CN109072051B - 相变材料 - Google Patents

相变材料 Download PDF

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CN109072051B
CN109072051B CN201680085510.0A CN201680085510A CN109072051B CN 109072051 B CN109072051 B CN 109072051B CN 201680085510 A CN201680085510 A CN 201680085510A CN 109072051 B CN109072051 B CN 109072051B
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thermal interface
weight
microns
interface material
thermally conductive
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CN109072051A (zh
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B.张
汪慰军
刘亚群
黄红敏
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Honeywell International Inc
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Abstract

在一个示例性实施方案中,热界面材料包含至少一种聚合物、至少一种相变材料、至少一种交联剂和至少一种导热填料。所述至少一种导热填料包含颗粒直径为约1微米或更小的多个第一颗粒。所述至少一种导热填料占热界面材料总重量的至少80重量%。还提供了用于形成热界面材料的配制物和包含热界面材料的电子部件。

Description

相变材料
发明领域
本公开大体上涉及热界面材料,更具体地,涉及包含相变材料的热界面材料。
相关技术的描述
热界面材料广泛地用于从电子部件,诸如中央处理单元、视频图形阵列、服务器、游戏控制台、智能电话、LED板等散热。热界面材料通常用于从电子部件传递过量的热量至散热片(heat spreader),然后将热量传递至散热器(heat sink)。
图1示意性地图示说明电子芯片10,其包括硅芯片模(silicon die)12、印刷电路板14和在印刷电路板14上的多个倒装芯片连接件(flip chip joints)16。电子芯片10通过一种或多种第一热界面材料(TIM)22示意性地连接到散热片18和散热器20。如图1图示说明,第一TIM 22A连接散热器20和散热片18,第二TIM 22B连接散热片18和电子芯片10的硅芯片模12。热界面材料22A, 22B的一者或两者可以是如下所述的热界面材料。
TIM 22A被指定为TIM 2并位于散热片18和散热器20之间,从而使TIM 22A的第一表面与散热片18的表面接触,并使TIM 22A的第二表面与散热器20的表面接触。
TIM 22B被指定为TIM 1并位于电子芯片10和散热片18之间,从而使TIM 22B的第一表面与电子芯片34的表面(例如硅芯片模12的表面)接触,并使TIM 22B的第二表面与散热片18的表面接触。
在一些实施方案(未示出)中,TIM 22被指定为TIM 1.5并位于电子芯片10和散热器20之间,从而使TIM 22的第一表面与电子芯片10的表面(例如硅芯片模12的表面)接触,并使TIM 2的第二表面与散热器22的表面接触。
热界面材料包括散热膏、膏状材料、弹性体带和相变材料。传统的热界面材料包括诸如间隙垫(gap pad)和热垫(thermal pad)的部件。示例性的热界面材料在以下专利和申请中公开:CN 103254647、CN 103254647、JP 0543116、U.S.6,238,596、U.S. 6,451,422、U.S. 6,500,891、U.S. 6,605,238、U.S. 6,673,434、U.S. 6,706,219、U.S.6,797,382、U.S. 6,811,725、U.S. 6,874,573、U.S. 7,172,711、U.S. 7,147,367、U.S. 7,244,491、U.S.7,867,609、U.S. 8,324,313、U.S. 8,586,650、U.S. 2005/0072334、U.S. 2007/0051773、U.S. 2007/0179232、U.S.2008/0044670、U.S. 2009/0111925、U.S. 2010/0048438、U.S. 2010/0129648、U.S. 2011/0308782、US 2013/0248163、WO2008/121491和PCT/CN2014/093138。
散热膏和相变材料由于以非常薄的层铺展,并提供相邻表面之间的紧密接触的能力而具有比其它类型的热界面材料更低的热阻。然而,在一些情况下,电子芯片10和散热器20和/或散热片18以垂直取向布置,例如在图2中所示。以这样的垂直取向,气隙24直接位于TIM 22A和/或TIM 22B的下方使得TIM未在下端被支撑。在较高温度下,热界面材料,如TIM22A、22B,可以通过气隙24滴出界面并滴至电子部件的其他部分上。
上述内容的改进是期望的。
发明概述
本公开提供了可用于从产热电子器件(如计算机芯片)传热至散热结构(诸如散热片和散热器)的热界面材料。所述热界面材料示例性地包含至少一种相变材料、至少一种聚合物基质材料、一种或多种导热填料和至少一种交联剂,其中所述导热填料占所述热界面材料总重量的至少80重量%,并且导热填料包含颗粒直径小于1微米的多个第一颗粒。在一个更具体的实施方案中,导热填料占热界面材料总重量的至少90重量%、91重量%、92重量%、93重量%或95重量%。
在任何上述实施方案的一个更具体的实施方案中,所述热界面材料包含1重量%至16重量%的至少一种聚合物基质材料;0.5重量%至8重量%的至少一种相变材料;和0.1重量%至1重量%的至少一种胺或基于胺的交联剂。在一个更具体的实施方案中,所述热界面材料包含1重量%至8重量%的至少一种聚合物基质材料;0.5重量%至5重量%的至少一种相变材料;和0.1重量%至1重量%的至少一种胺或基于胺的交联剂。
在任何上述实施方案的一个更具体的实施方案中,所述多个第一颗粒包括氧化锌颗粒。在一个甚至更具体的实施方案中,氧化锌颗粒具有0.1微米至约1微米的直径。在另一个更具体的实施方案中,氧化锌颗粒具有0.9微米或更小的直径。
在任何上述实施方案的一个更具体的实施方案中,导热填料还包含具有大于1微米的颗粒直径的多个第二颗粒。在一个甚至更具体的实施方案中,所述多个第二颗粒包括铝颗粒。在又一更具体的实施方案中,所述多个第二颗粒包括具有约3微米至约15微米的直径的铝颗粒。在一个还更具体的实施方案中,所述多个第二颗粒包含具有约3微米的直径的第一部分铝颗粒和具有约10微米的直径的第二部分铝颗粒。
在任何上述实施方案的一个更具体的实施方案中,所述交联剂是胺或基于胺的交联剂。
在任何上述实施方案的一个更具体的实施方案中,导热填料占热界面材料总重量的91重量%至95重量%。在一个甚至更具体的实施方案中,导热填料占热界面材料总重量的92重量%至94重量%。
在任何上述实施方案的一个更具体的实施方案中,所述热界面材料进一步包含至少一种偶联剂,如钛酸酯偶联剂。在任何上述实施方案的另一个更具体的实施方案中,所述热界面材料进一步包含至少一种抗氧化剂。在任何上述实施方案的另一个更具体的实施方案中,所述热界面材料进一步包含至少一种离子清除剂。在任何上述实施方案的另一个更具体的实施方案中,所述热界面材料进一步包含至少一种触变剂。
在另一个实施方案中,提供了用于形成热界面材料的配制物。所述配制物包含溶剂、至少一种相变材料、至少一种聚合物基质材料、一种或多种导热填料和至少一种交联剂,其中所述导热填料占所述热界面材料的干重(无溶剂重量)的至少80重量%,和导热填料包含具有小于1微米的颗粒直径的多个第一颗粒。
在另一个实施方案中,提供电子部件。所述电子部件包括散热器、电子芯片和位于所述散热器和电子芯片之间的热界面材料,该热界面材料包含:至少一种相变材料、至少一种聚合物基质材料、一种或多种导热填料和至少一种交联剂,其中所述导热填料占所述热界面材料总重量的至少91重量%,和导热填料包含具有小于1微米的颗粒直径的多个第一颗粒。电子芯片和散热器以垂直取向布置,并且热界面材料以垂直取向位于垂直取向的电子芯片和散热器之间。
在一个更具体的实施方案中,所述热界面材料的第一表面与所述电子芯片的表面接触,和所述热界面材料的第二表面与散热器接触。在另一个更具体的实施方案中,电子部件包括位于散热器和电子芯片之间的散热片,其中热界面材料的第一表面与电子芯片的表面接触,和热界面材料的第二表面与散热片接触。在又一个更具体的实施方案中,电子部件包括位于散热器和电子芯片之间的散热片,其中所述热界面材料的第一表面与散热片的表面接触,和热界面材料的第二表面与散热器接触。
附图的简要说明
通过参考本发明实施方案的以下描述并结合附图,本公开的上述和其它特征和优点以及获得它们的方式将变得更加明显,并且本发明本身将被更好地理解,其中:
图1示意性图示说明电子芯片、散热片、散热器以及第一和第二热界面材料。
图2示意性图示说明垂直取向的图1的电子芯片、散热片、散热器以及第一和第二热界面材料。
贯穿多个视图,相应的附图标记指示相应的部分。本文所阐述的示例举例说明了本发明的示例性实施方案并且这样的示例不应被解释为以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
详细说明
本发明涉及用于从电子部件传递走热量的热界面材料。
A.热界面材料
在一个示例性实施方案中,TIM 22是热界面材料。在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM22包含一种或多种相变材料、一种或多种聚合物基质材料、一种或多种导热填料、一种或多种交联剂和任选的一种或多种添加剂。
a. 导热填料
在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM 22包含至少一种导热填料。
示例性的导热填料包括金属、合金、非金属、金属氧化物、金属氮化物和陶瓷,以及它们的组合。示例性金属包括但不限于铝、铜、银、锌、镍、锡、铟、铅、银涂覆的金属如银涂覆的铜或银涂覆的铝、金属涂覆的碳纤维和镍涂覆的纤维。示例性的非金属包括,但不限于碳、炭黑、石墨、碳纳米管、碳纤维、石墨烯、粉状金刚石、玻璃、二氧化硅、氮化硅和硼涂覆的颗粒。示例性的金属氧化物、金属氮化物和陶瓷包括但不限于氧化铝、氮化铝、氮化硼、氧化锌和氧化锡。
所述TIM 22可以包含一种或多种导热填料,其总量为基于TIM22的总重量计,低至80重量%、85重量%、90重量%、91重量%、91.5重量%、92重量%、92.5重量%、93重量%,高至93.5重量%、94重量%、95重量%、96重量%、97重量%、98重量%、99重量%,或在前述值的任意两个之间限定的任何范围内,例如80重量%至99重量%、91重量%至99重量%、91重量%至95重量%、或92重量%至94重量%。
导热填料可作为颗粒来提供。平均颗粒直径(D50)通常用于测量颗粒尺寸。示例性的颗粒的平均颗粒直径低至10纳米、20纳米、50纳米、0.1微米、0.2微米、0.5微米、1微米、2微米、3微米,高至5微米、8微米、10微米、12微米、15微米、20微米、25微米、50微米、100微米,或在前述值的任意两个之间所限定的任何范围内,例如10纳米至100微米、0.1微米至20微米或0.5微米至12微米。
在一个实施方案中,第一导热填料的颗粒直径低至1微米、0.9微米、0.8微米、0.6微米、0.5微米、0.2微米、0.1微米或更低,或在前述值的任何两个之间限定的任何范围内,例如1微米至0.1微米、1微米至0.2微米或1微米至0.8微米。在一个更具体的实施方案中,第一导热填料包含多个具有1微米或更小的直径的氧化锌颗粒。
在一个实施方案中,与第一导热填料一起提供的第二导热填料的颗粒直径低至1微米、2微米、3微米、4微米,高至6微米、8微米、10微米或12微米,或在前述值的任意两个之间限定的任意范围内,如1微米至12微米、3微米至10微米、2微米至4微米或8微米至12微米。在一个更具体的实施方案中,第二导热填料由具有大于1微米的颗粒尺寸的颗粒,包括具有低至2微米、3微米、4微米,高至6微米、8微米、10微米或12微米的直径的颗粒,或它们的混合物构成。在一个更具体的实施方案中,第一导热填料包含多个具有大于1微米的直径的铝颗粒。
在一个更具体的实施方案中,第二导热填料包含多个具有大于1微米的直径的颗粒,第一导热填料包含多个具有1微米或更小的直径的颗粒,和所述第二导热填料与所述第一导热填料的重量比低至0.5:1、1:1、1.25:1、1.5:1、2:1、2.5:1,高至2.75:1、3:1、5:1、10:1、20:1,或在前述值的任意两个之间所限定的任意范围内,例如0.5:1至20:1、1:1至10:1、1.25:1至5:1或2.5:1至3:1。
在一个更具体的实施方案中,导热填料包含多个具有低至1微米、2微米、3微米,高至5微米、8微米、10微米、12微米、15微米,或在前述值的任意两个之间所限定的任意范围内,如1微米至15微米或2微米至12微米,或3微米至10微米的颗粒直径的铝颗粒和多个具有1微米或更小的颗粒直径的氧化锌颗粒。
b.聚合物基质材料
在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM 22包含聚合物基质材料。在一些示例性实施方案中,聚合物基质材料提供用于并入所述导热填料的基质,并在热和压力下压制时提供流动性。
在一个示例性实施方案中,聚合物基质材料包含烃橡胶胶料或橡胶胶料的共混物。示例性的材料包括饱和和不饱和的橡胶胶料。在一些实施方案中,饱和橡胶相比于不饱和橡胶胶料对热氧化降解可较不敏感。示例性的饱和橡胶胶料包括乙丙橡胶(EPR、EPDM),聚乙烯/丁烯、聚乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯、聚乙烯-丙烯-苯乙烯、氢化聚二烯“单醇”(诸如氢化聚丁二烯单醇、氢化聚丙二烯单醇,氢化聚戊二烯单醇)、氢化聚二烯“二醇”(如氢化聚丁二烯二醇、氢化聚丙二烯二醇、氢化聚戊二烯二醇)和氢化聚异戊二烯、聚烯烃弹性体、或任何其它合适的饱和橡胶、或它们的共混物。在一个实施方案中,聚合物基质材料是氢化聚丁二烯单醇,其也可称为羟基封端的乙烯-丁烯共聚物,特性是单醇。
在一个示例性实施方案中,聚合物基质材料包括硅酮橡胶、硅氧烷橡胶、硅氧烷共聚物或任何其他合适的含硅酮的橡胶。
在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM 22可以包含聚合物基质材料,其量为基于所述TIM22的总重量计,低至0.5重量%、1重量%、2重量%、3重量%、4重量%,高至5重量%、6重量%、7重量%、8重量%、10重量%、12重量%、16重量%或在前述值中任意两个之间限定的任何范围内,例如1重量%至16重量%、1重量%至8重量%或4重量%至6重量%。
c.相变材料
在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM 22包含一种或多种相变材料。相变材料是具有等于或低于其中使用TIM 22的电子器件的一部分的操作温度的熔点或熔点范围的材料。一种示例性的相变材料是蜡,如石蜡。石蜡是具有通式CnH2n+2和具有在约20℃至100℃的范围内的熔点的固体烃的混合物。聚合物蜡包括聚乙烯蜡和聚丙烯蜡,并且典型地具有约40℃至160℃的熔点范围。其他示例性的相变材料包括低熔点合金,例如Wood金属、Field金属、或具有约20℃至90℃的熔点的金属或合金。
在一些实施方案中,相变材料的量可用来调节TIM 22的硬度。例如,在一些实施方案中(其中所述相变材料的载量低),组合物可以是软凝胶的形式,并且在一些实施方案中(其中所述相变材料的载量高),该组合物可以是硬固体。所述TIM 22可以包含一种或多种相变材料,其量为基于所述TIM 22的总重量计,低至0.1重量%、0.2重量%、0.5重量%、1重量%、2重量%,高至3重量%、3.5重量%、4重量%、5重量%、7重量%、8重量%、10重量%、12重量%,或在前述值中任意两个之间限定的任何范围内,如0.1重量%至10重量%、0.5重量%至8重量%或0.5重量%至5重量%。
d.偶联剂
在一些示例性的实施方案中,TIM 22包含一种或多种偶联剂。在一些示例性实施方案中,包含偶联剂可以通过提供聚合物基质和导热填料之间的界面改善热性质,如在相对高的温度下的性质。示例性的偶联剂包括钛酸酯偶联剂,如在美国专利申请公开2011/0308782中公开的那些,其公开内容整体通过引用并入本文。示例性的偶联剂包括:
2,2(双2-丙烯醇根合甲基)丁醇根合,三(二辛基)焦磷酸根合-O钛IV;
2,2(双2-丙烯醇根合甲基)丁醇根合,三(二异辛基)焦磷酸根合-O锆IV:
2-丙醇根合,三(二辛基)-焦磷酸根合-O钛IV与1摩尔亚磷酸二异辛酯的加合物:
双(二辛基)焦磷酸根合-O,氧代乙二醇根合钛IV(加合)双(二辛基)(氢)亚磷酸酯-O:
双(二辛基)焦磷酸根合-O,乙二醇根合钛IV(加合)双(二辛基)氢亚磷酸酯;
和2,2-双(2-丙烯醇根合甲基)丁醇根合,环二[2,2-(双2-丙烯醇根合甲基)丁醇根合],焦磷酸根合-O,O锆IV:
在一个示例性实施方案中,偶联剂是2,2(双2-丙烯醇根合甲基)丁醇根合,三(二辛基)焦磷酸根合-O钛IV。
在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM 22可以包含一种或多种偶合剂,其量为基于所述TIM 22的总重量计,低至0.1重量%、0.2重量%、0.3重量%、0.5重量%,高至1重量%、2重量%、3重量%、5重量%,或在前述值中任意两个之间限定的任何范围内,例如0.1重量%至5重量%、0.2重量%至2重量%或0.2重量%至1重量%。
e.交联剂
在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM 22包含一种或多种交联剂,例如胺或基于胺的树脂。将交联剂添加或并入热界面材料组合物中以促进交联剂和至少一种聚合物基质材料上的伯或端羟基之间的交联反应。示例性交联剂公开在美国专利7,244,491中,其公开内容整体通过引用并入本文。
在一个示例性实施方案中,所述交联剂是胺或基于胺的树脂,其在树脂主链的任何部分上包含至少一个胺取代基。示例性的胺和基于胺的树脂包括烷基化三聚氰胺树脂和源自脲、硫脲、三聚氰胺或类似化合物与醛特别是甲醛的反应的合成树脂。在一个更具体的实施方案中,所述交联剂是选自伯胺树脂、仲胺树脂、叔胺树脂、缩水甘油胺环氧树脂、烷氧基苄基胺树脂、环氧胺树脂、三聚氰胺树脂、烷基化三聚氰胺树脂和三聚氰胺丙烯酸类树脂的树脂。
在一个示例性实施方案中,所述交联剂是三聚氰胺树脂,如烷基化三聚氰胺树脂,或甚至更具体地丁基化三聚氰胺树脂。三聚氰胺树脂是基于环的化合物,其中所述环含有三个碳和三个氮原子。三聚氰胺树脂通常通过缩合反应与其它化合物和分子容易地结合。三聚氰胺树脂通常可以与其他分子和化合物反应以促进链生长和交联,比脲树脂更耐水和耐热,可以用作水溶性浆料或可分散于水中的不溶性粉末,并具有高熔点(大于325℃)和相对不可燃。烷基化三聚氰胺树脂,如丁基化三聚氰胺树脂,通过在树脂形成期间并入烷基醇形成。它们可溶于油漆和搪瓷溶剂以及表面涂料中。
在一些示例性的实施方案中,TIM 22可以包含一种或多种交联剂,其量为基于所述TIM 22的总重量计,低至0.1重量%、0.2重量%、0.3重量%、0.5重量%,高至1重量%、2重量%、3重量%、5重量%,或在前述值中任意两个之间限定的任何范围内,如0.1重量%至5重量%、0.2重量%至2重量%或0.2重量%至1重量%。
f.添加剂
在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM 22包含一种或多种添加剂。示例性的添加剂包括抗氧化剂、离子清除剂和触变剂。
在一个示例性实施方案中,抗氧化剂通过转移自由基电子至氧化剂抑制聚合物基质的热降解。示例性的抗氧化剂包括酚型抗氧化剂、胺型抗氧化剂或任何其它合适类型的抗氧化剂或它们的组合,如空间位阻酚或胺型抗氧化剂。示例性抗氧化剂包括酚型抗氧化剂,例如Irganox® 1076,或3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸十八烷基酯;胺型抗氧化剂,例如Irganox® 565或2,6二叔丁基-4-(4,6-双(辛硫基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基氨基)苯酚,以及含硫酚类抗氧化剂,如空间位阻的含硫酚类抗氧化剂。其他示例性的抗氧化剂包括:
Irganox® 1010:
Irgafos 168®:
和 Irganox® 802:
在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM 22可以包含一种或多种抗氧化剂,其量为基于所述TIM的总重量计,低至0.05重量%、0.1重量%、0.2重量%、0.5重量%,高至1重量%、1.5重量%、2重量%、5重量%,或在前述值中任意两个之间限定的任何范围内,如0.05重量%至5重量%、0.1重量%至2重量%或0.1重量%至1重量%。
在一个示例性实施方案中,离子清除剂通过捕获和结合金属离子,使得金属离子不能引发在聚合物中形成自由基来抑制聚合物基质的热降解。示例性的离子清除剂在PCT申请PCT/CN2014/081724中公开,其公开内容整体通过引用并入本文。示例性的离子清除剂包括:
N-亚水杨基-N'水杨酰肼:
草酰基双(苄叉肼):
N,N'-双(水杨酰)肼:
3-(N-水杨酰基)氨基-1,2,4-三唑:
2,2'-草酰胺基双[3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸乙酯]
N,N'-双(亚水杨基)乙二胺:
2',3-双[[3- [3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基]丙酰基]]丙酰肼:
N,N'-草酰二苯胺:
甲基丙二酰二苯胺:
N-甲酰基-N'-水杨酰肼:
十亚甲基二甲酰二水杨酰肼(Decamethylenedicarboxylic aciddisalicyloylhydrazide):
和双(2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯基)季戊四醇-二亚磷酸酯:
在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM 22可以包含一种或多种离子清除剂,其量为基于所述TIM的总重量计,低至0.05重量%、0.1重量%、0.2重量%、0.5重量%,高至0.6重量%、1重量%、1.5重量%、2重量%、5重量%,或在前述值中任意两个之间限定的任何范围内,如0.05重量%至5重量%、0.1重量%至1重量%或0.1重量%至0.6重量%。
示例性的触变剂包括热解法二氧化硅和纤维素。在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM22可以包含一种或多种触变剂,其量为基于所述TIM 22的总重量计,低至0.1重量%、0.2重量%、0.3重量%、0.5重量%,高至1重量%、2重量%、3重量%、5重量%,或在前述值中任意两个之间限定的任何范围内,如0.1重量%至5重量%、0.2重量%至2重量%或0.2重量%至1重量%。
B.形成热界面材料的方法
在一些实施方案中,TIM 22由可分配的(dispensable)配制物形成,所述配制物包含一种或多种聚合物基质材料、一种或多种相变材料、两种或更多种导热填料、一种或多种溶剂,和任选的一种或多种添加剂。
示例性的溶剂在美国专利申请公开2007/0517733中描述,其公开内容整体通过引用并入本文。合适的溶剂包括纯溶剂或有机或无机溶剂的混合物,其在期望的温度(如临界温度)下挥发,或能够促进任何上述的设计目标或需要,并与相变材料相容,从而它们与相变材料相互作用以实现上述目标。在一些实施方案中,溶剂、溶剂混合物或其组合将相变材料溶剂化,使得它可以通过印刷技术施加。在一些示例性实施方案中,溶剂或两种或更多种溶剂的混合物选自烃类溶剂。烃溶剂包含碳和氢。大多数烃溶剂是非极性的;但存在几种被认为是极性的烃溶剂。
烃溶剂一般分为三类:脂族、环状和芳族的。脂族烃溶剂包括直链化合物和支化并可能交联的化合物,但脂族烃溶剂通常不被认为是环状的。环状烃溶剂是包含至少三个在环结构中取向的碳原子的具有类似于脂族烃溶剂的性质的那些溶剂。芳族烃溶剂是一般包含三个或更多个不饱和键的具有单环或由共同的键连接的多环和/或稠合在一起的多环的那些溶剂。在一些示例性实施方案中,溶剂或两种或更多种溶剂的混合物选自不被视为烃溶剂家族化合物的一部分的溶剂,如酮、醇、酯、醚和胺。在其他设想的实施方案中,溶剂或溶剂混合物可包含本文中所述的任何溶剂的组合。
示例性的烃溶剂包括甲苯、二甲苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、均三甲苯、溶剂石脑油H、溶剂石脑油A,Isopar H和其他链烷烃油和异链烷烃流体、烷烃,如戊烷、己烷、异己烷、庚烷、壬烷、辛烷、十二烷、2-甲基丁烷、十六烷、十三烷、十五烷、环戊烷、2,2,4-三甲基戊烷,石油醚、卤代烃,如氯代烃,硝化烃、苯、1,2-二甲基苯、1,2,4-三甲基苯、矿物油精、煤油、异丁基苯、甲基萘、乙基甲苯、挥发油(ligroine)。示例性的酮溶剂包括丙酮、二乙基甲酮、甲乙酮等。
在一个示例性实施方案中,溶剂包含选自以下的一种或多种溶剂:戊烷、己烷、庚烷、环己烷、链烷烃油、异链烷烃流体、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和它们的混合物或组合。
在一些示例性实施方案中,配制物可包含一种或多种溶剂,其量为基于所述配制物的总重量计,低至0.1重量%、0.5重量%、1重量%,高至5重量%、10重量%、20重量%,或在前述值的任意两个之间所限定的任何范围内。
在一些示例性实施方案中,提供了一种形成TIM 22的方法。在一些示例性实施方案中,形成TIM 22包括例如烘烤和干燥该TIM 22的方法。
在一些示例性实施方案中,烘烤该TIM 22包括在低至25℃、50℃、75℃、80℃,高至100℃、125℃、150℃、170℃,或在前述值中任意两个之间限定的任何范围内的温度下烘烤。在一些示例性实施方案中,烘烤TIM 22短至0.5分钟、1分钟、30分钟、1小时、2小时,长至8小时、12小时、24小时、36小时、48小时,或在前述值中任意两个之间限定的任何范围。
C.热界面材料性质
在一些示例性实施方案中,TIM 22具有低至0.05℃·cm2/W、0.06℃·cm2/W、0.07℃·cm2/W,高至0.08℃·cm2/W、0.09℃·cm2/W、0.1℃·cm2/W、0.12℃·cm2/W,或在前述值中任意两个之间限定的任何范围内,例如0.05℃·cm2/W至0.12℃·cm2/W、0.06℃·cm2/W至0.1℃·cm2/W或0.06℃·cm2/W至0.08℃·cm2/W的热阻抗。
在一些示例性实施方案中,在130℃的温度和85%的相对湿度下调理96小时之后,TIM 22的热阻抗比所述调理之前的TIM 22的热阻抗大不超过20%、大不超过10%、大不超过5%或不大于所述调理之前的TIM 22的热阻抗。
在一些示例性实施方案中,在150℃的温度下调理1000小时之后,TIM 22的热阻抗比所述调理之前的TIM 22的热阻抗大不超过20%、大不超过10%、大不超过5%或不大于所述调理之前的TIM 22的热阻抗。
施加的TIM的最终厚度(在产热和散热部件之间施加之后)被称为粘合层厚度(BLT)。所述BLT的值部分地通过所述TIM在由产热部件加热时的流动性确定。相变材料(PCM)包含蜡或其他材料以在TIM由产热部件加热时提高其流动性,这转而降低了BLT。BLT通过式TI=BLT / TC与热阻抗(TI)和热导率(TC)相关,使得较低的BLT在相同的热导率下导致较低的热阻抗。在不希望受任何特定理论束缚的情况下,据信包含多个尺寸的导热填料使较小的颗粒尺寸填充较大尺寸颗粒之间存在的间隙,提高TIM的流动性并降低BLT。具有低BLT的TIM配制物趋向于具有低的热阻抗。
在一些实施方案中,当经受40 psi的压力并加热至80℃时,所述TIM 22的粘合层厚度高至80微米、70微米、60微米、50微米、40微米,低至30微米、25微米、20微米、15微米、10微米、5微米或更小,或在前述值的任意两个之间限定的任何范围内,例如80微米至5微米、60微米至10微米或30至20微米。
在一些实施方案中,TIM 22在升高的温度下抗滴落。在一个示例性的滴落测试中,将TIM 22组合物在两个金属棒之间以约0.6mm的厚度施加并施以约30psi的压力。金属之间的TIM 22界面垂直布置,并施以120℃的温度2天。在这两天中从界面滴落的任何TIM22材料都表示烘烤测试失败。然后将样品在-55℃至125℃之间循环90次。在循环期间从界面滴落的任何TIM 22材料都表示循环测试失败。
实施例
根据表1所示的组成制备实施例。如表1所示,实施例1包含三聚氰胺树脂交联剂和约91.9重量%的总导热填料,该导热填料由具有大于1微米的直径的铝颗粒和具有小于1微米的直径的氧化锌颗粒构成。对比例1不含三聚氰胺树脂交联剂,仅包含约90.8重量%的总导热填料,并且不包含具有小于1微米的直径的任何颗粒。对比例2包含三聚氰胺树脂交联剂,但仅具有约89.8重量%的总导热填料,并且不包含具有小于1微米的直径的任何颗粒。对比例3不含三聚氰胺树脂交联剂,但包含约93.0重量%的总导热填料,该导热填料由具有大于1微米的直径的铝颗粒和具有小于1微米的直径的氧化锌颗粒构成。
表1:实施例组成
对比例1 对比例2 对比例3 实施例1
聚合物-氢化聚丁二烯单醇 6.22 g 6.15 g 4.6 g 4.56 g
第一导热填料-直径为2-15 µm的Al颗粒 90.83 g 89.84 g 67.13 g 66.33 g
第二导热填料-直径<1 µm的ZnO颗粒 - - 25.88 g 25.56 g
相变材料-蜡 1.78 g 1.76 g 1.31 g 1.30 g
钛偶联剂 0.67 g 0.66 g 0.72 g 0.70 g
三聚氰胺树脂交联剂 - 0.59 g - 0.59 g
抗氧化剂 0.5 g 0.51 g 0.36 g 0.36 g
离子清除剂 - 0.49 g - 0.60 g
各TIM夹在两个金属板之间并被施以30psi,所述金属板与界面以垂直方向取向。各样品的初始厚度为约0.6mm,如表2所示。
对各样品施以120℃温度的烘烤测试两天。在两天期间从界面滴落的任何TIM材料都表示烘烤测试失败。然后,对各样品在两天半内施以-55℃至125℃的90次温度循环的热循环测试。在循环期间从界面滴落的任何TIM材料都表示热循环测试失败。
表2:滴落测试结果
初始厚度(mm) 烘烤结果 热循环结果
对比例1 0.568 失败 失败
对比例2 0.56 失败 失败
对比例3 0.634 通过 失败
实施例1 0.6 通过 通过
如表2所示,只有实施例1,其包含亚微米的导热填料和交联剂,通过烘烤测试和热循环温度循环测试。对比例1和2,其包含交联剂,但不含亚微米填料,烘烤结果测试和热循环测试都失败。对比例3,其包含亚微米填料,但不含交联剂,通过烘烤测试,但热循环测试失败。实施例1比任何对比例都具有更好的抗滴落性质。
然后,对各TIM施以热可靠性测试。将各样品夹在90℃的模具中1小时,并测量初始热阻抗和厚度(粘合层厚度)。对于对比例1、对比例2和实施例1,采用35psi压制各材料的前两个样品,而在不施加压力的情况下烘烤第三个样品。对于对比例3,对三个样品中任一个都不施加压力。
在260℃下烘烤各样品10分钟,在这段时间之后,清洁样品并重新测试热阻抗。对于实施例1,还将样品烘烤20分钟,在这段时间之后清洁它们并重新测试热阻抗。在烘烤之后热阻抗的较小变化是期望的。
表3:热可靠性结果
BLT (mm) 开始TI (℃·cm2/W) 烘烤期间的压力 260℃下10 min后的TI 260℃下20 min之后的TI
对比例1 0.028 0.09 35 psi 0.16 -
对比例1 0.024 0.09 35 psi 0.17 -
对比例1 0.025 0.09 0 psi 0.54 -
对比例2 0.027 0.09 35 psi 0.14 -
对比例2 0.027 0.10 35 psi 0.19 -
对比例2 0.031 0.11 0 psi 0.80 -
对比例3 0.019 0.06 0 psi 0.61 -
对比例3 0.027 0.08 0 psi 0.80 -
对比例3 0.034 0.09 0 psi 0.89 -
实施例1 0.019 0.09 35 psi 0.09 0.08
实施例1 0.023 0.08 35 psi 0.08 0.07
实施例1 0.023 0.11 0 psi 0.15 0.15
如表3所示,只有实施例1,其包含亚微米导热填料和交联剂,在压制(35 psi)和未压制(0 psi)的结果中都提供了良好的结果。实施例1的热阻抗显示即使在26℃下20分钟后仍相对恒定。对比例1和2,其包含交联剂,但不含亚微米填料,对于压制(35 psi)显示出热阻抗增加,并且对于未压制(0 psi)显示出热阻抗显著增加。对比例3,其包含亚微米填料,但不含交联剂,对于未压制(0 psi)显示出热阻抗显著增加。因此,实施例1比任何对比例都提供了更好的可靠性。
尽管本发明已经被描述为具有示例性的设计,但本发明可以在本公开的精神和范围内进行进一步修改。因此,本申请意在使用其一般原理覆盖本发明的任何变型、用途或修改。此外,本申请意在覆盖在本发明所属领域的已知或惯常实践内并落入所附权利要求的范围内的这样的与本公开的背离。

Claims (7)

1.热界面材料,其包含:
1重量%至16重量%的包含烃橡胶胶料的至少一种聚合物基质材料;
0.5重量%至8重量%的包含蜡的至少一种相变材料;
0.1重量%至1重量%的至少一种交联剂,所述交联剂是基于胺的树脂,其在树脂主链的任何部分上包含至少一个胺取代基;
0.1重量%至1重量%的至少一种离子清除剂;
0.1重量%至5重量%的至少一种偶联剂;
0.05重量%至5重量%的至少一种抗氧化剂;和
导热填料,其包含平均颗粒直径为0.1微米至1微米的多个第一氧化锌颗粒和平均颗粒直径为2微米至12微米的多个第二铝颗粒,其中铝颗粒对氧化锌颗粒的重量比为1.25:1至5:1;其中所述导热填料占所述热界面材料的总重量的至少80重量%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的热界面材料,其中所述交联剂是烷基化三聚氰胺树脂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的热界面材料,其中基于所述热界面材料的总重量计,所述热界面材料包含1重量%至8重量%的所述至少一种聚合物基质材料;0.5重量%至5重量%的所述至少一种相变材料;0.1重量%至1重量%的所述至少一种交联剂;和91重量%至95重量%的所述导热填料。
4.根据权利要求1所述的热界面材料,其还包含至少一种触变剂。
5.电子部件,其包括:
散热器;
电子芯片;
热界面材料,其以垂直取向位于所述散热器和所述电子芯片之间,所述热界面材料包含:
1重量%至16重量%的包含烃橡胶胶料的至少一种聚合物基质材料;
0.5重量%至8重量%的包含蜡的至少一种相变材料;
0.1重量%至1重量%的至少一种交联剂,所述交联剂是基于胺的树脂,其在树脂主链的任何部分上包含至少一个胺取代基;
0.1重量%至1重量%的至少一种离子清除剂;
0.1重量%至5重量%的至少一种偶联剂;
0.05重量%至5重量%的至少一种抗氧化剂;和
导热填料,其包含平均颗粒直径为0.1微米至1微米的多个第一氧化锌颗粒和平均颗粒直径为2微米至12微米的多个第二铝颗粒,其中铝颗粒对氧化锌颗粒的重量比为1.25:1至5:1;
其中所述导热填料占所述热界面材料总重量的至少80重量%。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电子部件,其中所述交联剂是烷基化三聚氰胺树脂。
7.根据权利要求5所述的电子部件,其中基于所述热界面材料的总重量计,所述热界面材料包含1重量%至8重量%的所述至少一种聚合物基质材料;0.5重量%至5重量%的所述至少一种相变材料;0.1重量%至1重量%的所述至少一种交联剂;和91重量%至95重量%的所述导热填料。
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