JP6336900B2 - 寛容原性合成ナノキャリア - Google Patents
寛容原性合成ナノキャリア Download PDFInfo
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- JP6336900B2 JP6336900B2 JP2014508579A JP2014508579A JP6336900B2 JP 6336900 B2 JP6336900 B2 JP 6336900B2 JP 2014508579 A JP2014508579 A JP 2014508579A JP 2014508579 A JP2014508579 A JP 2014508579A JP 6336900 B2 JP6336900 B2 JP 6336900B2
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- synthetic nanocarriers
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- cells
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Description
本出願は、米国特許法第119条の下で、2011年4月29日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/480,946号、2011年7月29日に出願された同第61/513,514号、2011年9月6日に出願された同第61/531,147号、2011年9月6日に出願された同第61/531,153号、2011年9月6日に出願された同第61/531,164号、2011年9月6日に出願された同第61/531,168号、2011年9月6日に出願された同第61/531,175号、2011年9月6日に出願された同第61/531,180号、2011年9月6日に出願された同第61/531,194号、2011年9月6日に出願された同第61/531,204号、2011年9月6日に出願された同第61/531,209号、2011年9月6日に出願された同第61/531,215号の利益を主張するものであり、これらの仮特許出願のそれぞれの内容全体が、参照により本明細書に援用される。
上述されるように、現在の従来の免疫抑制剤は、広く作用し、一般に、免疫系の全体的な全身の下方制御をもたらす。本明細書に提供される組成物および方法は、例えば、対象とする免疫細胞への標的化した送達を可能にすることによって、より標的化した免疫効果を可能にする。従って、本組成物および方法により、より標的を絞った(directed manner)免疫抑制を得ることができる。実施例に示されるように、本発明の組成物を用いて、制御性細胞を生成し、CD69の減少から明らかなようにT細胞活性化を減少させることに成功した。
「投与する(administering)」または「投与(administration)」は、薬理学的に有用な方法で被験体に材料を提供することを意味する。
被験体に投与された際に免疫抑制効果をもたらし得る、合成ナノキャリアおよび免疫抑制剤の組成物が本明細書に提供される。好ましくは、組成物は、抗原も含み、免疫抑制効果は、抗原、ひいては寛容原性効果に特異的である。このような組成物は、制御性細胞(例えば、CD4+Treg細胞および/またはCD8+Treg細胞)の刺激、誘導、産生または動員などの、本明細書に提供される寛容原性応答の何れかをもたらし得る。ある実施形態において、寛容原性免疫応答は、制御性細胞(例えば、Treg細胞)の産生、誘導、刺激または動員によって特徴付けられる制御性表現型への変換をもたらすものである。
合成ナノキャリアは、当該技術分野において公知の様々な方法を用いて調製され得る。例えば、合成ナノキャリアは、ナノ析出(nanoprecipitation)、流体チャネルを用いたフローフォーカシング(flow focusing)、噴霧乾燥、単一および二重乳化溶媒蒸発、溶媒抽出、相分離、ミリング、マイクロエマルジョン法、マイクロ加工、ナノ加工(nanofabrication)、犠牲層、単純コアセルベーションおよび複合コアセルベーション、並びに当業者に周知の他の方法のような方法によって形成され得る。その代わりにまたはそれに加えて、単分散半導体ナノ材料、伝導性ナノ材料、磁性ナノ材料、有機ナノ材料、および他のナノ材料のための水性および有機溶媒合成が、記載されている(Pellegrino et al.,2005,Small,1:48;Murray et al.,2000,Ann.Rev.Mat.Sci.,30:545;およびTrindade et al.,2001,Chem.Mat.,13:3843)。更なる方法が、文献に記載されている(例えば、Doubrow,Ed.,“Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy,” CRC Press,Boca Raton,1992;Mathiowitz et al.,1987,J.Control.Release,5:13;Mathiowitz et al.,1987,Reactive Polymers,6:275;およびMathiowitz et al.,1988,J.Appl.Polymer Sci.,35:755;米国特許第5578325号明細書および同第6007845号明細書;P.Paolicelli et al.,“Surface−modified PLGA−based Nanoparticles that can Efficiently Associate and Deliver Virus−like Particles” Nanomedicine.5(6):843−853(2010)を参照されたい)。
メソ多孔質SiO2ナノ粒子コアを、ゾル・ゲル法によって生成する。ヘキサデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(CTAB)(0.5g)を、脱イオン水(500mL)に溶解させ、次に、2MのNaOH水溶液(3.5mL)を、CTAB溶液に加える。溶液を30分間撹拌し、次に、テトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)(2.5mL)を溶液に加える。得られたゲルを、80℃の温度で3時間撹拌する。生じる白色の沈殿物を、ろ過によって捕捉した後、脱イオン水で洗浄し、室温で乾燥させる。次に、残っている界面活性剤を、HClのエタノール溶液中で一晩懸濁させることによって粒子から抽出する。粒子を、エタノールで洗浄し、遠心分離し、超音波処理により再分散させる。この洗浄手順を更に2回繰り返す。
リポソームを、薄膜水和(thin film hydration)を用いて形成する。1,2−ジパルミトイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホコリン(DPPC)(32μmol)、コレステロール(32μmol)、およびシクロスポリンA(6.4μmol)を、純粋なクロロホルム(3mL)に溶解させる。この脂質溶液を、50mLの丸底フラスコに加え、溶媒を、60℃の温度でロータリーエバポレータにおいて蒸発させる。次に、フラスコを、窒素ガスでフラッシュして、残りの溶媒を除去する。リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(2mL)および5つのガラスビーズをフラスコに加え、60℃で1時間振とうすることによって脂質膜を水和して、懸濁液を形成する。懸濁液を小型の圧力管に移し、各パルス間に30秒の遅延を伴う30秒のパルスの4回のサイクルにわたって、60℃で、超音波で分解する。次に、懸濁液を室温で2時間そのままにしておき、完全に水和させる。リポソームを、遠心分離によって洗浄した後、新鮮なリン酸緩衝生理食塩水に再懸濁させる。
PLGA−ラパマイシンコンジュゲートの調製:
酸性末端基を有するPLGAポリマー(7525 DLG1A、酸価0.46mmol/g、Lakeshore Biomaterials;5g、2.3mmol、1.0当量)を、30mLのジクロロメタン(DCM)に溶解させる。N,N−ジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミド(1.2当量、2.8mmol、0.57g)を加えた後、ラパマイシン(1.0当量、2.3mmol、2.1g)および4−ジメチルアミノピリジン(DMAP)(2.0当量、4.6mmol、0.56g)を加える。混合物を室温で2日間撹拌する。次に、混合物をろ過して、不溶性ジシクロヘキシル尿素を除去する。ろ液を、約10mLの体積に濃縮し、100mLのイソプロピルアルコール(IPA)に加えて、PLGA−ラパマイシンコンジュゲートを析出させる。IPA層を除去し、次に、ポリマーを、50mLのIPAおよび50mLのメチルt−ブチルエーテル(MTBE)で洗浄する。次に、ポリマーを、35Cで2日間、真空下で乾燥させて、白色の固体としてPLGA−ラパマイシン(約6.5g)を得る。
PLGA−ラパマイシンを含有するナノキャリアを、実施例1に記載される手順に従って、以下のとおりに調製する:
溶液1:希塩酸水溶液中20mg/mLのオボアルブミンペプチド323−339。オボアルブミンペプチドを0.13Mの塩酸溶液に室温で溶解させることによって溶液を調製する。溶液2:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLGA−ラパマイシン。LGA−ラパマイシンを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製する。溶液3:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLA−PEG。PLA−PEGを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製する。溶液4:100mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液中50mg/mLのポリビニルアルコール。
HS−PEG−ラパマイシンの調製:
乾燥DMF中のPEG酸ジスルフィド(1.0当量)、ラパマイシン(2.0〜2.5当量)、DCC(2.5当量)およびDMAP(3.0当量)の溶液を、室温で一晩撹拌する。不溶性ジシクロヘキシル尿素を、ろ過によって除去し、ろ液をイソプロピルアルコール(IPA)に加えて、PEG−ジスルフィド−ジ−ラパマイシンエステルを析出させ、IPAで洗浄し、乾燥させる。次に、ポリマーを、DMF中のトリス(2−カルボキシエチル)ホスフィン塩酸塩で処理して、PEGジスルフィドを還元して、チオールPEGラパマイシンエステル(HS−PEG−ラパマイシン)にする。得られたポリマーを、IPAからの沈殿によって回収し、上述されるように乾燥させ、H NMRおよびGPCによって分析する。
500mLの1mMのHAuCl4の水溶液を、凝縮器を備えた1Lの丸底フラスコ中で激しく撹拌しながら、10分間加熱還流させる。次に、50mLの40mMのクエン酸三ナトリウムの溶液を、撹拌溶液に素早く加える。得られた濃いワインレッドの溶液を、25〜30分間還流状態に保ち、熱を取り除いて、溶液を室温に冷ます。次に、溶液を、0.8μmの薄膜フィルタを通してろ過して、AuNC溶液を得る。AuNCを、可視分光法および透過電子顕微鏡法を用いて特性評価する。AuNCは、直径が約20nmであり、クエン酸塩でキャッピングされ、520nmでピーク吸収を有する。
150μlのHS−PEG−ラパマイシン(10mMのpH9.0の炭酸緩衝液中10μΜ)の溶液を、1mLの20nmの直径のクエン酸塩でキャッピングされた金ナノキャリア(1.16nM)に加えて、2500:1のチオール対金のモル比を得る。混合物を、アルゴン下で、室温で1時間撹拌して、金ナノキャリア上でチオールとクエン酸塩との完全な交換を可能にする。次に、表面におけるPEG−ラパマイシンと複合したAuNCを、12,000gで30分間の遠心分離によって精製する。上清をデカントし、次に、AuNC−S−PEG−ラパマイシンを含有するペレットを、1×PBS緩衝液で洗浄する。次に、精製された金−PEG−ラパマイシンナノキャリアを、更なる分析およびバイオアッセイのために、好適な緩衝液に再懸濁させる。
材料
オボアルブミンタンパク質のTおよびB細胞エピトープであることが知られている17アミノ酸のペプチドである、オボアルブミンペプチド323−339を、Bachem Americas Inc.(3132 Kashiwa Street,Torrance CA 90505;パーツ番号4065609)から購入した。ラパマイシンを、TSZ CHEM(185 Wilson Street,Framingham,MA 01702;製品カタログ番号R1017)から購入した。3:1のラクチド:グリコリド比および0.75dL/gの固有粘度を有するPLGAを、SurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive,Birmingham,AL 35211;製品コード7525 DLG 7A)から購入した。ポリビニルアルコール(85〜89%加水分解されたもの)を、EMD Chemicals(製品番号1.41350.1001)から購入した。
第1の油中水型エマルジョンをまず調製した。溶液1(0.2mL)、溶液2(0.2mL)、および溶液3(1.0mL)を、小型の圧力管中で組み合わせて、Branson Digital Sonifier 250を用いて、50%の振幅で40秒間、超音波で分解することによって、W1/O1を調製した。次に、溶液4(3.0mL)を、第1のW1/O1エマルジョンと組み合わせて、10秒間ボルテックスし、Branson Digital Sonifier 250を用いて、30%の振幅で60秒間、超音波で分解することによって、第2のエマルジョン(W1/O1/W2)を調製した。
第1の油中水型エマルジョンをまず調製した。0.13Mの塩酸溶液(0.2mL)、溶液2(0.2mL)、および溶液3(1.0mL)を、小型の圧力管中で組み合わせて、Branson Digital Sonifier 250を用いて、50%の振幅で40秒間、超音波で分解することによって、W1/O1を調製した。次に、溶液4(3.0mL)を、第1のW1/O1エマルジョンと組み合わせて、10秒間ボルテックスし、Branson Digital Sonifier 250を用いて、30%の振幅で60秒間、超音波で分解することによって、第2のエマルジョン(W1/O1/W2)を調製した。
約3mgの合成ナノキャリアを収集し、遠心分離して、上清を合成ナノキャリアペレットから分離した。アセトニトリルをペレットに加え、試料を超音波で分解し、遠心分離して、あらゆる不溶性材料を除去した。上清およびペレットをRP−HPLCに注入し、吸光度を278nmで読み取った。ペレットに見られたμgを用いて、取り込み%(負荷)を計算し、上清およびペレットのμgを用いて、回収された合計μgを計算した。
約3mgの合成ナノキャリアを収集し、遠心分離して、上清を合成ナノキャリアペレットから分離した。トリフルオロエタノールをペレットに加え、試料を超音波で分解して、ポリマーを溶解させ、0.2%のトリフルオロ酢酸を加え、試料を超音波で分解し、次に、遠心分離して、あらゆる不溶性材料を除去した。上清およびペレットをRP−HPLCに注入し、吸光度を215nmで読み取った。ペレットに見られたμgを用いて、取り込み%(負荷)を計算し、上清およびペレットのμgを用いて、回収された合計μgを計算した。
このアッセイには、免疫優性(immune−dominant)オボアルブミンペプチド(323−339)に特異的なトランスジェニックT細胞受容体を有するOTIIマウスの使用が含まれていた。抗原特異的なtDCを生成するために、CD11c+脾細胞を単離し、オボアルブミンペプチド(323−339)をインビトロで1μg/mLでまたは抗原なしで加えた。次に、可溶性またはナノキャリア封入ラパマイシンを、2時間にわたってDCに加え、次に、それを十分に洗浄して、遊離ラパマイシンを培養物から除去した。精製されたレスポンダーCD4+CD25−細胞を、OTIIマウスから単離し、10:1のT対DC比でtDCに加えた。次に、tDCとOTII T細胞との混合物を4〜5日間培養し、Treg細胞(CD4+CD25highFoxP3+)の頻度を、図1に示されるようにフローサイトメトリーによって分析した。アイソタイプコントロールに基づいて領域を選択した。
合成ナノキャリアの寸法の測定を、動的光散乱(DLS)によって行った。合成ナノキャリアの懸濁液を、精製水で希釈して、約0.01〜0.1mg/mLの最終的な合成ナノキャリア懸濁液濃度を得た。希釈された懸濁液を、DLS分析のために、好適なキュベットの中で直接調製した。次に、キュベットを、Brookhaven Instruments Corp.のZetaPALS中に入れ、25℃へと平衡化してから、十分な時間にわたって走査して、媒体の粘度および試料の屈折率についての適切な入力に基づいて安定した再現可能な分布を得た。次に、有効直径、または分布の平均を報告した。
概念実証実験では、寛容誘導薬剤ラパマイシンを、クラスII結合オボアルブミンペプチド323−339と組み合わせて使用した。ラパマイシンは、同種異系間移植の拒絶反応を抑制するのに使用される免疫抑制剤であり、mTORの阻害剤であり、これは、APCおよびT細胞の挙動を含むいくつかの細胞機能の調節剤である。合成ナノキャリアを、上記に従って調製した。その代表例が、以下の表(表2〜4)により詳細に記載されている。
本発明の組成物を、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)に溶解させ、500μgの組成物を含有する0.1〜0.2mlで雌のLewisラットに筋肉注射する。ラットの対照群には、0.1〜0.2mlのPBSを投与する。注射の9〜10日後、脾臓およびリンパ節を、ラットから採取し、組織を40μmのナイロンのセルストレーナー(cell strainer)に通して浸軟させることによって単細胞懸濁液を得る。関連するモノクローナル抗体の適切な希釈でPBS(1%のFCS)中で試料を染色する。プロピジウムヨージド染色細胞は、分析から除外する。試料をLSR2フローサイトメータ(BD Biosciences,USA)で取得し、FACS Divaソフトウェアを用いて分析する。マーカーCD4、CD25highおよびFoxP3の発現を細胞において分析する。CD4+CD25highFoxP3+細胞の存在は、CD4+Treg細胞の誘導を示唆する。
Balb/cマウスに、不完全フロイントアジュバント中のAPC提示可能抗原で免疫を与えて、T細胞増殖(例えば、CD4+T細胞)を誘導し、そのレベルを評価する。その後、APC提示可能抗原および免疫抑制剤を含む本発明の組成物を、用量依存的に皮下投与する。次に、同じマウスをAPC提示可能抗原に再度曝露し、T細胞増殖のレベルを再度評価する。次に、T細胞集団の変化を、寛容原性免疫応答を誘導するAPC提示可能抗原を引き続き負荷した際のT細胞増殖の減少によって監視する。
合成ナノキャリア製造の材料および方法
ナノキャリア1
ラパマイシンを、TSZ CHEM(185 Wilson Street,Framingham,MA 01702;製品カタログ番号R1017)から購入した。3:1のラクチド:グリコリド比および0.75dL/gの固有粘度を有するPLGAを、SurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive,Birmingham,AL 35211;製品コード7525 DLG 7A)から購入した。約5,000DaのPEGブロックと約20,000DaのPLAブロックとのPLA−PEGブロックコポリマーを合成した。ポリビニルアルコール(85〜89%加水分解されたもの)を、EMD Chemicals(製品番号1.41350.1001)から購入した。
溶液1:塩化メチレン中50mg/mLのラパマイシン。ラパマイシンを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液2:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLGA。PLGAを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液3:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLA−PEG。PLA−PEGを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液4:100mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液中50mg/mLのポリビニルアルコール。
オボアルブミンタンパク質のTおよびB細胞エピトープであることが知られている17アミノ酸のペプチドであるオボアルブミンペプチド323−339を、Bachem Americas Inc.(3132 Kashiwa Street,Torrance CA 90505;パーツ番号4065609)から購入した。3:1のラクチド:グリコリド比および0.75dL/gの固有粘度を有するPLGAを、SurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive,Birmingham,AL 35211;製品コード7525 DLG 7A)から購入した。約5,000DaのPEGブロックと約20,000DaのPLAブロックとのPLA−PEGブロックコポリマーを合成した。ポリビニルアルコール(85〜89%加水分解されたもの)を、EMD Chemicals(製品番号1.41350.1001)から購入した。
溶液1:希塩酸水溶液中20mg/mLのオボアルブミンペプチド323−339。オボアルブミンペプチドを0.13Mの塩酸溶液に室温で溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液2:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLGA。PLGAを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液3:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLA−PEG。PLA−PEGを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液4:100mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液中50mg/mLのポリビニルアルコール。
シンバスタチンを、LKT Laboratories,Inc.(2233 University Avenue West,St.Paul,MN 55114;製品カタログ番号S3449)から購入した。3:1のラクチド:グリコリド比および0.75dL/gの固有粘度を有するPLGAを、SurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive,Birmingham,AL 35211;製品コード7525 DLG 7A)から購入した。約5,000DaのPEGブロックと約20,000DaのPLAブロックとのPLA−PEGブロックコポリマーを合成した。ポリビニルアルコール(85〜89%加水分解されたもの)を、EMD Chemicals(製品番号1.41350.1001)から購入した。
溶液1:塩化メチレン中50mg/mLのシンバスタチン。シンバスタチンを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液2:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLGA。PLGAを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液3:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLA−PEG。PLA−PEGを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液4:100mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液中50mg/mLのポリビニルアルコール。
オボアルブミンタンパク質のTおよびB細胞エピトープであることが知られている17アミノ酸のペプチドであるオボアルブミンペプチド323−339を、Bachem Americas Inc.(3132 Kashiwa Street,Torrance CA 90505;パーツ番号4065609)から購入した。ラパマイシンを、TSZ CHEM(185 Wilson Street,Framingham,MA 01702;製品カタログ番号R1017)から購入した。3:1のラクチド:グリコリド比および0.75dL/gの固有粘度を有するPLGAを、SurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive,Birmingham,AL 35211;製品コード7525 DLG 7A)から購入した。約5,000DaのPEGブロックと約20,000DaのPLAブロックとのPLA−PEGブロックコポリマーを合成した。ポリビニルアルコール(85〜89%加水分解されたもの)を、EMD Chemicals(製品番号1.41350.1001)から購入した。
溶液1:希塩酸水溶液中20mg/mLのオボアルブミンペプチド323−339。オボアルブミンペプチドを0.13Mの塩酸溶液に室温で溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液2:塩化メチレン中50mg/mLのラパマイシン。ラパマイシンを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液3:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLGA。PLGAを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液4:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLA−PEG。PLA−PEGを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液5:100mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液中50mg/mLのポリビニルアルコール。
オボアルブミンタンパク質のTおよびB細胞エピトープであることが知られている17アミノ酸のペプチドであるオボアルブミンペプチド323−339を、Bachem Americas Inc.(3132 Kashiwa Street,Torrance CA 90505;パーツ番号4065609)から購入した。シンバスタチンを、LKT Laboratories,Inc.(2233 University Avenue West,St.Paul,MN 55114;製品カタログ番号S3449)から購入した。3:1のラクチド:グリコリド比および0.75dL/gの固有粘度を有するPLGAを、SurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive,Birmingham,AL 35211;製品コード7525 DLG 7A)から購入した。約5,000DaのPEGブロックと約20,000DaのPLAブロックとのPLA−PEGブロックコポリマーを合成した。ポリビニルアルコール(85〜89%加水分解されたもの)を、EMD Chemicals(製品番号1.41350.1001)から購入した。
溶液1:希塩酸水溶液中20mg/mLのオボアルブミンペプチド323−339。オボアルブミンペプチドを0.13Mの塩酸溶液に室温で溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液2:塩化メチレン中50mg/mLのシンバスタチン。シンバスタチンを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液3:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLGA。PLGAを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液4:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLA−PEG。PLA−PEGを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって溶液を調製した。溶液5:100mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液中50mg/mLのポリビニルアルコール。
B6.Cg−Tg(TcraTcrb)425Cbn/J(OTII)およびC57BL/6(B6)マウスから脾臓を採取し、機械的に解離させ、70μMのふるいに通して別々にろ過して、単細胞懸濁液を得た。次に、精製されたCD4+CD25−細胞を、2工程プロセスで抽出した。Miltenyi Biotec AutoMACS磁気細胞選別機(magnetic cell sorter)を用いて、脾臓細胞を、CD4+T細胞単離キットIIでまず標識し、CD25除去キットを用いて、標識されない画分からCD25+細胞を取り除いた。精製されたB6細胞を、細胞色素、カルボキシフルオセインサクシニミジルエステル(CFSE)で染色してから、精製されたOTII細胞と等しい濃度で混合した。次に、それらを、B6.SJL−Ptprca/BoyAi(CD45.1)レシピエントマウスへと静脈内注射した。
B6.Cg−Tg(TcraTcrb)425Cbn/J(OTII)およびC57BL/6(B6)マウスから脾臓を採取し、機械的に解離させ、70μMのふるいに通して別々にろ過して、単細胞懸濁液を得た。次に、精製されたCD4+CD25−細胞を、Miltenyi Biotec AutoMACS磁気細胞選別機を用いて、2工程プロセスで抽出した。脾臓細胞を、MiltenyiのCD4+T細胞単離キットIIを用いて標識した。次に、CD25除去キットを用いて、標識されていないCD4+T細胞画分からCD25+細胞を取り除いた。次に、B6マウスからの精製されたCD4細胞を、細胞色素、カルボキシフルオセインサクシニミジルエステル(CFSE)で染色してから、精製されたOTII細胞と等しい濃度で混合した。次に、それらを、B6.SJL−Ptprca/BoyAi(CD45.1)レシピエントマウスへと静脈内注射した。
結果が、図4および5(免疫調節剤1:ラパマイシン;免疫調節剤2:シンバスタチン)に示される。これらの図は、生体内の効果を示し、免疫細胞の数が、抗原のみのナノキャリアと比較した際に、抗原および免疫抑制剤を含む合成ナノキャリアによって減少されることを示す。図5は、抗原および免疫抑制剤を含む合成ナノキャリアによる、FoxP3を発現する免疫細胞のパーセンテージの増加を示す。
ナノキャリア
α−ガラクトシルセラミド(KRN7000)を、Avanti Polar Lipids,Inc.(700 Industrial Park Drive Alabaster,Alabama 35007−9105;カタログ番号867000P)から購入した。1:1のラクチド:グリコリド比および0.45dL/gの固有粘度を有するPLGAを、SurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive,Birmingham,AL 35211;製品コード5050 DLG 4.5A)から購入した。ポリビニルアルコール(85〜89%加水分解されたもの)を、EMD Chemicals(製品番号1.41350.1001)から購入した。
溶液1:ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)中2mg/mLのKRN7000。乾燥した脂質を純粋なDMSOに溶解させることによって、溶液を調製した。溶液2:塩化メチレン中100mg/mLのPLGA。PLGAを純粋な塩化メチレンに溶解させることによって、溶液を調製した。溶液3:100mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液中50mg/mLのポリビニルアルコール。
マウスを、PBS単独、sol aGC+solRAPA、sol aGC+NP RAPAを投与される群に指定した。マウスに、9amに注射し、9.30AMにBrefeldinAを静脈内投与して、産生された細胞内サイトカインの放出を防いだ。1pmに、マウスを殺処分し、肝臓にPBSをかん流させ、それを処理して、リンパ球が富化された単細胞懸濁液を得た。細胞を、iNKT細胞用の細胞表面マーカー(agcが負荷されたCD1d四量体)およびT細胞受容体(TCRb)および活性化マーカーCD69で染色した。細胞を、FacsCantoフローサイトメータにおいて取得し、FlowJoによって分析した。
aGCを投与されたマウスからのiNKT細胞は、それらの表面におけるサイトカイン産生およびCD69の上方制御によって明らかなように活性化された。可溶性およびナノキャリアラパマイシンは両方とも、iNKT細胞におけるCD69の表面レベルをかなり減少させた。これは、細胞が、PBS処置対照と比較して処置後にあまり活性化されなかったことを示唆している。結果が、図6に示される。
メソ多孔質SiO2ナノ粒子コアを、ゾル・ゲル法によって生成する。ヘキサデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(CTAB)(0.5g)を、脱イオン水(500mL)に溶解させ、次に、2MのNaOH水溶液(3.5mL)を、CTAB溶液に加える。溶液を30分間撹拌し、次に、テトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)(2.5mL)を溶液に加える。得られたゲルを、80℃の温度で3時間撹拌する。生じる白色の沈殿物を、ろ過によって捕捉した後、脱イオン水で洗浄し、室温で乾燥させる。次に、残っている界面活性剤を、HClのエタノール溶液中で一晩懸濁させることによって粒子から抽出する。粒子を、エタノールで洗浄し、遠心分離し、超音波処理により再分散させる。この洗浄手順を更に2回繰り返す。
リポソームを、薄膜水和によって形成する。1,2−ジパルミトイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホコリン(DPPC)(32μmol)、コレステロール(32μmol)、およびラパマイシン(6.4μmol)を、純粋なクロロホルム(3mL)に溶解させる。この脂質溶液を、10mLのガラス管に加え、溶媒を窒素ガス流下で除去し、真空下で6時間乾燥させる。過剰量のオボアルブミンを含有する2.0mlの25mMのMOPS緩衝液(pH8.5)による薄膜の水和によって、多重膜ベシクルを得る。脂質薄膜が管表面から剥がれるまで、管をボルテックスする。多重膜ベシクルを単層膜へと分解するために、10回のサイクルの凍結(液体窒素)および解凍(30℃の水浴)を行う。次に、試料を25mMのMOPS緩衝液(pH8.5)中で1mlまで希釈する。200nmの細孔のポリカーボネートフィルタに試料を10回通すことによって、得られたリポソームのサイズを、押出しによって均一にする。次に、得られたリポソームを、更なる分析およびバイオアッセイのために使用する。
工程1。L−フェニルアラニンエチルエステル(L−PAE)で修飾されたポリ(γ−グルタミン酸)(γ−PGA)の調製:4.7mmol単位のγ−PGA(Mn=300kD)を、0.3NのNaHCO3水溶液(50mL)に溶解させる。L−PAE(4.7mmol)およびEDC.HCl(4.7mmol)を溶液に加え、4Cで30分間撹拌する。次に、溶液を24時間撹拌しながら室温に維持する。低分子量の化学物質を、50kDのMWCOを有する透析膜を用いて透析によって除去する。得られたγ−PGA−グラフト−L−PAEは、凍結乾燥によって得られる。
EPO封入γ−PGAナノ粒子を調製するために、0.25〜4mgのEPOを、1mLのPBS(pH7.4)に溶解させ、1mLのγ−PGA−グラフト−L−PAE(DMSO中10mg/mL)をEPO溶液に加える。得られた溶液を、14,000×gで15分間遠心分離し、PBSで繰り返しすすぐ。次に、得られたEPO封入γ−PGAナノ粒子を、更なる分析およびバイオアッセイのためにPBS(5mg/mL)に再懸濁させる。
工程1。金NC(AuNC)の形成:500mLの1mMのHAuCl4の水溶液を、凝縮器を備えた1Lの丸底フラスコ中で激しく撹拌しながら、10分間加熱還流させる。次に、50mLの40mMのクエン酸三ナトリウムの溶液を、撹拌溶液に素早く加える。得られた濃いワインレッドの溶液を、25〜30分間還流状態に保ち、熱を取り除いて、溶液を室温に冷ます。次に、溶液を、0.8μmの薄膜フィルタを通してろ過して、AuNC溶液を得る。AuNCを、可視分光法および透過電子顕微鏡法を用いて特性評価する。AuNCは、直径が約20nmであり、クエン酸塩でキャッピングされ、520nmでピーク吸収を有する。
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Claims (15)
- (i)免疫抑制剤に結合されたポリマー合成ナノキャリアの第1の集団と、
(ii)APC提示可能抗原と
を含む組成物であって、
免疫抑制剤の負荷が、合成ナノキャリアの第1の集団全体を平均して、少なくとも2%であるが、25%以下(重量/重量)であり;
免疫抑制剤が、ラパマイシンを含み;および
第1の集団の合成ナノキャリアの少なくとも75%が、動的光散乱を用いて得られる110nm超の最小寸法を有し、かつ動的光散乱を用いて得られる500nm以下の最大寸法を有する、
前記組成物。 - 組成物中の前記免疫抑制剤が、前記APC提示可能抗原に対する寛容原性免疫応答を生成するのに有効な量である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記APC提示可能抗原が、(a)合成ナノキャリアの前記第1の集団の合成ナノキャリアに、または、(b)合成ナノキャリアの第2の集団の合成ナノキャリアに、結合される、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1および/または第2の集団の前記合成ナノキャリアの動的光散乱を用いて得られる粒度分布の平均が、(a)100nmを超える、(b)150nmを超える、(c)200nmを超える、(d)250nmを超える、または、(e)300nmを超える直径である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記APC提示可能抗原が、(a)MHCクラスI拘束性および/またはMHCクラスII拘束性エピトープを含む、(b)CD1dに結合する脂質である、または、(c)治療用タンパク質またはその部分、自己抗原またはアレルゲンであるか、或いは自己免疫疾患、炎症性疾患、アレルギー、臓器若しくは組織拒絶反応または移植片対宿主病と関連する、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- (A)前記免疫抑制剤の負荷が、(a)第1の合成ナノキャリアの前記集団全体を平均して、0.0001%〜50%(重量/重量)である、または、(b)第1の合成ナノキャリアの前記集団全体を平均して、0.1%〜10%(重量/重量)である、および/または、
(B)前記APC提示可能抗原の負荷が、(a)第1および/または第2の合成ナノキャリアの前記集団全体を平均して、0.0001%〜50%(重量/重量)である、または、(b)第1および/または第2の合成ナノキャリアの前記集団全体を平均して、0.1%〜10%(重量/重量)である、
請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。 - 前記ポリマーナノ粒子が、ポリエステル、ポリエーテルに結合されたポリエステル、ポリアミノ酸、ポリカーボネート、ポリアセタール、ポリケタール、多糖、ポリエチルオキサゾリンまたはポリエチレンイミンを含み、
任意に、(a)前記ポリエステルが、ポリ(乳酸)、ポリ(グリコール酸)、ポリ(乳酸−コ−グリコール酸)またはポリカプロラクトンを含む、および/または、(b)前記ポリマーナノ粒子が、ポリエステルおよびポリエーテルに結合されたポリエステルを含み、例えば、前記ポリエーテルが、ポリエチレングリコールまたはポリプロピレングリコールを含む、
請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。 - 合成ナノキャリアの前記第1および/または第2の集団の前記合成ナノキャリアのアスペクト比が、1:1、1:1.2、1:1.5、1:2、1:3、1:5、1:7または1:10を超える、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 薬学的に許容できる賦形剤を更に含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含む剤形であって、
任意に、前記剤形を被験体に投与する工程を含む方法において使用するためであってもよく、
任意に、(i)前記被験体が、抗原特異的な寛容を必要としている、(ii)前記剤形が、前記APC提示可能抗原に特異的な寛容原性免疫応答をもたらすのに有効な量で投与される、(iii)前記剤形が、一体以上の被験体における前記APC提示可能抗原に特異的な寛容原性免疫応答をもたらすことが既に知られたプロトコルに従って、前記被験体に投与される、(iv)前記方法が、前記被験体を提供または同定する工程を更に含む、(v)前記方法が、前記被験体における前記APC提示可能抗原に特異的な寛容原性免疫応答の生成を評価する工程を更に含む、(vi)前記被験体が、自己免疫疾患、炎症性疾患、アレルギー、臓器若しくは組織拒絶反応、移植片対宿主病を有するか、或いは移植を行ったかまたは移植を行う予定である、(vii)前記被験体が、望ましくない免疫応答を起こしたか、起こしているかまたは起こすことが予測される治療用タンパク質を投与されたか、投与されているかまたは投与される予定である、(viii)前記剤形が、静脈内、経粘膜、腹腔内、経口、皮下、経肺、鼻腔内、皮内または筋肉内投与によって投与される、または、(ix)前記投与が、吸入或いは静脈内、皮下または経粘膜投与によって行われる、前記剤形。 - 治療または予防に使用するための、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の組成物または請求項10に記載の剤形。
- 移植を行ったかまたは移植を行う予定である被験体、或いは望ましくない免疫応答を起こしたか、起こしているかまたは起こすことが予測される治療用タンパク質を投与されたか、投与されているかまたは投与される予定である被験体の治療または予防に使用するための、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の組成物または請求項10に記載の剤形。
- (a)請求項10に記載の、剤形を被験体に投与する工程を含む方法に、(b)寛容原性免疫応答を誘導する方法に、(c)自己免疫疾患、炎症性疾患、アレルギー、移植片対宿主病または望ましくない免疫応答の予防または治療の方法に、または、(d)静脈内、経粘膜、腹腔内、経口、皮下、経肺、鼻腔内、皮内、吸入または筋肉内投与による投与を含む治療または予防の方法に使用するための、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の組成物または請求項10に記載の剤形。
- 少なくとも80%、少なくとも90%、または少なくとも95%の合成ナノキャリアの第1および/または第2の集団が、合成ナノキャリアの平均直径の5%、10%、または20%の範囲内の最小寸法または最大寸法を有する、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の組成物または請求項10に記載の剤形。
- (i)免疫抑制剤に結合されたポリマー合成ナノキャリアの第1の集団と、
(ii)APC提示可能抗原と
を含む、FoxP3発現を誘導することを含む、被験体において寛容を誘導する方法における使用のための組成物であって、
免疫抑制剤の負荷が、合成ナノキャリアの第1の集団全体を平均して、少なくとも2%であるが、25%以下(重量/重量)であり;
免疫抑制剤が、ラパマイシンを含み;および
第1の集団の合成ナノキャリアの少なくとも75%が、動的光散乱を用いて得られる110nm超の最小寸法を有し、かつ動的光散乱を用いて得られる500nm以下の最大寸法を有する、
前記組成物。
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