Classifications

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  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
  • C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
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  • C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
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  • C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F110/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
  • C08F110/06—Propene
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  • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F210/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
  • C08F210/06—Propene
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  • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
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  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
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  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
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  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/14—Copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/142—Copolymers of propene at least partially crystalline copolymers of propene with other olefins
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  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/14—Copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/147—Copolymers of propene with monomers containing atoms other than carbon or hydrogen
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  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
  • C09K3/10—Materials in mouldable or extrudable form for sealing or packing joints or covers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/02—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D01F6/04—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyolefins
  • D01F6/06—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyolefins from polypropylene
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/28—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D01F6/30—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds comprising olefins as the major constituent
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/44—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds
  • D01F6/46—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds of polyolefins
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
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  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
  • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
  • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
  • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
  • C08F4/65916—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond supported on a carrier, e.g. silica, MgCl2, polymer
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  • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
  • C08J2323/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
  • C08J2323/12—Polypropene
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  • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
  • C08J2323/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
  • C08J2323/14—Copolymers of propene
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  • C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2367/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L101/00—Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds
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  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
  • C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/16—Ethylene-propylene or ethylene-propylene-diene copolymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2314/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by way of preparation
  • C08L2314/06—Metallocene or single site catalysts
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  • C09K2200/06—Macromolecular organic compounds, e.g. prepolymers
  • C09K2200/0615—Macromolecular organic compounds, e.g. prepolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C09K2200/0617—Polyalkenes
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  • C09K2200/00—Chemical nature of materials in mouldable or extrudable form for sealing or packing joints or covers
  • C09K2200/06—Macromolecular organic compounds, e.g. prepolymers
  • C09K2200/0615—Macromolecular organic compounds, e.g. prepolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C09K2200/0617—Polyalkenes
  • C09K2200/062—Polyethylene
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S526/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
  • Y10S526/943—Polymerization with metallocene catalysts

Definitions

• the present invention relates to supported olefm polymerization catalysts and to a process for preparing polypropylene and other olef ⁇ n polymers therefrom.
• the resulting polymers are well known commercially and may be usefully employed in the preparation of solid articles such as moldings, films, sheets and foamed objects by molding, extruding or other processes.
• the resulting products include components for automobiles, such as bumpers; packaging materials; and other applications.
• a supported, heterogeneous catalyst composition for use in polymerization of addition polymerizable monomers, especially propylene, to form high molecular weight polymers comprising:
• a substrate comprising the reaction product of a solid, particulated, high surface area, metal oxide, metalloid oxide, or a mixture thereof and an organoaluminum compound
• a process for preparing high molecular weight polymers of one or more addition polymerizable monomers, especially propylene or mixtures of ethylene and propylene comprising contacting one or more addition polymerizable monomers under addition polymerization conditions with a catalyst composition comprising:
• a substrate comprising the reaction product of a solid, particulated, high surface area, metal oxide, metalloid oxide, or a mixture thereof and an organoaluminum compound
• compositions claimed herein through use of the term “comprising” may include any additional additive, adjuvant, or compound whether polymeric or otherwise, unless stated to the contrary.
• polymer includes both homopolymers, that is, polymers prepared from a single reactive compound, and copolymers, meaning polymers prepared by reaction of at least two polymer forming, reactive, monomeric compounds. More specifically, the term “polypropylene” includes homopolymers of propylene and copolymers of propylene and one or more olef ⁇ ns, with the proviso that if the comonomer comprises ethylene, at least 60 percent of the polymer units must be derived from propylene, that is, a methyl- substituted ethylene group.
• crystalline refers to a polymer that exhibits an X-ray diffraction pattern at 25 °C and possesses a first order transition or crystalline melting point (Tm).
• Tm crystalline melting point
• the term may be used interchangeably with the term “semicrystalline”.
• Suitable solid, particulated, high surface area, metal oxide, metalloid oxide, or mixtures thereof include: talc, silica, alumina, magnesia, titania, zirconia, Sn 2 O 3 , aluminosilicates, borosilicates, clays, and mixtures thereof.
• Inorganic oxides suitable for the present invention preferably have a surface area as determined by nitrogen porosimetry using the B.E.T. method from 10 to 1000 m 2 /g, and preferably from 100 to 600 m /g.
• the pore volume of the inorganic oxide as well as the resulting catalyst composition, as determined by nitrogen adsorption, is typically up to 5 cm 3 /g, advantageously between 0.1 and 3 cm 3 /g, preferably from 0.2 to 2 cm 3 /g.
• the average particle size is chosen to fit the desired application, as explained here-in-after, and typically is from 0.1 to 500 ⁇ m, preferably from 1 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
• Preferred inorganic oxides for use in the present invention include highly porous silicas, aluminas, aluminosilicates, and mixtures thereof.
• the most preferred support material is silica.
• the support material may be in granular, agglomerated, pelletized, or any other physical form. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, silicas available from Grace Davison (division of W.R. Grace & Co.) under the designations SD 3216.30, Davison Syloid TM245, Davison 948 and Davison 952, and from Crossf ⁇ eld Corporation under the designation ES70, and from Degussa AG under the designation Aerosil TM812; and aluminas available from Akzo Chemicals Inc. under the designation KetzenTM.
• the inorganic oxide is preferably first dehydrated or dried, by heating at temperatures up to 800 °C, as is well known in the art, to remove physi-sorbed water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, or other molecules.
• the inorganic oxide may initially contain small quantities of water, up to 20 weight percent, which are carefully reacted with a trialkylaluminum compound, especially trimethylaluminum, to prepare alumoxane in situ on the surface of the inorganic oxide.
• Suitable thermal treatments if employed, are heating at 100°C to 1000°C, preferably at 200°C to 850°C in an inert atmosphere or under reduced pressure.
• organoaluminum compounds include the well known trihydrocarbyl aluminum compounds, such as trialkylaluminums, especially trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, and triisbutylaluminum; trihalohydrocarbyl aluminum compounds, such as tris(pentaflurorphenyl)aluminum; and oxygen containing aluminum compounds, such as alumoxanes.
• Suitable alumoxanes for treatment of the inorganic oxide supports herein include polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes, especially methylalumoxane, and neutral Lewis acid modified polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes, such as alkylalumoxanes modified by addition of a C ⁇ -30 hydrocarbyl substituted Group 13 compound, especially a tri(hydrocarbyl)aluminum- or tri(hydrocarbyl)boron compound, or a halogenated (including perhalogenated) derivative thereof, having from 1 to 10 carbons in each hydrocarbyl or halogenated hydrocarbyl group, more especially a trialkylaluminum compound, a perfluorinated tri(aryl)boron compound, or a perfluorinated tri(aryl)aluminum compound.
• Examples include triisobutyl aluminum- or tri-n-butyl aluminum- modified methylalumoxane, sometimes referred to as modified methalumoxane, or MMAO.
• modified methalumoxane or MMAO.
• the most preferred alumoxane for treatment of the inorganic oxide support is methalumoxane.
• the inorganic oxide is treated with the organoaluminum compound by contacting a solution or dispersion thereof with the solid inorganic oxide, optionally at an elevated temperature, in the substantial absence of interfering substances such as oxygen, water or carbon dioxide.
• the organoaluminum compound is desirably dissolved or dispersed in an inert liquid, such as a hydrocarbon, and the inorganic oxide material immersed, coated, sprayed, or otherwise brought into contact with the solution or dispersion for an appropriate contact period from one minute to several days.
• the resulting solid may be recovered and devolatilized or rinsed with an inert diluent, especially an aliphatic hydrocarbon to remove excess organoaluminum compound, if desired, prior to use.
• the quantity of organoaluminum compound used with respect to inorganic oxide is sufficient to provide a concentration of from 0.1 to 50 ⁇ mol per g of inorganic oxide, preferably from 1 to 10 ⁇ mol/g.
• the quantity of organoaluminum compound employed is desirably sufficient to saturate the available surface of the support without depositing a significant quantity of material that is capable of being removed by contact with an aliphatic hydrocarbon liquid. Desirably no more than 10 percent, preferably no more than 5 percent, and most preferably no more than 1 percent of the treated support is removed by contacting with hexane at 25 °C for 15 minutes.
• Suitable metal complexes of polyvalent Lewis base ligands for use in the present invention include Group 4 metal derivatives, especially hafnium derivatives of hydrocarbylamine substituted heteroaryl compounds of the formula R 1 HN-T-R 2 (I), said complexes corresponding to the formula:
• R 1 is selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, and inertly substituted derivatives thereof containing from 1 to 30 atoms not counting hydrogen;
• T is a divalent bridging group of from 1 to 20 atoms other than hydrogen, preferably a mono- or di- C ⁇ -20 hydrocarbyl substituted methylene or silane group, and
• R 2 is a C 6-20 heteroaryl group containing Lewis base functionality, especially a pyridin-2-yl- or substituted pyridin-2-yl group, and in the metal complex, M is the Group 4 metal, preferably hafnium,
• X is an anionic, neutral or dianionic ligand group
• x is a number from 0 to 5 indicating the number of such X groups
• bonds, optional bonds and electron donative interactions are represented by lines, dotted lines and arrows respectively.
• Preferred complexes are those wherein ligand formation results from hydrogen elimination from the amine group and optionally from the loss of one or more additional groups, especially from R 2 .
• electron donation from the Lewis base functionality preferably an electron pair, provides additional stability to the metal center.
• Preferred examples of the foregoing polyfunctional Lewis base compounds and the resulting metal complexes correspond to the formulas: ⁇
• R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are hydrogen, halo, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or silyl group of up to 20 atoms not counting hydrogen, or adjacent R 3 , R 4 , R 5 or R 6 groups may be joined together thereby forming fused ring derivatives, and bonds, optional bonds and electron pair donative interactions are represented by lines, dotted lines and arrows respectively.
• M, X, x, R 1 and T are as previously defined, R 3 , R , R and R 6 are as previously defined, preferably R 3 , R , and R 5 are hydrogen, or C I-4 alkyl, and R 6 is C 6-20 aryl, most preferably naphthalenyl;
• R a independently each occurrence is C ⁇ alkyl, and a is 1-5, most preferably R a in two ortho- positions is isopropyl or t-butyl;
• R 7 and R 8 independently each occurrence are hydrogen, halogen, or a C ⁇ -2 o alkyl or aryl group, most preferably one of R 7 and R 8 is hydrogen and the other is a Cg -2 o aryl group, especially a fused polycyclic aryl group, most preferably an anthracenyl group, and bonds, optional bonds and electron pair donative interactions are represented by lines, dotted lines and arrows respectively.
• X each occurrence is halide, N,N-dimethylamido, or C 1-4 alkyl, and preferably each occurrence X is methyl;
• R b independently each occurrence is hydrogen, halogen, C ⁇ -20 alkyl, or C 6-2 o aryl, or two adjacent R b groups are joined together thereby forming a ring, and b is 1-5;
• R° independently each occurrence is hydrogen, halogen, C ⁇ -20 alkyl, or C 6-20 aryl, or two adjacent R c groups are joined together thereby forming a ring, and c is 1-5.
• metal complexes for use according to the present invention are complexes of the following formulas:
• X each occurrence is halide, N,N-dimethylamido, or C ⁇ alkyl, and preferably each occurrence X is methyl.
• the foregoing metal complexes are conveniently prepared by standard metallation and ligand exchange procedures involving a source of the Group 4 metal and the neutral polyfunctional ligand source.
• the complexes may also be prepared by means of an amide elimination and hydrocarbylation process starting from the corresponding Group 4 metal tetraamide and a hydrocarbylating agent, such as trimethylaluminum, as disclosed in WO 02/38628. Other techniques may be used as well.
• the Group 4 metal complexes may be activated to form the actual catalyst composition by combination with a cocatalyst, preferably an aluminoxane, a cation forming cocatalyst, or a combination thereof.
• the sole activating cocatalyst is an alumoxane which is a portion of the alumoxane used to treat the surface of the metal- or metalloid- oxide support, or generated in situ, on the surface of the support by reaction of an aluminum trialkyl compound, especially trimethylaluminum, with water present on the surface of the metal oxide.
• additional activating cocatalyst is not required to be separately combined with the metal complex before supporting the metal complex, and for this reason component 3) is stated as being optionally added to the composition.
• Suitable alumoxanes for activation of the metal complexes herein include the same compounds used for treatment of the inorganic oxide supports, namely polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes, especially methylalumoxane, and neutral Lewis acid modified polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes, such as alkylalumoxanes modified by addition of a C ⁇ -30 hydrocarbyl substituted Group 13 compound, especially a tri(hydrocarbyl)aluminum- or tri(hydrocarbyl)boron compound, or a halogenated (including perhalogenated) derivative thereof, having from 1 to 10 carbons in each hydrocarbyl or halogenated hydrocarbyl group, more especially a trialkylaluminum compound, a perfluorinated tri(aryl)boron compound, or a perfluorinated tri(aryl)aluminum compound.
• Examples include triisobutyl aluminum- or tri-n-butyl aluminum- modified methyl
• the Group 4 metal complexes may also be rendered catalytically active by combination with a cation forming cocatalyst, such as those previously known in the art for use with Group 4 metal olef ⁇ n polymerization complexes.
• Suitable cation forming cocatalysts for use herein include neutral Lewis acids, such as C ⁇ -30 hydrocarbyl substituted Group 13 compounds, especially tri(hydrocarbyl)aluminum- or tri(hydrocarbyl)boron compounds and halogenated (including perhalogenated) derivatives thereof, having from 1 to 10 carbons in each hydrocarbyl or halogenated hydrocarbyl group, more especially perfluorinated tri(aryl)boron compounds, and most especially tris(pentafluoro-phenyl)borane; nonpolymeric, compatible, noncoordinating, ion forming compounds (including the use of such compounds under oxidizing conditions), especially the use of ammonium-, phosphonium-, oxonium-
• the foregoing activating cocatalysts other than an alumoxane are not preferably included in the invented composition, in as much as the best results have generally been obtained by the use of inorganic oxide supports that have been treated with methalumoxane, and optionally, additional methalumoxane cocatalyst.
• a mixture of monomers is contacted with the supported, activated catalyst composition according to any suitable polymerization conditions.
• the process is characterized by use of elevated temperatures and pressures.
• Hydrogen may be employed as a chain transfer agent for molecular weight control according to known techniques if desired.
• the monomers and solvents employed be of sufficiently high purity that catalyst deactivation does not occur.
• Any suitable technique for monomer purification such as devolatilization at reduced pressures, contacting with molecular sieves or high surface area alumina, or a combination of the foregoing processes may be employed.
• the supported catalysts are employed in either a solution, slurry or gas phase polymerization. It has been discovered that if a minor proportion of ethylene is present or is first present in a polymerization of propylene using the catalysts of the present invention, polymers having very high molecular weights can be prepared. Moreover, the process for preparing such interpolymers is more efficient, compared to processes in which ethylene is completely absent.
• the quantity of ethylene added to the reactor is a minor amount compared to the quantity of propylene, and may be extremely small, preferably greater than 0.001 mole percent, based on total monomer content, more preferably from 0.01 to 10 mole percent.
• the resulting copolymer possesses in polymerized form from 0.1 to 25 mole percent ethylene. Further desirably such copolymers also possess a molecular weight distribution, Mw/Mn, greater than 4.0, preferably greater than 5.0. Additionally the polymers desirably possess very rapid crystallization rates, as evidenced by an isothermal crystallization half time (ICHT) of less than about 1 minute at 120 °C. Additionally, they are characterized by unique 13 C NMR spectrum, showing peaks corresponding to such regio-error at about 14.6 and about 15.7 ppm, with the peaks being of equal or approximately equal intensity (that is, the integrated areas of the two peaks differ by less than 10 percent).
• ICT isothermal crystallization half time
• the polymerization is desirably carried out as a continuous polymerization, in which catalyst components, monomers, and optionally solvent, adjuvants, scavengers, and polymerization aids are continuously supplied to the reaction zone and polymer product continuously removed therefrom.
• continuous and continuous as used in this context are those processes in which there are intermittent additions of reactants and removal of products at small regular intervals, so that, over time, the overall process is continuous.
• the catalyst compositions can be advantageously employed in a high pressure, solution, slurry, or gas phase polymerization process.
• a solution polymerization process it is desirable to employ homogeneous dispersions of the catalyst components in liquid diluent in which the polymer is soluble under the polymerization conditions employed.
• One such process utilizing an extremely fine silica or similar dispersing agent to produce such a homogeneous catalyst dispersion is disclosed in US-A-5,783,512.
• a high pressure process is usually carried out at temperatures from 100°C to 400°C and at pressures above 500 bar (50 MPa).
• a slurry process typically uses an inert hydrocarbon diluent and temperatures of from 0°C up to a temperature just below the temperature at which the resulting polymer becomes substantially soluble in the inert polymerization medium.
• Preferred temperatures in a slurry polymerization are from 30°C, preferably from 60°C up to 115°C, preferably up to 100°C. Pressures typically range from atmospheric (100 kPa) to 500 psi (3.4 MPa).
• the support material and resulting catalyst has a median particle diameter from 20 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably from 30 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m, and most preferably from 50 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
• the support has a median particle diameter from 1 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably from 5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, and most preferably from 10 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
• the support has a median particle diameter from 0.1 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, more preferably from 1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, and most preferably from 2 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
• the supported catalyst composition of the present invention can also be employed to advantage in a gas phase polymerization process.
• gas phase process Such processes are used commercially on a large scale for the manufacture of polypropylene, ethylene/propylene copolymers, and other olefin polymerizaitons.
• the gas phase process employed can be, for example, of the type which employs a mechanically stirred bed or a gas fluidized bed as the polymerization reaction zone.
• Preferred is the process wherein the polymerization reaction is carried out in a vertical cylindrical polymerization reactor containing a fluidized bed of polymer particles supported or suspended above a perforated plate, the fluidization grid, by a flow of fluidization gas.
• the gas employed to fluidize the bed comprises the monomer or monomers to be polymerized, and also serves as a heat exchange medium to remove the heat of reaction from the bed.
• the hot gases emerge from the top of the reactor, normally via a tranquilization zone, also known as a velocity reduction zone, having a wider diameter than the fluidized bed and wherein fine particles entrained in the gas stream have an opportunity to gravitate back into the bed. It can also be advantageous to use a cyclone to remove ultra-fine particles from the hot gas stream.
• the gas is then normally recycled to the bed by means of a blower or compressor and one or more heat exchangers to strip the gas of the heat of polymerization.
• a preferred method of cooling of the bed is to feed a volatile liquid to the bed to provide an evaporative cooling effect, often referred to as operation in the condensing mode.
• the volatile liquid employed in this case can be, for example, a volatile inert liquid, for example, a saturated hydrocarbon having 3 to 8, preferably 4 to 6, carbon atoms.
• the monomer or comonomer itself is a volatile liquid, or can be condensed to provide such a liquid, this can suitably be fed to the bed to provide an evaporative cooling effect.
• the volatile liquid evaporates in the hot fluidized bed to form gas which mixes with the fluidizing gas.
• the volatile liquid is a monomer or comonomer, it will undergo some polymerization in the bed.
• the evaporated liquid then emerges from the reactor as part of the hot recycle gas, and enters the compression/heat exchange part of the recycle loop.
• the recycle gas is cooled in the heat exchanger and, if the temperature to which the gas is cooled is below the dew point, liquid will precipitate from the gas.
• This liquid is desirably recycled continuously to the fluidized bed. It is possible to recycle the precipitated liquid to the bed as liquid droplets carried in the recycle gas stream. This type of process is described, for example in EP-89691; U.S. 4,543,399; WO-94/25495 and U.S. 5,352,749.
• a particularly preferred method of recycling the liquid to the bed is to separate the liquid from the recycle gas stream and to reinject this liquid directly into the bed, preferably using a method which generates fine droplets of the liquid within the bed.
• This type of process is described in WO-94/28032.
• the polymerization reaction occurring in the gas fluidized bed is catalyzed by the continuous or semi-continuous addition of catalyst composition.
• the catalyst composition may be subjected to a prepolymerization step, for example, by polymerizing a small quantity of olefin monomer in a liquid inert diluent, to provide a catalyst composite comprising supported catalyst particles embedded in olefin polymer particles if desired as well.
• the polymer is produced directly in the fluidized bed by polymerization of the monomer or mixture of monomers on the fluidized particles of catalyst composition, supported catalyst composition or prepolymerized catalyst composition within the bed. Start-up of the polymerization reaction is achieved using a bed of preformed polymer particles, which are preferably similar to the desired polymer, and conditioning the bed by drying with inert gas or nitrogen prior to introducing the catalyst composition, the monomers and any other gases which it is desired to have in the recycle gas stream, such as a diluent gas, hydrogen chain transfer agent, or an inert condensable gas when operating in gas phase condensing mode.
• the produced polymer is discharged continuously or semi-continuously from the fluidized bed as desired.
• the gas phase processes most suitable for the practice of this invention are continuous processes which provide for the continuous supply of reactants to the reaction zone of the reactor and the removal of products from the reaction zone of the reactor, thereby providing a steady-state environment on the macro scale in the reaction zone of the reactor. Products are readily recovered by exposure to reduced pressure and optionally elevated temperatures (devolatilization) according to known techniques.
• the fluidized bed of the gas phase process is operated at temperatures greater than 50°C, preferably from 60°C to 110°C, more preferably from 70°C to 110°C.
• Component 1A Preparation 1A) Davison 948TM silica (949 g, available from Grace Davison Company) which had been heated at 600°C for 3 hours under a nitrogen purge was added to toluene (2400 g) containing methylalumoxane (MAO, Akzo Nobel, Inc. 1314 mL of a 13.7 percent toluene solution). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, and the temperature of the mixture was increased to 70°C and the volatiles were removed in vacuo. The resulting dry powder was heated an additional 1 hour under vacuum. The resulting alumoxane modified silica, was a free flowing solid having an aluminum content of 4.5 mmol/g.
• toluene 2400 g
• MAO methylalumoxane
• the mixture was stirred for 1 hour, the supernatant was removed via cannula, and the treated silica was washed with isopentane (1000 ml) and dried under high vacuum.
• the resulting free flowing, powder had an aluminum content of 4.5 mmol/g. Contacting with hexane at 25 °C resulted in less than 1 percent weight loss.
• Davison 948TM silica (6.00 g) which had been heated at 500°C for 3 hours under a nitrogen purge was slurried in hexane (24 g) and then treated with 8.00 ml of a 21 percent triethylaluminum/hexane solution at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, collected on a filter, and the treated silica was washed with hexane (2x10 ml) and dried under high vacuum. The resulting free flowing, powder had an aluminum content of approximately 1.1 mmol/g. Contacting with hexane at 25 °C resulted in less than 1 percent weight loss.
• Component 3 Preparation 3 A) In a glass ampoule, 16.5 ⁇ L of a 19.6 percent toluene solution of triethylaluminum were combined with 260 mg of a 10.4 percent toluene solution of the methylbis- (Ci8- 22 alkyl)ammonium salt of p-hydroxyphenyltris(pentafluorophenyl)borate: [(p- HOC6H 4 )B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ][NHMe(Ci 8-22 H 3 7. 4 5) 2 ] (0.024 ⁇ mol) and stirred for 15 minutes. Prior to use the product was diluted with 400 mg toluene.
• Example 1 (No separately added cocatalyst) In a glass flask containing 40 mL hexane, 10.13 g of the treated support 1A (45.6 mmol Al) was added and stirred to form a slurry.
• Example 3 (No separately added cocatalyst; supported catalyst generated in situ and used without isolation)
• 0.2 mL of a 0.005 M hexane solution of component 2A was added to a slurry of 0.222 g of support IB in 2 mL of hexane. After stirring for 60 minutes, the mixture was injected directly into the polymerization vessel.
• Hf content 4.50 ⁇ mol/g.
• Al/Hf (molar ratio) 1000:1
• Comparative 1 Untreated silica, not an example of the invention
• a glass flask containing 5 mL hexane 1.00 g of Davison 948TM silica which had been heated at 500°C for 3 hours under a nitrogen purge, was added and stirred to form a slurry.
• a premixed hexane solution of Component 2A (4.15 mg, 6.0 mmol Hf, 1.0 mL hexane) and the MMAO-12 methalumoxane cocatalyst as a 12.9 percent aluminum/toluene solution (1.09 mL, 4500 ⁇ mol Al, Akzo-Noble) was added and the resulting mixture stirred overnight.
• the volatiles were removed under high vacuum leaving the catalyst composition as a free flowing powder, in quantitative yield.
• Hf content 3.53 ⁇ mol Hf/g.
• Al:Hf (molar ratio) 750: 1.
• Comparative 2 Untreated silica, not an example of the invention
• a glass flask containing 5 mL hexane 1.00 g of Davison 948TM silica which had been heated at 500°C for 3 hours under a nitrogen purge, was added and stirred to form a slurry.
• a premixed toluene solution of Component 2A (4.15 mg, 6.0 mmol Hf, 1.0 mL toluene) and methalumoxane cocatalyst as a 13.7 percent aluminum/toluene solution (0.96 mL, 4500 ⁇ mol Al, MAO-3, Albemarle) was added and the resulting mixture stirred overnight.
• the volatiles were removed under high vacuum leaving the catalyst composition as a free flowing powder, in quantitative yield.
• Hf content 4.72 ⁇ mol Hf/g.
• Al:Hf (molar ratio) 750:1.
• a 1 liter stirred, jacketed, polymerization reactor was charged with 400 g propylene and heated to 60 °C, resulting in an internal pressure of 375 psi (2.8 MPa).
• Triisobutylaluminum (0.4 g, 2 mmol) in 10 ml hexane solvent was added to the reactor contents and circulated for 10 minutes to scavenge impurities.
• the desired quantity of catalyst slurry followed by an additional 10 ml hexane to purge the line was added via a transfer line. The reaction temperature was maintained at
• Morphology (polymer particle integrity and lack of lumping or friability) was determined qualitatively by observation.
• ICHT isothermal crystallization half time
• DSC7 differential scanning calorimeter
• the polypropylene resin from run 3 has a broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) and a rapid crystallization rate.
• the broad MWD is a particularly surprising feature of this polypropylene and is believed to result from the interaction of the active catalyst components of the invention. While only homopolymer polypropylenes were made, it is believed that propylene/ethylene copolymers made with the present supported catalyst composition will exhibit a similar broad MWD.
• the polypropylene of runs 1 through 4 also had regio-errors as determined by 13 C NMR spectroscopy.
• the regio-error frequency was 8 to 14 per 1000 propylene units.
• the regio-error shows up as a twin peaks at about 14.6 and about 15.7 ppm in the 13 C NMR spectrum, with the peaks having about equal intensity.
• Polypropylene homopolymers made from the active catalyst of the invention typically have at least 50 percent more of this regio-error than a comparable polypropylene homopolymer prepared with a Ziegler-Natta catalyst.
• Propylene/ ethylene copolymers made with the present catalyst composition also are characterized by 13 C NMR spectra exhibiting a similar regio-error.
• Isothermal crystallization half time (ICHT) at 120 °C for the polypropylene resins made in runs 1-4 were surprisingly fast (1 min or less). This indicates the polymers possess a crystallization rate faster than commercially available polypropylenes made using zirconium based metallocene catalysts.

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