Classifications

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  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
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  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/4025—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. cromakalim
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  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
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  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
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  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
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  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
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  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/16—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
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  • C07D207/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D207/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with radicals containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with radicals containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms attached to ring carbon atoms with acylated ring nitrogen atom
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  • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
  • C07D211/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms by oxygen atoms
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  • C07D211/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by doubly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms or by two oxygen or sulfur atoms singly bound to the same carbon atom
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• This invention provides compounds and pharmaceutical compositions suitable as allosteric modulators of hemoglobin, methods and intermediates for their preparation, and methods for their use in treating disorders mediated by hemoglobin and disorders that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation.
• Sickle cell disease is a disorder of the red blood cells, found particularly among those of African and Mediterranean descent.
• the basis for sickle cell disease is found in sickle hemoglobin (HbS), which contains a point mutation relative to the prevalent peptide sequence of hemoglobin (Hb).
• Hemoglobin transports oxygen molecules from the lungs to various tissues and organs throughout the body. Hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen through conformational changes.
• Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) contains a point mutation where glutamic acid is replaced with valine, allowing HbS to become susceptible to polymerization to give the HbS containing red blood cells their characteristic sickle shape. The sickled cells are also more rigid than normal red blood cells, and their lack of flexibility can lead to blockage of blood vessels.
• U.S. Pat. No. 7,160,910 discloses compounds that are allosteric modulators of hemoglobin. However, a need exists for additional therapeutics that can treat disorders that are mediated by Hb or by abnormal Hb such as HbS.
• This invention relates generally to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions suitable as allosteric modulators of hemoglobin. In some aspects, this invention relates to methods for treating disorders mediated by hemoglobin and disorders that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation.
• ring b is joined to L 1 or L 2 via a nitrogen atom.
• R 3 is joined to L 2 via a nitrogen atom.
• composition comprising any of the compounds described herein, and at least a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• a method for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.
• a method for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.
• compositions and methods are intended to mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements, but not excluding others.
• Consisting essentially of when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essential significance to the combination for the stated purpose. Thus, a composition or process consisting essentially of the elements as defined herein would not exclude other materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention.
• Consisting of shall mean excluding more than trace elements of other ingredients and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this invention.
• C m -C n such as C 1 -C 12 , C 1 -C 8 , or C 1 -C 6 when used before a group refers to that group containing m to n carbon atoms.
• alkoxy refers to —O-alkyl. Cycloalkoxy refers to —O-cycloalkyl.
• alkyl refers to monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1 -C 30 alkyl) or 1 to 22 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1 -C 22 alkyl), 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1 -C 8 alkyl), or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• This term includes, by way of example, linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH 3 —), ethyl (CH 3 CH 2 —), n-propyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 —), isopropyl ((CH 3 ) 2 CH—), n-butyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), isobutyl ((CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 —), sec-butyl ((CH 3 )(CH 3 CH 2 )CH—), t-butyl ((CH 3 ) 3 C—), n-pentyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), and neopentyl ((CH 3 ) 3 CCH 2 —).
• linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH 3 —), ethyl (CH 3 CH 2 —), n-propyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 —), isopropyl ((CH 3 ) 2 CH—),
• aryl refers to a monovalent, aromatic mono- or bicyclic ring having 6-10 ring carbon atoms. Examples of aryl include phenyl and naphthyl. The condensed ring may or may not be aromatic provided that the point of attachment is at an aromatic carbon atom. For example, and without limitation, the following is an aryl group:
• —CO 2 H ester refers to an ester formed between the —CO 2 H group and an alcohol, preferably an aliphatic alcohol.
• chiral moiety refers to a moiety that is chiral. Such a moiety can possess one or more asymmetric centers. Preferably, the chiral moiety is enantiomerically enriched, and more preferably a single enantiomer.
• Non limiting examples of chiral moieties include chiral carboxylic acids, chiral amines, chiral amino acids, such as the naturally occurring amino acids, chiral alcohols including chiral steroids, and the likes.
• cycloalkyl refers to a monovalent, preferably saturated, hydrocarbyl mono-, bi-, or tricyclic ring having 3-12 ring carbon atoms. While cycloalkyl, refers preferably to saturated hydrocarbyl rings, as used herein, it also includes rings containing 1-2 carbon-carbon double bonds. Nonlimiting examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamentyl, and the like. The condensed rings may or may not be non-aromatic hydrocarbyl rings provided that the point of attachment is at a cycloalkyl carbon atom. For example, and without limitation, the following is a cycloalkyl group:
• halo refers to F, Cl, Br, and/or I.
• heteroaryl refers to a monovalent, aromatic mono-, bi-, or tricyclic ring having 2-16 ring carbon atoms and 1-8 ring heteroatoms selected preferably from N, O, S, and P and oxidized forms of N, S, and P, provided that the ring contains at least 5 ring atoms.
• Nonlimiting examples of heteroaryl include furan, imidazole, oxadiazole, oxazole, pyridine, quinoline, and the like.
• the condensed rings may or may not be a heteroatom containing aromatic ring provided that the point of attachment is a heteroaryl atom.
• heterocyclyl refers to a non-aromatic, mono-, bi-, or tricyclic ring containing 2-12 ring carbon atoms and 1-8 ring heteroatoms selected preferably from N, O, S, and P and oxidized forms of N, S, and P, provided that the ring contains at least 3 ring atoms. While heterocyclyl preferably refers to saturated ring systems, it also includes ring systems containing 1-3 double bonds, provided that the ring is non-aromatic.
• heterocyclyl examples include, azalactones, oxazoline, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydropyranyl.
• the condensed rings may or may not contain a non-aromatic heteroatom containing ring provided that the point of attachment is a heterocyclyl group.
• the following is a heterocyclyl group:
• hydrolyzing refers to breaking an R H —O—CO—, R H —O—CS—, or an R H —O—SO 2 -moiety to an R H —OH, preferably by adding water across the broken bond.
• a hydrolyzing is performed using various methods well known to the skilled artisan, non limiting examples of which include acidic and basic hydrolysis.
• oxo refers to a C ⁇ O group, and to a substitution of 2 geminal hydrogen atoms with a C ⁇ O group.
• the group may be substituted with one or more substituents, such as e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents.
• the substituents are selected from the group consisting of oxo, halo, —CN, NO 2 , —N 2 +, —CO 2 R 100 , —OR 100 , —SR 100 , —SOR 100 , —SO 2 R 100 , —NR 101 R 102 , —CONR 101 R 102 , —SO 2 NR 101 R 102 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, —CR 100 ⁇ C(R 100 ) 2 , —CCR 100 , C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 10 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 12 aryl and C 2 -C 12 heteroaryl, wherein each R 100 independently is hydrogen or C 1 -C 8 alkyl; C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl;
• the substituents are selected from the group consisting of chloro, fluoro, —OCH 3 , methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, cyclopropyl, vinyl, ethynyl, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 CH 3 , —OCF 3 , —CF 3 and —OCHF 2 .
• R 101 and R 102 independently is hydrogen; C 1 -C 8 alkyl, optionally substituted with —CO 2 H or an ester thereof, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, oxo, —CR 103 ⁇ C(R 103 ) 2 , —CCR, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 10 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 12 aryl, or C 2 -C 12 heteroaryl, wherein each R 103 independently is hydrogen or C 1 -C 8 alkyl; C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl; C 3 -C 10 heterocyclyl; C 6 -C 12 aryl; or C 2 -C 12 heteroaryl; wherein each cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-3 alkyl groups or 1-3 halo groups, or R 101 and R 102 together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle.
• pharmaceutically acceptable refers to safe and non-toxic for in vivo, preferably, human administration.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable.
• salt refers to an ionic compound formed between an acid and a base.
• salts include, without limitation, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and ammonium salts.
• ammonium salts include, salts containing protonated nitrogen bases and alkylated nitrogen bases.
• Exemplary, and non-limiting cations useful in pharmaceutically acceptable salts include Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH 4 , Ca, Ba, imidazolium, and ammonium cations based on naturally occurring amino acids.
• salts include, without limitation, salts of organic acids, such as carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, and mineral acids, such as hydrogen halides, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the likes.
• exemplary and non-limiting anions useful in pharmaceutically acceptable salts include oxalate, maleate, acetate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, chloride, sulfate, bisalfate, mono-, di-, and tribasic phosphate, mesylate, tosylate, and the likes.
• treat include alleviating, abating or ameliorating a disease or condition or one or more symptoms thereof, preventing additional symptoms, ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting or suppressing the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or suppressing the symptoms of the disease or condition, and are intended to include prophylaxis.
• the terms also include relieving the disease or conditions, e.g., causing the regression of clinical symptoms.
• the terms further include achieving a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
• compositions are administered to an individual at risk of developing a particular disease, or to an individual reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease has not been made.
• preventing or “prevention” refer to a reduction in risk of acquiring a disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a subject that may be exposed to or predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease).
• the terms further include causing the clinical symptoms not to develop, for example in a subject at risk of suffering from such a disease or disorder, thereby substantially averting onset of the disease or disorder.
• an effective amount refers to an amount that is effective for the treatment of a condition or disorder by an intranasal administration of a compound or composition described herein.
• an effective amount of any of the compositions or dosage forms described herein is the amount used to treat a disorder mediated by hemoglobin or a disorder that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation of any of the compositions or dosage forms described herein to a subject in need thereof.
• carrier refers to relatively nontoxic chemical compounds or agents that facilitate the incorporation of a compound into cells, e.g., red blood cells, or tissues.
• a “prodrug” is a compound that, after administration, is metabolized or otherwise converted to an active or more active form with respect to at least one property.
• a pharmaceutically active compound can be modified chemically to render it less active or inactive, but the chemical modification is such that an active form of the compound is generated by metabolic or other biological processes.
• a prodrug may have, relative to the drug, altered metabolic stability or transport characteristics, fewer side effects or lower toxicity. For example, see the reference Nogrady, 1985, Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392.
• Prodrugs can also be prepared using compounds that are not drugs.
• L 1 is a bond
• L 2 is C ⁇ O. In certain embodiments, L 2 is SO 2 .
• ring C is phenyl which is optionally substituted with 1-4: halo, oxo, —OR 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl and/or C 1 -C 6 alkoxy,
• V 1 and V 2 independently are C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; or V 1 and V 2 together with the carbon atom they are attached to form a ring of formula:
• t is 0. In certain embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, t is 2. In certain embodiments, t is 3.
• R 60 can be hydrogen, provided that the COOR 60 is not joined to a nitrogen atom.
• Y and Z are both not a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing moiety.
• one of Y and Z is a methylene or substituted methylene and the other is a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing moiety.
• Y is an alkylene
• Z is a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing moiety, which, yet more preferably is oxygen.
• V 1 and V 2 together with the carbon atom they are attached to form a ring of formula:
• V 1 and V 2 independently are C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; or V 1 and V 2 together with the carbon atom they are attached to form a ring of formula:
• each V 3 and V 4 are independently O, S, or NH, provided that when one or V 3 and V 4 is S the other is NH, and provided that V 3 and V 4 are both not NH; q is 1 or 2; each V 5 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl or CO 2 R 60 , where each R 60 independently is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or hydrogen; t is 0, 1, 2, or 4; or CV 1 V 2 is C ⁇ V, wherein V is O.
• the compound of Formula (II) is of Formula (III):
• Y—Z is —CH 2 O— or —CH 2 CH 2 — and the remaining substituents are as defined herein.
• R 4 and —CHO are joined to adjacent atoms on ring C.
• the compound of Formula (II) is of Formula (IIIA):
• the compound is of Formula IIIB, IIIC, or IIID:
• ring B is substituted with 1-3: halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, COR 15 , or COOR 15 ;
• 2 is CH 2 , O, S, SO, SO 2 or NH.
• Z is O, S, SO or SO 2 .
• Z is O, and wherein the remaining variables are defined herein.
• Y is CR 10 R 11 , O, S, SO, SO 2 , or NR 10 ; wherein each R 10 and R 11 independently is hydrogen or C 1 -C 3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, Y is CR 10 R 11 wherein each R 10 and R 11 independently is hydrogen or C 1 -C 3 alkyl. Preferably, Y is CH 2 , and wherein the remaining variables are defined herein.
• t is 0. In certain embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, t is 2. In certain embodiments, t is 3.
• CV 1 V 2 is C ⁇ V, wherein V is O, and wherein the remaining variables are defined herein.
• R 4 is —OH.
• R 3 is optionally substituted phenyl. In other embodiments, R 3 is optionally substituted pyridine. In certain embodiments, R 3 is optionally substituted pyrazole.
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of:
• ring B is a 5-6 membered heterocycle containing a heteroatom selected from N, S, or O. In one embodiment, ring B is a 5-6 membered heterocycle containing a N as the heteroatom.
• ring B is selected from the group consisting of:
• L is a bond
• L 2 is C ⁇ O. In certain embodiments, L 2 is SO 2 .
• ring C is phenyl which is optionally substituted with 1-4: halo, oxo, —OR 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl and/or C 1 -C 6 alkoxy,
• the compound is selected from the group consisting of
• R is hydrogen, a phosphate or a diphosphate containing moiety, or another promoiety or prodrug moiety.
• the prodrug moiety imparts at least a 2 fold, more preferably a 4 fold, enhanced solubility and/or bioavailability to the active moiety (where R is hydrogen), and more preferably is hydrolyzed in vivo.
• the promoieties are structurally and functionally defined herein.
• R is —COR 90 , CO 2 R 91 , or CONR 92 R 93 wherein R 90 and R 91 independently are C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, each containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; and
• R is —C(O)R 31 , C(O)OR 31 , or CON(R 13 ) 2 ,
• each R 31 is independently a C 1 -C 6 alkyl; C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; and
• each R 13 independently is C 1 -C 6 alkyl; C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; or 2 R 13 together with the nitrogen atom they are bonded to for a 4-9 member heterocycle substituted with at least 1 amino, C 1 -C 6 alkyl amino, or di C 1 -C 6 alkylamino group.
• R is C(O)OR 31 , C(S)OR 31 , C(O)SR 31 or COR 31 , wherein R 31 is as defined herein.
• R 31 is a group of the formula (CR 32 R 33 ) e NR 34 R 35 , wherein
• each R 32 and R 33 is independently H, a C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl or R 32 and R 33 together with the carbon atom they are bond to form a C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl ring system, or 2 adjacent R 32 moieties or 2 adjacent R 33 moieties together with the carbon atom they are bond to form a C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl ring system;
• each R 34 and R 35 is a C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, or R 34 and R 35 together with the nitrogen atom they are bond to form a C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl ring system;
• each heterocyclic and heteroaryl ring system is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 3 alkyl, —OH, amino and carboxyl groups;
• e is an integer of from 1 to 4.
• R 34 and R 35 can be hydrogen.
• the subscript e is preferably 2 and each R 32 and R 33 is preferably independently selected from the group, H, CH 3 , and a member in which R 32 and R 33 are joined together to form a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or 1,1-dioxo-hexahydro-I ⁇ 6 -thiopyran-4-yl or tetrahydropyran-4-yl group.
• preferred embodiments are compounds wherein NR 34 R 35 is morpholino.
• R is:
• each R 32 and R 33 is independently H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, or optionally, if both present on the same substituent, may be joined together to form a C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl ring system.
• each R 32 and R 33 is independently, H, CH 3 , or are joined together to form a cyclopropyl, cyclopbutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1,1-dioxo-hexahydro-I ⁇ 6 -thiopyran-4-yl or tetrahydropyran-4-yl group.
• linkage of the prodrug moiety to the rest of the active molecule is stable enough so that the serum half life of the prodrug is from about 8 to about 24 hours.
• the prodrug moiety comprises a tertiary amine having a pKa near the physiological pH of 7.5. Any amines having a pKa within 1 unit of 7.5 are suitable alternatives amines for this purpose.
• the amine may be provided by the amine of a morpholino group. This pKa range of 6.5 to 8.5 allows for significant concentrations of the basic neutral amine to be present in the mildly alkaline small intestine.
• the basic, neutral form of the amine prodrug is lipophilic and is absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the blood. Following absorption into the bloodstream, the prodrug moiety is cleaved by esterases which are naturally present in the serum to release an active compound.
• R examples of R include, without limitation:
• R is as tabulated below:
• R is,
• R 36 is lower alkyl (e.g. C 1 -C 6 alkyl).
• R is:
• X 1 is selected from the group consisting of O, S and NR 37 wherein R 37 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
• Y 1 is —C(R 38 ) 2 or a sugar moiety, wherein each R 38 is independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl;
• X 2 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, diacylglycerol, amino, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, C 1 -C 6 dialkylamino, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, a PEG moiety, a bile acid moiety, a sugar moiety, an amino acid moiety, a di- or tri-peptide, a PEG carboxylic acid, and —U—V wherein
• U is O or S
• V is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl, C(W 2 )X 3 , PO(X 3 ) 2 , and SO 2 X 3 ;
• W 2 is O or NR 39
• R 39 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 hetrocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl;
• each X 3 is independently amino, hydroxyl, mercapto, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, hetrocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, C 1 -C 6 dialkylamino, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, a bile acid based alkoxy group, a sugar moiety, a PEG moiety, and —O—CH 2 —CH(OR 40 )CH 2 X 4 R 40 ,
• X 4 is selected from the group consisting of O, S, S ⁇ O, and SO 2 ;
• each R 40 is independently C 10 -C 22 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl, C 1 -C 8 alkylene, or C 1 -C 8 heteroalkylene.
• Each heterocyclic and heteroaryl ring system is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 3 alkyl, —OH, amino and carboxyl groups.
• the present invention utilizes the following Y 1 groups: CH 2 , CHMe, CH(isopropyl), CH(tertiarybutyl), C(Me) 2 , C(Et) 2 , C(isopropyl) 2 , and C(propyl) 2 .
• the present invention utilizes the following X 2 groups:
• R is:
• X 3 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl;
• R 42 is independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl.
• Each heterocyclic is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably, 1-3, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, —OH, amino and/or carboxyl groups.
• R is:
• each X 3 is independently amino, hydroxyl, mercapto, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, C 1 -C 6 dialkylamino, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, a bile acid based alkoxy group, a sugar moiety, a PEG moiety, and —O—CH 2 —CH(OR 40 )CH 2 X 4 R 40 ,
• X 4 is selected from the group consisting of O, S, S ⁇ O, and SO 2 ;
• each R 40 is independently C 10 -C 22 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl, C 1 -C 8 alkylene, or C 1 -C 8 heteroalkylene; and
• R 42 is independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl.
• R 42 is independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl; and each X 3 independently is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, C 1 -C 6 dialkylamino, or C 1 -C 6 alkylthio.
• R is represented by the following structures:
• R 43 is C 10 -C 22 alkyl or alkylene
• R 44 is H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• R 45 represents side chain alkyl groups present in naturally occurring alpha amino acids
• R is:
• R is —C(R 200 R 201 )O(R 202 R 203 )P(O)OR 204 NR 205 R 206 , wherein each R 200 , R 201 , R 202 , R 203 , R 204 R 205 and R 206 is independently H, a C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted.
• R is —CH(R 201 )OCH 2 P(O)OR 204 NHR 206 , wherein R 201 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl, R 24 is phenyl, optionally substituted.
• R 206 is —CHR 207 C(O)OR 208 wherein R 207 is selected from the group consisting of the naturally occurring amino acid side chains and —CO 2 H esters thereof and R 208 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl.
• R 206 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1-3, CO 2 H, SH, NH 2 , C 6 -C 10 aryl, and C 2 -C 10 heteroaryl.
• R is:
• R is:
• Y 1 is —C(R 38 ) 2 , wherein each R 38 is independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• R is
• R 50 is —OH or hydrogen
• R 51 is —OH, or hydrogen
• W is —CH(CH 3 )W 1 ;
• W 1 is a substituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl group containing a moiety which is optionally negatively charged at physiological pH
• said moiety is selected from the group consisting of CO 2 H, SO 3 H, SO 2 H, —P(O)(OR 52 )(OH), —OP(O)(OR 52 )(OH), and OSO 3 H,
• R 52 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 9 heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, or C 3 -C 9 heteroaryl.
• Each heterocyclic and heteroaryl ring system is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1-3, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, —OH, amino and/or carboxyl groups.
• R is:
• R 53 is H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
• R is SO 3 H.
• R comprises a cleavable linker, wherein the term “cleavable linker” refers to a linker which has a short half life in vivo.
• the breakdown of the linker Z in a compound releases or generates the active compound.
• the cleavable linker has a half life of less than ten hours. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has a half life of less than an hour. In one embodiment, the half life of the cleavable linker is between one and fifteen minutes.
• the cleavable linker has at least one connection with the structure: C*— C( ⁇ X*)X*—C* wherein C* is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene group, and X* is S or O.
• the cleavable linker has at least one C*—C( ⁇ O)O—C* connection.
• the cleavable linker has at least one C*—C( ⁇ O)S—C* connection.
• the cleavable linker has at least one —C( ⁇ O)N*—C*—SO 2 —N*-connection, wherein N* is —NH— or C 1 -C 6 alkylamino.
• the cleavable linker is hydrolyzed by an esterase enzyme.
• the linker is a self-immolating linker, such as that disclosed in U.S. patent publication 2002/0147138, to Firestone; PCT Appl. No. US05/08161 and PCT Pub. No. 2004/087075.
• the linker is a substrate for enzymes. See generally Rooseboom et al., 2004, Pharmacol. Rev. 56:53-102.
• composition comprising any of the compounds described herein, and at least a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• this invention provides a composition comprising any of the compounds described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• compositions suitable for oral delivery can be formulated for different routes of administration.
• routes that may be used include transdermal, intravenous, intraarterial, pulmonary, rectal, nasal, vaginal, lingual, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracutaneous, intracranial, and subcutaneous routes.
• Suitable dosage forms for administering any of the compounds described herein include tablets, capsules, pills, powders, aerosols, suppositories, parenterals, and oral liquids, including suspensions, solutions and emulsions. Sustained release dosage forms may also be used, for example, in a transdermal patch form. All dosage forms may be prepared using methods that are standard in the art (see e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16 th ed., A. Oslo editor, Easton Pa. 1980).
• compositions in accordance with the invention are prepared by conventional means using methods known in the art.
• compositions disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with any of the vehicles and excipients commonly employed in pharmaceutical preparations, e.g., talc, gum arabic, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, cocoa butter, aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, oils, paraffin derivatives, glycols, etc. Coloring and flavoring agents may also be added to preparations, particularly to those for oral administration. Solutions can be prepared using water or physiologically compatible organic solvents such as ethanol, 1,2-propylene glycol, polyglycols, dimethylsulfoxide, fatty alcohols, triglycerides, partial esters of glycerin and the like.
• Solid pharmaceutical excipients include starch, cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, talc, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, sodium chloride, dried skim milk and the like.
• Liquid and semisolid excipients may be selected from glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and various oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, e.g., peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc.
• the compositions provided herein comprises one or more of ⁇ -tocopherol, gum arabic, and/or hydroxypropyl cellulose.
• this invention provides sustained release formulations such as drug depots or patches comprising an effective amount of a compound provided herein.
• the patch further comprises gum Arabic or hydroxypropyl cellulose separately or in combination, in the presence of alpha-tocopherol
• the hydroxypropyl cellulose has an average MW of from 10,000 to 100,000.
• the hydroxypropyl cellulose has an average MW of from 5,000 to 50,000.
• co-administration can be in any manner in which the pharmacological effects of both are manifest in the patient at the same time.
• co-administration does not require that a single pharmaceutical composition, the same dosage form, or even the same route of administration be used for administration of both the compound of this invention and the other agent or that the two agents be administered at precisely the same time.
• co-administration will be accomplished most conveniently by the same dosage form and the same route of administration, at substantially the same time. Obviously, such administration most advantageously proceeds by delivering both active ingredients simultaneously in a novel pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present invention.
• a method for increasing tissue and/or cellular oxygenation comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.
• a method for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.
• a method for treating a condition associated with oxygen deficiency comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.
• a method for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.
• a method for treating sickle cell disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.
• a method for treating cancer, a pulmonary disorder, stroke, high altitude sickness, an ulcer, a pressure sore, Alzheimer's disease, acute respiratory disease syndrome, and a wound comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.
• the reactions are preferably carried out in a suitable inert solvent that will be apparent to the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure, for a sufficient period of time to ensure substantial completion of the reaction as observed by thin layer chromatography, 1 H-NMR, etc. If needed to speed up the reaction, the reaction mixture can be heated, as is well known to the skilled artisan.
• the final and the intermediate compounds are purified, if necessary, by various art known methods such as crystallization, precipitation, column chromatography, and the likes, as will be apparent to the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure.
• a 5 and B 5 are independently NR 14 , O, S, S(O)x, NBoC, CH 2 , CHR 14 , C(R 14 ) 2 provided that when both A 5 and B 5 are present in a ring, both are not CH 2 , CHR 14 , C(R 14 ) 2 , and provided that if only a single A 5 or B 5 is present in a ring, that A 5 or B 5 is not CH 2 , CHR 14 , C(R 14 ) 2 ;
• R 14 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, COR 15 or COOR 15 ; wherein R 15 is optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, or optionally substituted 4-10 membered heterocycle containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S;
• X, and X 5 each represents a leaving group and are independently selected from Cl, Br, and I.
• X 6 represents CR, N, O, S(O)x; wherein x is 0, 1, or 2;
• Y 5 represents a leaving group selected from Cl, F, Br, I, OSO 2 R 71 and OSO 2 Ar;
• R 71 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• Ar is phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo and/or C 1 -C 4 alkyl groups
• n 0, 1, or 2.
• the ice cooling bath was allowed to expire over 90 min and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2-48 hours.
• the mixture was stirred for 10 min, then filtered through a pad of silica.
• the silica was washed with ethyl acetate 2-20 mL.
• the combined filtrates were evaporated and the residue was dried on highvac.
• the residue was purified by preparative HPLC or flash silica gel chromatography.
• a solution of aqueous 1N Na 2 CO 3 is then added to produce a solution of pH ⁇ 8, the mixture was extracted with DCM (3 ⁇ 10-50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to the crude substituted methylene chloride (2a), which is then purified by column chromatography on silica gel (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexanes).
• the double bond of heterocyclohexene carboxylate 8 is reduced to give the cis-heterocyclohexane 11-cis carboxylate under palladium catalyzed hydrogenation conditions (Step 6).
• Reduction of the ester group of 11-cis by LAH or DIBAL yields cis-alcohol 12-OH-cis (Step 8).
• Conversion of the alcohol 12-OH-cis to its chloride, bromide or sulfonate (such as mesylate, tosylate) 13-X-cis can be achieved by reacting with thionyl chloride, or Ph 3 PBr 2 , or sufonyl chloride (such as mesyl chloride or tosyl chloride) (Step 9).
• the cis-cyclohexane carboxylate 11-cis can also be isomerized to the thermodynamically more stable trans-isomer 11-trans by the treatment with an alcoholic alkoxide (e.g., ethoxide) solution.
• transformation of 11-trans ester to 12-trans alcohol and 13-X-trans halide is accomplished by applying conditions of Step 8 and Step 9 similar to these for the corresponding cis-isomers.
• the ketone ester 14 is converted to the triflate intermediate 15 by treating with a triflating agent (e.g, triflic anhydride) in the presence of an organic base such as Hunig's base (Step 1).
• a triflating agent e.g, triflic anhydride
• an organic base such as Hunig's base
• Suzuki coupling of the triflate 15 with a boronic acid or ester affords heterocyclo carboxylate 16 (Step 2).
• Subsequent reduction of the ester group by LAH or DIBAL gives the corresponding alcohol 18 (Step 3).
• the double bond of 16 is reduced to give the saturated heterolic analog 17 under palladium catalyzed hydrogenation conditions (Step 5).
• Reduction of the ester group of 17 by LAH or DIBAL yields alcohol 20 (Step 7).
• Conversion of the alcohol 20 to its chloride, bromide or sulfonate (such as mesylate, tosylate) 21 can be achieved by reacting with thionyl chloride, or Ph 3 PBr 2 , or sufonyl chloride (such as mesyl chloride or tosyl chloride) (Step 8).
• Chiral pyrrolidine methylene derivatives 25 and 26 can be prepared according to reaction sequence depicted herein.
• the pyrrolidine ester 24 is produced via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkene 22 with azomethine-ylide generated in situ from formaldehyde and amino acid 23 alkene (Step 1). Subsequent reduction of the ester to alcohol 24 and further conversion 25 are accomplished by analogous methods described herein. If a chiral auxiliary group such as chiral oxazolidinone derivative 22a is used, optically active pyrrolidine derivatives 25 and 26 can also be obtained. Coupling of 25 and 26 with hydroxyl(hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a/3b) by general method A or B affords the corresponding aryloxy/heteroaryloxyether analogs (4).
• Protected amides of formula —CONHR 95 and —CONHOR 95 can be converted e.g., hydrolyzed to the corresponding amides according to methods known to the skilled artisan.
• Compounds of structure 4 can be synthesized via general synthetic scheme 1. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivative 1 gives hydroxymethyl analog 2, which can be N-derivativtized at via copper-mediated N-arylation reaction (CuI, Ar—I, base such as N,N-dimethylethylenediamine and potassium phosphate, heat) to give key hydroxymethyl intermediate 3. Coupling of 3 with phenol aldehyde 4 produces the desired aldehyde analog 5 via typical Mistunobu conditions using either triphenylphosphine or polymer supported triphenylphosphine.
• a 1 is a heteroatom or a hydrocarbyl moiety as defined herein.
• the carboxylate 1a (1-10 mmol) is first dissolved in DMF (2-20 mL); to this was then added a base such as NaH or Cs 2 CO 3 (1-1.2 eq), followed by the addition of alkyl halide (eg, BnBr) (0.9-1.5 eq).
• alkyl halide eg, BnBr
• Compounds of structure 5 can be synthesized via general synthetic scheme 1. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivative 1 gives hydroxymethyl analog 2, which can be N-alkylated by simple alkyl halide (base, R 1 X, heat) or aryl halide (ArX) via copper-mediated N-arylation reaction (CuI, Ar—I, base such as N,N-dimethylethylenediamine and potassium phosphate, heat) to give key hydroxymethyl intermediate 3. Coupling of 3 with phenol aldehyde 4 produces the desired aldehyde analog 5 via typical Mistunobu conditions using either triphenylphosphine or polymer supported triphenylphosphine.
• a 1 is a heteroatom or a hydrocarbyl moiety as defined herein.
• the carboxylate 1 can be first alkylated and then reduced to give N-alkyl hydroxymethylene analog 3.
• the carboxylate 1 (1-10 mmol) is first dissolved in DMF (2-20 mL); to this was then added a base such as NaH or Cs 2 CO 3 (1-1.2 eq), followed by the addition of alkyl halide (eg, BnBr) (0.9-1.5 eq).
• alkyl halide eg, BnBr
• workup A water was added to the reaction mixture, the precipitated product was collected, washed with water, and then subjected to preparative HPLC or flash silica gel chromatography purification.
• Syntheses of the ester prodrugs start with the free carboxylic acid bearing the tertiary amine.
• the free acid is activated for ester formation in an aprotic solvent and then reacted with a free alcohol group in the presence of an inert base, such as triethyl amine, to provide the ester prodrug.
• Activating conditions for the carboxylic acid include forming the acid chloride using oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride in an aprotic solvent, optionally with a catalytic amount of dimethyl formamide, followed by evaporation.
• aprotic solvents include, but are not limited to methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, and the like.
• activations can be performed in situ by using reagents such as BOP (benzotriazol-I-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, and the like (see Nagy et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6373-6376) followed by reaction with the free alcohol.
• BOP benzotriazol-I-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
• Isolation of the ester products can be affected by extraction with an organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate or methylene chloride, against a mildly acidic aqueous solution; followed by base treatment of the acidic aqueous phase so as to render it basic; followed by extraction with an organic solvent, for example ethyl acetate or methylene chroride; evaporation of the organic solvent layer; and recrystalization from a solvent, such as ethanol.
• the solvent can be acidified with an acid, such as HCl or acetic acid to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the crude reaction can be passed over an ion exchange column bearing sulfonic acid groups in the protonated form, washed with deionized water, and eluted with aqueous ammonia; followed by evaporation.
• Suitable free acids bearing the tertiary amine are commercially available, such as 2-(N-morpholino)-propionic acid, N,N-dimethyl-beta-alanine, and the like. Non-commercial acids can be synthesized in straightforward manner via standard literature procedures.
• Carbonate and carbamate prodrugs can be prepared in an analogous way.
• amino alcohols and diamines can be activated using activating agents such as phosgene or carbonyl diimidazole, to provide an activated carbonates, which in turn can react with the alcohol and/or the phenolic hydroxy group on the compounds utilized herein to provide carbonate and carbamate prodrugs.
• the mixture was then stirred at ⁇ 40° C. for 1 h, quenched with a mixture of HCl (12 N, 12 mL) and THF (28 mL), warmed to RT, and added water (20 mL). The pH of the mixture was adjusted to pH 8-9 with solid K 2 CO 3 . The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL) twice.
• GBT915 (S)-2-((1-benzoylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)-6-hydroxybenzaldehyde
• Step 1 To a solution of (S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol (700 mg, 6.92 mmol) and DIPEA (1.20 mL, 6.92 mmol) in DCM (12 ml) at 0° C. was added benzoyl chloride (0.80 mL, 6.92 mmol), 30 min later it was diluted with more DCM and was washed with Sat. NaHCO 3 , brine, dried over MgSO 4 , concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column (EtOAc 0-100%) to give (S)-(2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)(phenyl)methanone (1.2 g).
• GBT952 (S)-2-((1-benzoylpiperidin-2-yl)methoxy)-6-hydroxybenzaldehyde
• Step 2 To a solution of 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (110 mg, 0.80 mmol) and (S)-(2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl)(phenyl)methanone (0.23 g, 1.04 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) was added PPh 3 (310 mg, 1.20 mmol) and DIAD (0.23 ml, 1.20 mmol) at 0° C., then it was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 1 h.
• PPh 3 310 mg, 1.20 mmol
• DIAD 0.23 ml, 1.20 mmol
• GBT961 (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1-nicotinoylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde
• Step 2 To a solution of (S)-(2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)(pyridin-3-yl)methanone (150 mg, 0.73 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.13 g, 0.91 mmol) in THF (1.5 ml) was added PPh 3 (0.29 g, 1.1 mmol) and DIAD (0.21 ml, 1.1 mmol) at 0° C.
• GBT962 (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1-isonicotinoylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde
• Step 2 To a solution of (S)-(2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)(pyridin-3-yl)methanone (150 mg, 0.73 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.13 g, 0.91 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) was added PPh 3 (0.29 g, 1.1 mmol) and DIAD (0.21 mL, 1.1 mmol) at 0° C.
• Step 2 To a solution of (S)-(2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)(pyridin-2-yl)methanone (100 mg, 0.48 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.08 g, 0.6 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added PPh 3 (polymer supported, 600 mg, 0.72 mmol) and DIAD (0.15 mL, 0.72 mmol) at room temperature.
• PPh 3 polymer supported, 600 mg, 0.72 mmol
• DIAD 0.15 mL, 0.72 mmol
• GBT1064 (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carbonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde
• Step 1 To a solution of (S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol (100 mg, 1 mmol) and 1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (0.15 g, 1 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added HATU (0.38 g, 1 mmol) and then the mixture was stirred until finished, it was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc, organic layer was dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column (100% EtOAc) to give (S)-(2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methanone (120 mg).
• Step 2 To a solution of (S)-(2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methanone (120 mg, 0.51 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.09 g, 0.66 mmol) in THF (4 ml) was added PPh 3 (Polymer supported, 640 mg, 0.77 mmol) and DIAD (0.16 mL, 0.77 mmol) at 0° C.
• PPh 3 Polymer supported, 640 mg, 0.77 mmol
• DIAD 0.16 mL, 0.77 mmol
• GBT1118 (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1-nicotinoylpiperidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde
• Step 1&2 To a solid sample of (S)-tert-butyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (215 mg, 1.02 mmol) was added 4N HCl in dioxane (1 mL). After stirred for 30 min, it was concentrated to give (S)-piperidin-2-ylmethanol HCl salt. To a suspension of (S)-piperidin-2-ylmethanol HCl salt in DCM (3 mL) at 0° C. was added DIPEA (0.39 mL, 2.24 mmol) and nicotinyl chloride (0.2 g, 1.12 mmol).
• Step 2 To a solution of (S)-(2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl)(pyridin-3-yl)methanone (130 mg, 0.59 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.11 g, 0.77 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added PPh 3 (polymer supported, 0.74 g, 0.89 mmol) and DIAD (0.17 mL, 0.89 mmol) at 0° C.
• GBT1579 (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1-(6-methylnicotinoyl)piperidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde
• Steps 1&2 To a suspension of 6-methylnicotinic acid (270 mg, 2 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (0.34 mL, 4 mmol) at 0° C. followed by a drop of DMF, after stirred for 2 hour at room temperature, the solution was concentrated to give crude acid chloride.
• Step 3 To a solution of (S)-(2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl)(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methanone (100 mg, 0.43 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (80 mg, 0.56 mmol) in THF (2.5 mL) at 0° C.
• GBT1580 (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1-(2-methylnicotinoyl)piperidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde
• Step 1&2 To a suspension of 2-methylnicotinic acid (300 mg, 2.19 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (0.28 mL, 3.3 mmol) at 0° C. and was further stirred for 2 hour at room temperature, then the solution was concentrated to give crude acid chloride.
• Step 3 To a solution of (S)-(2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl)(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)methanone (180 mg, 0.77 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (140 mg, 1.0 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0° C.
• GBT1124 (S)-2-((4-benzoylmorpholin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-hydroxybenzaldehyde
• Step 1&2 To a solid sample of (R)-tert-butyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)morpholine-4-carboxylate (150 mg, 0.69 mmol) was added 4N HCl in dioxane (1.5 mL). After stirred for 30 min, it was concentrated to give (R)-(3-(hydroxymethyl)morpholino)(phenyl)methanone as HCl salt. To a suspension of (R)-(3-(hydroxymethyl)morpholino)(phenyl)methanone HCl salt in DCM (2 mL) at 0° C. was added DIPEA (0.36 mL, 2.07 mmol) and benzoyl chloride (0.08 mL, 0.69 mmol).
• GBT1126 (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde
• Step 1 To a solution of (S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol (500 mg, 4.94 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) at 0° C. was added TEA (1.04 mL, 7.41 mmol) followed by benzenesulfonyl chloride (0.63 mL, 4.94 mmol). After stirred for 30 min, it was diluted with DCM, washed with aqueous Sat. NaHCO3, brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column to (S)-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanol.
• Step 2 To a solution of (S)-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanol (125 mg, 0.54 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.1 g, 0.7 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added PPh 3 (0.21 g, 0.81 mmol) and DIAD (0.16 mL, 0.81 mmol) at 0° C.
• GBT1128 (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde
• Step 1 To a solution of (S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol (320 mg, 3.16 mmol) in DCM (6 mL) at 0° C. was added TEA (0.97 mL, 6.95 mmol) followed by pyridine-3-sulfonyl chloride (0.68 g, 3.16 mmol). After stirred for 30 min. it was diluted with DCM, washed with aqueous Sat. NaHCO3, brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column to give (S)-(1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanol (66 mg).
• Step 2 To a solution of (S)-(1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanol (65 mg, 0.29 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.06 g, 0.41 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added PPh 3 (polymer supported, 0.37 g, 0.44 mmol) and DIAD (0.09 mL, 0.44 mmol) at 0° C.

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