WO2010009273A1 - Utilisation du co<sb>2</sb> dans des systèmes électrochimiques - Google Patents

Utilisation du co<sb>2</sb> dans des systèmes électrochimiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010009273A1
WO2010009273A1 PCT/US2009/050756 US2009050756W WO2010009273A1 WO 2010009273 A1 WO2010009273 A1 WO 2010009273A1 US 2009050756 W US2009050756 W US 2009050756W WO 2010009273 A1 WO2010009273 A1 WO 2010009273A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cathode
electrolyte
anode
cathode electrolyte
compartment
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2009/050756
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English (en)
Inventor
Ryan Gilliam
Thomas A. Albrecht
Nikhil Jalani
Nigel Antony Knott
Valentin Decker
Michael Kostowskyj
Bryan Boggs
Alexander Gorer
Kasra Farsad
Original Assignee
Calera Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/US2008/088242 external-priority patent/WO2010074686A1/fr
Priority claimed from PCT/US2009/032301 external-priority patent/WO2010087823A1/fr
Priority claimed from PCT/US2009/048511 external-priority patent/WO2010008896A1/fr
Application filed by Calera Corporation filed Critical Calera Corporation
Priority to CA2700768A priority Critical patent/CA2700768C/fr
Priority to EP09798723.4A priority patent/EP2245214B1/fr
Priority to AU2009270879A priority patent/AU2009270879B2/en
Priority to CN2009801015529A priority patent/CN101910469A/zh
Priority to JP2011518896A priority patent/JP5373079B2/ja
Publication of WO2010009273A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010009273A1/fr

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Definitions

  • hydroxide ions in a base solution is utilized to achieve a desired reaction, e.g., to neutralize an acid, or buffer the pH of a solution, or precipitate an insoluble hydroxide and/or carbonate and/or bicarbonate from a solution.
  • a desired reaction e.g., to neutralize an acid, or buffer the pH of a solution, or precipitate an insoluble hydroxide and/or carbonate and/or bicarbonate from a solution.
  • One method by which the hydroxide ions are produced is by an electrochemical system as disclosed in the above-referenced patent applications, herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • a large amount of electrical energy is used; consequently, minimizing the electrical energy used is highly desired.
  • This invention pertains to a low-voltage, low-energy electrochemical system and method of removing protons, or producing hydroxide ions or both in a cathode electrolyte while dissolving carbon dioxide gas in the cathode electrolyte.
  • the cathode electrolyte is partitioned into a first cathode electrolyte compartment and a second cathode electrolyte compartment such that the cathode electrolytes in the two cathode electrolyte compartments are in contact with each other.
  • gas flow between the two cathode electrolyte compartments is restricted, carbon dioxide gas provided to the first cathode electrolyte compartment is prevented from contacting cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment.
  • the cathode is in contact with the cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment and both the cathode electrolyte and the anode electrolyte are composed of an aqueous solution.
  • the hydroxide ions are produced in the cathode electrolyte with a relatively low voltage across the anode and cathode e.g., a voltage of 3V or !ess, such as 2V or less, or 1V or less.
  • water in the cathode electrolyte is reduced to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions at the cathode.
  • hydrogen gas provided to the anode from an external source, is oxidized to hydrogen ions.
  • the hydrogen gas produced at the cathode is directed to the anode for oxidation to hydrogen ions.
  • a gas e.g., oxygen or chlorine is not produced at the anode when the low voltage is applied across the anode and cathode.
  • hydrogen ions produced at the anode migrate into the anode electrolyte to form an acid solution in the anode eiectroiyte; and, in the system, hydroxide ions produced at the cathode migrate into the cathode electrolyte to produce the base solution in the cathode electrolyte.
  • the carbon dioxide gas provided to the cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment dissolves to produce carbonic acid.
  • the carbonic acid in the cathode electrolyte dissociate into carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions.
  • the cathode eiectroiyte in the first compartment can mix with the cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment
  • mixing of the cathode electrolytes in the two cathode electrolyte compartments will result in the cathode electrolyte comprising carbonic acid, hydroxide ions and/or carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions.
  • the voltage across the cathode and anode is dependent on several factors including the difference in the pH value of the anode electrolyte and the cathode electrolyte, as well as the ohmic resistances between the cathode and anode.
  • the system by controlling the difference in pH between the cathode electrolyte and the anode electrolyte, e.g., by dissolving more or less carbon dioxide in the cathode electrolyte, the system will produce hydroxide ions and/or carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions in the cathode electrolyte while minimizing the voltage across the anode and cathode, thus minimizing the use of electrical energy.
  • the invention provides a system comprising a cathode compartment partitioned into a first cathode electrolyte compartment and a second cathode electrolyte compartment by a partition wherein, cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment is in contact with a cathode, and anode electrolyte in an anode compartment is in contact with an anode.
  • the invention provides a method comprising directing a gas into a cathode electrolyte in a first cathode electrolyte compartment; and applying a voltage across a cathode in contact with cathode electrolyte in a second cathode electrolyte compartment that is partitioned from the first cathode electrolyte compartment, and an anode that is in contact with an anode electrolyte.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of an embodiment of the present system.
  • FIG. 2 is an illustration of an embodiment of the present system.
  • FIG. 3 is an illustration of an embodiment of the present system.
  • Fig. 4 is an illustration of the voltage across the anode and cathode vs. the pH of the cathode electrolyte achieved by adding CO 2 to the cathode electrolyte.
  • Fig. 5 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the present method.
  • exemplarary systems and methods are disclosed wherein sodium chloride solution is used in one compartment between the anode electrolyte and cathode electrolyte to produce sodium hydroxide and /or sodium carbonate ions and/or sodium bicarbonate in the cathode electrolyte, and hydrochloric acid in the anode electrolyte.
  • sodium chloride solution is used in one compartment between the anode electrolyte and cathode electrolyte to produce sodium hydroxide and /or sodium carbonate ions and/or sodium bicarbonate in the cathode electrolyte, and hydrochloric acid in the anode electrolyte.
  • the system and method are not limited to the use of sodium chloride solution as disclosed in these exemplarary embodiments since the system and method are capable of using an equivalent salt solution, e.g., an aqueous solution of potassium sulfate and the like to produce an equivalent result.
  • the anode and the cathode of the present system may comprise a noble metal, a transition metal, a platinum group metal, a metal of Groups IVB, VB, VIB, or VIII of the periodic table of elements, a ⁇ oys of these metals, or oxides of these metals.
  • Exemplary materials include palladium, platinum, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, titanium, zirconium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium-silver alloys, and palladium-copper alloys.
  • the cathode and/or the anode may be coated with a reactive coating comprising a metal, a metal alloy, or an oxide, formed by sputtering, electroplating, vapor deposition, or any convenient method of producing a layer of reactive coating on the surface of the cathode and/or anode.
  • the cathode and/or the anode may comprise a coating designed to provide selective penetration and/or release of certain chemicals or hydroxide ions and/or anti-fouling protection.
  • exemplary coatings include non-metallic polymers; in specific embodiments herein, an anode fabricated from a 20-mesh Ni gauze material, and a cathode fabricated from a 100-mesh Pt gauze material was used .
  • the electrolyte in the cathode compartment is charged with CO 2 , e.g., by bubbling CO 2 into the electrolyte.
  • the source of CO 2 may include CO 2 in waste gases of an industrial plant such as the flue gas of a fossil fuelled electrical power generating plant.
  • the system includes a gas mixer/gas absorber that enhances the absorption of CO 2 in the cathode electrolyte.
  • the gas mixer/gas absorber comprised a series of spray nozzles that produced a flat sheet or curtain of liquid through which the gas was directed for absorption; in another embodiment the gas mixer/gas absorber comprised spray absorber that created a mist into which the gas was directed for absorption; other commercially available gas/liquid absorber e.g., an absorber available from Neumann Systems, Colorado, USA may be used.
  • the cathode and anode compartments are filled with electrolytes and a voltage is applied across the cathode and anode. In various embodiments, the voltage is adjusted to a level to cause production of hydrogen gas at the cathode without producing a gas, e.g., chlorine or oxygen, at the anode.
  • the system includes a cathode and an anode that facilitate reactions whereby the cathode electrolyte is enriched with hydroxide ions and the anode electrolyte is enriched with hydrogen ions.
  • Reduction of water at the cathode produces hydroxide ions that migrate into the cathode electrolyte.
  • the production of hydroxide ions in the cathode electrolyte surrounding the cathode may elevate the pH of the cathode electrolyte.
  • the solution with the elevated pH is used in situ, or is drawn off and utilized in a separate reaction, e.g., to sequester CO 2 as described therein.
  • the pH of the electrolytes in the system can be adjusted by controlling the voltage across the cathode and anode and using electrodes comprised of a material capable of absorbing or desorbing hydrogen ions.
  • the process generates hydroxide ions in solution with less than a 1 :1 ratio of CO 2 molecules released into the environment per hydroxide ion generated.
  • the system includes an inlet system configured to deliver carbon dioxide gas into the first cathode electrolyte compartment; the carbon dioxide includes carbon dioxide from waste gases of fossil fuelled electrical power generating plants, cement plants and the like.
  • the carbon dioxide gas delivered to the inlet system may comprise other gases, e.g., oxides of nitrogen (nitrous oxide, nitric oxide) and sulfur gases (sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide); in various embodiments, the system includes a gas treatment system that is capable of removing constituents in the carbon dioxide gas before the gas is utilized in the cathode compartment.
  • gases e.g., oxides of nitrogen (nitrous oxide, nitric oxide) and sulfur gases (sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide); in various embodiments, the system includes a gas treatment system that is capable of removing constituents in the carbon dioxide gas before the gas is utilized in the cathode compartment.
  • the present method in one embodiment pertains to a low-energy absorption of hydrogen ions from an electrolytic fluid into a solid material.
  • a hydrogen ion transfer element is configured to transfer hydrogen ions between the cathode electrolyte and anode electrolytes in the system.
  • the process pertains to removal of protons from bicarbonate ions or carbonic acid in the cathode electrolyte.
  • hydrogen ions are transferred from one electrolyte solution to another using a hydrogen transfer element that includes a hydrogen storage material such as a palladium membrane, foil, or film.
  • hydrogen ions are obtained from a proton donor, e.g., carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, water, and the like and are transferred to a second electrolyte solution.
  • hydrogen ions and/or carbonate ions are produced by contacting an electrolyte solution with CO 2, to remove protons from bicarbonate ions present in the solution.
  • transferring the hydrogen ions to a second electrolyte solution while contacting a first electrolyte solution with CO 2 allows for a greater concentration of bicarbonate ions in the first electrolyte solution.
  • the anode electrolyte enriched with hydrogen ions
  • the electrolytic cell includes a cathode and/or an anode capable of facilitating reactions to remove hydrogen ions from an electrolytic fluid from a donor molecule in an electrolytic fluid, e.g., to enrich a solution with hydroxide ions or hydrogen ions, where donor molecules of interest include carbonic acid, bicarbonate ions, water, and the like.
  • the absorption of hydrogen ions from a solution into the structure of a cathode produces an excess of hydroxide ions in the solution surrounding the cathode.
  • the cathode electrolyte can be used in situ, or drawn off and to utilized in a separate reaction, for a variety of purposes, including the sequestration of CO 2 as described therein.
  • the hydrogen ions can be desorbed from the structure when arranged as an anode to produce excess hydrogen ions in a solution in contact with the anode to lower the pH of the solution.
  • the electrolyte solution in a half-cell is charged with ionized forms of CO 2 for example, by bubbling CO 2 from a source into the electrolyte solution, ionized forms of CO 2 include bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 " ) and carbonate ions (CO 3 "2 ).
  • the source of carbon dioxide can be, for instance, a waste feed from an industrial plant such as flue gas from a fossil fuelled electrical power generating plant or a cement piant.
  • the CO 2 can be introduced into the electrolyte solution with a sparger, in some embodiments, or by contact with an aqueous liquid spray.
  • the reservoir can be enriched with bicarbonate and/or carbonate ions by introducing CO 2 gas into the reservoir as hydrogen is removed.
  • an electrolyte solution within a reservoir can be flushed to prevent a build-up of hydrogen ions within the reservoir that would oppose the continued transfer of hydrogen ions between the two reservoirs.
  • the voltage applied across the anode and the cathode is less than 1.24 volts or less than 1.0 volt.
  • the half-cell can include a mixer to help the CO 2 absorb and dissolve into the electrolyte solution.
  • a conductive electrolyte solution can be employed as the electrolyte solution within the reservoir and in some embodiments the electrolyte solution comprises seawater, brine, or brackish water.
  • hydroxide ions are produced in the cathode electrolyte in a first cathode electrolyte compartment by applying a relatively low voltage, e.g., less than 3V, such as les than 2V, or less than 1 V or less than 0.8V or les than 0.6V or less than 0.4V across the cathode and anode while dissolving carbon dioxide in the cathode electrolyte in a second cathode electrolyte compartment.
  • a relatively low voltage e.g., less than 3V, such as les than 2V, or less than 1 V or less than 0.8V or les than 0.6V or less than 0.4V
  • hydroxide ions are produced from water in the cathode electrolyte in contact with the cathode
  • bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions are produced in the cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment by dissolving carbon dioxide gas in the cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment.
  • cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment is in contact with the cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment.
  • the cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment may comprises a gas or a gas dissolved in the cathode electrolyte.
  • the carbon dioxide is present as carbon dioxide gas and/or as dissolved carbon dioxide in the cathode electrolyte.
  • the carbon dioxide gas is isolated from cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment.
  • the cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment comprises hydroxide ions, carbonic acid, carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions.
  • the cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment comprises dissolved carbon dioxide.
  • the cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment comprises hydroxide ions, carbonic acid, carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions.
  • the system is configured to produce hydroxide ions in the second cathode electrolyte compartment with less than 2V applied across the anode and cathode.
  • the system is also configured to produce hydrogen gas at the cathode.
  • the system does not produce a gas at the anode; the system, however, is configured to migrate hydroxide ions from the second cathode electrolyte compartment to the first cathode electrolyte compartment.
  • the system comprises a hydrogen gas delivery system configured to direct hydrogen gas produced at the cathode to the anode.
  • the first cathode electrolyte compartment is operativeiy connected to an industrial waste gas system that comprises carbon dioxide.
  • the carbon dioxide is derived from combusting fossil fuels.
  • the cathode compartment is operatively connected to a waste gas treatment system, wherein the waste gas system comprises carbon dioxide.
  • the cathode compartment is operatively connected to a hydroxide, carbonate and/or bicarbonate precipitation system.
  • the precipitation system is configured to utilize the cathode electrolyte to produce hydroxide, carbonates and/or divalent cation bicarbonates.
  • the anode and cathode are operatively connected to an off-peak electrical power-supply system.
  • the system comprises an ion exchange membrane located between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment.
  • the ion exchange membranes comprise a cation exchange membrane separating the cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment from a third electrolyte.
  • the ion exchange membrane comprises an anion exchange membrane separating the anode electrolyte from the third electrolyte.
  • the third electrolyte comprises sodium ions and chloride ions; the system is configured to migrate sodium ions from the third electrolyte to cathode electrolyte through the cation exchange membrane, and migrate chloride ions from the third electrolyte to the anode electrolyte through the anion exchange membrane.
  • the system is configured to produce sodium hydroxide in the cathode electrolyte; and the system is also configured to produce sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and/or sodium bicarbonate in the cathode electrolyte.
  • the system is configured to produce partially desalinated water in the third electrolyte; and the partially desalinated water is operatively connected to a water treatment system.
  • the cathode electrolyte is operatively connected to a first carbon dioxide gas/liquid contactor configured to dissolve carbon dioxide in the cathode electrolyte; the system is configured to produce a pH differential of between 0 and 14 or greater pH units between the anode and cathode electrolytes.
  • hydroxide ions, carbonic acid, carbonates ions and/or bicarbonate ions are produced in the first cathode electrolyte compartment; and carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions are produced in the second cathode electrolyte compartment.
  • hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode and hydrogen ions are produced at the anode.
  • a gas is not produced at the anode; however, hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode and in some embodiments is directed to the anode.
  • the voltage across the anode and cathode is less than 2V.
  • sodium ions are migrated from the third electrolyte to the cathode electrolyte across the cation exchange membrane, and chloride ions are migrated from the third electrolyte to the anode electrolyte across the anion exchange membrane.
  • sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxides are produced in the cathode electrolyte, and hydrochloric acid is produced in the anode electrolyte.
  • acid produced in the anode electrolyte is utilized to dissolve a mafic mineral and/or a cellulose material.
  • divalent cation hydroxide, carbonate and/or bicarbonate compounds are produced by contacting the cathode electrolyte with a solution comprising divalent cations, e.g., calcium and magnesium ions.
  • the method includes a step of withdrawing a first portion of the cathode eiectrolyte; dissolving carbon dioxide in the first portion of cathode eiectrolyte to produce a first enriched carbonated cathode electrolyte; and replenishing cathode electrolyte with the first enriched carbonated cathode electrolyte.
  • the method comprises the steps of withdrawing a second portion of the cathode electrolyte; dissolving carbon dioxide in the second portion of cathode eiectrolyte to produce a second enriched carbonated cathode electrolyte; and contacting the second enriched carbonated cathode electrolyte with a divalent cation solution to produce divalent cation carbonates.
  • the method includes applying an off-peak electrical power-supply across the cathode and anode to provide the voltage across the anode and cathode. [0042] By the system and method, hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode from water in the cathode electrolyte.
  • a gas e.g., oxygen or chlorine is not produced at the anode; in various embodiments, hydrogen gas from an externa! source is provided to the anode where it is oxidized to hydrogen ions that migrate into the anode electrolyte to produce an acid in the anode electrolyte.
  • hydroxide ions produced at the cathode in the second cathode eiectrolyte compartment migrate into the cathode electrolyte and may cause the pH of the cathode electrolyte to adjust, e.g., the pH of the cathode eiectroiyte may increase, decrease or remain the same, depending on the rate of removal of cathode electrolyte from the system.
  • carbon dioxide gas in contact with cathode electrolyte in the first cathode compartment will dissolve in the cathode electrolyte to produce carbonic acid which may dissociate to bicarbonate and/or carbonate ions in the cathode electrolyte, depending on the pH of the cathode electrolyte.
  • the cathode electrolyte may contain carbonic acid, hydroxide ions and/or carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions.
  • the system includes a hydrogen gas transfer system configured to direct hydrogen gas to the anode where the hydrogen gas is oxidized, without intermixing the hydrogen gas with carbon dioxide present in the cathode electrolyte compartment.
  • the hydrogen gas produced at the cathode is directed to the anode for oxidation to hydrogen ions.
  • a portion of or the entire amount of cathode electrolyte comprising bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions/ and or hydroxide ions is withdrawn from the system via an outflow stream.
  • a portion of the withdrawn cathode electrolyte is contacted with carbon dioxide gas in an exogenous carbon dioxide gas/liquid contactor to increase the absorbed carbon dioxide content in the electrolyte solution.
  • the solution with the absorbed carbon dioxide is returned to the cathode compartment; in other embodiments, the solution with the absorbed carbon dioxide is reacted with a solution comprising divalent cations to produce divalent cation hydroxides, carbonates and/or bicarbonates.
  • the system and method are configurable for batch, semi-batch or continuous flow operation.
  • industrial waste gas containing carbon dioxide is utilized to produce carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the cathode electrolyte.
  • carbon dioxide is prevented from mixing with other gases in the system, e.g., with hydrogen gas generated at the cathode or with hydrogen gas oxidized at the anode.
  • carbon dioxide gas is prevented from contacting the cathode and/or anode.
  • the pH of the cathode electrolyte is adjusted by producing hydroxide ions from water at the cathode, and allowing the hydroxide ions to migrate into the cathode electrolyte.
  • the pH is aiso adjusted by dissolving carbon dioxide gas in the cathode electrolyte to produce carbonic acid and carbonic ion species in the electrolyte that react with the hydroxide ions to produce carbonate ions, or bicarbonate ions, or only carbonate ions, or only bicarbonate ions, or mixtures thereof.
  • the system 100, 200, 300 in various embodiments comprises a cathode compartment 102 partitioned into a first cathode electrolyte compartment 104 and a second cathode electroiyte compartment 106 wherein, cathode electrolyte 108 in the second cathode electrolyte compartment is in contact with a cathode 110; and wherein anode electrolyte 115 in an anode compartment 112 is in contact with an anode 114.
  • cathode electrolyte 108 in the second cathode electrolyte compartment is in contact with a cathode 110
  • anode electrolyte 115 in an anode compartment 112 is in contact with an anode 114.
  • the system includes partition 103 that partitions the cathode compartment 102 into the first cathode electrolyte compartment 104 and the second cathode effectrolyte compartment 106 such that on placing electrolyte in the cathode compartment, liquid flow between the cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment 104 and cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartments 106 is possible.
  • the cathode electrolytes comprise an aqueous salt solution e.g., sodium hydroxide, prepared by dissolving the salt in a water-based solvent, e.g., an acceptably clean fresh water, salt water, brackish water, seawater, man-made saltwater and the like.
  • aqueous salt solution e.g., sodium hydroxide
  • a water-based solvent e.g., an acceptably clean fresh water, salt water, brackish water, seawater, man-made saltwater and the like.
  • a partition 103 is configured in an approximate J-shape structure and is positioned in the first cathode electrolyte compartment 104 to define an upward-tapering channel 105 in the first cathode compartment between the partition 103 and a sidewali 111 of the cathode electroiyte compartment.
  • Partition 103 also defines a downward-tapering channel 107 in the first cathode electroiyte compartment between the partitioning member and a bottom wall 113 of the cathode electroiyte compartment.
  • cathode electrolyte in the cathode compartment is partitioned into the first cathode electroiyte compartment 104 and the second cathode electrolyte compartment 106.
  • partition 103 is configured such that cathode electrolyte in cathode compartment 102 can flow between the first and second electrolyte compartments; however, partition 103 is also configured such that a gas in the first effectrolyte compartment 104 is prevented from mixing with other fluids in the system when cathode electrolyte is present in the cathode compartment 102, at least at a depth that the liquid seals the passageway between the downward-tapering channel 107 in the first cathode electrolyte compartment 104 and the second cathode electrolyte compartment 106. [0051] With reference to Fig.
  • vent gas 109B is recovered and reused as input carbon dioxide gas 109A.
  • carbon dioxide gas 109A introduced into the first cathode electrolyte compartment 104 will dissolve in the cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment 104 and reversibiy dissociate and equilibrate to produce carbonic acid, protons, carbonate and/or bicarbonate ions in the first cathode electrolyte compartment as follows:
  • cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment 104 may mix with cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment 106 and vice versa, carbonic acid, bicarbonate and carbonate ions formed in the first cathode electrolyte compartment 104 by absorption of carbon dioxide in the cathode electrolyte may migrate and equilibrate with cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment 106.
  • cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment may comprise dissolved and un-dissolved carbon dioxide gas, and/or carbonic acid, and/ or bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions; while cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment may comprise dissolved carbon dioxide, and/or carbonic acid, and/ or bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions.
  • the system 100, 200, 300 in the cathode compartment 102 will produce hydroxide ions in the cathode eiectolyte in the second cathode elelctrolyte compartment 106 and hydrogen gas at the cathode 110 from reduction of water, as follows:
  • cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electroiyte compartment can intermix with cathode electrolyte in the second cathode eleictroiyte compartment
  • hydroxide ions formed in the second cathode elelctrolyte compartment may migrate and equilibrate with carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the second cathode electrolyte compartment 106.
  • the cathode electrolyte in the first cathode electrolyte compartment may comprise hydroxide ions as well as dissolved and un-dissoived carbon dioxide gas, and/or carbonic acid, and/ or bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions; while cathode electroiyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment may comprise hydroxide ions as well as dissolved carbon dioxide, and/or carbonic acid, and/ or bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions.
  • carbon dioxide gas may dissolve to form carbonic acid, protons, bicarbonate ions, and carbonate ions, depending on the pH of the electrolyte, as follows:
  • the overall reaction in the first cathode electrolyte compartment 102 i.e., the first cathode elelctolyte compartment 104 and the second cathode electrolyte compartment 106) is either:
  • E ⁇ is the cell voltage
  • ⁇ G is the Gibbs energy of reaction
  • n is the number of electrons transferred
  • F is the Faraday constant (96485 J/Vmol).
  • the overall cell potential can be determined through the combination of Nernst equations for each half cell reaction:
  • E E° - R T In(Q) / n F
  • E 0 the standard reduction potential
  • R the universal gas constant
  • T the absolute temperature
  • n the number of electrons involved in the half cell reaction
  • F Faraday's constant ⁇ 96485 J/V mol)
  • Q the reaction quotient such that: E tota
  • Ecashode + E anode .
  • H 2 2H + + 2e
  • E° is 0.00 V
  • n is 2
  • Q is the square of the activity of H + so that:
  • Eanode +0.059 pH a , where pH a is the pH of the anode electrolyte.
  • Ecathode -0.059 pH C! where pH c is the pH of the cathode electrolyte.
  • the E for the cathode and anode reactions varies with the pH of the anode and cathode electrolytes.
  • the anode reaction which is occurring in an acidic environment
  • the E of the reaction is OV for the half cell reaction.
  • directing CO 2 gas 109A into the cathode electrolyte may lower the pH of the cathode electrolyte by producing bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions in the cathode electrolyte, and also lower the voltage across the anode and cathode to produce hydroxide, carbonate and/or bicarbonate in the cathode electrolyte.
  • the cathode electrolyte is allowed to increase to a pH of 14 or greater, the difference between the anode half-ceil potential (represented as the thin dashed horizontal line, Scenario 1 , above) and the cathode half cell potential (represented as the thick solid sloping line in Scenario 1 , above) will increase to 0.83V.
  • the required ceil potential will continue to increase.
  • the cell potential may also increase due to ohmic resistance loses across the membranes in the electrolyte and the cell's overvoltage potential.
  • overvoitage potential refers to the potential (voltage) difference between a half-reaction's thermodynamically determined reduction potential and the potential at which the redox event is experimentally observed.
  • the term is directly related to a cell's voltage efficiency.
  • the overvoltage potential requires more energy than thermodynamically expected to drive a reaction. In each case, the extra or missing energy is lost as heat.
  • Overvoltage potential is specific to each cell design and will vary between cells and operational conditions even for the same reaction. It can thus be appreciated that operation of the electrochemical cell with the cathode pH at 7 or greater provides a significant energy savings.
  • hydroxide ions, carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions are produced in the cathode electrolyte when the voltage applied across the anode and cathode was less than 3V, 2.9V, 2.8V, 2.7V, 2.6V 2.5V, 2.4V, 2.3V, 2.2V, 2.1V, 2.0V, 1.9V, 1.8V, 1.7V, 1.6V, 1.5V, 1.4V, 1.3V, 1.2V, 1.1V, 1.0V, 0.9V, 0.8V, 0.7V, 0.6V, 0.5V, 0.4V, 0.3V, 0.2V, or 0.1V.
  • the pH difference between the anode electrolyte and the cathode electrolyte was 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14 or greater.
  • 1-3 can be configured to produce bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions in the first cathode electrolyte by dissolving carbon dioxide in the first cathode electrolyte and applying a voltage of less than 3V, or less than 2.5 V, or less than 2V, or less than 1.5V such as less than 1.0V, or even less than 0.8 V or 0.6V across the cathode and anode.
  • a voltage of less than 3V, or less than 2.5 V, or less than 2V, or less than 1.5V such as less than 1.0V, or even less than 0.8 V or 0.6V across the cathode and anode.
  • the system includes a cation exchange membrane 120 that separates the cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment 106 from a third electrolyte 122, and an anion exchange membrane 124 that separates anode electrolyte 115 in contact with an anode 114 from the third electrolyte 122.
  • a cation exchange membrane will prevent migration of anions across the cation exchange membrane, therefore hydroxide ions and/ or carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate in the second cathode electrolyte compartment 106 will not migrate to the adjacent third electrolyte 122 through the first cation exchange membrane 120.
  • the hydroxide ions and/or carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions will accumulate in the cathode electrolyte 108, or can be drawn off and use to sequester carbon dioxide as described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application no. 61/081 ,299 filed July 16, 2008, supra, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the third electrolyte 122 comprises a dissolved salt, e.g., sodium chloride
  • a cation exchange membrane will allow migration of cations through the cation exchange membrane, therefore cations, e.g., sodium ions in the third electrolyte 122 will migrate across cation exchange membrane 120 from the third electrolyte 122 to the cathode electrolyte in the second cathode electrolyte compartment 106, on application of a voltage across the cathode 110 and anode 114.
  • sodium ions together with hydroxide ions present in the cathode electrolyte and carbonate ions from dissolved carbon dioxide will produce a sodium salt solution, e.g., sodium hydroxide, and/or sodium carbonate, and/or sodium bicarbonate solution.
  • a sodium salt solution e.g., sodium hydroxide, and/or sodium carbonate, and/or sodium bicarbonate solution.
  • chloride ions together with protons present in the anode electrolyte 115 will form an acid, e.g., hydrochloric acid. Consequently, as can be appreciated, since cations and anions migrate out of the third cathode electrolyte 122, the system will produce partially desalinated water from the third electrolyte 122.
  • hydroxide ions, carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions produced in the cathode electrolyte, and hydrochloric acid produced in the anode electrolyzed are removed from the system, while sodium chloride in the third electrolyte is replenished to maintain continuous operation of the system.
  • the system can be configured to operate in various production modes including batch mode, semi-batch mode, continuous flow mode, with or without the option to withdraw portions of the sodium hydroxide produced in the cathode electrolyte, or withdraw all or a portions of the acid produced in the anode electrolyte, or direct the hydrogen gas produced at the cathode to the anode where it may be oxidized.
  • hydroxide ions, bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ion solutions are produced in the cathode electrolyte when the voltage applied across the anode and cathode is less than 3V, 2.9V or less, 2.8V or less, 2.7V or less, 2.6V or less, 2.5V or less, 2.4V or less, 2.3V or less, 2.2V or less, 2.1 V or less, 2.0V or less, 1.9V or less, 1.8V or less, 1.7V or less, 1.6V, or less 1.5V or less, 1.4V or less, 1.3V or less, 1 ,2V or less, 1.1 V or less, 1.0V or less, 0.9V or less or less, 0.8V or less, 0.7V or less, 0.6V or less, 0.5V or less, 0.4V or less, 0.3V or less, 0.2V or less, or 0.1 V or less.
  • the voltage across the anode and cathode can be adjusted such that gas will form at the anode, e.g., oxygen or chlorine, while hydroxide ions, carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions are produced in the cathode electrolyte and hydrogen gas is generated at the cathode.
  • hydrogen gas is not supplied to the anode.
  • the voltage across the anode and cathode will be higher compared to the embodiment when a gas does not form at the anode.
  • anion exchange membrane 114 and cation exchange membrane 120 can be conventional ion exchange membranes.
  • the membranes should be capable of functioning in an acidic and/or basic electrolytic solution and exhibit high ion selectivity, low ionic resistance, high burst strength, and high stability in an acidic electrolytic solution in a temperature range Of O 0 C to 100 0 C or higher.
  • a membrane stable in the range of 0 0 C to 80 0 C, or 0 0 C to 90 0 C, but not stable above these ranges may be used.
  • Suitable membranes include a Tef!onTM-based cation exchange membrane available from Asahi Kasei of Tokyo, Japan.
  • low cost hydrocarbon-based cation exchange membranes can also be utilized, e.g., the hydrocarbon-based membranes available from, e.g., Membrane International of Glen Rock, NJ, and USA.
  • the cathode compartment 102 is operatively connected to a waste gas treatment system (not illustrated) where the base solution produced in the cathode electrolyte is utilized, e.g., to sequester carbon dioxide contained in the waste gas by contacting the waste gas and the cathode electrolyte with a solution of divalent cations to precipitate hydroxides, carbonates and/or bicarbonates as described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application no. 12/344,019 filed on December 24, 2008, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the precipitates comprising, e.g., calcium and magnesium hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates in various embodiments may be utilized as building materials, e.g., as cements and aggregates, as described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application no. 12/126,776 filed on May 23, 2008, supra, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • some or all of the carbonates and/or bicarbonates are allowed to remain in an aqueous medium, e.g., a slurry or a suspension, and are disposed of in an aqueous medium, e.g., in the ocean depths.
  • the cathode and anode are also operatively connected to an off-peak electrical power-supply system that supplies off-peak voltage to the electrodes. Since the cost of off-peak power is lower than the cost of power supplied during peak power-supply times, the system can utilize off- peak power to produce a base solution in the cathode electrolyte at a relatively lower cost.
  • partially desalinated water is produced in the third electrolyte 122 as a result of migration of cations and anions from the third electrolyte to the adjacent anode electrolyte and cathode electrolyte.
  • the partially desalinated water is operatively connected to a desalination system (not illustrated) where it is further desalinated as described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application no. 12/163,205 filed on June 27, 2008, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the system produces an acid, e.g., hydrochloric acid in the anode electrolyte.
  • the anode compartment is operably connected to a system for dissolving minerals and waste materials comprising divalent cations to produce a solution of divalent cations, e.g., Ca++ and Mg++.
  • the divalent cation solution is utilized to precipitate hydroxides, carbonates and/or bicarbonates by contacting the divalent cation solution with the present base solution and a source of carbon dioxide gas as described in U.S. Patent Application no. 12/344,019 filed on December 24, 2008, supra, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the precipitates are used as building materials e.g., cement and aggregates as described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent application no. 12/126,776, supra, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the system includes a cathode electrolyte circulating system 126 adapted for withdrawing and circulating cathode eiectrolyte in the system.
  • the cathode electrolyte circulating system comprises a first carbon dioxide gas/liquid contactor 128 that is adapted for dissolving carbon dioxide in the circulating cathode electrolyte, and for circuiating the electrolyte in the system.
  • a cathode electrolyte circulating system comprises a first carbon dioxide gas/liquid contactor 128 that is adapted for dissolving carbon dioxide in the circulating cathode electrolyte, and for circuiating the electrolyte in the system.
  • the cathode electrolyte circulating system comprises a second carbon dioxide gas/liquid contactor 130 that is capable of dissolving carbon dioxide in a portion of the circulating cathode eiectrolyte 126 without returning this electrolyte to the cathode compartment.
  • the electrolyte can be used, e.g., in precipitating divalent cation carbonates and/or bicarbonates outside of the cathode compartment.
  • the pH of the cathode electrolyte can be adjusted by withdrawing and/or circulating cathode electrolyte from the system
  • the pH of the cathode electroiyte compartment can be by regulated by regulating the amount of electrolyte removed from the system through the second carbon dioxide gas/liquid contactor 130.
  • systems 100, 200 and 300 in various embodiments include a hydrogen gas circulating system 118 adapted for circulating hydrogen gas generated at the cathode 110 for oxidation at the anode 114.
  • the hydrogen gas is operationally connected to an external supply of hydrogen (not shown) to provide hydrogen gas to the anode 114, e.g., at start-up of operations when the hydrogen supply from the cathode is insufficient.
  • the system includes a cathode electrolyte withdrawal and replenishing system (not illustrated) capable of withdrawing all of, or a portion of, the cathode electroiyte from the cathode compartment 102.
  • the system also includes a salt solution supply system (not shown) for providing a salt solution, e.g., concentrated sodium chloride, as the third electrolyte 122.
  • the system includes a gas supply system (not shown) for supplying carbon dioxide gas 109A to the cathode electrolyte.
  • the system also includes inlet ports (not shown) for introducing fluids into the cells and outlet ports (not shown) for removing fluids from the cells.
  • protons are formed at the anode from hydrogen gas provided to the anode; and since a gas such as oxygen does not form at the anode; and since water in the cathode electrolyte forms hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas at the cathode, the system wili produce hydroxide ions in the cathode eiectrolyte and protons in the anode electrolyte when a voltage is applied across the anode and cathode.
  • the system since a gas does not form at the anode, the system will produce hydroxide ions in the cathode electrolyte and hydrogen gas at the cathode and hydrogen ions at the anode when less than 2V is applied across the anode and cathode, in contrast to the higher voltage that is required when a gas is generated at the anode, e.g., chlorine or oxygen.
  • a gas e.g., chlorine or oxygen.
  • hydroxide ions are produced when less than 2.0V, 1.5V, 1.4V, 1.3V, 1.2V, 1.1V, 1.0V, 0.9V, 0.8V, 0.7V, 0.6V, 0.5V, 0.4V 1 0.3V, 0.2V, 0.1 V or less is appiied across the anode and cathode.
  • the positively charged protons formed at the anode will attempt to migrate to the cathode through the anode eiectrolyte, while the negatively charged hydroxide ions formed at the cathode will attempt to migrate to the anode through the cathode eiectrolyte.
  • Fig. 1 As is illustrated in Fig.
  • the pH of the cathode electrolyte will adjust, e.g., the pH may increase, decrease or remain the same.
  • the protons will enter the anode electrolyte and migrate to the anion exchange membrane.
  • the anion exchange membrane will block the movement of cations from the anode electrolyte to the third electrolyte, protons in the anode eiectroiyte will be prevented from migrating to the third electrolyte. Consequently, on applying the voltage across the anode and cathode, the protons produced at the anode will be contained in the anode electrolyte.
  • the pH of the anode electrolyte will adjust, e.g., the pH may increase, decrease or remain the same.
  • anions in the third electrolyte e.g., chloride ions
  • cations e.g., sodium ions in the third electrolyte
  • anion exchange membrane will allow the migration of anions from the third electrolyte to the anode electrolyte
  • chloride ions present in the third electrolyte will migrate to the anode electrolyte where they will form an acid, e.g., hydrochloric acid, with the protons from the anode.
  • the cation exchange membrane will allow migration of cations from the third electrolyte to the cathode electrolyte, sodium ions present in the third electrolyte will migrate to the cathode electrolyte where they will form sodium hydroxide with the hydroxide ions generated at the cathode.
  • aiternative reactants can be utilized depending on the ionic species desired in the system.
  • a potassium salt such as potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate
  • a potassium salt such as potassium chloride
  • a sulphate such as sodium sulphate
  • carbon dioxide gas is absorbed in the cathode electrolyte; however, it will be appreciated that other gases including volatile vapors can be absorbed in the electrolyte, e.g., sulfur dioxide, or organic vapors to produce a desired result.
  • the gas can be added to the electrolyte in various ways, e.g., by bubbling it directly into the electrolyte, or dissolving the gas in a separate compartment connected to the cathode compartment and then directed to the cathode electrolyte as described herein.
  • the method 500 comprises a step 502 of directing a gas into cathode electrolyte in a first cathode electrolyte compartment; and a step 504 of applying a voltage across a cathode in contact with cathode electrolyte in a second cathode electrolyte compartment, and an anode in contact with an anode electrolyte, where the first cathode electrolyte is partitioned from the second cathode electrolyte.
  • the method further includes a step of adding carbon dioxide to the cathode electrolyte; a step of producing carbonic acid, hydroxide ions, carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions in the first cathode electrolyte compartment by applying a low voltage as described elsewhere herein, across the anode and cathode; a step of producing carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions in the second cathode electrolyte compartment; a step of producing hydrogen gas at the cathode and directing the gas to the anode where it is oxidized to hydrogen ions; a step of producing hydrogen ions at the anode; a step wherein a gas is not produced at the anode on applying the present voltage across the anode and cathode; a step wherein the voltage across the anode and cathode is less than 2V; a step of separating the cathode electrolyte from a third electrolyte by a cation exchange
  • hydroxide ions are formed at the cathode and in the cathode electrolyte by applying a voltage of less than 2V across the anode and cathode without forming a gas at the anode, while providing hydrogen gas at the anode for oxidation at the anode.
  • method 500 does not form a gas at the anode when the voltage applied across the anode and cathode is less than 3V or less, 2.9V or less, 2.8V or less, 2.7V or less, 2.6V or less, 2.5V or less, 2.4V or less, 2.3V or less, 2.2V or less, 2.1V or less, 2.0V or less, 1.9V or !ess, 1.8V or less, 1.7V or less, 1.6V or less, 1,5V or less, 1.4V or less, 1.3V or less, 1.2V or less, 1.1 V or less, 1 ,0V or less, 0.9V or less, 0.8V or less, 0.7V or less, 0.6V or less, 0.5V or less, 0.4V or less, 0.3V or less, 0.2V or less, or 0.1 V or less, while hydrogen gas is provided to the anode where it is oxidized to protons.
  • hydroxide ions can be produced in the cathode electrolyte with the present lower voltages.
  • method 500 further comprises a step of directing carbon dioxide gas into the cathode electrolyte; a step of directing carbon dioxide gas into the cathode electrolyte before or after the cathode electrolyte is placed in contact with the cathode; a step of forming hydrogen gas at the cathode; a step of forming protons at the anode; a step of forming a pH differential of 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14 pH units or greater between the anode and cathode electrolytes without forming a gas at the anode by selectively applying a voltage of between 3V and 0.5V or less across the anode and the cathode; a step of forming hydroxide ions, bicarbonate ions, carbonate ions and/or a combination thereof in the cathode electrolyte; a step of forming sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate in the cathode
  • 1-3 further comprises a step of: e.g., applying a voltage across the anode 114 and cathode 110 such that a gas, oxygen or chlorine, is prevented from forming at the anode; a step of forming bicarbonate ions, carbonate ions or a mixture of bicarbonate and carbonate ions in the cathode electrolyte; a step of supplying and oxidizing hydrogen gas at the anode while applying a voltage of 3V, 2.9V, 2.8V, 2.7V, 2.6V, 2.5V, 2.4V, 2.3V, 2.2V, 2.1V, 2.0V, 1.9V, 1.8V, 1.7V, 1.6V, 1.5V, 1.4V, 1.3V, 1.2V, 1.1V, 1.0V 1 0.9V, 0.8V, 0.7V, 0.6V, 0.5V, 0.4V, 0.3V, 0.2V, or 0.1 V or less across the cathode and anode and forming hydrogen gas at the catho
  • bicarbonate ions and carbonate ions are produced in the cathode electrolyte where the voltage applied across the anode and cathode is less than 3.0V, 2.9V, 2.8V, 2.V7, 2.6V, 2.5V, 2.4V, 2.3V, 2.2V, 2.1V, 2.0V, 1.9V, 1.8V, 1.7V, 1.6V, 1.5V, 1.4V, 1.3V, 1.2V, 1.1V, 1.0V, 0.9V, 0.8V, 0.7V, 0.6V, 0.5V, 0.4V, 0.3V, 0.2V, 0.1V or less without forming a gas at the anode.
  • the method is adapted to withdraw and replenish at least a portion of the cathode electrolyte and the acid in the anode electrolyte back into the system in either a batch, semi-batch or continuous mode of operation.
  • a voltage is applied across the anode and cathode hydroxide ions and/or carbonate and/or bicarbonate ions will form in the in the cathode electrolyte and, consequently the pH of the cathode electrolyte to be adjusted.
  • the anode and cathode hydroxide ions and/or carbonate and/or bicarbonate ions will form when a voltage across the cathode and anode is 0.1V or less, 0.2V or less. 0.4V or less, 0.6V or less, 0.8V or less, 1.0V or less, 1.5V or less, or 2.0V or less.
  • hydroxide ions are produced in the cathode electrolyte solution; in another embodiment, when a voltage of 0.01 to 2.5 V, or 0.01 V to 2.0V, or 0.1 V to 2.0V, or 0.1 to 2.0 V, or 0.1V to 1 ,5V, or 0.1 V to 1.0V, or 0.1V to 0.8V, or 0.1V to 0.6V, or 0.1 V to 0.4V, or 0.1V to 0.2V, or 0.01V to 1.5V, or 0.01 V to 1.0V, or 0.01V to 0.8V 1 or 0.01V to 0.6V, or 0.01V to 0.4V, or 0.01V to 0.2V, or 0.01V to 0.1V, e.g., or 0.1 V to 2.0V is applied across the anode and cathode hydroxide ions are produced in the cathode electrolyte; in yet another embodiment, when a voltage of about
  • the method and system are capable of producing a pH difference of more than 0.5 pH units between the anode electrolyte solution and a cathode electrolyte solution when the two electrolyte solutions are separated, e.g., by one or more ion exchange membranes, and when a voltage of 3V or less, 2.9 V or less or 2.5 V or less, or 2V or less is applied across the anode and cathode, in some embodiments the method and system are capable of producing a pH difference of more than 1.0 pH units, or 2 pH units, or 4 pH units, or 6 pH units, or 8 pH units, or 10 pH units, or 12 pH units, or 14 pH units between a first electrolyte solution and a second electrolyte solution where the first electrolyte solution contacts an anode and the second electrolyte solution contacts a cathode, and the two electrolyte solutions are separated, e.g., by one or more ion exchange membranes, when a voltage
  • a system as iiiustrated in Fig. 1 was configured and operated with constant current density while carbon dioxide gas was continuously dissolved into the cathode compartment.
  • the pH in the cathode electrolyte and the voltage across the anode and cathode were monitored
  • a platinum loaded gas diffusion electrode was utilized as the anode and a nickel mesh was utilized as the cathode.
  • Original cell concentrations were 5 M NaCi, 1 M NaOH and 1 M HCI in the third electrolyte 122, the cathode electrolyte 108 and anode electrolyte 115, respectively.
  • the ionic membranes utilized were obtained from Membrane International, Inc., of NJ, USA, in particular membrane no. AMI 7001 for anion exchange membrane 124, and membrane no. CMI 7000 for cation exchange membrane 120.
  • AMI 7001 for anion exchange membrane 124
  • CMI 7000 for cation exchange membrane 120.
  • the pH of the cathode electroiyte decreased as carbon dioxide gas was absorbed in the cathode electrolyte.
  • the voltage across the anode and cathode also decreased.
  • the solubility of carbon dioxide in the cathode electrolyte is dependent on the pH of the electroiyte, and the voltage across the cathode and anode is dependent on the pH difference between the anode electrolyte and cathode electrolyte.
  • the system can therefore be configured and operated at a specified pH and voltage to absorb carbon dioxide and produce carbonic acid, carbonate ions and/or bicarbonate ions in the cathode electrolyte.
  • the system can be configured and operated at less than 1V across the anode, e.g., at 0.9V to produce a base solution with a pH of 10.
  • the system can be configured and operated at 0.85V to produce a base solution with a pH of 9.
  • Other operating voltages include voltages in the range of 0.7V to IV as illustrated in Fig. 4.
  • other operating pH values include pH values in the range of 6 to 12.
  • the base solution produced in the cathode electrolyte and comprising carbonate and bicarbonate ions can be utilized with a divalent cation solution to sequester carbon dioxide by precipitating divalent cation carbonate and bicarbonates from the solution.
  • divalent cations e.g., magnesium ions or calcium ions are removed from the cathode electrolyte solution during parts of the process where the cathode and anode electrolytes are in contact with the ion exchange membranes. This is done to prevent scaling of the membranes, if necessary for that particular membrane.
  • the total concentration of divalent cations in the electrolyte solutions when they are in contact with the ion exchange membrane or membranes for any appreciable time is less than 0.06 mol/kg solution, or less than 0.06 mol/kg solution, or less than 0.04 mo!/kg solution, or less than 0.02 mol/kg solution, or less than 0.01 mol/kg solution, or less than 0.005 mol/kg solution, or less than 0.001 mol/kg solution, or less than 0.0005 mol/kg solution, or less than 0.0001 mol/kg solution, or less than 0.00005 mol/kg solution.
  • the present system and method are integrated with a carbonate and/or bicarbonate precipitation system (not illustrated) wherein a solution of divalent cations, when added to the present cathode electrolyte, causes formation of precipitates of divalent carbonate and/or bicarbonate compounds, e g , calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate and/or their bicarbonates
  • the precipitated divalent carbonate and/or bicarbonate compounds may be utilized as building materials, e g , cements and aggregates as described for example in commonly assigned ⁇ S Patent Application no 12/126,776 filed on May 23, 2008, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety
  • the present system and method are integrated with a mineral and/or material dissolution and recovery system (not illustrated) wherein the acidic anode electrolyte solution 115 or the basic cathode electrolyte 102 is utilized to dissolve calcium and/or magnesium-rich minerals e g , serpentine or olivine, or
  • the present system and method are integrated with an aqueous desalination system (not illustrated) wherein the partially desalinated water of the third electrolyte of the present system is used as feed-water for the desalination system, as described in commonly assigned U S Patent Application no 12/163,205 filed on June 27, 2008, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety
  • the present system and method are integrated with a carbonate and/or bicarbonate solution disposal system (not illustrated) wherein, rather than producing precipitates by contacting a solution of divalent cations with the first electrolyte solution to form precipitates, the system produces a slurry or suspension comprising carbonates and/or bicarbonates
  • the slurry or suspension is disposed of in a location where it is held stable for an extended periods of time, e g , the slurry/suspension is disposed in an ocean at a depth where the temperature and pressure are sufficient to keep the slurry stable indefinitely, as

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Abstract

L’invention concerne un système électrochimique à basse tension et à faible énergie et un procédé de retrait des protons et/ou de production d’une solution basique comprenant des ions hydroxyde et carbonate/bicarbonate, utilisant le dioxyde de carbone dans un compartiment de cathode qui est partitionné en un premier compartiment d’électrolyte de cathode et un second compartiment d’électrolyte de cathode de telle sorte que la circulation de liquide entre les compartiments d’électrolyte de cathode soit possible la communication gazeuse entre les compartiments d’électrolyte de cathode étant toutefois restreinte. Le dioxyde de carbone gazeux dans un compartiment d’électrolyte de cathode est utilisé avec l’électrolyte de cathode dans les deux compartiments pour produire la solution basique avec moins de 3 V appliqué entre les électrodes.
PCT/US2009/050756 2008-07-16 2009-07-15 Utilisation du co<sb>2</sb> dans des systèmes électrochimiques WO2010009273A1 (fr)

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CA2700768A CA2700768C (fr) 2008-07-16 2009-07-15 Utilisation du co<sb>2</sb> dans des systemes electrochimiques
EP09798723.4A EP2245214B1 (fr) 2008-07-16 2009-07-15 Système et méthode électrochimique pour utilisation du co2
AU2009270879A AU2009270879B2 (en) 2008-07-16 2009-07-15 CO2 utilization in electrochemical systems
CN2009801015529A CN101910469A (zh) 2008-07-16 2009-07-15 电化学系统中的co2利用
JP2011518896A JP5373079B2 (ja) 2008-07-16 2009-07-15 電気化学システム中でのｃｏ２の利用

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US8129908P 2008-07-16 2008-07-16
US61/081,299 2008-07-16
US9172908P 2008-08-25 2008-08-25
US61/091,729 2008-08-25
USPCT/US2008/088242 2008-12-23
PCT/US2008/088242 WO2010074686A1 (fr) 2008-12-23 2008-12-23 Système et procédé d'hydroxyde électrochimique à faible énergie
USPCT/US2009/032301 2009-01-28
PCT/US2009/032301 WO2010087823A1 (fr) 2009-01-28 2009-01-28 Solution d'ions bicarbonates électrochimique à basse énergie
USPCT/US2009/048511 2009-06-24
PCT/US2009/048511 WO2010008896A1 (fr) 2008-07-16 2009-06-24 Système électrochimique à 4 cellules basse énergie comportant du dioxyde de carbone gazeux
US22245609P 2009-07-01 2009-07-01
US61/222,456 2009-07-01

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US8357270B2 (en) 2013-01-22
JP2014012899A (ja) 2014-01-23
JP5373079B2 (ja) 2013-12-18
JP5647314B2 (ja) 2014-12-24
CN101910469A (zh) 2010-12-08
US8894830B2 (en) 2014-11-25
US20100230293A1 (en) 2010-09-16
EP2245214B1 (fr) 2014-10-15
EP2245214A1 (fr) 2010-11-03
AU2009270879A1 (en) 2010-01-21
KR20110038691A (ko) 2011-04-14
AU2009270879B2 (en) 2013-07-18
CA2700768A1 (fr) 2010-01-21
JP2011528407A (ja) 2011-11-17
CA2700768C (fr) 2014-09-09
EP2245214A4 (fr) 2013-04-24
US20150083607A1 (en) 2015-03-26

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