CN101370861A - 基于热塑性聚氨酯的泡沫 - Google Patents
基于热塑性聚氨酯的泡沫 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101370861A CN101370861A CNA2007800026029A CN200780002602A CN101370861A CN 101370861 A CN101370861 A CN 101370861A CN A2007800026029 A CNA2007800026029 A CN A2007800026029A CN 200780002602 A CN200780002602 A CN 200780002602A CN 101370861 A CN101370861 A CN 101370861A
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Abstract
包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯,其特征在于热塑性聚氨酯的肖氏硬度为A44~A84。
Description
本发明涉及一种包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯,优选珠粒形式,其中热塑性聚氨酯的肖氏硬度为A44~A84,优选A62~A82,特别优选A62~A80。在此在紧密的,即未膨胀的TPU上测量TPU的肖氏硬度。本发明此外涉及包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯(优选珠粒形式)的生产方法。本发明还涉及膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯的生产方法,涉及基于热塑性聚氨酯的泡沫的生产方法,以及涉及可如此得到的泡沫或膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯。
DE4015714A1提到了在注塑机中生产的玻璃纤维增强的TPU泡沫。实施例描述了密度为800g/L及更大。这些是发泡TPU板,不是可模塑泡沫。
基于热塑性聚氨酯的可模塑泡沫(本说明书中也被称为TPU)在WO94/20568中已经被公开。在WO 94/20568中描述的TPU泡沫的缺点是在生产和加工过程中的高能耗。使用4.5~7巴的蒸汽压力,即145℃~165℃的温度。
WO 94/20568还描述了膨胀的,即发泡的,TPU珠粒,其可被加工得到模塑。这些TPU泡沫珠粒在150℃以及更高的温度下生产,并且在实施例中具有55~180g/L的堆积密度,由于需要增加的空间,从而导致的缺点是在这些珠粒的运输和存储上。
因此,本发明的目的在于开发一种可模塑TPU泡沫,其可在低温下生产且同时具有良好的关于弹性和温度变化的性能。另一目的是开发可发性TPU珠粒和膨胀的TPU泡沫珠粒,以及它们的生产方法,这些是可在低温下生产和加工的珠粒。
这些目的已经通过包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯(优选珠粒形式)实现,其中热塑性聚氨酯的肖氏硬度为A44~A84,优选A62~A82,特别优选A62~A80。在此,在紧密的,即未膨胀的TPU上测量TPU的肖氏硬度。
本发明的优点是其使用了具有较低硬度、较低熔点和较好流动性的TPU。结果是在膨胀的TPU珠粒的生产中可保持较低的温度和压力。具体来说,当使用蒸汽时,能在较低温度下操作是有利的。此外,柔软性使得泡沫珠粒的粘合性结合更有效。
根据本发明,优选的TPU是通过DSC以20K/分钟的加热速率测量的熔程起点低于130℃的那些,更优选低于120℃的那些,并且热塑性聚氨酯至多具有250g/10分钟的熔体流动速率(MFR),特别优选小于200g/10分钟,其根据DIN EN ISO 1133,在190℃,施加21.6kg的重量测量。
本发明的热塑性聚氨酯的另一优点在于它们较好的手感。
本发明的TPU优选基于聚醚醇,特别优选基于聚醚二醇。在此可以特别优选使用聚四氢呋喃。特别优选TPU基于摩尔质量为600g/mol~2500g/mol的聚四氢呋喃。聚醚醇可以单独或以相互混合物来使用。
作为替换,以基于聚酯醇的TPU实现良好的结果,优选聚酯二醇,特别优选得自己二酸和1,4-丁二醇,具有的摩尔质量为600g/mol~900g/mol的那些。
热塑性聚氨酯和它们的生产方法是众所周知的。例如,TPU可以通过将(a)异氰酸酯与(b)摩尔质量为500~10000的对异氰酸酯呈反应性的化合物,和如果合适的话(c)摩尔质量为50~499的增链剂,如果合适的话在(d)催化剂和/或(e)常规助剂和/或常规添加剂存在下反应来生产。
下面举例描述生产优选聚氨酯的起始组分和方法。下面举例描述通常在聚氨酯的生产中使用的组分(a)、(b)以及,如果合适的话,(c)、(d)和/或(e):
a)可以使用的有机异氰酸酯(a)是众所周知的脂族、脂环族、芳脂族和/或芳族异氰酸酯,优选二异氰酸酯,例如三-、四-、五-、六-、七-和/或八亚甲基二异氰酸酯,2-甲基五亚甲基-1,5-二异氰酸酯,2-乙基亚丁基-1,4-二异氰酸酯,五亚甲基-1,5-二异氰酸酯,亚丁基-1,4-二异氰酸酯,1-异氰酸酯-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸甲酯基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,IPDI),1,4-和/或1,3-二(异氰酸甲酯基)环己烷(HXDI),环己烷-1,4-二异氰酸酯,1-甲基环己烷-2,4-和/或2,6-二异氰酸酯,和/或二环己基甲烷-4,4’-、2,4’-和2,2’-二异氰酸酯,二苯甲烷-2,2’-、2,4’-和/或4,4’-二异氰酸酯(MDI),亚萘基-1,5-二异氰酸酯(NDI),甲苯-2,4-和/或2,6-二异氰酸酯(TDI),二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯,3,3’-二甲基联苯二异氰酸酯,1,2-二苯乙烷二异氰酸酯和/或亚苯基二异氰酸酯。
b)可以使用的对异氰酸酯呈反应性的化合物(b)是众所周知的对异氰酸酯呈反应性的化合物,例如聚酯醇、聚醚醇和/或聚碳酸酯二醇,这些通常也合并在术语“多元醇”下,具有的摩尔质量为500~8000,优选600~6000,特别是800~4000,并且优选具有的平均官能度为1.8~2.3,优选1.9~2.2,特别是2。
c)可以使用的增链剂(c)包括众所周知的摩尔质量为50~499的脂族、芳脂族、芳族和/或脂环族化合物,优选二官能化合物,如二胺和/或亚烷基中具有2~10个碳原子的链烷二醇,特别是1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇和/或具有3~8个碳原子的二-、三-、四-、五-、六-、七-、八-、九-和/或十亚烷基二醇,并且优选对应的低聚-和/或聚丙二醇,还可以使用增链剂的混合物。
d)特别促进二异氰酸酯(a)的NCO基团与结构组分(b)和(c)的羟基之间的反应的合适的催化剂是从现有技术已知的常规叔胺,例如三乙胺、二甲基环己胺、N-甲基吗啉、N,N’-二甲基哌嗪、2-(二甲基氨基乙氧基)乙醇、二氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷等,特别是有机金属化合物,如钛酸酯,铁化合物例如乙酰丙酮铁,锡化合物例如二乙酸亚锡、二辛酸亚锡、二月桂酸亚锡,或脂族羧酸的二烷基锡盐例如二乙酸二丁基锡、二月桂酸二丁基锡等。催化剂的用量通常为0.0001~0.1重量份/100重量份多羟基化合物(b)。
e)除了催化剂(d)外,还可以将常规助剂和/或添加剂(e)添加到结构组分(a)~(c)中。例如,可提及发泡剂、表面活性物质、填料、阻燃剂、成核剂、抗氧化剂、润滑剂和脱模剂,染料和颜料,合适的话,除本发明的稳定剂混合物之外的其它稳定剂,例如关于水解、光、热或变色的稳定剂,无机和/或有机填料、增强剂以及增塑剂。在一个优选实施方案中,组分(e)也包括水解稳定剂,如聚合的和低分子量的碳二亚胺。在另一个实施方案中,TPU可包含磷化合物。在一个优选实施方案中,使用的磷化合物是三价磷的有机磷化合物,实例是亚磷酸酯和亚膦酸酯。合适的磷化合物的实例是磷酸三苯酯、磷酸二苯基烷基酯、亚磷酸苯基二烷基酯、亚磷酸三(壬基苯基)酯、亚磷酸三月桂基酯、亚磷酸三(十八烷基)酯、二亚磷酸二硬脂基季戊四醇酯、亚磷酸三(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)酯、二亚磷酸二异癸基季戊四醇酯、二亚磷酸二(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)季戊四醇酯、三硬脂基山梨醇三亚磷酸酯、4,4′-联亚苯基二亚膦酸四(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)酯、亚磷酸三异癸基酯、亚磷酸二异癸基苯基酯以及亚磷酸异癸基二苯基酯或其混合物。
当磷化合物难以水解时,它们是特别合适的,因为磷化合物的水解得到的对应酸可以导致聚氨酯特别是聚酯型聚氨酯的降解。因此,对聚酯型聚氨酯特别合适的磷化合物是特别难以水解的那些。这些磷化合物的实例是亚磷酸二聚丙二醇苯基酯、亚磷酸三异癸基酯、亚磷酸三苯基单癸基酯、亚磷酸三异壬基酯、亚磷酸三(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)酯、二亚膦酸四(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)-4,4′-联亚苯基酯和二亚磷酸二(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)季戊四醇酯或其混合物。
可以使用的填料是有机和无机粉末或者纤维材料,或是其混合物。可以使用的有机填料的实例是木粉、淀粉、亚麻纤维、大麻纤维、苎麻纤维、黄麻纤维、剑麻纤维、棉纤维、纤维素纤维或芳族聚酰胺纤维。可以使用的无机填料的实例是硅酸盐、重晶石、玻璃珠、沸石、金属或金属氧化物。优选使用粉状无机物质,如滑石、白垩、高岭土、(Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4)、氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁、亚硝酸铝、硅酸铝、硫酸钡、碳酸钙、硫酸钙、硅石、粉状石英、Aerosil、氧化铝、云母或硅灰石;或珠粒形式或纤维形式的无机物质,例如铁粉、玻璃珠、玻璃纤维或碳纤维。平均粒径或在纤维形式填料的情况时的长度应在孔尺寸或更小范围内。优选平均粒径在0.1~100μm范围内,更优选在1~50μm范围内。优选包含发泡剂和包含5~80重量%(基于包含发泡剂的热塑性聚氨酯总重)的有机和/或无机填料的可发性热塑性聚氨酯。此外优选包含5~80重量%(基于热塑性聚氨酯的总重)的有机和/或无机填料的膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯。
除了提到的组分a)和b),以及如果合适的话,c)、d)以及e)外,也可以使用摩尔质量通常为31~499的链调节剂。这些链调节剂是仅具有一个对异氰酸酯呈反应性的官能团的化合物,实例是一元醇、一元胺和/或一元多元醇(monofunktionelle Polyole)。这些链调节剂可以精确控制流动特性,特别是在TPU情况下。链调节剂的一般用量为0~5重量份,优选0.1~1重量份,基于100重量份组分b),并且链调节剂被定义为组分(c)的一部分。
本说明书提到的所有摩尔质量的单位为[g/mol]。
为了调节TPU的硬度,结构组分(b)和(c)的摩尔比可以相对广地变化。组分(b)对要使用的增链剂(c)总量的有利摩尔比为10:1~1:10,特别是1:1~1:4,并且在此TPU的硬度随着(c)含量的增加而升高。
优选增链剂(c)也用于生产TPU。
本反应可以在常规指数下进行,优选指数为60~120,特别优选指数为80~110。所述指数定义为,在组分(a)中的反应过程中利用的异氰酸酯基的总数与在组分(b)和(c)中对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的比率,即与组分(b)和(c)中的活性氢原子数的比率。如果指数是100,就是对于组分(a)中的每一个异氰酸酯基,在(b)和(c)中存在一个活性氢原子,即一个对异氰酸酯呈反应性的官能。如果指数超过100,则存在的异氰酸酯基多于OH基。
可以通过已知方法连续生产TPU,例如使用反应性挤出机,或者带式方法,通过一锅法或预聚物方法;或者通过已知的预聚物方法分批地进行。在这些方法中反应的组分(a)、(b),和如果合适的话(c)、(d)和/或(e)可以相继或同时相互混合,随之反应立即开始。
在挤出机方法中,将结构组分(a)、(b),和如果合适的话(c)、(d)和/或(e)单独或以混合物形式引入挤出机,例如在100~280℃,优选140~250℃的温度下引入,反应,并将得到的TPU挤出、冷却和制粒。如果合适的话,可有利的是在进一步加工之前在80~120℃,优选100~110℃热调节所得TPU1~24小时。
根据本发明,将开始描述的本发明TPU用于生产包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯,优选珠粒形式,用于生产膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯以及生产基于热塑性聚氨酯的泡沫。下面描述由本发明TPU来生产这些材料。
原则上,本发明的膨胀的TPU珠粒可以通过悬浮法或挤出法直接或间接地利用可发性TPU珠粒,在压力预发泡机中用蒸汽或热空气发泡而生产。
在悬浮法中,在密闭反应器中将丸粒形式的TPU与水、悬浮剂以及发泡剂加热至丸粒的软化点之上。因此,用发泡剂浸渍聚合物珠粒。然后可以冷却热悬浮液,随之所述颗粒固化,并包住发泡剂,并且使反应器解压。以这种方式获得的包含发泡剂的(可发性)珠粒通过加热发泡得到膨胀的珠粒。作为替换,可以使热悬浮液骤然解压而不冷却(爆炸膨胀方法),随之包含发泡剂的软化珠粒立即发泡得到膨胀的珠粒,参见例如WO 94/20568。
在挤出法中,将TPU在挤出机中与引入挤出机的发泡剂熔化混合。将包含发泡剂的混合物在TPU丸粒不发泡(膨胀)的压力和温度条件下挤出和制粒,用于此目的的方法的实例是水下制粒,其在超过2巴的水压下操作。这样得到包含发泡剂的可发性珠粒,然后其通过随后的加热发泡得到膨胀的珠粒。或者也可将混合物在大气压下挤出和制粒。在此过程中,熔体挤出物发泡且通过制粒获得的产物是膨胀的珠粒。
TPU可以以市售的丸粒、粉末、颗粒或任何其它形式使用。使用丸粒是有利的。合适形状的实例是已知的小丸粒,其优选平均直径为0.2~10mm,特别是0.5~5mm。这些大体上为圆柱形或球形的小丸粒通过挤出TPU和,如果合适的话其它添加剂,从挤出机中排出,并且如果合适的话冷却,以及制粒来生产。在圆柱形小丸粒的情况下,长度优选为0.2~10mm,特别是0.5~5mm。丸粒也可以有薄片形。包含发泡剂的热塑性聚氨酯的平均直径优选为0.2~10mm。
本发明的可发性TPU珠粒可以通过悬浮法或挤出法生产。
如果合适的话,优选的发泡剂可因使用方法的变化而变化。在悬浮法的情况下,使用的发泡剂优选包含有机液体或无机气体或其混合物。可以使用的液体包含卤代烃,但优选饱和脂族烃,特别是具有3~8个碳原子的那些。合适的无机气体是氮气、空气、氨气或二氧化碳。
在通过挤出法进行的生产中,使用的发泡剂优选包含挥发性有机化合物,其在1013毫巴大气压下的沸点为-25~150℃,特别是-10~150℃。烃(优选不含卤素)是很合适的,特别是C4-10链烷烃,例如丁烷、戊烷、己烷、庚烷和辛烷的异构体,特别优选仲戊烷。其它合适的发泡剂是体积较大的化合物,实例是醇、酮、酯、醚和有机碳酸酯。
还可以使用卤代烃,但是发泡剂优选不含卤素。然而,不排除在发泡剂混合物中有很小比例的含卤发泡剂。当然,也可以使用提到的发泡剂的混合物。
发泡剂的量优选为0.1~40重量份,特别是0.5~35重量份,特别优选1~30重量份,所述量基于100重量份使用的TPU。
在悬浮法中,一般在浸渍机中分批进行操作,例如在搅拌釜反应器中进行。TPU以例如小丸粒形式供入反应器,以及供入水或其它悬浮介质,和发泡剂,以及如果合适的话悬浮剂。水不溶性无机稳定剂适合作为悬浮剂,实例是磷酸三钙、焦磷酸镁和金属碳酸盐;以及聚乙烯醇和表面活性剂,如十二烷基芳基磺酸钠。它们的通常用量基于TPU为0.05~10重量%。
然后密封反应器,并且加热反应器内容物至浸渍温度,通常为至少100℃。在此,发泡剂可在反应器内容物的加热之前、期间或之后添加。浸渍温度应在TPU的软化点附近。优选浸渍温度为100~150℃,特别是110~145℃。
取决于发泡剂的量和性质以及温度,在密封的反应器中确立压力(浸渍压力)并且其一般为2~100巴(绝对)。如必要的话,压力可以通过压力控制阀或通过在压力下引入其它发泡剂来调节。在由浸渍条件提供的高温和超计大气压下,发泡剂扩散至聚合物丸粒中。浸渍时间一般为0.5~10小时。
在悬浮法的一个实施方案中,在浸渍过程后,将热悬浮液冷却,通常冷却至低于100℃,结果TPU再固化并包住发泡剂。然后将材料解压。产物是可发性TPU珠粒,最终将其从悬浮液中常规分离出。一般通过干燥除去粘附的水,例如在气流式干燥机中干燥。随后或之前,如必要的话,可通过用合适的试剂处理珠粒来除去粘附的悬浮剂。例如,可以使用酸,如硝酸、盐酸或硫酸来处理,以除去酸溶性悬浮剂,例如金属碳酸盐或磷酸三钙。
在挤出法中,优选将TPU、发泡剂和如果合适的话添加剂一起(以混合物形式)或彼此分开引入挤出机的一处或多处。在此,可以由固态组分提前制备混合物,但不是必需的。例如,可以通过混合TPU和如果合适的话添加剂开始,并将混合物引入挤出机中,然后将发泡剂引入挤出机中,以便挤出机将发泡剂混合到聚合物熔体中。也可以将发泡剂和添加剂的混合物引入到挤出机中,即预混合添加剂和发泡剂。
在挤出机中,将提到的原料混合并熔化TPU。任何常规螺杆式机器都可用作挤出机,特别是单螺杆挤出机和双螺杆挤出机(例如Werner &Pfleiderer ZSK机)、联合捏合机(Ko-Kneter)、Kombiplast机、MPC捏合混合机、FCM混合机、KEX捏合螺杆挤出机和剪切辊挤出机(Scherwalzenextruder),例如在Saechtling(编辑),Kunststoff-Taschenbuch[塑料手册],第27版,Hanser-Verlag Munich 1998,3.2.1和3.2.4章中所述。挤出机通常在TPU以熔体形式存在的温度下操作,例如150~250℃,特别是180~210℃。
以已知方式选择挤出机螺杆的旋度、长度、直径和设计,引入量和挤出机生产量,从而使得添加剂在挤出的TPU中均一分布。
在挤出法的一个实施方案中,产生可发性珠粒。为防止包含发泡剂的熔体从挤出机中排出时过早发泡,在实际上不会发生发泡(膨胀)的温度和压力条件下将熔体挤出物从挤出机中排出并且制粒。这些条件可因聚合物、添加剂、特别是发泡剂的类型和量变化而变化。可通过预备实验容易地确定理想条件。
一个工业有利的方法是在水浴中水下制粒,水浴温度低于100℃并且其经受至少2巴(绝对)的压力。必须避免过低的温度,因为否则熔体在模底板上硬化;也必须避免过高的温度,因为否则熔体膨胀。随着发泡剂的沸点升高以及发泡剂的量变小,可允许的水温变高并且可允许的水压变低。在特别优选的发泡剂仲戊烷的情况下,理想的水浴温度是30~60℃并且理想的水压是8~12巴(绝对)。也可以使用其它合适的冷却剂代替水。还可以使用水冷模头面制粒。在此过程中,包封切断室以便于允许在加压下操作制粒设备。
产物是可发性TPU珠粒,然后将其从水中分离出,并且如果合适的话,干燥。然后将它们在下面描述的后续步骤发泡得到膨胀的TPU珠粒。
生产包含发泡剂的可发性TPU珠粒的优选方法包括以下步骤:
i)熔化TPU,如果合适的话和添加剂一起熔化,并且挤出得到平均直径为0.2~10mm的丸粒,
ii)将丸粒用基于丸粒的总重为0.1~40重量%的挥发性发泡剂在含水悬浮液中在加压下,优选在5~100巴的压力下,在100~150℃范围内的温度下浸渍,
iii)冷却悬浮液至20~95℃,
iv)然后解压。
通过冷却,发泡剂包在聚合物内,并且产物未发泡。如果在步骤ii)的高温下直接使所述釜解压,则发泡剂逸出,并且在所述温度下软化的聚合物膨胀。
生产包含发泡剂的可发性TPU珠粒的另一个优选方法包括以下步骤:
i)在挤出机中将TPU和基于丸粒的总重为0.1~40重量%的挥发性发泡剂以及如果合适的话添加剂一起熔化,
ii)从挤出机中排出熔体并且在2~20巴的压力、5~95℃的温度下将熔体挤出物水下制粒。
该方法利用了在超计大气压下在水下制粒从而避免了发泡剂的逸出和聚合物的发泡。
因此,本发明还提供了,并且这是特别优选的,生产包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯(优选珠粒形式)的方法,其中将肖氏硬度为A44~A84、优选A62~A80的热塑性聚氨酯挤出,如果合适的话和添加剂一起挤出,得到平均直径为0.2~10mm的丸粒,将丸粒用基于丸粒的总重为0.1~40重量%的优选挥发性发泡剂在含水悬浮液中在加压下,优选5~100巴的压力,在100~150℃范围内的温度下浸渍,将含有含发泡剂的热塑性聚氨酯的悬浮液冷却至20~95℃,然后将包含发泡剂的热塑性聚氨酯解压。
因此,本发明还提供了,并且这是特别优选的,生产包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯(优选珠粒形式)的方法,其中将肖氏硬度为A44~A84,优选A62~A80的热塑性聚氨酯与基于丸粒总重为0.1~40重量%的优选挥发性发泡剂以及如果合适的话添加剂一起在挤出机中熔化,并且将熔体在水下在2~20巴的压力和5~95℃的温度下制粒。
它们可以以已知方式发泡至可发性珠粒获得的程度,随之产生本发明的膨胀的TPU珠粒。发泡一般通过在常规发泡设备中加热可发性珠粒进行,例如用热空气或过热蒸汽在被称为压力预发泡机中加热,例如通常用于加工可发性聚苯乙烯(EPS)的类型的压力预发泡机。优选在珠粒软化时的温度(软化范围)将其发泡,特别优选温度为100~140℃。
因此,本发明还提供了生产基于热塑性聚氨酯的泡沫的方法,其中将本发明的包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯(优选珠粒形式)在100~140℃的温度下发泡。本发明还提供了可如此获得的基于热塑性聚氨酯的泡沫。
如果蒸汽用于发泡,那么蒸汽压力通常为1~4巴(绝对),优选1.5~3.5巴(绝对),其随着TPU和发泡剂的性质和量,以及要生产的泡沫所需密度的变化而变化。在此,随着压力的增加,发泡的TPU产物的密度变小,即蒸汽压力能用来设定所需密度。发泡时间通常为1~300秒,优选1~30秒。发泡后进行解压和冷却。在发泡过程中,膨胀系数优选为2~50。
在用于生产膨胀的TPU珠粒的悬浮法的一个实施方案中,不冷却热悬浮液,而是当热的时候骤然解压,不冷却。在解压过程中,先前已经扩散到TPU珠粒中的发泡剂“爆炸地”膨胀并且使变软的珠粒发泡,获得膨胀的TPU珠粒。
悬浮液通常通过模具、阀或另外合适的设备来解压。悬浮液可直接解压到大气压力,如1013毫巴。然而,优选在压力足够发泡TPU珠粒但是可高于大气压力的中间容器中解压。合适的方法使压力解压到,例如,0.5~5巴(绝对),特别是1~3巴(绝对)。在解压过程中,浸渍容器中的浸渍压力可通过进一步加压引入发泡剂来保持不变。一般使用的方法包括在解压后冷却悬浮液、从悬浮液中常规分离出膨胀的TPU珠粒,在此之前或之后,如果合适的话,如上所述,除去粘附的悬浮剂,最后洗涤和干燥珠粒。
在用于生产膨胀的TPU珠粒的挤出法的一个实施方案,从挤出机中排出包含发泡剂的熔体并且制粒,无需水下制粒、水冷模头面制粒或者其它抑制发泡的预防方法。例如,挤出可直接在大气中进行。在此过程中从挤出机中排出的熔体挤出物发泡,并且通过发泡挤出物的制粒获得膨胀的TPU珠粒。
生产膨胀的TPU珠粒的优选方法包括以下步骤:
i)熔化TPU,如果合适的话和添加剂一起熔化,并且挤出得到平均直径为0.2~10mm的小丸粒,
ii)小丸粒用基于丸粒总重为0.1~40重量%的挥发性发泡剂在含水悬浮液中在加压下,优选在5~100巴压力下,在100~150℃范围内的温度下浸渍,以及
iii)然后解压。
用于膨胀的TPU珠粒的膨胀的另一个优选方法包括以下步骤:
i)将TPU和基于丸粒总重为0.1~40重量%的挥发性发泡剂以及如果合适的话添加剂一起在挤出机中熔化,
ii)从挤出机中排出熔体并且将熔体挤出物制粒,无需抑制发泡的设备。
本发明还提供了,并且这是特别优选的,生产膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯的方法,其中将肖氏硬度为A44~A84,优选A62~A80的热塑性聚氨酯挤出,如果合适的话和添加剂一起挤出,得到平均直径为0.2~10mm的丸粒,将丸粒用基于丸粒总重为0.1~40重量%的优选挥发性发泡剂,优选在含水悬浮液中在加压下,优选在5~100巴压力下,在100~150℃范围内的温度下浸渍,并且然后解压。
本发明还提供了,并且这是特别优选的,生产膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯的方法,其中将肖氏硬度为A44~A84,优选A62~A80的热塑性聚氨酯与基于丸粒总重为0.1~40重量%的优选挥发性发泡剂和如果合适的话添加剂一起在挤出机中熔化,并且将熔体制粒,无需抑制发泡的设备。
本发明还提供了可通过这些方法获得的膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯。
可在发泡过程之前和/或之后给TPU珠粒提供防粘结剂。合适的防粘结剂的实例是滑石,金属化合物如磷酸三钙、碳酸钙,硅石,特别是热解法硅石,如来自Degussa的长链(C10-22)羧酸的盐,例如诸如硬脂酸钙的硬脂酸盐,长链(C10-22)羧酸的酯,例如诸如硬脂酸甘油脂的甘油酯,以及硅油。防粘结剂一般通过混合、喷雾施加、转鼓施加或其它常规方法施加于珠粒。通常用量基于100重量份TPU为0.01~20重量份,优选0.1~10重量份,特别优选0.5~6重量份。
在所有情况下,产物是膨胀的TPU珠粒。优选的密度为5~600g/L,并且特别优选10~300g/L。
膨胀的珠粒一般至少近似球形并且它们的直径通常为0.2~20mm,优选0.5~15mm,特别是1~12mm。在非球形的情况下,例如伸长的或圆柱的珠粒,直径是指最长的维度。
泡沫可以由本发明的膨胀的TPU珠粒生产,例如在密闭模具中通过暴露于热将其彼此熔融。为此,将珠粒加入模具,并且一旦关闭模具,供应蒸汽或热空气,从而进一步膨胀珠粒并使其彼此熔融得到泡沫,其密度优选在8~600g/L范围内。泡沫可以是半成品,例如有简单或复杂的几何形状的片、异型或网、或者是最终的模制品。因此,表述TPU泡沫包括泡沫半成品并包括泡沫模制品。
在膨胀的TPU珠粒熔融期间的温度优选为100℃~140℃。因此,本发明还提供了生产基于热塑性聚氨酯的泡沫的方法,其中本发明的膨胀热塑性聚氨酯借助蒸汽在100℃~140℃的温度下熔融得到模制品。
本发明还提供了膨胀的TPU珠粒生产TPU泡沫的用途,并且提供了可从膨胀的TPU珠粒获得的TPU泡沫。
本发明的泡沫可以通过热塑性途径容易地被再循环。为此,使用通风挤出机挤出发泡TPU,并可在此挤出过程之前机械粉碎。然后,它们可以以上述方式再次加工得到泡沫。
本发明的泡沫优选用在吸收能量的模制品中以及用于汽车内部的模制品中。
因此,特别优选包含本发明的泡沫的以下产品:头盔外壳、护膝、护肘、鞋底、鞋底夹层、鞋垫以及包含本发明的泡沫的下列部件:方向盘部件、门侧部件和放脚坑部件。
下面的实施例意欲进一步阐述本发明:
表1
PU弹性体的肖氏硬度是根据DIN 53 505测定的。
实施例1
泡沫珠粒的生产
将100份表1所示的丸粒形式TPU(每个重约2mg),250重量份的水,6.7份的磷酸三钙,以及20份正丁烷搅拌引入高压釜中并加热至表2所示的温度。然后压力容器的内容物通过基阀排出并解压,同时通过加压引入氮气或使用的发泡剂使釜内的压力保持不变。泡沫珠粒通过用硝酸和水洗涤除去粘附的助剂残留物,并且在50℃风干。
浸渍条件和膨胀珠粒的所得堆积密度见表2。
表2
表1的TPU | 正丁烷[重量份] | 温度[℃] | 堆积密度[g/L] |
A | 20 | 112 | 300 |
A | 20 | 114 | 170 |
B | 20 | 119 | 240 |
B | 20 | 120 | 190 |
B | 20 | 122 | 140 |
B | 20 | 125 | 120 |
实施例2
模制品的生产
将实施例1中生产的泡沫珠粒加入预热的模具中,加压和压实。通过1.0~4.0巴的蒸汽交替加热模的各面,即在100℃~140℃温度下加热。
然后将模具解压并用水和空气分别冷却并打开,取出机械稳定的模制品。
Claims (15)
1.一种包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯,其中该热塑性聚氨酯的肖氏硬度为A44~A84。
2.根据权利要求1的包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯,其中通过DSC以20K/分钟的加热速率测量的热塑性聚氨酯熔程起点低于130℃,并且热塑性聚氨酯至多具有250g/10分钟的熔体流动速率(MFR),其根据DINEN ISO 1133在190℃施加21.6kg的重量测量。
3.根据权利要求1的包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯,其中所述热塑性聚氨酯基于摩尔质量为600g/mol~2500g/mol的聚四氢呋喃。
4.根据权利要求1的包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯,其中所述热塑性聚氨酯基于摩尔质量为600g/mol~900g/mol的聚酯醇。
5.根据权利要求1的包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯,其中所述包含发泡剂的热塑性聚氨酯的平均直径为0.2~10mm。
6.根据权利要求1的包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯,其中所述包含发泡剂的热塑性聚氨酯包含5~80重量%的有机和/或无机填料,该含量基于包含发泡剂的热塑性聚氨酯的总重。
7.一种生产包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯的方法,其包括将肖氏硬度为A44~A84的热塑性聚氨酯挤出,如果合适的话和添加剂一起挤出,得到平均直径为0.2~10mm的丸粒,将丸粒用基于丸粒的总重为0.1~40重量%的发泡剂在含水悬浮液中在加压下在100~150℃范围内的温度下浸渍,将含有含发泡剂的热塑性聚氨酯的悬浮液冷却至20~95℃,然后将包含发泡剂的热塑性聚氨酯解压。
8.一种生产包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯的方法,可发性热塑性聚氨酯优选为珠粒形式,该方法包括将肖氏硬度为A44~A84的热塑性聚氨酯与基于丸粒总重为0.1~40重量%的发泡剂以及如果合适的话添加剂一起在挤出机中熔化,并且将熔体在水下在2~20巴的压力和5~95℃的温度下制粒。
9.一种生产基于热塑性聚氨酯的泡沫的方法,其包括将根据权利要求1~5中任一项的包含发泡剂的可发性热塑性聚氨酯在100~140℃的温度下发泡。
10.可通过根据权利要求9的方法获得的基于热塑性聚氨酯的泡沫。
11.一种生产膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯的方法,其包括将肖氏硬度为A44~A84的热塑性聚氨酯挤出,如果合适的话和添加剂一起挤出,得到平均直径为0.2~10mm的丸粒,将丸粒用基于丸粒总重为0.1~40重量%的发泡剂,在加压下,在100~150℃范围内的温度下浸渍,并且然后解压。
12.一种生产膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯的方法,其包括将肖氏硬度为A44~A84的热塑性聚氨酯与基于丸粒总重为0.1~40重量%的发泡剂和如果合适的话添加剂一起在挤出机中熔化,并且将熔体制粒,无需抑制发泡的设备。
13.可通过根据权利要求11或12的方法获得的膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯。
14.根据权利要求13的膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯,其中所述热塑性聚氨酯包含基于热塑性聚氨酯总重为5~80重量%的有机和/或无机填料。
15.一种生产基于热塑性聚氨酯的泡沫的方法,其包括使用温度为100~140℃的蒸汽将根据权利要求13的膨胀的热塑性聚氨酯熔融得到模制品。
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EP1979401A1 (de) | 2008-10-15 |
US20220002512A1 (en) | 2022-01-06 |
US20210022436A1 (en) | 2021-01-28 |
US9884947B2 (en) | 2018-02-06 |
US11053368B2 (en) | 2021-07-06 |
EP1979401B1 (de) | 2010-09-29 |
US20180100049A1 (en) | 2018-04-12 |
US11124620B2 (en) | 2021-09-21 |
CN101370861B (zh) | 2016-04-20 |
CN105601980A (zh) | 2016-05-25 |
US20210002446A1 (en) | 2021-01-07 |
DE502007005193D1 (en) | 2010-11-11 |
US20210403669A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
CN115197462A (zh) | 2022-10-18 |
US20100222442A1 (en) | 2010-09-02 |
US20210002449A1 (en) | 2021-01-07 |
WO2007082838A1 (de) | 2007-07-26 |
ATE482991T1 (de) | 2010-10-15 |
US11365303B2 (en) | 2022-06-21 |
US20210002445A1 (en) | 2021-01-07 |
US11332594B2 (en) | 2022-05-17 |
US11292886B2 (en) | 2022-04-05 |
US11292887B2 (en) | 2022-04-05 |
US11142621B2 (en) | 2021-10-12 |
US20120329892A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
US20210002447A1 (en) | 2021-01-07 |
US20210403668A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
US20210002448A1 (en) | 2021-01-07 |
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