al dsARN de secuencias homólogas. La secuencia de una hebra de este
dsARN se puede extraer del protocolo de secuencia número 5. Como
matriz para la trascripción run-off sirvió el
plásmido pCMV1200. Este porta el promotor "inmediatamente
anterior" del virus de citomegalia, que es identificado por las
polimerasas de ARN eucariotas II, y un fragmento de ADN
transcribible. La trascripción se efectuó por medio del extracto
nuclear HeLa, que contenía todas las proteínas necesarias para una
trascripción. Mediante adición de [\alpha^{-32}P]rGTP a
la carga de trascripción se obtuvo un elemento de trascripción
marcado radioactivamente. El [\alpha^{-32}P]rGTP empleado
tenía una actividad específica de 400 Ci/mmol, 10 mCi/ml. Por carga
se emplearon MgCl_{2}3 mM, respectivamente rATP, rCTP, rUTP400
\muM, rGTP16 \muM, [\alpha^{-32}P]rGTP 0,4 \muM, y
según ensayo, un mol de ADN de plásmido linealizado, y diferentes
cantidades de dsARN en el tampón de trascripción. Cada carga se
completó con H_{2}O a un volumen de 8,5 \mul se mezclaron
cuidadosamente las cargas. Para la iniciación de la trascripción se
añadieron 4 U de extracto nuclear HeLA en un volumen de 4 \mul y
se incubaron durante 60 minutos a 30ºC. Se concluyó la reacción
mediante adición de 87,5 \mul al Stopp-Mix
calentado a 30ºC. Para la eliminación de las proteínas se mezclaron
las cargas con 100 \mul de fenol/cloroformo, alcohol isoamílico
(25:24:1, v/v/v), saturado con tampón TE, pH 5,0, y se mezclaron
intensivamente 1 minuto. Para la separación de fases se centrífugo
aproximadamente 1 minuto a 12.000 rpm, y se trasladó la fase
superior a un nuevo recipiente de reacción. Se añadieron a cada
carga 250 \mul de etanol. Se mezclaron convenientemente las cargas
y se incubaron durante al menos 15 minutos en hielo seco/metanol.
Para la precipitación de ARN se centrifugaron las cargas 20 minutos
a 12.000 rpm y 4ºC. Se desechó el exceso. Se secó el comprimido 15
minutos en vacío, y se resuspendió en 10 \mul de H_{2}O. Se
añadieron a cada carga 10 \mul de tampón de muestra
desnaturalizado. La separación del GTP libre del elemento de
trascripción producido se efectuó por medio de electroforesis en
gel de poliacrilamida desnaturalizante en un gel al 8% con urea 7 M.
Los elementos de trascripción ARN formados en la trascripción con
el extracto nuclear HeLa en tampón de muestra desnaturalizante, se
calentaron 10 minutos a 90ºC, e inmediatamente se aplicaron 10
\mul de los mismos en las bolsas de muestra recién lavadas. La
electroforesis se efectuó a 40 mA. La cantidad de ssARN radioactivo
formado en la trascripción se analizó tras la electroforesis con
ayuda de un Instant Imager.
La figura 3 muestra el ARN radioactivo
sintetizado por medio del Instant Imagers a partir de un test
representativo. Se aplicaron muestras obtenidas a partir de las
siguientes cargas de trascripción:
- vía 1:
- sin ADN matriz, sin dsARN;
- vía 2:
- 50 ng de ADN matriz, sin dsARN;
- vía 3:
- 50 ng de ADN matriz, 0,5 \mug de dsARN-YPF;
- vía 4:
- 50 ng de ADN matriz, 1,5 \mug de dsARN-YPF;
- vía 5:
- 50 ng de ADN matriz, 3 \mug de dsARN-YPF;
- vía 6:
- 50 ng de ADN matriz, 5 \mug de dsARN-YPF;
- vía 7:
- sin ADN matriz, 1,5 de dsARN-YPF;
- vía 8:
- 50 ng de ADN matriz, sin dsARN;
- vía 9:
- 50 ng de ADN matriz, 0,5 \mug de dsARN-CMV5;
- vía 10:
- 50 ng de ADN matriz, 1,5 \mug de dsARN-CMV5;
- vía 11:
- 50 ng de ADN matriz, 3 \mug de dsARN-CMV5;
- vía 12:
- 50 ng de ADN matriz, 5 \mug de dsARN-CMV5;
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Se mostró una clara reducción de la cantidad de
elemento de trascripción en presencia de dsARN de secuencias
homólogas en comparación con la carga de control sin dsARN, así como
también respecto a las cargas con dsARN-YFP de
secuencias no homólogas. El control positivo en la vía 2 muestra
que, en la trascripción in vitro con extracto nuclear HeLa,
se formó elemento de trascripción radioactivo. La carga sirve como
comparación con las cargas de trascripción, que se habían incubado
en presencia de dsARN. Las vías 3 a 6 muestran que la adición de
dsARN-YFP de secuencias no específicas no ejerce
ninguna influencia sobre la cantidad del elemento de trascripción
formado. Las vías 9 a 12 muestras que la adición de una cantidad,
situada entre 1,5 y 3 \mug, de dsARN-CMV5 de
secuencias específicas, conduce a un descenso de la cantidad de
elemento de trascripción formado. Para excluir que los efectos
observados no se basen en el dsARN, sino en una contaminación
arrastrada posiblemente de manera involuntaria en la obtención de
dsARN, se llevó a cabo un control adicional. Se trascribió como se
ha descrito anteriormente el ARN de hebra simple, y a continuación
se sometió al tratamiento con RNasa. Por medio de electroforesis en
gel de poliacrilamida nativa se pudo mostrar que el ssARN se había
degradado completamente. Esta carga se sometió, como las cargas de
hibridación, a una extracción con fenol y una precipitación con
etanol, y a continuación se absorbió en tampón TE. De este modo se
obtuvo una muestra que no contenía ARN, pero que se había tratado
con los mismos enzimas y tampones que el dsARN. La vía 8 muestra que
la adición de esta muestra no tiene influencias sobre la
trascripción. El descenso del elemento de trascripción en el caso de
adición de dsARN de secuencias específicas, por lo tanto, se puede
asignar claramente al propio dsARN. La reducción de la cantidad de
elemento de trascripción de un gen en presencia de dsARN en el caso
de un sistema de trascripción humano muestra una inhibición de la
expresión del gen correspondiente. Este efecto se puede atribuir a
un nuevo mecanismo, provocado por el dsARN.
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Ejemplo de realización
2
Como sistema de ensayo para estos experimentos
in vivo sirvió la línea celular de fibroblastos murinos
NIH3T3, ATCC, CRL-1658. Con ayuda de la
microinyección se introdujo el gen del YFP en el núcleo celular. Se
analizó la expresión de YFP bajo la influencia de dsARN de
secuencias homólogas, transferidos de modo concomitante
simultáneamente. Este dsARN-YFP es, a través de una
longitud de 315 bp, homólogo a la zona 5' del gen de YFP. La
secuencia de nucleótidos de una hebra de dsARN-YFP
se representa en el protocolo de secuencia número 5. La valoración
bajo el microscopio de fluorescencia se efectuó 3 horas después de
inyección por medio de fluorescencia amarilla-verde
de YFP formado.
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Como matriz para la obtención de
YFP-dsARN por medio de trascripción T7 y SP6-in
vitro se construyó un plásmido según el mismo principio que se
describe en el ejemplo de realización 1. El fragmento génico deseado
se amplificó bajo empleo del cebador Eco_T7_YFP según el protocolo
de secuencia número 6, y Bam_SP6_YFP según el protocolo de
secuencia número 7, por medio de PCR, y se empleó análogamente a la
anterior descripción respecto a la obtención de dsARN. El
dsARN-YFP obtenido es idéntico al dsARN empleado en
el ejemplo de realización 1 como control de secuencias no
específicas.
Se obtuvo un dsARN (L-dsARN)
enlazado químicamente con el extremo 5' del ARN complementario en el
extremo 3' del ARN según el protocolo de secuencia número 8 a
través de un grupo cebador C18. A tal efecto se emplearon sintones
modificados con puentes disulfuro. El sintón 3' terminal está unido
al soporte sólido a través del carbono 3' con un grupo cebador
alifático a través de un puente disulfuro. En el sintón 5' terminal
del oligorribonucleótido complementario, complementario al sintón
3'-terminal de uno de los oligorribonucleótidos, el
grupo protector 5'-tritilo está enlazado a través
de un cebador alifático adicional y un puente disulfuro. Tras la
síntesis de ambas hebras simples, eliminación de grupos protectores
e hibridación de los oligorribonucleótidos complementarios, los
grupos tiol producidos llegan a la proximidad espacial entre sí.
Mediante oxidación se enlazan entre sí las hebras simples a través
de su cebador alifático y un puente disulfuro. A continuación se
efectúa la purificación con ayuda de HPLC.
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Se incubaron las células en DMEM con 4,5 g/l de
glucosa, 10% de suero vacuno fetal bajo un 7,5% de atmósfera de
CO_{2} a 37ºC en cubetas de cultivo, y se pasaron antes de la
consecución de la confluencia. El desprendimiento de las células se
efectuó con tripsina/EDTA. Para la preparación de la microinyección
se trasladaron las células a cubetas de petri, y se incubaron
adicionalmente hasta la formación de microcolonias.
Para la microinyección se extrajo las cubetas de
cultivo del incubador durante aproximadamente 10 minutos. Se
inyectó de manera aislada en aproximadamente 50 núcleos celulares
por carga dentro de una zona marcada bajo empleo del sistema de
microinyección AIS de la firma Carl Zeiss, Göttingen, Alemania. A
continuación se incubaron las células otras 3 horas. Para la
microinyección se prepararon capilares de vidrio de silicato bórico
de la firma Hilgenberg GmBH, Malsfeld, Alemania, con un diámetro de
punta por debajo de 0,5 \mum. Se llevó a cabo la microinyección
con un micromanipulador de la firma Narishige Scientific Instrument
Lab., Tokio, Japón. El tiempo de inyección ascendía a 0,8 segundos,
la presión aproximadamente a 100 hPa. Para la transfección se
empleó el plásmido pCADN-YFP, que contenía un
fragmento BamHI/EcoRI de aproximadamente 800 bp de tamaño con el
gen de YFP en el vector pcADN3. Las muestras inyectadas en los
núcleos celulares contenían 0,01 \mug/\mul de
pCADN-YFP, así como Texas-Rot
copulado en dextrano-70.000 en NaCl 14 mM, KCl 3 mM,
KPO_{4} 10 mM, pH 7,5. Adicionalmente se añadieron unos 100 pl de
ARN con una concentración de 1 \muM, o bien 375 \muM en el caso
de L-dsARN.
Se analizaron las células por medio de un
microscopio de fluorescencia en el caso de excitación con luz de
longitudes de onda de excitación de Texas-Rot, 568
nm, o bien de YFP, 488 nm. Se documentaron células aisladas por
medio de una cámara digital. Las figuras 4a-e
muestran el resultado para células NIH3T3. EN el caso de las
células mostradas en la figura 4a se ha inyectado
YFP-ssARN sentido, en la figura 4b
YFP-ssARN antisentido, en la figura 4c
dsARN-YFP, en la figura 4d no se ha inyectado ARN y
en la figura 4e se ha inyectado LdsARN.
El campo izquierdo respectivamente muestra la
fluorescencia de células que se excitaron con 568 nm. A la derecha
se puede ver la fluorescencia de las mismas células en el caso de
excitación con 488 nm. La fluorescencia de
Texas-Rot de todas las células representadas
muestran que la disolución de inyección se aplicó con éxito en los
núcleos celulares, y las células afectadas estaban aún vivas después
de 3 horas. Las células muertas ya no mostraban fluorescencia de
Texas-Rot.
Los campos derechos respectivamente de las
figuras 4a y 4b muestran que la expresión de YFP no se inhibió de
manera visible en el caso de inyección de ARN de hebra simple en los
núcleos celulares. El campo derecho de la figura 4c muestra células
cuya fluorescencia de YFP ya no era identificable tras la inyección
de dsARN-YFP. La figura 4d muestra como control
células en las que no se había inyectado ARN. La célula representada
en la figura 4e muestra, a través de la inyección de
L-dsARN, que presenta zonas de secuencias homólogas
al gen de YFP, una fluorescencia de YFP ya no identificable. Este
resultado justifica que también los dsARN más cortos se pueden
emplear para la inhibición específica de la expresión génica en
mamíferos, si se estabilizan las hebras doble mediante enlace
químico de las hebras simples.
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Asanuma, H., Ito, T.,
Yoshida, T., Liang, X. & Komiyama, M.
(1999). Photoregulation der Bildung und Dissoziation eines
ADN-Duplexes durch
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Claims (28)
1. Oligorribonucleótido con estructura de doble
hebra (dsARN) para la inhibición de la expresión de un gen objetivo
predeterminado en células de mamíferos, estando constituido el dsARN
por 15 a 21 pares de bases, y presentando una hebra de dsARN una
zona I complementaria al gen objetivo, constituida por 15 a 21 pares
de nucleótidos sucesivos, y estando formada una zona II
complementaria dentro de la estructura de hebra doble por II hebras
simples de ARN separadas, estando estabilizada la estructura de
hebra doble por enlace químico de las hebras simples.
2. DsARN según la reivindicación 1, siendo
seleccionado el gen objetivo a partir del siguiente grupo: oncogen,
gen de citoquina, gen de proteína Id, gen de desarrollo, gen PKR,
gen prión.
3. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, presentándose el dsARN empaquetado en estructuras
micelares, preferentemente en liposomas.
4. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, estando incluido el dsARN en cápsidas virales
naturales, o en cápsidas artificiales obtenidas por vía química o
enzimática, o estructuras derivadas de las mismas.
5. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, siendo el gen objetivo componente de un virus.
6. DsARN según la reivindicación 5, siendo el
virus, un virus patógeno humano.
7. DsARN según la reivindicación 5, siendo el
virus o viroide un virus patógeno animal.
8. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, presentando el dsARN configuración de hebra doble al
menos por secciones.
9. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, estando modificados los extremos de dsARN para
contrarrestar una degradación en las células de mamíferos o una
disociación en las hebras simples.
10. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, siendo elevada la cohexión de la zona complementaria
II, ocasionada por los pares de nucleótidos, a través de al menos
uno, preferentemente dos enlaces químicos adicionales.
11. DsARN según la reivindicación 10, formándose
el enlace químico mediante un enlace covalente o iónico, un enlace
por puentes de hidrógeno, interacciones hidrófobas, preferentemente
interacciones de van-der-Waals o de
apilado, o mediante coordinación de iones metálicos.
12. DsARN según la reivindicación 10 u 11,
siendo obtenido el enlace químico en al menos uno, preferentemente
en ambos extremos de la zona complementaria II.
13. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones 10 a
12, estando formado el enlace químico por medio de uno o varios
grupos de enlace, siendo los grupos de enlace preferentemente
cadenas de
poli-(oxifosfinicooxi-1,3-propanodiol)
y/o polietilenglicol.
14. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones 10 a
12, siendo formado el enlace químico a través de análogos de purina
utilizados en las zonas II complementarias en lugar de purinas.
15. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones 10 a
12, estando formado el enlace químico a través de unidades
azabenceno introducidas en la zonas II complementarias.
16. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones 10 a
12, estando formado el enlace químico a través de análogos de
nucleótidos ramificados utilizados en lugar de nucleótidos en las
zonas II complementarias.
17. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones 10 a
12, utilizándose para la obtención del enlace químico al menos uno
de los siguientes grupos: azul de metileno; grupos bifuncionales,
preferentemente
bis-(2-cloroetil)-amina;
N-acetil-N'-(p-glioxil-benzoil)-cistamina;
4-tiouracilo; psoraleno.
18. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones 10 a
12, formándose el enlace químico mediante grupos tiofosforilo
previstos en los extremos de la zona de hebra doble.
19. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones 10 a
12, siendo el enlace químico enlaces de triple hélice previstos en
los extremos de la zona de hebra doble.
20. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, estando modificados los nucleótidos de dsARN.
\newpage
21. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, estando substituido al menos un grupo
2'-hidroxilo de los nucleótidos del dsARN en la zona
complementaria II por un grupo químico, preferentemente un grupo
2'-amino, o 2'-metilo.
22. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, siendo al menos un nucleótido en al menos una hebra de
la zona II complementaria un "locked nucleotide" con un anillo
sacárico modificado químicamente, preferentemente por medio de un
puente 2'-O,
4'-C-metileno.
23. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, enlazándose el dsARN a al menos una proteína envolvente
viral procedente de un virus, derivado del mismo, u obtenida
sintéticamente, asociándose con la misma, o envolviéndose por la
misma.
24. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, siendo la proteína envolvente derivada del virus de
polioma.
25. DsARN según la reivindicación 24,
conteniendo la proteína envolvente la proteína viral 1 (VP1) y/o la
proteína viral 2 (VP2) del virus de polioma.
26. DsARN según la reivindicación 24 o 25,
estando orientado un lado al interior de la cápsida o estructura de
tipo cápsida, en el caso de formación de una cápsida o estructura de
tipo cápsida a partir de la proteína envolvente.
27. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, siendo el dsARN complementaria al elemento de
trascripción de ARN primario o procesado del gen objetivo.
28. DsARN según una de las reivindicaciones
precedentes, siendo las células de mamífero células humanas.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| DE19903713 | 1999-01-30 | ||
| DE19903713 | 1999-01-30 | ||
| DE19956568 | 1999-11-24 | ||
| DE19956568A DE19956568A1 (de) | 1999-01-30 | 1999-11-24 | Verfahren und Medikament zur Hemmung der Expression eines vorgegebenen Gens |
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| ES2321409T3 true ES2321409T3 (es) | 2009-06-05 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| ES06025389.5T Expired - Lifetime ES2628535T3 (es) | 1999-01-30 | 2000-01-29 | Procedimiento y medicamento para la inhibición de la expresión de un gen predeterminado |
| ES02003683T Expired - Lifetime ES2243608T5 (es) | 1999-01-30 | 2000-01-29 | Procedimiento y medicamento para la inhibición de la expresión de un gen predeterminado |
| ES05002454T Expired - Lifetime ES2321409T3 (es) | 1999-01-30 | 2000-01-29 | Arn (dsarn) de hebra doble para la inhibicion de la expresion de un gen predeterminado. |
| ES00910510T Expired - Lifetime ES2182791T3 (es) | 1999-01-30 | 2000-01-29 | Procedimiento y medicamento para la inhibicion de la expresion de un gen predeterminado. |
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| ES10011217.6T Expired - Lifetime ES2597953T3 (es) | 1999-01-30 | 2000-01-29 | Oligorribonucleótido para inhibir la expresión de un gen predeterminado |
| ES06025389.5T Expired - Lifetime ES2628535T3 (es) | 1999-01-30 | 2000-01-29 | Procedimiento y medicamento para la inhibición de la expresión de un gen predeterminado |
| ES02003683T Expired - Lifetime ES2243608T5 (es) | 1999-01-30 | 2000-01-29 | Procedimiento y medicamento para la inhibición de la expresión de un gen predeterminado |
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| ES00910510T Expired - Lifetime ES2182791T3 (es) | 1999-01-30 | 2000-01-29 | Procedimiento y medicamento para la inhibicion de la expresion de un gen predeterminado. |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (17) | US8119608B2 (es) |
| EP (6) | EP1798285B1 (es) |
| JP (14) | JP2003502012A (es) |
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| CY (3) | CY1108896T1 (es) |
| DE (7) | DE19956568A1 (es) |
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| PT (4) | PT1798285T (es) |
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| US6506559B1 (en) | 1997-12-23 | 2003-01-14 | Carnegie Institute Of Washington | Genetic inhibition by double-stranded RNA |
| KR20010042069A (ko) | 1998-03-20 | 2001-05-25 | 베니텍 오스트레일리아 리미티드 | 유전자 발현 조절방법 |
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| DE19956568A1 (de) | 1999-01-30 | 2000-08-17 | Roland Kreutzer | Verfahren und Medikament zur Hemmung der Expression eines vorgegebenen Gens |
| US7601494B2 (en) | 1999-03-17 | 2009-10-13 | The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Method of screening candidate compounds for susceptibility to biliary excretion |
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| DE10160151A1 (de) * | 2001-01-09 | 2003-06-26 | Ribopharma Ag | Verfahren zur Hemmung der Expression eines vorgegebenen Zielgens |
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