CN107970440A - 致耐受性合成纳米载体 - Google Patents
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- CN107970440A CN107970440A CN201710304257.XA CN201710304257A CN107970440A CN 107970440 A CN107970440 A CN 107970440A CN 201710304257 A CN201710304257 A CN 201710304257A CN 107970440 A CN107970440 A CN 107970440A
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Abstract
本申请涉及致耐受性合成纳米载体。本发明至少部分上涉及包含合成纳米载体和免疫抑制剂的多种组合物,这些免疫抑制剂引起免疫抑制作用。这类组合物可以进一步包含抗原并且提供抗原特异性的致耐受性免疫应答。
Description
本申请是申请日为2012年4月27日、申请号为“201280020293.9”、 发明名称为“致耐受性合成纳米载体”的中国专利申请的分案申请,原申 请是国际申请PCT/US2012/035360的中国国家阶段申请。
相关申请
本申请根据美国法典第35篇第119条要求2011年4月29日提交的美 国临时申请61/480,946、2011年7月29日提交的美国临时申请61/513,514、 2011年9月6日提交的美国临时申请61/531,147、2011年9月6日提交 的美国临时申请61/531,153、2011年9月6日提交的美国临时申请 61/531,164、2011年9月6日提交的美国临时申请61/531,168、2011年9 月6日提交的美国临时申请61/531,175、2011年9月6日提交的美国临时 申请61/531,180、2011年9月6日提交的美国临时申请61/531,194、2011 年9月6日提交的美国临时申请61/531,204、2011年9月6日提交的美国 临时申请61/531,209、2011年9月6日提交的美国临时申请61/531,215的 权益,这些临时申请各自的全部内容通过引用结合在此。
技术领域
本发明至少部分上涉及包含合成纳米载体和免疫抑制剂的组合物,这 些组合物可以提供抗原特异性免疫抑制,优选地是致耐受性免疫应答。
背景技术
用于产生与所不希望的免疫应答相关联的免疫抑制的常规策略是基于 广泛作用的免疫抑制性药物。另外,为了维持免疫抑制,免疫抑制剂药物 疗法通常是一个终生的命题。令人遗憾的是,使用广泛作用的免疫抑制剂 与严重副作用(如肿瘤、感染、肾毒性以及代谢紊乱)的风险相关联。因 此,新的免疫抑制剂疗法将是有益的。
发明内容
在一个方面,提供了一种组合物,该组合物包含(i)与一种免疫抑制 剂偶联的第一群体的合成纳米载体和(ii)一种APC可呈递抗原。在一个 实施例中,该组合物中的免疫抑制剂处于有效产生针对该APC可呈递抗 原的一种耐受性免疫应答的量。在一个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原与 该第一群体的合成纳米载体的合成纳米载体偶联。在另一个实施例中,该 APC可呈递抗原与第二群体的合成纳米载体的合成纳米载体偶联。
在一个实施例中,该第一群体和该第二群体是相同的。
在一个实施例中,使用对该第一和/或第二群体的合成纳米载体进行的 动态光散射而获得的粒度分布的平均值是大于100nm的直径。在另一个 实施例中,该直径大于150nm。在另一个实施例中,该直径大于200nm。 在另一个实施例中,该直径大于250nm。在另一个实施例中,该直径大 于300nm。
在一个实施例中,该免疫抑制剂包括一种抑制素、一种mTOR抑制剂、 一种TGF-β信号剂、一种皮质类固醇、一种线粒体功能抑制剂、一种P38 抑制剂、一种NF-κβ抑制剂、一种腺苷受体激动剂、一种前列腺素E2激 动剂、一种磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂、一种HDAC抑制剂、或一种蛋白酶体 抑制剂。在另一个实施例中,该mTOR抑制剂是雷帕霉素或其一种类似 物。
在一个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原包含MHC I类限制性表位和/ 或MHC II类限制性表位和/或B细胞表位。在另一个实施例中,该APC 可呈递抗原是一种蛋白质。在另一个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原包含 是一种多肽或肽,该多肽或肽包含MHC I类限制性表位和/或MHC II类 限制性表位和/或B细胞表位。在另一个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原是 一种结合CD1d的脂质。在一个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原是一种治 疗性蛋白或其部分、一种自身抗原或一种过敏原,或与自身免疫性疾病、 炎性疾病、过敏症、器官或组织排斥或移植物抗宿主病相关。
在一个实施例中,平均在第一和/或第二合成纳米载体的群体上的该免 疫抑制剂和/或APC可呈递抗原的负载是在0.0001%与50%(重量/重量) 之间。在另一个实施例中,平均在第一和/或第二合成纳米载体的群体上 的该免疫抑制剂和/或APC可呈递抗原的负载是在0.1%与10%(重量/ 重量)之间。
在一个实施例中,该第一群体和/或第二群体合成纳米载体的合成纳米 载体包括脂质纳米颗粒、聚合物纳米颗粒、金属纳米颗粒、基于表面活性 剂的乳液、树枝状化合物、巴基球、纳米线、病毒样颗粒、或肽或蛋白质 颗粒。
在一个实施例中,当该第一群体和/或第二群体合成纳米载体的合成纳 米载体包括聚合物纳米颗粒时,这些聚合物纳米颗粒包含为非甲氧基封端 的普朗尼克聚合物的聚合物。在另一个实施例中,这些聚合物纳米颗粒包 含聚酯、与聚醚偶联的聚酯、聚氨基酸、聚碳酸酯、聚缩醛、聚缩酮、多 糖、聚乙基噁唑啉、或聚乙烯亚胺。在另一个实施例中,该聚酯包含一种 聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物或聚己酸内酯。在另一个 实施例中,这些聚合物纳米颗粒包括一种聚酯以及与聚醚偶联的聚酯。在 另一个实施例中,该聚醚包括聚乙二醇或聚丙二醇。
在另一个实施例中,该第一群体和/或第二群体合成纳米载体的合成纳 米载体的长宽比大于1∶1、1∶1.2、1∶1.5、1∶2、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7或1∶ 10。
在另一个实施例中,该组合物进一步包含一种药学上可接受的赋形剂。
在另一方面,提供了一种包含所提供的任何组合物的剂型。
在另一方面,提供了一种方法,该方法包括给予在此提供的任何组合 物或剂型。在一个实施例中,该受试者对抗原特异性耐受有需要。在另一 个实施例中,该受试者具有一种自身免疫性疾病、一种炎性疾病、一种过 敏症、移植物抗宿主病、器官或组织排斥、或已经经历或将要经历移植。 在另一个实施例中,该受试者已经接受、正在接受或将要接受一种治疗性 蛋白,针对该治疗性蛋白,该受试者已经经历、正在经历或预期会经历一 种所不希望的免疫应答。
在另一个实施例中,所提供的任何组合物或剂型可以处于一个有效产 生对该APC可呈递抗原特异的一种致耐受性免疫应答的量或以该量给 予。在另一个实施例中,根据一个治疗方案向受试者给予该剂型,该治疗 方案先前已经显示在一个或多个测试受试者中可以导致对该APC可呈递 抗原特异的一种致耐受性免疫应答。
在所提供的任何组合物或剂型的另一个实施例中,该组合物可以在受 试者中,例如,产生所希望的免疫应答或降低所不希望的免疫应答。
在一个实施例中,该方法进一步包括提供或鉴定该受试者。在另一个 实施例中,该方法进一步包括评估该受试者中对该APC可呈递抗原特异 的致耐受性免疫应答的产生。
在一个实施例中,通过静脉内、透粘膜、腹膜内、经口、皮下、肺部、 鼻内、皮内、或肌肉内给予来进行该剂型给予。在另一个实施例中,通过 吸入或静脉内、皮下或透粘膜给予来进行给予。
在另一方面,所提供的任何组合物或剂型可以用于治疗或预防。
在另一个方面,所提供的任何组合物或剂型可以在一个受试者中用于 治疗或预防,该受试者已经经历或将要经历移植、或已经接受或正在接受 或将要接受一种治疗性蛋白,针对该治疗性蛋白,该受试者已经经历、正 在经历或预期将会经历一种所不希望的免疫应答。
在另一方面,所提供的任何组合物或剂型可以用于所提供的任何方法 中。
在另一方面,所提供的任何组合物或剂型可以用于一种诱导致耐受性 免疫应答的方法中。
在另一个方面,所提供的任何组合物或剂型可以用于一种预防或治疗 自身免疫性疾病、炎性疾病、过敏症、器官或组织排斥、移植物抗宿主病、 或所不希望的免疫应答的方法中。
在另一个方面,所提供的任何组合物或剂型可以用于一种治疗或预防 的方法中,该方法包括通过在此提供的任何途径进行给予。
在另一个方面,提供了所提供的任何组合物或剂型用于制造用于所提 供的任何方法中的药剂的用途。
在此提供的任何这些组合物和方法的一个实施例中,这些抗原是肽类。 在一些实施例中,此类抗原包含在此其他地方所描述的至少一个表位,但 还可以包含位于该表位的一端或两端侧面的另外氨基酸。在多个实施例 中,这些抗原包含整个抗原蛋白。这些抗原可以与合成纳米载体偶联。
附图说明
图1提供了Treg细胞的流式细胞检测分析的一个代表性实例。
图2证明了通过用纳米载体封装的雷帕霉素加上游离的卵白蛋白肽 (323-339)处理的tDC,在CD4+CD25高Treg细胞中抗原特异性诱导 FoxP3+。
图3显示在CD4+CD25高Treg细胞中的抗原特异性诱导FoxP3+。
图4显示了使用包含免疫抑制剂(雷帕霉素或辛伐他汀)的本发明的 合成纳米载体对抗原特异性效应T细胞的数目以及FoxP3+细胞百分数的 影响。
图5显示了使用包含免疫抑制剂(雷帕霉素或辛伐他汀)的本发明的 合成纳米载体使腘淋巴结细胞的数目减少。
图6证明了使用免疫抑制剂雷帕霉素的合成纳米载体递送使T细胞活 化标记CD69减少。
具体实施方式
在详细描述本发明之前,应当理解本发明不局限于具体举例说明的材 料或工艺参数,因为这些当然可以变化。还应当理解在此使用的术语只是 为了描述本发明的具体实施例的目的,并不旨在限制使用可替代的术语来 描述本发明。
无论在前或在后,在此引用的所有公开物、专利以及专利申请,出于 所有目的特此通过引用以其全文结合在此。
如在本说明书和所附权利要求中所使用,单数形式“一个(种)(a,an)” 和“该(the)”包括复数指代物,除非内容另外明确表明。例如,提及的“一 种聚合物”包括两种或更多种此类分子的混合物或单个聚合物种类的不同 分子量的混合物;提及的“一种合成纳米载体”包括两种或更多种此类合成 纳米载体的混合物或多个此类合成纳米载体;提及的“一种DNA分子”包 括两种或更多种此类DNA分子的混合物或多个此类DNA分子;提及的 “一种免疫抑制剂”包括两种或更多种此类物质的混合物或多个免疫抑制 剂分子;诸如此类。
如在此所使用,术语“包括(comprise)”或其变体,如“包括(comprises)” 或“包括(comprising)”意在表明包括任何列举的整体(例如,一个特点、 要素、特征、特性、方法/工艺步骤或限制)或整体的组(例如,多个特 点、多个要素、多个特征、多个特性、多种方法/多个工艺步骤或多个限 制),但是不排除任何其他整体或整体的组。因此,如在此所使用,术语“包 括”是包含性的但是不排除另外的、未列举的整体或方法/工艺步骤。
在此处提供的任何这些组合物和方法的多个实施例中,“包括”可用“基 本上由......组成(consisting essentially of)”或“由......组成(consisting of)”来替代。短语“基本上由......组成”在此用来要求限定的一个或多个 整体或步骤以及不实质上影响所要求的发明的特征或功能的那些。如在此 所使用,术语“组成(consisting)”用来表明仅存在所列举的整体(例如, 一个特点、要素、特征、特性、方法/工艺步骤或限制)或整体的组(例 如,多个特点、多个要素、多个特征、多个特性、多种方法/多个工艺步 骤或多个限制)。
A.前言
如先前所提到的,目前常规的免疫抑制剂是广泛作用的并且通常导致 免疫系统的总体系统性下调。在此提供的这些组合物和方法通过例如允许 靶向递送至感兴趣的免疫细胞而允许更具针对性的免疫作用。因此,这些 组合物和方法可以以一种更有方向性的方式实现免疫抑制。如实施例中所 示,使用本发明的组合物成功地导致了调节性细胞产生并且减少了T细 胞活化,如通过CD69的减少所证实。
本发明的诸位发明人已经意外地并且令人惊讶地发现,通过实践在此 披露的本发明,可以克服以上指出的问题和限制。特别地,本发明的诸位 发明人已经意外地发现,提供可以提供免疫抑制作用并且在一些实施例中 提供抗原特异性致耐受性作用的多种组合物以及相关方法是有可能的。在 此描述的这些组合物是包含1)与免疫抑制剂偶联的一个群体的合成纳米 载体以及2)一种抗原呈递细胞(APC)可呈递抗原的组合物。这类组合 物通过APC的有效摄取是一种体内和体外便利的方式,以便将免疫应答 向有利于免疫抑制作用(例如,致耐受性作用)的方向转变,如对该APC 可呈递抗原特异的调节性T(Treg)细胞的产生。
在一个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原与该免疫抑制剂偶联至其上的相 同的合成纳米载体偶联。在另一个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原与不同 的合成纳米载体偶联。在再另一个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原不与合 成纳米载体偶联。在另一个实施例中,该组合物中的免疫抑制剂处于产生 针对该APC可呈递抗原的一种耐受性免疫应答的量。
在仍另一个实施例中,平均在该群体的合成纳米载体上的该免疫抑制 剂的负载是在0.0001%与50%之间(重量/重量)。在再一个实施例中,平 均在一个群体的合成纳米载体上的该APC可呈递抗原的负载是在 0.0001%与50%之间(重量/重量)。优选地,在一些实施例中,平均在该 群体的合成纳米载体上的该免疫抑制剂的负载是在0.1%与10%之间(重 量/重量),和/或平均在一个群体的合成纳米载体上的该APC可呈递抗原 的负载是在0.1%与10%之间(重量/重量)。
在另一方面,提供了在此任何这些组合物的多种剂型。可以向有此需 要的受试者(例如,有抗原特异性耐受需要的受试者)给予此类剂型。在 一个实施例中,该受试者是已经具有或正具有一种自身免疫性疾病、一种 炎性疾病、器官或组织排斥、移植物抗宿主病或一种过敏症的风险的受试 者。在另一个实施例中,该受试者是已经经历或将要经历移植的受试者。 在仍另一个实施例中,该受试者是已经或将要用刺激一种所不希望的免疫 应答的一种治疗剂治疗的受试者。
现在,在以下将更详细地描述本发明。
B.定义
“给予(Administering)”或“给予(administration)”意指以药理学上 有用的方式向受试者提供一种物质。
“过敏原”是能够在受试者中引起所不希望的(例如,1型超敏性的) 免疫应答(即,一个过敏性应答或反应)的任何物质。过敏原包括但不限 于:植物过敏原(例如,花粉、豚草过敏原)、昆虫过敏原、昆虫叮咬过 敏原(例如,蜜蜂刺针过敏原)、动物过敏原(例如,宠物过敏原,如动 物皮屑或猫Fel d 1抗原)、乳胶过敏原、霉菌过敏原、真菌过敏原、化妆 品过敏原、药物过敏原、食物过敏原、灰尘、昆虫毒液、病毒、细菌,等 等。食物过敏原包括但不限于:牛奶过敏原、鸡蛋过敏原、坚果过敏原(例 如,花生或树坚果过敏原等等(例如,胡桃、腰果等等))、鱼过敏原、贝 类过敏原、大豆过敏原、豆类过敏原、种子过敏原以及小麦过敏原。昆虫 叮咬过敏原包括作为或与蜜蜂刺针、胡蜂刺针、马蜂刺针、黄蜂刺针等等 相关联的过敏原。昆虫过敏原还包括屋尘螨过敏原(例如,Der P1过敏 原)以及蟑螂过敏原。药物过敏原包括作为或与抗生素、NSAID、麻醉剂 等等相关联的抗原。花粉过敏原包括草过敏原、树过敏原、杂草过敏原、 花过敏原,等等。可以用在此提供的任何这些组合物和方法对发展或正处 于发展针对在此提供的任何这些过敏原的一种所不希望的免疫应答的风 险的受试者进行治疗。可以用提供的任何这些组合物和方法治疗的受试者 还包括已经对或正处于对提供的任何这些过敏原过敏的风险的那些受试 者。
在此又称为“过敏性病症”的“过敏症”是其中对一种物质存在所不希望 的(例如,1型超敏性)免疫应答(即,过敏性应答或反应)的任何病症。 此类物质在此被称为过敏原。过敏或过敏性病症包括但不限于:过敏性哮 喘、枯草热、荨麻疹、湿疹、植物过敏、蜜蜂刺针过敏、宠物过敏、乳胶 过敏、霉菌过敏、化妆品过敏、食物过敏、过敏性鼻炎或鼻伤风、外用药 过敏性反应、过敏症、特应性皮炎、超敏反应、以及其他过敏性病症。该 过敏性反应可以是针对任何过敏原的一种免疫反应的结果。在一些实施例 中,该过敏是一种食物过敏。食物过敏包括但不限于:牛奶过敏、鸡蛋过 敏、坚果过敏、鱼过敏、贝类过敏、大豆过敏或小麦过敏。
在用于向受试者给予的一种组合物或剂型的背景下的“有效的量”是指 在该受试者中产生一个或多个所希望的免疫应答(例如,产生一种致耐受 性免疫应答)的该组合物或剂型的量。因此,在一些实施例中,有效的量 是产生一种或多种这些所希望的免疫应答的在此提供的一种组合物的任 何量。此量可以出于体外或体内目的。对于体内目的而言,该量可以是临 床医生将认为对有抗原特异性耐受需要的受试者可以具有临床益处的量。此类受试者包括已经具有或正处于具有一种炎性疾病、一种自身免疫性疾 病、一种过敏症、器官或组织排斥、或移植物抗宿主病的风险的那些受试 者。此类受试者还包括已经经历或将要经历移植的那些受试者。此类受试 者进一步包括针对一种治疗性蛋白已经经历、正在经历或预期会经历一种 致耐受性免疫应答的那些受试者。
有效的量可以仅涉及降低所不希望的免疫应答的水平,虽然在一些实 施例中,它涉及完全防止所不希望的免疫应答。有效的量还可以涉及延迟 所不希望的免疫应答的发生。有效的量还可以是产生希望的治疗终点或希 望的治疗结果的在此提供的一种组合物的量。有效的量优选在受试者中导 致针对抗原的一种致耐受性免疫应答。可以通过常规方法来监测任何上述 免疫应答的实现。
在提供的任何这些组合物和方法的一些实施例中,该有效的量是其中 使所希望的免疫应答在该受试者中持续至少1周、至少2周、至少1个月、 至少2个月、至少3个月、至少4个月、至少5个月、至少6个月、至少 9个月、至少1年、至少2年、至少5年、或更长时间的量。在提供的任 何这些组合物和方法的其他实施例中,该有效的量是产生一种可测量的所 希望的免疫应答(例如,可测量的免疫应答(例如,针对一种特异性抗原) 降低)持续至少1周、至少2周、至少1个月、至少2个月、至少3个月、 至少4个月、至少5个月、至少6个月、至少9个月、至少1年、至少2 年、至少5年、或更长时间的量。
当然,有效的量将取决于正被治疗的具体受试者;病症、疾病或紊乱 的严重性;个别患者的参数,包括年龄、身体状况、体型以及体重;治疗 持续时间;同步疗法(如果有)的性质;特定的给药途径、以及健康执业 医师的知识和专业技能内的类似因素。这些因素为本领域普通技术人员所 熟知,并且可以仅用常规实验方法解决。通常优选的是使用最大剂量,即 根据正确医学判断的最高安全剂量。然而,本领域普通技术人员应当理解, 出于医学原因、心理原因或几乎任何其他原因,患者可以坚持较低剂量或 耐受剂量。
通常,在本发明组合物中的免疫抑制剂和/或抗原的剂量可以在从约10 μg/kg至约100,000μg/kg的范围内。在一些实施例中,这些剂量可以在从 约0.1mg/kg至约100mg/kg的范围内。在再其他的实施例中,这些剂量 可以在从约0.1mg/kg至约25mg/kg、约25mg/kg至约50mg/kg、约50 mg/kg至约75mg/kg、或约75mg/kg至约100mg/kg的范围内。可替代 地,可以基于提供希望的量的免疫抑制剂和/或抗原的合成纳米载体的数 目给予该剂量。例如,有用的剂量包括每剂量大于106个、107个、108个、 109个或1010个合成纳米载体。有用的剂量的其他例子包括每剂量从约1× 106至约1×1010个、约1×107至约1×109个、或约1×108至约1×109个合成纳米载体。
“抗原”意指B细胞抗原或T细胞抗原。“抗原的一种或多种类型”意指 共享相同的、或基本上相同的抗原特性的分子。在一些实施例中,抗原可 以是蛋白质类、多肽类、肽类、脂蛋白类、糖脂类、多核苷酸类、多糖类, 或被包含或表达在细胞中。在一些实施例中,例如当没有很好定义或表征 这些抗原时,这些抗原可以被包含在细胞或组织制品、细胞碎片、细胞外 来体、条件培养基等等之内。可以在与受试者暴露于引起所不希望的免疫 应答者相同的形式中将一种抗原与这些合成纳米载体组合,但该抗原还可 以是其片段或衍生物。然而,当为一个片段或衍生物时,针对由这样的受 试者遇到的形式的所希望的免疫应答是使用所提供的这些组合物和方法 的优选结果。
“抗原特异性”是指由该抗原或其部分的存在引起的、或产生特异性地 识别或结合该抗原的多种分子的任何免疫应答。例如,在该免疫应答是抗 原特异性抗体产生的情况下,产生了特异性地结合该抗原的多种抗体。作 为另一个例子,在该免疫应答是抗原特异性的B细胞或T细胞增殖和/或 活性的情况下,该增殖和/或活性由B细胞等等对单独的或与MHC分子 复合的该抗原或其部分的识别引起。
与在此提供的一种疾病、紊乱或病症“相关的抗原”是可以针对该疾病、 紊乱或病症、作为其结果、或与其结合而产生所不希望的免疫应答的抗原; 可以产生该疾病、紊乱或病症(或其症状或影响)的病因的抗原;和/或 可以产生作为该疾病、紊乱或病症的症状、结果或影响的所不希望的免疫 应答的抗原。优选地,在一些实施例中,于在此提供的这些组合物和方法 中使用一种与疾病、紊乱或病症等相关的抗原将会导致针对该抗原和/或 细胞(该抗原由这些细胞表达、在这些细胞之上或之中表达)的致耐受性 免疫应答。这些抗原可以处于与具有该疾病、紊乱或病症的受试者中所表 达的相同形式,但还可以是其片段或衍生物。然而,当为一个片段或衍生 物时,针对这一受试者所遭遇的这种形式的一种希望的免疫应答是使用所 提供的这些组合物和方法的优选结果。在一些实施例中,与疾病、紊乱或 病症等等相关联的这些抗原包含MHC I类限制性表位和/或MHC II类限 制性表位和/或B细胞表位和/或包含结合并且形成一个CD1d复合体的一 种脂质。
在一个实施例中,该抗原是与一种炎性疾病、自身免疫性疾病、器官 或组织排斥、或移植物抗宿主病相关联的抗原。此类抗原包括:自身抗原, 如髓鞘碱性蛋白、胶原(例如,11型胶原)、人软骨gp39、嗜铬粒蛋白A、 gp 130-RAPS、蛋白脂质蛋白、纤维蛋白、核蛋白、核仁蛋白(例如,小 核仁蛋白)、甲状腺刺激因子受体、组蛋白、糖蛋白gp 70、核糖体蛋白、 丙酮酸脱氢酶、脱氢硫辛酰胺乙酰转移酶、毛囊抗原、人原肌球蛋白同工 型5、线粒体蛋白、胰腺β-细胞蛋白、髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白、胰岛素、 谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)、谷蛋白、以及其片段或衍生物。以下在表1中提 供了其他的自身抗原。
抗原还可以包括与器官或组织排斥相关联的那些抗原。此类抗原的实 例包括,但不限于:来自同种异体细胞的抗原,例如来自一种同种异体细 胞提取物的抗原;和来自其他细胞的抗原,如内皮细胞抗原。
抗原还包括与一种过敏相关联的那些抗原。此类抗原包括在此其他地 方描述的这些过敏原。
抗原还包括与一种可移植的移植物相关联的那些抗原。此类抗原与一 种可移植的移植物、或具有一种可移植的移植物的接受者中的一种所不希 望的免疫应答相关联,该所不希望的免疫应答由于将该可移植的移植物引 入到该接受者中而产生,该可移植的移植物可以被呈递用于由免疫系统的 细胞识别并且该可移植的移植物可以产生一种所不希望的免疫应答。移植 抗原包括与器官或组织排斥或移植物抗宿主病相关联的那些抗原。可以从 一种生物材料的细胞中或从与一种可移植的移植物相关的信息中获得或 衍生出移植抗原。移植抗原通常包括蛋白质类、多肽类、肽类、脂蛋白类、 糖脂类、多核苷酸类、多糖类,或被包含或表达在细胞中。与一种可移植 的移植物相关的信息是关于可以用来获得或衍生出移植抗原的一种可移 植的移植物的任何信息。此类信息包括关于将要预期会存在于一种可移植 的移植物的细胞之中或之上的抗原的信息,例如像序列信息;抗原和/或 它们的MHC I、MHC II或B细胞呈递限制的类型或种类。此类信息还 包括关于以下各项的信息:可移植的移植物的类型(例如,自身移植物、 同种移植物、异种移植物)、该移植物的分子组成和细胞组成、该移植物 衍生自其中或该移植物有待被移植至其上的身体位置(例如,全部或部分 的器官、皮肤、骨骼、神经、腱、神经元、血管、脂肪、角膜等等)。
抗原还包括与一种治疗性蛋白相关联的抗原,这些抗原可以被呈递用 于由免疫系统的细胞识别并且这些抗原可以产生针对该治疗性蛋白的一 种所不希望的免疫应答。治疗性蛋白抗原通常包括蛋白质类、多肽类、肽 类、脂蛋白类,或被包含在或表达在细胞之中、之上或由细胞表达。
抗原可以是完全定义或表征的抗原。然而,在一些实施例中,抗原不 是完全定义或表征的。因此,抗原还包括被包含在细胞或组织制品、细胞 碎片、细胞外来体或条件培养基内的那些抗原,并且在一些实施例中可以 处于此种形式递送。
“APC可呈递抗原”意指可以被呈递用于由免疫系统的细胞识别、如通 过抗原呈递细胞(包括但不限于树突状细胞、B细胞或巨噬细胞)呈递的 抗原。该APC可呈递抗原可以通过例如T细胞被呈递用于识别。此类抗 原可以经由结合到I类或II类主要组织相容性复合体分子(MHC)上或 结合到CD1d分子上的抗原或其部分的呈递而被T细胞识别并且触发T 细胞中的免疫应答。CD1d是结合自身和外来脂质和糖脂的抗原呈递分 子,并且经常在抗原呈递细胞上发现。还在非造血细胞(如肝细胞)上发 现该CD1d。CD1d含有结合疏水性脂质的一个疏水槽,通常用于呈递至 iNKT细胞上。优选地,对该APC可呈递抗原特异的一种或多种致耐受 性免疫应答由在此提供的这些组合物产生。可以例如经由刺激、产生、诱 导或募集调节性细胞(如CD4+Treg细胞和/或CD8+Treg细胞)影响此 类免疫应答。
APC可呈递抗原通常包括肽类、多肽类、全蛋白类或全细胞溶解产物。 在一个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原包含MHC I类限制性表位。在另 一个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原包含MHC II类限制性表位。在另一 个实施例中,该APC可呈递抗原包含B细胞表位。然而,在另一个实施 例中,该APC可呈递抗原是结合或形成一个CD1d复合体的一种脂质。
在另外的多个实施例中,在编码该肽、多肽或蛋白质的核酸的形式下 提供本发明组合物中的这些APC可呈递抗原。该核酸可以是DNA或 RNA,如mRNA。在多个实施例中,这些发明的组合物包含一种互补物, 如一种全长互补物,或在此提供的任何这些核酸的一种简并物(由于遗传 密码的简并性)。在多个实施例中,该核酸是一种表达载体,当转染至细 胞系中时,该表达载体可以被转录。在多个实施例中,该表达载体可以包 含除其他之外的质粒、逆转录病毒、或腺病毒。
在一个实施例中,该抗原与在此描述的疾病、紊乱或病症相关,并且 可以与一种免疫抑制剂组合导致对该疾病、紊乱或病症特异的一种致耐受 性免疫应答。
“评定一种免疫应答”是指对体外或体内一种免疫应答的水平、存在或 不存在、降低、增加等等进行的任何测量或测定。可以在从受试者中获得 的一个或多个样品上进行此类测量或测定。可以用在此提供的任何方法或 本领域中已知的其他方法来进行此类评定。
“处于风险中”的受试者是健康执业医师认为其具有患上在此所提供的 疾病、紊乱或病症的机会的受试者、或健康执业医师认为其具有经历在此 所提供的所不希望的免疫应答的机会的受试者。
“自身免疫性疾病”是其中免疫系统针对自身(例如,一个或多个自身 抗原)发动一种所不希望的免疫应答的任何疾病。在一些实施例中,自身 免疫性疾病包含作为自身靶向免疫应答的一部分的对身体细胞的异常破 坏。在一些实施例中,自身破坏表现为一个器官(例如,结肠或胰腺)的 功能失常。在此其他地方描述了自身免疫性疾病的实例。本领域普通技术 人员已知另外的自身免疫性疾病,并且本发明在此方面不受限制。
如在此所使用的“平均值”是指算术平均值,除非另外指出。
“B细胞抗原”意指触发B细胞中的免疫应答的任何抗原(例如,由B 细胞或其上的受体特异性地识别的抗原)。在一些实施例中,作为T细胞 抗原的抗原也是一种B细胞抗原。在其他实施例中,该T细胞抗原并不 也是一种B细胞抗原。B细胞抗原包括但不限于蛋白质类、肽类、小分子、 以及碳水化合物。在一些实施例中,该B细胞抗原包含一种非蛋白质抗原(即,不是一种蛋白质或肽抗原)。在一些实施例中,该B细胞抗原包 含一种自身抗原。在其他实施例中,该B细胞抗原从一种过敏原、自身 抗原、治疗性蛋白、或可移植的移植物中获得或衍生出。
“同时”意指以时间相关的、优选地时间充分相关的方式向受试者给予 两种或更多种物质,以便提供对免疫应答的调节。在多个实施例中,可以 通过以相同剂型给予两种或更多种物质而发生同时给予。在其他实施例 中,同时给予可以涵盖以不同剂型、但在指定时间段内、优选在1个月内、 更优选在1周内、再更优选在1天内并且甚至更优选在1小时内给予两种 或更多种物质。
偶联(Couple)”或“偶联(Coupled)”或“偶联(Couples)”(诸如此 类)意指使一个实体(例如一个部分)与另一个实体在化学上结合。在一 些实施例中,偶联是共价的,这意味着该偶联是在两个实体之间在存在共 价键的背景下发生的。在非共价的实施例中,通过非共价相互作用介导非 共价偶联,这些非共价相互作用包括但不限于:电荷相互作用、亲和相互 作用、金属配位、物理吸附、主-客体相互作用、疏水相互作用、TT堆积 相互作用、氢键相互作用、范德华相互作用、磁相互作用、静电相互作用、 偶极-偶极相互作用、和/或其组合。在多个实施例中,封装是偶联的一种 形式。
“剂型”意指在一种适用于向受试者给予的介质、载体、媒介物或装置 中的药理学和/或免疫学活性材料。
“封装”意指将物质的至少一个部分封闭在合成纳米载体内。在一些实 施例中,一种物质被完全封闭在合成纳米载体内。在其他实施例中,被封 装的物质的大部分或全部不暴露于该合成纳米载体外的局部环境。在其他 实施例中,不超过50%、40%、30%、20%、10%或5%(重量/重量) 暴露于该局部环境。封装不同于吸附,吸附是将物质的大部分或全部置于 合成纳米载体的表面上,并且使得该物质暴露于该合成纳米载体外的局部 环境。
“表位”,又称为抗原决定簇,是由免疫系统,确切地由例如抗体、B 细胞、或T细胞识别的抗原部分。如在此所使用,“MHC I类限制性的表 位”是通过在有核细胞上发现的MHCI类分子呈递给免疫细胞的表位。 “MHC II类限制性的表位”是通过在抗原呈递细胞(APC)上(例如,在 专职性抗原呈递免疫细胞上,如在巨噬细胞、B细胞以及树突状细胞上, 或在非造血细胞如肝细胞上)发现的MHC II类分子呈递给免疫细胞的表 位。“B细胞表位”是由抗体或B细胞识别的分子结构。在一些实施例中, 该表位本身是一种抗原。
许多表位是本领域普通技术人员已知的,并且根据本发明的一些方面 适合的示例性表位包括但不限于列在免疫表位数据库 (www.immuneepitope.org,维塔·R(VitaR)、札瑞布斯基·L(Zarebski L)、格林鲍姆·JA(Greenbaum JA)、埃马米·H(Emami H)、霍夫·I(Hoof I)、萨利姆·N(Salimi N)、达美乐·R(Damle R)、赛特·A(Sette A)、彼 得斯·B(Peters B),免疫表位数据库2.0(The immune epitope database 2.0),核酸研究(Nucleic Acids Res),2010年1月;38(数据库发行号): D854-62;该免疫表位数据库的全部内容以及2011年8月的IEDB 2.4版 本的所有数据库条目,并且具体地说在其中披露的所有表位通过引用结合 在此)中的那些。还可以使用公开可获得的算法来鉴定表位,这些算法例 如在以下文献中描述的算法:王平(Wang P)、西德尼·J(Sidney J)、金 姆·Y(KimY)、赛特·A(Sette A)、伦德·O(Lund O)、尼耳森·M(Nielsen M)、彼得斯·B(Peters B),2010,用于HLA DR、DP以及DQ分子的肽 结合预测(peptide binding predictions for HLADR,DP and DQ molecules),BMC生物信息学(BMC Bioinformatics)2010,11:568;王 平(Wang P)、西德尼·J(Sidney J)、道·C(Dow C)、莫斯·B(Mothé B)、 赛特·A(Sette A)、彼得斯·B(Peters B),2008,MHC II类肽结合预测 的系统性评定和一致方法的评估(Asystematic assessment of MHC class II peptide binding predictions andevaluation of a consensus approach), PLoS计算生物学(PLoS Comput Biol.)4(4):e1000048;尼耳森·M(Nielsen M)、伦德·O(Lund O),2009,NN-比对.用于MHC II类肽结合预测的 基于人工神经网络的比对算法(NN-align.An artificial neural network-basedalignment algorithm for MHC class II peptide binding prediction),BMC生物信息学(BMC Bioinformatics),10:296;尼耳森·M (Nielsen M)、伦德高·C(Lundegaard C)、伦德·O(Lund O),2007, 使用新颖的稳定化矩阵比对方法SMM-比对预测MHC II类结合亲和性 (Prediction of MHC class II binding affinity using SMM-align,a novelstabilization matrix alignment method),BMC生物信息学(BMC Bioinformatics),8:238;裴·HH(Bui HH)、西德尼·J(Sidney J)、彼得 斯·B(Peters B)、萨塞默塞·M(Sathiamurthy M)、真一·A(Sinichi A)、 潘顿·KA(Purton KA)、莫斯·BR(Mothé BR)、奇萨利·FV(Chisari FV)、 沃特金斯·DI(Watkins DI)、赛特·A(Sette A),2005,免疫遗传学 (Immunogenetics),57:304-314;斯图尔尼奥洛·T(Sturniolo T)、博诺·E (BonoE)、丁·J(Ding J)、拉德里查尼·L(Raddrizzani L)、图雷西·O (Tuereci O)、萨因·U(Sahin U)、布雷桑勒·M(Braxenthaler M)、加 利亚西·F(Gallazzi F)、普罗狄·MP(Protti MP)、西尼加利亚·F(Sinigaglia F)、汉姆莫·J(Hammer J),1999,使用DNA微阵列和虚拟的HLA II 类矩阵产生组织特异性的和混杂的HLA配体数据库(Generation oftissue-specific and promiscuous HLA ligand databases using DNA microarraysand virtual HLA class II matrices),自然生物技术(Nat Biotechnol),17(6):555-561;尼耳森·M(Nielsen M)、伦德高·C (Lundegaard C)、沃林·P(Worning P)、拉尔莫勒·SL(Lauemoller SL)、 拉姆博特·K(Lamberth K)、布斯·S(Buus S)、布鲁纳克·S(Brunak S)、 伦德·O(Lund O),2003,使用具有新颖序列表示的神经网络可靠预测T 细胞表位(Reliable prediction of T-cell epitopes using neural networks with novelsequence representations),蛋白质科学(Protein Sci) 12:1007-1017;裴·HH(BuiHH)、西德尼·J(Sidney J)、彼得斯·B(Peters B)、萨塞默塞·M(Sathiamurthy M)、真一·A(Sinichi A)、潘顿·KA(Purton KA)、莫斯·BR(Mothe BR)、奇萨利·FV(ChisariFV)、沃特金斯·DI (Watkins DI)、赛特·A(Sette A),2005,特异性MHC结合预测工具的自动产生和评估:ARB矩阵应用(Automated generation and evaluation of specificMHC binding predictive tools:ARB matrix applications),免疫遗 传学(Immunogenetics)57:304-314;彼得斯·B(Peters B)、赛特·A(Sette A),2005,使用稳定化的矩阵方法产生描述生物过程的序列特异性的定 量模型(Generating quantitativemodels describing the sequence specificity of biological processes with thestabilized matrix method), BMC生物信息学(BMC Bioinformatics)6:132;周·PY(ChouPY)、法 斯曼·GD(Fasman GD),1978,由氨基酸序列预测蛋白质的二级结构 (Predictionof the secondary structure of proteins from their amino acid sequence),酶学相关领域分子生物学进展(Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol)47:45-148;伊米妮·EA(Emini EA)、休斯·JV(Hughes JV)、珀洛·DS (Perlow DS)、博格·J(Boger J),1985,由病毒特异性的合成肽诱导中 和甲型肝炎病毒的抗体(Induction of hepatitis A virus-neutralizing antibody by a virus-specific synthetic peptide),病毒学期刊(JVirol) 55:836-839;卡普拉斯·PA(Karplus PA)、舒尔兹·GE(Schulz GE),1985, 预测蛋白质中的链柔性(Prediction of chain flexibility in proteins),自然 科学(Naturwissenschaften)72:212-213;科拉斯卡·AS(Kolaskar AS)、 顿考恩卡·PC(Tongaonkar PC),1990,用于预测蛋白质抗原上的抗原决 定簇的半经验方法(A semi-empirical method for prediction of antigenic determinants on proteinantigens),FEBS快报(FEBS Lett)276:172-174; 帕克·JM(Parker JM)、郭·D(Guo D)、霍奇斯·RS(Hodges RS),1986, 来源于高效液相色谱法肽保留数据的新型亲水性标度:预测的表面残基与 抗原性和源自X射线的可接近位点的相关性(New hydrophilicity scalederived from high-performance liquid chromatography peptide retention data:correlation of predicted surface residues with antigenicity and X-ray-derivedaccessible sites),生物化学(Biochemistry)25:5425-5432; 拉森·JE(Larsen JE)、伦德·O(Lund O)、尼耳森·M(Nielsen M).2006. 用于预测线性B细胞表位的改进方法(Improved method for predicting linear B-cell epitopes),免疫研究(ImmunomeRes)2:2;波诺马连科·JV (Ponomarenko JV)、伯恩·PE(Bourne PE),2007,抗体-蛋白质相互作 用:基准数据集和预测工具评估(Antibody-protein interactions: benchmarkdatasets and prediction tools evaluation),BMC结构生物学 (BMC Struct Biol)7:64;哈斯特安德森·P(Haste Andersen P)、尼耳森·M (Nielsen M)、伦德·O(Lund O),2006,使用蛋白质3D结构预测不连 续B细胞表位中的残基(Prediction of residues indiscontinuous B-cell epitopes using protein 3D structures),蛋白质科学(ProteinSci) 15:2558-2567;波诺马连科·JV(Ponomarenko JV)、裴·H(Bui H)、李·W (Li W)、福斯德·N(Fusseder N)、伯恩·PE(Bourne PE)、赛特Sette A、 彼得斯·B(Peters B),2008,ElliPro:用于预测抗体表位的新型基于结构 的工具(ElliPro:a new structure-based tool for the prediction of antibody epitopes),BMC生物信息学(BMCBioinformatics)9:514;尼耳森·M (Nielsen M)、伦德高·C(Lundegaard C)、布里加·T(Blicher T)、彼得 斯·B(Peters B)、赛特·A(Sette A)、贾斯特逊·S(Justesen S)、布斯·S (Buus S)以及伦德·O(Lund O),2008,PLoS计算生物学(PLoS Comput Biol.)4(7)e1000107,肽结合具有已知序列的任何HLA-DR分子的定量预 测:NetMHCIIpan(Quantitative predictions of peptide binding to any HLA-DR molecule of knownsequence:NetMHCIIpan);这些文献各自的 全部内容通过引用结合在此以用于披露用于鉴定表位的方法和算法。
可以与在此提供的合成纳米载体偶联的的表位的其他实例包括如SEQ ID NO:1-943所提供的MHC I类限制性表位、MHC II类限制性表位以 及B细胞表位中的任何一种。不希望受任何具体理论束缚,MHC I类限 制性表位包括在SEQ ID NOs:1-186中列出的那些,MHC II类限制性表 位包括在SEQ ID NOs:187-537中列出的那些,并且B细胞表位包括在SEQ ID NOs:538-943中列出的那些。这些表位包括MHC I类限制性自 身抗原、过敏原的MHCII类限制性表位以及自身抗原和过敏原的B细 胞表位。
“产生”意指本身直接地或间接地(如但不限于,通过依赖某人的语言 或行为采取行动的不相关的第三方)引起一种行为(如一种免疫应答(例 如,一种致耐受性免疫应答))发生。
“鉴定”是允许临床医生将受试者识别为可能从在此提供的这些方法和 组合物中获益者的任何行为或一系列行为。优选地,鉴定的受试者是对如 在此所提供的一种致耐受性免疫应答有需要者。该行为或一系列行为可以 是本身直接地或间接地,如但不限于,通过依赖某人的语言或行为采取行 动的不相关的第三方。
“免疫抑制剂”意指引起APC具有免疫抑制(例如,致耐受性作用)的 一种化合物。免疫抑制作用通常是指由APC产生或表达细胞因子或其他 因子,该产生或表达降低、抑制或防止所不希望的免疫应答、或促进所希 望的免疫应答。当该APC对识别由该APC呈递的抗原的免疫细胞产生一 种免疫抑制作用时,该免疫抑制作用被称为是对呈递的抗原特异的。此种 作用在此还称为一种致耐受性作用。不受任何具体理论束缚,认为该免疫 抑制作用是该免疫抑制剂被递送至该APC上的结果,优选在一种抗原(例 如,一种给予的抗原或已经存在于体内的抗原)存在的情况下。因此,该 免疫抑制剂包括提供针对一种抗原的致耐受性免疫应答的化合物,这些化 合物可以或可以不被提供在相同的组合物或不同的组合物中。在一个实施 例中,该免疫抑制剂是引起APC促进一个或多个免疫效应细胞中的调节 表型的免疫抑制剂。例如,可以通过产生、诱导、刺激或募集调节性免疫 细胞来表征该调节表型。这可以是CD4+T细胞(例如,CD4+CD25高 FoxP3+Treg细胞)转变为调节性表型的结果。这还可以是在其他免疫细 胞(如CD8+T细胞、巨噬细胞以及iNKT细胞)中诱导FoxP3的结果。在一个实施例中,该免疫抑制剂是在APC加工抗原之后影响该APC的应 答的免疫抑制剂。在另一个实施例中,该免疫抑制剂不是干扰抗原加工的 免疫抑制剂。在一个另外的实施例中,该免疫抑制剂不是一种细胞凋亡信 号传导分子。在另一个实施例中,该免疫抑制剂不是一种磷脂。
免疫抑制剂包括但不限于:抑制素;mTOR抑制剂,如雷帕霉素或一 种雷帕霉素类似物;TGF-β信号剂;TGF-β受体激动剂;组蛋白去乙酰 化酶抑制剂,如曲古抑菌素A(Trichostatin A);皮质类固醇类;线粒体 功能抑制剂,如鱼藤酮(rotenone);P38抑制剂;NF-κβ抑制剂,如6Bio、 地塞米松(Dexamethasone)、TCPA-1、IKK VII;腺苷受体激动剂;前列腺素E2激动剂(PGE2),如米索前列醇(Misoprostol);磷酸二酯酶 抑制剂,如磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂(PDE4),如咯利普兰(Rolipram);蛋 白酶体抑制剂;激酶抑制剂;G-蛋白偶联受体激动剂;G-蛋白偶联受体 拮抗剂;糖皮质激素类;类视黄醇类;细胞因子抑制剂;细胞因子受体抑 制剂;细胞因子受体活化剂;过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体拮抗剂;过氧 化物酶体增殖物激活受体激动剂;组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂;钙调磷酸酶 (calcineurin)抑制剂;磷酸酶抑制剂;PI3KB抑制剂,如TGX-221; 自噬(autophagy)抑制剂,如3-甲基腺嘌呤;芳香烃受体抑制剂;蛋白 酶体抑制剂I(PSI);以及氧化的ATP,如P2X受体阻断剂。免疫抑制 剂还包括IDO、维生素D3、环孢霉素类(如环孢霉素A)、芳香烃受体抑 制剂、白藜芦醇、硫唑嘌呤(Aza)、6-巯基嘌呤(6-MP)、6-硫鸟嘌呤(6-TG)、 FK506、萨菲菌素A(sanglifehrin A)、沙美特罗(salmeterol)、吗替麦 考酚酯(mycophenolate mofetil)(MMF)、阿司匹林以及其他COX抑制 剂、尼氟酸、雌三醇以及雷公藤甲素(triptolide)。在多个实施例中,该 免疫抑制剂可以包含在此提供的任何药剂(agent)。
该免疫抑制剂可以是对APC直接提供免疫抑制(例如,致耐受性)作 用的一种化合物,或该免疫抑制剂可以是间接(即,在给予之后以某种方 式被加工之后)提供免疫抑制(例如,致耐受性)作用的一种化合物。因 此,免疫抑制剂包括在此提供的任何化合物的前药形式。
免疫抑制剂还可以包括编码在此提供的产生免疫抑制(例如,致耐受 性)免疫应答的这些肽、多肽或蛋白质的核酸。因此,在多个实施例中, 该免疫抑制剂是编码一种产生免疫抑制(例如,致耐受性)免疫应答的肽、 多肽或蛋白质的核酸,并且该免疫抑制剂是与合成纳米载体偶联的核酸。
该核酸可以是DNA或RNA,如mRNA。在多个实施例中,这些发明 的组合物包含一种互补物,如一种全长互补物,或在此提供的任何这些核 酸的一种简并(由于遗传密码的简并性)。在多个实施例中,该核酸是一 种表达载体,当转染至细胞系中时,该表达载体可以被转录。在多个实施 例中,该表达载体可以包含除其他之外的质粒、逆转录病毒、或腺病毒。 可以使用标准的分子生物学方法来分离或合成核酸,例如通过使用一个聚 合酶链反应来产生核酸片段,然后对该核酸片段进行纯化并且克隆至表达 载体中。对本发明的实践有用的另外技术可以在2007年约翰威立国际出 版公司(John Wiley and Sons,Inc.)的现代分子生物学实验方案(Current Protocols in Molecular Biology);分子克隆:实验室手册(第三版)萨姆 布鲁克(Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual(Third Edition)Joseph Sambrook),彼得麦卡勒姆癌症研究所(Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute),墨尔本(Melbourne),澳大利亚(Australia);大卫罗素(David Russell),德克萨斯大学西南医学中心(University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center),达拉斯(Dallas),冷泉港(Cold Spring Harbor)中找 到。
在多个实施例中,在此提供的这些免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体偶联。 在多个优选的实施例中,该免疫抑制剂是除了构成该合成纳米载体的结构 的材料之外的一种成分。例如,在一个实施例中,在该合成纳米载体由一 种或多种聚合物构成的情况下,该免疫抑制剂是除了这一种或多种聚合物 之外的并且与其偶联的一种化合物。作为另一个实例,在一个实施例中, 在该合成纳米载体由一种或多种脂质构成的情况下,该免疫抑制剂又是除了这一种或多种脂质之外的并且与其偶联的。在多个实施例中,例如在该 合成纳米载体的材料也产生一种免疫抑制(例如,致耐受性)作用的情况 下,该免疫抑制剂是产生一种免疫抑制(例如,致耐受性)作用的、除了 该合成纳米载体材料之外而存在的一种成分。
其他示例性的免疫抑制剂包括但不限于:小分子药物、天然产物、抗 体(例如,对抗CD20、CD3、CD4的抗体)、基于生物制剂的药物、基 于碳水化合物的药物、纳米颗粒、脂质体、RNAi、反义核酸、适体、氨 甲蝶呤、NSAID;芬戈莫德(fingolimod);那他珠单抗(natalizumab); 阿仑单抗(alemtuzumab);抗CD3;他克莫司(tacrolimus)(FK506) 等等。本领域普通技术人员已知另外的免疫抑制剂,并且本发明在此方面 不受限制。
“炎性疾病”意指其中发生所不希望的炎症的任何疾病、紊乱或病症。
免疫抑制剂或抗原的“负载”是基于整个合成纳米载体中的材料的总重 量,与合成纳米载体偶联的免疫抑制剂或抗原的量(重量/重量)。通常, 该负载被计算为在一个群体的合成纳米载体上的平均值。在一个实施例 中,平均在这些第一群体的合成纳米载体上的该免疫抑制剂的负载是在 0.0001%与50%之间。在另一个实施例中,平均在第一和/或第二群体的 合成纳米载体上的该抗原的负载是在0.0001%与50%之间。在又另一个 实施例中,该免疫抑制剂和/或抗原的负载是在0.01%与20%之间。在一 个另外的实施例中,该免疫抑制剂和/或抗原的负载是在0.1%与10%之 间。在再一个另外的实施例中,该免疫抑制剂和/或抗原的负载是在1%与 10%之间。在又另一个实施例中,平均在一个群体的合成纳米载体上的该 免疫抑制剂和/或该抗原的负载是至少0.1%、至少0.2%、至少0.3%、至少0.4%、至少0.5%、至少0.6%、至少0.7%、至少0.8%、至少0.9%、 至少1%、至少2%、至少3%、至少4%、至少5%、至少6%、至少7%、 至少8%、至少9%、至少10%、至少11%、至少12%、至少13%、至 少14%、至少15%、至少16%、至少17%、至少18%、至少19%、或 至少20%。在又一个另外的实施例中,平均在一个群体的合成纳米载体 上的该免疫抑制剂和/或该抗原的负载是0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、 0.6%、0.7%、0.8%、0.9%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%、 9%、10%、11%、12%、13%、14%、15%、16%、17%、18%、19%、 或20%。在以上这些实施例中的一些实施例中,平均在一个群体的合成 纳米载体上的该免疫抑制剂和/或该抗原的负载是不大于25%。在多个实 施例中,如实例中所描述对该负载进行计算。
在提供的任何这些组合物和方法的多个实施例中,如下计算该负载: 收集近似3mg的合成纳米载体,并且离心以使上清液与合成纳米载体沉 淀分离。向该沉淀添加乙腈,并且对样品进行超声处理并离心以去除任何 不溶的材料。在RP-HPLC上注射该上清液和沉淀,并且在278nm处读 取吸光度。该沉淀中的μg用来计算%包载(负载),在上清液和沉淀中的 μg用来计算回收的总μg。
“维持剂量”是指在初始剂量已经在受试者中产生一种免疫抑制(例如, 致耐受性)应答之后,为了持续所希望的免疫抑制(例如,致耐受性)应 答而向受试者给予的剂量。维持剂量例如可以是维持在该初始剂量之后所 实现的致耐受性作用、防止该受试者中的所不希望的免疫应答、或防止该 受试者变为处于经历所不希望的免疫应答(包括所不希望的水平的免疫应 答)风险的受试者的剂量。在一些实施例中,该维持剂量是足以持续适当水平的所希望的免疫应答的剂量。
“合成纳米载体的最大尺寸”意指沿着该合成纳米载体的任何轴线测量 的纳米载体的最大尺寸。“合成纳米载体的最小尺寸”意指沿着该合成纳米 载体的任何轴线测量的合成纳米载体的最小尺寸。例如,对于球形合成纳 米载体而言,合成纳米载体的最大和最小尺寸将是基本上相同的,并且将 是该合成纳米载体的直径的大小。类似地,针对立方形合成纳米载体,合 成纳米载体的最小尺寸将是它的高度、宽度或长度中最小的,而合成纳米 载体的最大尺寸将是它的高度、宽度或长度中最大的。在一个实施例中, 基于样品中的合成纳米载体的总数,样品中至少75%、优选地至少80%、 更优选地至少90%的这些合成纳米载体的最小尺寸是等于或大于100 nm。在一个实施例中,基于样品中的合成纳米载体的总数,样品中至少 75%、优选地至少80%、更优选地至少90%的这些合成纳米载体的最大 尺寸是等于或小于5μm。优选地,基于样品中的合成纳米载体的总数, 样品中至少75%、优选地至少80%、更优选地至少90%的这些合成纳米 载体的最小尺寸是大于110nm、更优选地大于120nm、更优选地大于130 nm、并且还更优选地大于150nm。发明的合成纳米载体的最大尺寸与最 小尺寸的长宽比可以取决于实施例而变化。例如,这些合成纳米载体的最大尺寸与最小尺寸的长宽比可以从1∶1至1,000,000∶1、优选地从1∶1 至100,000∶1、更优选地从1∶1至10,000∶1、更优选地从1∶1至1000∶1、 再更优选地从1∶1至100∶1、并且又更优选地从1∶1至10∶1变化。优选 地,基于样品中的合成纳米载体的总数,样品中至少75%、优选地至少 80%、更优选地至少90%的这些合成纳米载体的最大尺寸是等于或小于3 μm、更优选地等于或小于2μm、更优选地等于或小于1μm、更优选地 等于或小于800nm、更优选地等于或小于600nm、并且还更优选地等于 或小于500nm。在多个优选的实施例中,基于样品中的合成纳米载体的 总数,样品中至少75%、优选地至少80%、更优选地至少90%的这些合 成纳米载体的最小尺寸是等于或大于100nm、更优选地等于或大于120 nm、更优选地等于或大于130nm、更优选地等于或大于140nm、并且 还更优选地等于或大于150nm。通过将这些合成纳米载体悬浮在一种液 体(通常是水性)介质中,并且使用动态光散射(DLS)(例如使用一台 Brookhaven ZetaPALS仪器),获得合成纳米载体尺寸(例如,直径)的 测量值。例如,可以将具有合成纳米载体的悬浮液从水性缓冲剂中稀释到 纯化水中以达到近似0.01至0.1mg/mL的最终的合成纳米载体悬浮液浓 度。可以在一个适合的比色皿中直接制备稀释的悬浮液,或转移至该比色 皿中以用于DLS分析。然后可以将该比色皿置于DLS中,允许其平衡至 受控的温度,并且然后扫描充分的时间以在介质的粘度和样品的折射率的 适当输入的基础上获得稳定且可再现的分布。然后报告有效直径,或该分 布的平均值。合成纳米载体的“尺寸”或“大小”或“直径”意指使用动态光散 射获得的粒度分布的平均值。
“MHC”是指主要组织相容性复合体,即在大多数脊椎动物中发现的编 码MHC分子的一个大的基因组区或基因家族,这些MHC分子将被加工 的蛋白质的片段或表位展示在细胞表面上。细胞表面上的MHC:肽的呈 递允许通过免疫细胞(通常是T细胞)来监视。存在两大类MHC分子: I类和II类。通常,I类MHC分子被发现在有核细胞上并且将肽呈递给 细胞毒性T细胞。II类MHC分子被发现在某些免疫细胞(主要是巨噬 细胞、B细胞以及树突状细胞)上,这些免疫细胞共同称为专职性APC。 MHC区中最有名的基因是编码细胞表面上的抗原呈递蛋白的亚型。在人 类中,这些基因被称为人白细胞抗原(HLA)基因。
“非甲氧基封端的聚合物”意指具有以除了甲氧基之外的部分结束的至 少一个末端的聚合物。在一些实施例中,该聚合物具有以除了甲氧基之外 的部分结束的至少两个末端。在其他实施例中,该聚合物不具有以甲氧基 结束的末端。“非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物”意指除了在两个末端处具 有甲氧基的线性普朗尼克聚合物之外的一种聚合物。如在此所提供的聚合 物纳米颗粒可以包含非甲氧基封端的聚合物或非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物。
“药学上可接受的赋形剂”意指与列举的这些合成纳米载体一起使用以 配制本发明的组合物的药理学上非活性的材料。药物学上可接受的赋形剂 包含本领域中已知的各种材料,包括但不限于糖类(如葡萄糖、乳糖,等)、 防腐剂(如抗微生物剂)、复原助剂、着色剂、盐水(如磷酸盐缓冲盐水)、 以及缓冲剂。
“治疗方案(Protocol)”是指针对受试者的一种或多种物质的任何给药 方案。给药方案可以包括给药的量、频率和/或方式。在一些实施例中, 此种治疗方案可以用来向一个或多个测试受试者给予本发明的一种或多 种组合物。然后可以对这些测试受试者中的免疫应答进行评定,以便确定 该治疗方案是否对降低所不希望的免疫应答或产生希望的免疫应答(例 如,促进一种致耐受性作用)有效。还可以代替或除了前面提到的这些免 疫应答之外,对任何其他治疗性和/或预防性作用进行评定。可以使用在 此提供的任何方法或本领域中已知的其他方法确定一个治疗方案是否具 有所希望的作用。例如,可以从已经根据一个具体的治疗方案而被给予了 在此提供的一种组合物的受试者中获得一群细胞,以便确定特异性免疫细 胞、细胞因子、抗体等等是否被减少、产生、活化等等。用于检测免疫细 胞的存在和/或数目的有用方法包括但不限于流式细胞检测方法(例如, FACS)和免疫组织化学方法。用于免疫细胞标记的特异性染色的抗体和 其他结合剂是商业上可获得的。此类试剂盒典型地包括用于多种抗原的染 色试剂,这些染色试剂允许对来自异质细胞群体的所希望的细胞群的基于 FACS的检测、分离和/或定量。
“提供受试者”是引起临床医生与受试者接触并且向其给予在此提供的 一种组合物或在其上进行在此提供的一种方法的任何行为或一系列行为。 优选地,该受试者是对如在此所提供的一种致耐受性免疫应答有需要者。 该行为或一系列行为可以是本身直接地或间接地,如但不限于,通过依赖 某人的语言或行为采取行动的不相关的第三方。
“受试者”意指动物,包括温血哺乳动物,如人类和灵长类;鸟类;家 庭饲养动物或农场动物,如猫、狗、绵羊、山羊、牛、马以及猪;实验动 物,如小鼠、大鼠以及豚鼠;鱼类;爬行动物;动物园和野生动物;等等。
“一种或多种合成纳米载体”意指在自然中未发现的、并且在大小上具 有小于或等于5微米的至少一个尺寸的离散物体。白蛋白纳米颗粒通常被 包括为合成纳米载体,然而在某些实施例中,这些合成纳米载体并不包含 白蛋白纳米颗粒。在多个实施例中,发明的合成纳米载体不包含壳聚糖。 在其他实施例中,发明的合成纳米载体不是基于脂质的纳米颗粒。在另外 多个实施例中,发明的合成纳米载体不包含一种磷脂。
一种合成纳米载体可以是但不限于以下各项中的一种或多种:基于脂 质的纳米颗粒(在此又称为脂质纳米颗粒,即构成它们结构的大多数材料 是脂质的纳米颗粒)、聚合物纳米颗粒、金属纳米颗粒、基于表面活性剂 的乳液、树枝状化合物、巴基球、纳米线、病毒样颗粒(即,主要由病毒 结构蛋白构成、但不是感染性的或具有低感染性的颗粒)、基于肽或蛋白 质的颗粒(在此又称为蛋白质颗粒,即构成它们结构的大多数材料是肽或 蛋白质的颗粒)(如白蛋白纳米颗粒)、和/或使用纳米材料的组合而发展 的纳米颗粒(如脂质-聚合物纳米颗粒)。合成纳米载体可以具有各种不同 的形状,包括但不局限于:球形、立方形、锥形、长方形、圆柱形、螺旋 管形,等。根据本发明的合成纳米载体包含一个或多个表面。可以适合用 于实践本发明的示例性的合成纳米载体包含:(1)披露在格列夫(Gref) 等人的美国专利5,543,158中的可生物降解的纳米颗粒、(2)萨尔兹曼 (Saltzman)等人的公开美国专利申请20060002852的聚合物纳米颗粒、 (3)戴斯蒙(DeSimone)等人的公开美国专利申请20090028910的光刻法 构建(lithographically constructed)的纳米颗粒、(4)冯·安德里亚(von Andrian)等人的WO 2009/051837的披露内容、或(5)披露在佩纳德斯(Penades)等人的公开美国专利申请2008/0145441中的纳米颗粒、(6)披 露在德洛斯里奥斯(de los Rios)等人的公开美国专利申请20090226525 中的蛋白质纳米颗粒、(7)披露在西贝尔(Sebbel)等人的公开美国专利 申请20060222652中的病毒样颗粒、(8)披露在巴赫曼(Bachmann)等 人的公开美国专利申请20060251677中的偶联核酸的病毒样颗粒、(9)披露在WO 2010047839 A1或WO 2009106999 A2中的病毒样颗粒、(10)披 露在P·保利赛利(P.Paolicelli)等人的“可以高效结合并递送病毒样颗粒 的表面修饰的基于PLGA的纳米颗粒(Surface-modified PLGA-based Nanoparticles that can Efficiently Associateand Deliver Virus-like Particles)”纳米医学(Nanomedicine),5(6):843-853(2010)中的纳米沉 淀的纳米颗粒、或(11)披露在美国公开号2002/0086049中的凋亡细胞、 凋亡小体、或合成或半合成的模拟物。在多个实施例中,合成纳米载体可 以具有大于1∶1、1∶1.2、1∶1.5、1∶2、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7、或大于1∶10 的长宽比。
具有等于或小于约100nm、优选地等于或小于100nm的最小尺寸的 根据本发明的合成纳米载体不包含具有使补体活化的羟基的表面,或可替 代地包含主要由不是使补体活化的羟基的部分组成的表面。在一个优选的 实施例中,具有等于或小于约100nm、优选地等于或小于100nm的最小 尺寸的根据本发明的合成纳米载体不包含基本上使补体活化的表面,或可 替代地包含主要由不是基本上使活化补体的部分组成的表面。在一个更优 选的实施例中,具有等于或小于约100nm、优选地等于或小于100nm的 最小尺寸的根据本发明的合成纳米载体不包含使补体活化的表面,或可替 代地包含主要由不使补体活化的部分组成的表面。在多个实施例中,合成 纳米载体排除病毒样颗粒。在多个实施例中,合成纳米载体可以具有大于 1∶1、1∶1.2、1∶1.5、1∶2、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7、或大于1∶10的长宽比。
“T细胞抗原”意指一种CD4+T细胞抗原、CD8+细胞抗原或一种 CD1d限制性抗原。“CD4+T细胞抗原”意指由CD4+T细胞识别并且触发 CD4+T细胞中的免疫应答的任何抗原,例如经由结合到II类主要组织相 容性复合体分子(MHC)上的抗原或其一部分的呈递而被CD4+T细胞 上的T细胞受体特异性地识别的抗原。“CD8+T细胞抗原”意指由CD8+T 细胞识别并且触发CD8+T细胞中的免疫应答的任何抗原,例如经由结合 到I类主要组织相容性复合体分子(MHC)上的抗原或其一部分的呈递 而被CD8+T细胞上的T细胞受体特异性地识别的抗原。“CD1d限制性 抗原”意指包含一个或多个表位的抗原,这一个或多个表位结合、复合CD1d分子或由CD1d分子呈递。通常,CD1d限制性T细胞抗原是呈递 至不变NKT细胞的脂质。CD1d-限制性T细胞抗原可以包含一种或多种 脂质、或糖脂,包括但不限于:α-半乳糖神经酰胺(α-GalCer)、α-连接 的鞘糖脂类(来自鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas spp.))、半乳糖二酰 基甘油类(来自伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi))、脂磷聚糖(来自 杜氏利什曼虫(Leishmania donovani))、内源或外源的β-葡糖神经酰胺、 以及磷脂酰肌醇四甘露糖苷(PIM4)(来自麻风分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium leprae))。针对作为CD1d限制性抗原有用的另外脂质和/或糖脂,参见塞 兰德罗·V(V.Cerundolo)等人,“用接种策略治理不变NKT细胞 (Harnessing invariant NKT cells in vaccination strategies.)”自然综述免疫学(Nature Rev Immun),9:28-38(2009)。在一些实施例中,作为T细 胞抗原的抗原也是一种B细胞抗原。在其他实施例中,该T细胞抗原并 不也是一种B细胞抗原。T细胞抗原通常是蛋白质类或肽类,但是也可以 是其他分子,如脂质类和糖脂类。
“治疗性蛋白”是指可以向受试者给予并且具有一种治疗性作用的任何 蛋白质或基于蛋白质的疗法。此类疗法包括蛋白质替代和蛋白质补充疗 法。此类疗法还包括给予外源或外来的蛋白质、抗体疗法、以及细胞或基 于细胞的疗法。治疗性蛋白包括酶、酶辅助因子、激素、凝血因子、细胞 因子、生长因子、单克隆抗体、以及多克隆抗体。在此在其他地方提供了 其他治疗性蛋白的实例。可以在细胞之中、之上或由细胞产生治疗性蛋白, 并且可以从此类细胞中获得治疗性蛋白、或以此类细胞的形式给予这些治 疗性蛋白。在多个实施例中,在以下细胞之中、之上或由以下细胞产生该 治疗性蛋白:哺乳动物细胞、昆虫细胞、酵母细胞、细菌细胞、植物细胞、 转基因动物细胞、转基因植物细胞等等。可以在此类细胞中重组地产生该 治疗性蛋白。可以在病毒转化的细胞之中、之上或由病毒转化的细胞产生该治疗性蛋白。还可以在自体细胞之中、之上或由自体细胞产生该治疗性 蛋白,这些自体细胞已经被转染、转导或以另外的方式操纵以表达该治疗 性蛋白。可替代地,可以作为一种核酸或通过将一种核酸引入到病毒、 VLP、脂质体等等中来给予该治疗性蛋白。可替代地,可以从此类形式中 获得该治疗性蛋白并且作为该治疗性蛋白本身而给予。因此,受试者包括 已经接受、正接受或将要接受上述任何物质的任何受试者。此类受试者包 括已经接受、正接受或将要接受以下各项的受试者:基因治疗;已经被转 染、转导或以另外的方式操纵以表达一种治疗性蛋白、多肽或肽的自体细 胞;或表达一种治疗性蛋白、多肽或肽的细胞。
“治疗性蛋白抗原”意指与一种治疗性蛋白相关联的抗原,该治疗性蛋 白可以是、或该治疗性蛋白的一部分可以是被呈递用于由免疫系统的细胞 识别并且可以产生针对该治疗性蛋白的一种所不希望的免疫应答(例如, 产生治疗性蛋白特异性的抗体)。治疗性蛋白抗原通常包括蛋白质类、多 肽类、肽类、脂蛋白类,或被包含在或表达在细胞之中、之上或由细胞表 达。
“致耐受性免疫应答”意指可以导致对一种抗原或表达此种抗原的一种 细胞、组织、器官等等特异的免疫抑制的任何免疫应答。此类免疫应答包 括对该抗原或表达此抗原的细胞、组织、器官等等特异的所不希望的免疫 应答的任何降低、延迟或抑制。此类免疫应答还包括对该抗原或表达此抗 原的细胞、组织、器官等等特异的希望的免疫应答的任何刺激、产生、诱 导、促进或募集。因此,致耐受性免疫应答包括不存在或降低针对抗原的 所不希望的免疫应答,这可以通过抗原反应性细胞以及存在或促进抑制性 细胞来介导。在此所提供的致耐受性免疫应答包括免疫耐受性。“产生致 耐受性免疫应答”意指产生对一种抗原或表达此抗原的细胞、组织、器官 等等特异的任何上述免疫应答。该致耐受性免疫应答可以是MHC I类限 制性呈递和/或MHC II类限制性呈递和/或B细胞呈递和/或由CD1d进行的呈递等等的结果。
致耐受性免疫应答包括CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞或B细胞增殖和/ 或活性的任何降低、延迟或抑制。致耐受性免疫应答还包括抗原特异性抗 体产生的减少。致耐受性免疫应答还可以包括导致调节性细胞的刺激、诱 导、产生或募集的任何应答,这些调节性细胞如CD4+Treg细胞、CD8+ Treg细胞、Breg细胞等等。在一些实施例中,该致耐受性免疫应答是导致转变为一种调节性表型的致耐受性免疫应答,该调节性表型的特征在于 产生、诱导、刺激或募集调节性细胞。
致耐受性免疫应答还包括导致CD4+Treg细胞和/或CD8+Treg细胞的 刺激、产生或募集的任何应答。CD4+Treg细胞可以表达转录因子FoxP3 并且抑制炎症应答和自身免疫性炎性疾病(自身免疫性疾病中的人调节性 T细胞(Human regulatory T cells inautoimmune diseases),科夫塔诺维 奇·GL(Cvetanovich GL)、哈弗·DA(Hafler DA),免疫学当前观点(Curr Opin Immunol.)2010年12月;22(6):753-60,调节性T细胞和自身免疫性(Regulatory T cells and autoimmunity),维拉·J(Vila J)、艾萨克·JD (IsaacsJD)、安德森·AE(Anderson AE),血液学当前观点(Curr Opin Hematol.)2009年7月;16(4):274-9)。此类细胞还抑制T细胞对B细胞 的帮助并且诱导对自身和外来抗原的耐受性(基于FoxP3+调节性T细胞 活化和扩增的过敏和自身免疫性的治疗性方法(Therapeuticapproaches to allergy and autoimmunity based on FoxP3+regulatory T-cellactivation and expansion),宫良·M(Miyara M)、永·K(Wing K)、板口·(SakaguchiS),过敏临床免疫学期刊(J Allergy Clin Immunol),2009年4月; 123(4):749-55)。当抗原由APC上的II类蛋白质呈递时,CD4+Treg细胞 识别这种抗原。识别由I类(和Qa-1)呈递的抗原的CD8+Treg细胞还 可以抑制T细胞对B细胞的帮助,并且导致诱导对自身和外来抗原二者 的耐受性的抗原特异性抑制的活化。已经显示,Qa-1与CD8+Treg细胞 的相互作用的破坏可使免疫应答失调,并且导致自身抗体形成和自身免疫 性致命性系统性红斑狼疮的发展(金(Kim)等人,自然(Nature),2010 年9月16日,467(7313):328-32)。还已经显示,CD8+Treg细胞可抑制 包括类风湿性关节炎和结肠炎的自身免疫性炎性疾病的模型(自身免疫性 关节炎中的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells in autoimmunearthritis),欧·S(Oh S)、兰金·AL(Rankin AL)、卡顿·AJ (Caton AJ),免疫性评论(Immunol Rev),2010年1月;233(1):97-111, 炎性肠病中的调节性T细胞(Regulatory Tcells in inflammatory bowel disease),博登·EK(Boden EK)、斯奈普·SB(SnapperSB),肠胃病学 当前观点(Curr Opin Gastroenterol),2008年11月;24(6):733-41)。在 一些实施例中,提供的这些组合物可以有效地产生两种类型的应答(CD4+ Treg和CD8+Treg)。在其他实施例中,可以在其他免疫细胞(如巨噬细 胞、iNKT细胞等等)中诱导FoxP3,并且在此提供的这些组合物同样可 以产生这些应答中的一种或多种。
致耐受性免疫应答还包括但不限于:诱导调节性细胞因子,如Treg细 胞因子;诱导抑制性细胞因子;抑制炎性细胞因子(例如,IL-4、IL-1b、 IL-5、TNF-α、IL-6、GM-CSF、IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-9、IL-12、IL-17、IL-18、 IL-21、IL-22、IL-23、M-CSF、C反应性蛋白、急性期蛋白、趋化因子 (例如,MCP-1、RANTES、MIP-1α、MIP-1β、MIG、ITAC或IP-10); 产生抗炎性细胞因子(例如,IL-4、IL-13、IL-10等等)、趋化因子(例 如,CCL-2、CXCL8)、蛋白酶(例如,MMP-3、MMP-9)、白三烯(例 如,CysLT-1、CysLT-2)、前列腺素(例如,PGE2)或组胺;抑制向Th17、 Th1或Th2免疫应答的极化;抑制效应细胞特异性细胞因子:Th17(例 如,IL-17、IL-25)、Th1(IFN-γ)、Th2(例如,IL-4、IL-13);抑制Th1 特异性、Th2特异性或TH17特异性的转录因子;抑制效应T细胞的增殖; 诱导效应T细胞的凋亡;诱导致耐受性的树突状细胞特异性的基因;诱 导FoxP3表达;抑制IgE诱导或IgE介导的免疫应答;抑制抗体应答(例 如,抗原特异性抗体的产生);抑制T辅助细胞应答;产生TGF-β和/或 IL-10;抑制自身抗体的效应子功能(例如,细胞耗尽、细胞或组织损伤、 或补体活化的抑制);等等。
任何上述的免疫应答可以在一个或多个动物模型中体内测量或可以在 体外测量。本领域普通技术人员熟悉此类体内或体外测量。所不希望的免 疫应答或致耐受性免疫应答可以使用例如评定免疫细胞数目和/或功能的 方法、四聚物分析、ELISPOT、基于流式细胞检测的细胞因子表达、细 胞因子分泌的分析、细胞因子表达谱绘制、基因表达谱绘制、蛋白质表达 谱绘制、细胞表面标记的分析、基于PCR的免疫细胞受体基因用法的检 测(参见T·克雷(T.Clay)等人,“用于监测针对癌症的主动免疫治疗的 细胞免疫应答的测定(Assays for Monitoring Cellular Immune Response to Active Immunotherapy ofCancer)”临床癌症研究(Clinical Cancer Research)7:1127-1135(2001))等等来监测。所不希望的免疫应答或致耐 受性免疫应答还可以使用例如评定血浆或血清中的蛋白质水平的方法、免 疫细胞增殖和/或功能测定等等来监测。在一些实施例中,致耐受性免疫 应答可以通过评定FoxP3的诱导来监测。另外,在实例中更详细地描述 了具体方法。
优选地,致耐受性免疫应答导致对在此描述的疾病、紊乱或病症的发 展、进展或病理的抑制。可以用具有此类疾病、紊乱或病症的动物模型来 测量这些发明的组合物是否可以导致对在此描述的疾病、紊乱或病症的发 展、进展或病理的抑制。
在一些实施例中,可以通过确定临床终点、临床功效、临床症状、疾 病生物标记和/或临床得分来评定所不希望的免疫应答的降低或致耐受性 免疫应答的产生。还可以用诊断性测试评定所不希望的免疫应答或致耐受 性免疫应答,以便评定在此所提供的疾病、紊乱或病症的存在或不存在。 可以进一步通过测量受试者中的治疗性蛋白水平和/或功能的方法来评定 所不希望的免疫应答。在多个实施例中,用于监测或评定所不希望的过敏性应答的方法包括通过皮肤反应性和/或过敏原特异性的抗体产生评定受 试者中的一种过敏性应答。
在一些实施例中,可以在给予在此提供的合成纳米载体的一种组合物 之前和/或在给予一种可移植的移植物或治疗性蛋白或暴露于一种过敏原 之前监测或评定受试者中的一种所不希望的免疫应答或一种致耐受性免 疫应答的产生。在其他实施例中,可以在给予在此提供的合成纳米载体的 一种组合物之后和/或在给予一种可移植的移植物或治疗性蛋白或暴露于 一种过敏原之后评定一种所不希望的免疫应答或致耐受性免疫应答的产生。在一些实施例中,在给予合成纳米载体的该组合物之后、但在给予一 种可移植的移植物或治疗性蛋白或暴露于一种过敏原之前完成该评定。在 其他实施例中,在给予一种可移植的移植物或治疗性蛋白或暴露于一种过 敏原之后、但在给予该组合物之前完成该评定。在再其他的实施例中,在 给予这些合成纳米载体和给予一种可移植的移植物或治疗性蛋白或暴露 于一种过敏原二者之前进行该评定,而在又其他的实施例中,在给予合成 纳米载体和给予一种可移植的移植物或治疗性蛋白或暴露于一种过敏原 二者之后进行该评定。在另外的多个实施例中,在给予这些合成纳米载体 和/或给予一种可移植的移植物或治疗性蛋白或暴露于一种过敏原之前和 之后都进行该评定。在再其他的实施例中,在受试者上进行多于一次的该 评定,以便确定令人希望的免疫状态被维持在该受试者中,该受试者如具 有或正处于具有一种炎性疾病、一种自身免疫疾病、一种过敏症、器官或 组织排斥或移植物抗宿主病的风险的受试者。其他受试者包括已经经历或 将要经历移植的那些受试者以及已经接受、正在接受或将要接受一种治疗 性蛋白的那些受试者,针对该治疗性蛋白,这些受试者已经经历、正在经 历或预期会经历一种所不希望的免疫应答。
可以通过测定一个或多个抗体滴度来评定抗体应答。“抗体滴度”意指 抗体产生的可测量水平。用于测量抗体滴度的方法是本领域中已知的并且 包括酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)。在多个实施例中,该抗体应答可以被 定量为例如抗体的数目、抗体的浓度、或滴度。这些值可以是绝对的或它 们可以是相对的。用于定量抗体应答的测定包括抗体捕获测定、酶联免疫 吸附测定(ELISA)、抑制液相吸附测定(inhibition liquid phaseabsorption assay,ILPAA)、火箭免疫电泳(rocket immunoelectrophoresis,RIE) 测定、以及线状免疫电泳(line immunoelectrophoresis,LIE)测定。当 比较一种抗体应答与另一种抗体应答时,优选地使用相同类型的定量值 (例如,滴度)和测量方法(例如,ELISA)进行该比较。
用于测量抗体滴度的ELISA方法(例如,一种典型的夹心ELISA) 可以由以下步骤组成:(i)制备一种ELISA-板包被材料,使得感兴趣的抗 体靶标与一种底物聚合物或其他适合的材料偶联;(ii)在一种水溶液(如 PBS)中制备该包被材料,并且将该包被材料溶液递送至一个多孔板的孔 中用于使该包被层过夜沉积在该多孔板上;(iii)用洗涤缓冲液(如含 0.05%吐温-20的PBS)彻底洗涤该多孔板以去除过量的包被材料;(iv)通 过施加一种稀释剂溶液(如含10%胎牛血清的PBS)来封闭该板的非特 异性结合;(v)用洗涤缓冲液将该封闭/稀释剂溶液从该板上洗涤下来;(vi) 根据需要用稀释剂对含有抗体和适当标准品(阳性对照)的一种或多种血 清样品进行稀释,以获得适当地使ELISA应答饱和的浓度;(vii)在该多 孔板上对这些血浆样品进行连续稀释,这样以涵盖适用于产生ELISA应 答曲线的浓度范围;(viii)孵育该板以提供抗体-靶标结合;(ix)用洗涤缓 冲液洗涤该板以去除未结合抗原的抗体;(x)添加适当浓度的处于相同稀 释剂中的一种第二检测抗体,如能够结合第一抗体的一种偶联生物素的检 测抗体;(xi)用所施加的该检测抗体孵育该板,随后用洗涤缓冲液进行洗 涤;(xii)添加将与生物素化的抗体上发现的生物素结合的酶(如链霉亲 和素-HRP(辣根过氧化物酶))并且进行孵育;(xiii)洗涤该多孔板;(xiv) 将一种或多种底物(如TMB溶液)添加至该板上;(xv)当显色完全时施 加一种终止溶液(如2N硫酸);(xvi)在针对该底物的特定波长下读取这 些板孔的光密度(450nm减去570nm处的读数);(xvi)对数据应用一个 适合的多参数曲线拟合,并且将半最大有效浓度(EC50)定义为达到这 些板标准品的半最大值OD值时的曲线上的浓度。
“可移植的移植物”是指可以给予一位受试者的生物材料,如细胞、组 织以及器官(全部或部分地)。可移植的移植物可以是例如一种生物材料 (如器官、组织、皮肤、骨骼、神经、腱、神经元、血管、脂肪、角膜、 多能细胞、分化细胞(在体内或体外获得或衍生)等的自身移植物、同种 异体移植物、或异种移植物。在一些实施例中,可移植的移植物例如由软骨、骨骼、细胞外基质、或胶原基质形成。可移植的移植物还可以是单细 胞、细胞悬浮液以及可以被移植的组织和器官中的细胞。可移植的细胞典 型地具有一种治疗功能,例如在受体受试者中缺乏或减退的功能。可移植 的细胞的一些非限制性实例是β细胞、肝细胞、造血干细胞、神经干细胞、 神经元、胶质细胞、或髓鞘细胞。可移植的细胞可以是未修饰的细胞,例 如从供体受试者获得的并且可用于移植而无需任何基因或后天修饰的细 胞。在其他实施例中,可移植的细胞可以被修饰的细胞,例如获得自具有 遗传缺陷、其中该遗传缺陷已得到纠正的受试者的细胞;或来自于重新编 程的细胞的细胞,例如来自于获得自受试者的细胞的分化细胞。
“移植”是指将一个可移植的移植物转移(移动)到一个受体受试者(例 如,从供体受试者、从体外来源(例如分化的自体或异体原生或诱导多能 细胞))和/或从同一受试者的一个身体部位转移(移动)到另一身体部位 的过程。
“所不希望的免疫应答”是指由暴露于抗原而引起的、促进或加剧在此 提供的疾病、紊乱或病症(或其症状)的、或是在此提供的疾病、紊乱或 病症的症状的任何所不希望的免疫应答。此类免疫应答通常对受试者的健 康具有负面影响或表明对受试者的健康的负面影响。
C.发明组合物
在此提供了合成纳米载体和免疫抑制剂的多种组合物,当对受试者给 予时这些组合物可以产生免疫抑制作用。优选地,这些组合物还包含抗原, 并且该免疫抑制作用是对该抗原特异的并且因此是一种致耐受性作用。这 类组合物可以引起在此提供的任何这些致耐受性应答,如调节性细胞(例 如CD4+Treg细胞和/或CD8+Treg细胞)的刺激、诱导、产生或募集。 在一些实施例中,该致耐受性免疫应答是导致转变为一种调节性表型的致 耐受性免疫应答,该调节性表型的特征在于产生、诱导、刺激或募集调节 性细胞(例如Treg细胞)。
如上所提到的,这些合成纳米载体被设计成包含免疫抑制剂和(在一 些实施例中)抗原,针对该抗原希望有一种致耐受性作用。根据本发明, 可以使用各种各样的合成纳米载体。在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体是球 体或球状体。在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体是扁平的或盘状的。在一些 实施例中,合成纳米载体是立方体或立方形的。在一些实施例中,合成纳 米载体是卵形或椭圆形的。在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体是圆柱体、锥 体、或锥形。
在一些实施例中,希望使用在大小、形状、和/或构成方面较一致的一 个群体的合成纳米载体,使得每一合成纳米载体具有相似特性。例如,基 于合成纳米载体的总数,至少80%、至少90%、或至少95%的这些合成 纳米载体可以具有归属在这些合成纳米载体的平均直径或平均尺寸的 5%、10%或20%之内的最小尺寸或最大尺寸。在一些实施例中,一个群 体的合成纳米载体可以在大小、形状、和/或构成方面是不均匀的。
合成纳米载体可以是实心的或空心的,并且可以包含一个或多个层。 在一些实施例中,每一层相对于其他一层或多层具有独特的构成和独特的 特性。为了作为一个实例给出,合成纳米载体可以具有一个核/壳结构, 其中该核是一个层(例如一个聚合物核)并且该壳是一个第二层(例如一 个脂质双层或单层)。合成纳米载体可以包括多个不同的层。
在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体可以任选地包含一种或多种脂质。在 一些实施例中,合成纳米载体可以包含一种脂质体。在一些实施例中,合 成纳米载体可以包含一个脂质双层。在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体可以 包含一个脂质单层。在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体可以包含一种微胶粒。 在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体可以包含一个核,该核包含被一个脂质层 (例如,脂质双层、脂质单层等等)围绕的一种聚合物基质。在一些实施 例中,合成纳米载体可以包含被一个脂质层(例如,脂质双层、脂质单层 等等)围绕的一个非聚合物核(例如,金属颗粒、量子点、陶瓷颗粒、骨 颗粒、病毒颗粒、蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物等等)。
在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体不包含一种聚合物组分。在一些实施 例中,合成纳米载体可以包含金属颗粒、量子点、陶瓷颗粒等等。在一些 实施例中,非聚合物合成纳米载体是非聚合组分的一个聚集体,如金属原 子(例如,金原子)的一个聚集体。
在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体可以任选地包含一种或多种两亲实体。 在一些实施例中,两亲实体可以促进具有增加的稳定性、改进的均匀性、 或增加的粘度的合成纳米载体的产生。在一些实施例中,两亲实体可以与 一个脂质膜(例如,脂质双层、脂质单层等等)的内表面结合。在本领域 中已知的许多两亲实体可以适用于制造根据本发明的合成纳米载体。此类 两亲实体包括但不限于:磷酸甘油酯类;磷脂酰胆碱类;二棕榈酰磷脂酰 胆碱(DPPC);二油烯基磷脂酰基乙醇胺(DOPE);二油烯基氧丙基三 乙基铵(DOTMA);二油酰基磷脂酰胆碱;胆固醇;胆固醇酯;二酰基 甘油;二酰基甘油琥珀酸酯;二磷脂酰基甘油(DPPG);十六烷醇;脂 肪醇类,如聚乙二醇(PEG);聚氧乙烯-9-月桂基醚;一种表面活性脂肪 酸,如棕榈酸或油酸;脂肪酸类;脂肪酸甘油单酯类;脂肪酸甘油二酯类; 脂肪酸酰胺类;脱水山梨糖醇三油酸酯甘氨胆酸酯;脱水山 梨糖醇单月桂酸酯聚山梨醇酯20聚山梨醇 酯60聚山梨醇酯65聚山梨醇酯80 聚山梨醇酯85聚氧乙烯单硬脂酸酯;表 面活性素;泊洛沙姆;一种脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯,如脱水山梨糖醇三油酸酯;卵磷脂;溶血卵磷脂;磷脂酰丝氨酸;磷脂酰肌醇;鞘磷脂;磷脂 酰乙醇胺(脑磷脂);心磷脂;磷脂酸;脑苷脂;双十六烷基磷酸酯;二 棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油;硬脂酰胺;十二烷胺;十六烷胺;乙酰基棕榈酸酯; 蓖麻油酸甘油酯;十八酸十六烷基酯;肉豆蔻酸异丙酯;四丁酚醛 (tyloxapol);聚(乙二醇)5000-磷脂酰乙醇胺;聚(乙二醇)400-单硬脂酸酯; 磷脂;具有高表面活性剂特性的合成的和/或天然的洗涤剂;脱氧胆酸酯; 环糊精;离液序列高的盐;离子对试剂;以及它们的组合。两亲实体组分 可以是不同两亲实体的混合物。本领域普通技术人员将认识到,这是具有 表面活性剂活性的物质的示例性的、而不是全面的清单。任何两亲实体可 以用于有待根据本发明使用的合成纳米载体的生产中。
在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体可以任选地包含一种或多种碳水化合 物。碳水化合物可以是天然的或合成的。碳水化合物可以是衍生的天然碳 水化合物。在某些实施例中,碳水化合物包含单糖或二糖,包括但不限于: 葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、核糖、乳糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、海藻糖、纤维二糖 (cellbiose)、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、葡糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、甘露糖 醛酸、葡糖胺、半乳糖胺、以及神经氨酸。在某些实施例中,碳水化合物 是一种多糖,包括但不限于:支链淀粉、纤维素、微晶纤维素、羟丙基甲 基纤维素(HPMC)、羟基纤维素(HC)、甲基纤维素(MC)、葡聚糖、 环葡聚糖、糖原、羟乙基淀粉、卡拉胶、多聚糖(glycon)、直链淀粉、 壳聚糖、N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖、藻胶和海藻酸、淀粉、甲壳质、菊糖、魔芋、 葡萄甘露聚糖(glucommannan)、石耳素、肝素、透明质酸、凝胶多糖、 以及黄原胶。在实施例中,这些发明的合成纳米载体并不包含(或特别排 除)碳水化合物,如多糖。在某些实施例中,该碳水化合物可以包含一种 碳水化合物衍生物,如一种糖醇,包括但不限于:甘露醇、山梨醇、木糖 醇、赤藓糖醇、麦芽糖醇、以及乳糖醇。
在一些实施例中,合成纳米载体可以包含一种或多种聚合物。在一些 实施例中,这些合成纳米载体包含一种或多种聚合物,该聚合物是非甲氧 基封端的普朗尼克聚合物。在一些实施例中,构成这些合成纳米载体的至 少1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、 40%、45%、50%、55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、 95%、97%、或99%(重量/重量)的这些聚合物是非甲氧基封端的普朗 尼克聚合物。在一些实施例中,构成这些合成纳米载体的所有这些聚合物 是非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物。在一些实施例中,这些合成纳米载体 包含一种或多种聚合物,该聚合物是非甲氧基封端的聚合物。在一些实施 例中,构成这些合成纳米载体的至少1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、10%、 15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%、60%、65%、 70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、或99%(重量/重量)的 这些聚合物是非甲氧基封端的聚合物。在一些实施例中,构成这些合成纳 米载体的所有这些聚合物是非甲氧基封端的聚合物。在一些实施例中,这 些合成纳米载体包含一种或多种聚合物,这些聚合物不包含普朗尼克聚合 物。在一些实施例中,构成这些合成纳米载体的至少1%、2%、3%、4%、 5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%、 60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、或99%(重 量/重量)的这些聚合物不包含普朗尼克聚合物。在一些实施例中,构成这些合成纳米载体的所有这些聚合物不包含普朗尼克聚合物。在一些实施 例中,在一些实施例中,可以由包被层(例如脂质体、脂质单层、微胶粒 等)环绕这样一种聚合物。在一些实施例中,这些合成纳米载体的不同成 分可以与该聚合物偶联。
可以通过多种方法中的任一种使这些免疫抑制剂和/或抗原与这些合 成纳米载体偶联。通常,该偶联可以是这些免疫抑制剂和/或抗原与这些 合成纳米载体之间键合的结果。此键合可以导致这些免疫抑制剂和/或抗 原附接至这些合成纳米载体的表面上和/或包含(封装)在这些合成纳米 载体内。然而,在一些实施例中,这些免疫抑制剂和/或抗原由于这些合 成纳米载体的结构而被这些合成纳米载体封装,而不是键合至这些合成纳 米载体上。在多个优选的实施例中,该合成纳米载体包含如在此所提供的 一种聚合物,并且这些免疫抑制剂和/或抗原与该聚合物偶联。
当由于这些免疫抑制剂和/或抗原与合成纳米载体之间的键合而发生 偶联时,该偶联可以经由一个偶联部分而发生。一个偶联部分可以是通过 其使免疫抑制剂和/或抗原键合至合成纳米载体上的任何部分。此类部分 包括共价键(如一个酰胺键或酯键)、以及使免疫抑制剂和/或抗原键合(共 价地或非共价地)至该合成纳米载体上的单独的分子。此类分子包括连接 物或聚合物或其单元。例如,该偶联部分可以包含免疫抑制剂和/或抗原 静电结合至其上的一种带电荷的聚合物。作为另一个实例,该偶联部分可 以包含它共价结合至其上的一种聚合物或其单元。
在多个优选的实施例中,这些合成纳米载体包含如在此所提供的一种 聚合物。这些合成纳米载体可以是完全聚合的或它们可以是聚合物与其他 材料的混合物。
在一些实施例中,具有合成纳米载体的这些聚合物结合以形成一种聚 合物基质。在这些实施例中的一些中,一种组分(如一种免疫抑制剂或抗 原)可以与该聚合物基质中的一种或多种聚合物共价结合。在一些实施例 中,共价结合是由一个连接物介导的。在一些实施例中,一种组分可以与 该聚合物基质中的一种或多种聚合物非共价结合。例如,在一些实施例中, 一种组分可以被封装在一种聚合物基质之内、被聚合物基质围绕、和/或分散在整个聚合物基质中。可替代地或另外地,一种组分可以通过疏水相 互作用、电荷相互作用、范德华力等等与一种聚合物基质中的一种或多种 聚合物结合。用于从其形成聚合物基质的各种各样的聚合物和方法是常规 已知的。
聚合物可以是天然的或非天然的(合成的)聚合物。聚合物可以是均 聚物或包含两种或更多种单体的共聚物。在序列方面,共聚物可以是随机 的、嵌段的,或包含随机序列与嵌段序列的组合。典型地,根据本发明的 聚合物是有机聚合物。
在一些实施例中,该聚合物包含一种聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺、或聚 醚、或其单元。在其他实施例中,该聚合物包含聚(乙二醇)(PEG)、聚 丙二醇、聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、或一种聚己酸 内酯、或其单元。在一些实施例中,优选的是该聚合物是可生物降解的。 因此,在这些实施例中,优选的是如果该聚合物包含一种聚醚(如聚(乙 二醇)或聚丙二醇或其单元),则该聚合物包含一种聚醚和一种可生物降解 的聚合物的嵌段共聚物,使得该聚合物是可生物降解的。在其他实施例中, 该聚合物不仅仅包含一种聚醚或其单元,如聚(乙二醇)或聚丙二醇或其单 元。
适合用于本发明的聚合物的其他实例包括但不限于:聚乙烯、聚碳酸 酯(例如聚(1,3-二噁烷-2酮))、聚酐(例如聚(癸二酸酐))、聚丙基延胡索 酸酯(polypropylfumerate)、聚酰胺(例如聚己内酰胺)、聚缩醛、聚醚、 聚酯(例如聚丙交酯、聚乙交酯、丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物、聚己酸内酯、 多羟基酸(例如聚(β-羟基烷酸酯)、聚(原酸酯)、聚氰基丙烯酸酯、聚乙 烯醇、聚氨酯、聚磷腈、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚脲、聚苯乙烯、 以及聚胺、聚赖氨酸、聚赖氨酸-PEG共聚物、以及聚(乙烯亚胺)、聚(乙 烯亚胺)-PEG共聚物。
在一些实施例中,根据本发明聚合物包括在21C.F.R.§177.2600下已 经由美国食品与药品管理局(FDA)批准用于人的聚合物,包括但并不局 限于聚酯(例如聚乳酸、聚(乳酸乙醇酸共聚物)、聚己内酯、聚戊内酯、 聚(1,3-二噁烷-2酮));聚酐(例如聚(癸二酸酐));聚醚(例如聚乙二醇); 聚氨酯;聚甲基丙烯酸酯;聚丙烯酸酯;以及聚氰基丙烯酸酯。
在一些实施例中,聚合物可以是亲水性的。例如,聚合物可以包含阴 离子基团(例如磷酸根、硫酸根、羧酸根);阳离子基团(例如,季胺基 团);或极性基团(例如,羟基基团、硫醇基团、胺基团)。在一些实施例 中,包含一种亲水性聚合物基质的合成纳米载体在该合成纳米载体内产生 亲水环境。在一些实施例中,聚合物可以是疏水性的。在一些实施例中,包含疏水性聚合物基质的合成纳米载体在该合成纳米载体内产生疏水环 境。聚合物亲水性或疏水性的选择可以影响被结合(例如偶联)在合成纳 米载体之内的材料的性质。
在一些实施例中,聚合物可以用一个或多个部分和/或官能团修饰。根 据本发明,可以使用各种各样的部分或官能团。在一些实施例中,可以用 聚乙二醇(PEG)、用碳水化合物、和/或用衍生自多糖类的非环状聚缩醛 来修饰聚合物(Papisov(巴比索夫),2001,ACSSymposium Series,786: 301)。可以使用Gref(格里夫)等人的美国专利号5543158、或VonAndrian (冯 安德里安)等人的WO公开WO2009/051837中的全部传授内容进 行某些实施例。
在一些实施例中,可以用脂质或脂肪酸基团修饰聚合物。在一些实施 例中,脂肪酸基团可以是丁酸、己酸、辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、 棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、山嵛酸、或廿四烷酸中的一种或多种。在一些 实施例中,脂肪酸基团可以是棕榈烯酸、油酸、异油酸、亚麻酸、α-亚麻 酸、γ-亚麻酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳烯酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸、或芥酸中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中,聚合物可以是聚酯,包括共聚物,这些共聚物包括 乳酸和乙醇酸单元(例如聚(乳酸乙醇酸共聚物)和聚(丙交酯乙交酯共聚 物)),在此统称为“PLGA”;以及包括乙醇酸单元的均聚物,在此称为 “PGA”,以及乳酸单元(例如聚-L-乳酸、聚-D-乳酸、聚-D,L-乳酸、聚-L- 丙交酯、聚-D-丙交酯、以及聚-D,L-丙交酯),在此统称为“PLA”。在一些实施例中,示例性的聚酯包括,例如多羟基酸;PEG共聚物和丙交酯 与乙交酯的共聚物(例如PLA-PEG共聚物、PGA-PEG共聚物、 PLGA-PEG共聚物),以及它们的衍生物)。在一些实施例中,聚酯包括 例如聚(己内酯)、聚(己内酯)-PEG共聚物、聚(L-丙交酯--L-赖氨酸共聚物)、聚(丝氨酸酯)、聚(4-羟基-L-脯氨酸酯)、聚[α-(4-氨基丁基)-L-乙醇酸]、 以及它们的衍生物。
在一些实施例中,聚合物可以是PLGA。PLGA是一种生物相容的并 且生物可降解的乳酸和乙醇酸的共聚物,并且多种形式的PLGA特征在 于乳酸:乙醇酸的比率。乳酸可以是L-乳酸、D-乳酸、或D,L-乳酸。可 以通过改变乳酸:乙醇酸的比率调整PLGA的降解速率。在一些实施例 中,根据本发明的将使用的PLGA特征在于大约85∶15、大约75∶25、 大约60∶40、大约50∶50、大约40∶60、大约25∶75、或者大约15∶85 的乳酸∶乙醇酸比率。
在一些实施例中,聚合物可以是一种或多种丙烯酸聚合物。在某些实 施例中,丙烯酸聚合物包括,例如丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物、甲基丙 烯酸甲酯共聚物、甲基丙烯酸乙氧基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸氰基乙基酯、甲基 丙烯酸氨基烷基酯共聚物、聚(丙烯酸)、聚(甲基丙烯酸)、甲基丙烯酸烷 基酰胺共聚物、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸酸酐)、甲基丙烯酸 甲酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)共聚物、聚丙烯酰胺、甲基 丙烯酸氨基烷基酯共聚物、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物、聚腈基丙烯酸 酯、以及包括一种或多种以上聚合物的组合。该丙烯酸聚合物可以包含具 有低含量的季铵基团的丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯的完全聚合的共聚物。
在一些实施例中,聚合物可以是阳离子型聚合物。通常,阳离子型聚 合物能够缩合和/或保护核酸(例如DNA、或它的衍生物)的带负电的链。 含有胺的聚合物(例如聚(赖氨酸)(Zauner(泽纳)等人,1998,先进药 物递送综述,30:97;以及Kabanov(卡巴诺夫)等人,1995,生物共轭 化学,6:7)、聚(亚乙基亚胺)(PEI;Boussif(波希夫)等人,1995,美 国科学院院刊,1995,92:7297)、以及聚(酰胺胺)树枝状聚合物 (Kukowska(库科斯卡)-Latallo(拉塔罗)等人,1996,美国科学院院 刊,93:4897;Tang(唐)等人,1996,生物共轭化学,7:703;以及Haensler (亨斯勒)等人,1993,生物共轭化学,4:372)在生理pH下是带正电 的,在多种细胞系中与核酸形成离子对,并且介导转染。在多个实施例中, 这些发明的合成纳米载体可以不包含(或可以排除)阳离子型聚合物。
在一些实施例中,聚合物可以是带有阳离子侧链的可降解聚酯 (Putnam(普特南)等人,1999,大分子,32:3658;Barrera(巴雷拉) 等人,1993,美国化学会志,115:11010;Kwon(权)等人,1989,大分 子,22:3250;Lim(林)等人,1999,美国化学会志,121:5633;以及Zhou(周)等人,1990,大分子,23:3399)。这些聚酯的实例包括聚(L- 丙交酯L-赖氨酸共聚物)(Barrera(巴雷拉)等人,1993,美国化学会志, 115:11010)、聚(丝氨酸酯)(Zhou(周)等人,1990,大分子,23:3399)、 聚(4-羟基-L-脯氨酸酯)(Putnam(普特南)等人,1999,大分子,32:3658; 以及Lim(林)等人,1999,美国化学会志,121:5633)、以及聚(4-羟基 -L-脯氨酸酯)(Putnam(普特南)等人,1999,大分子,32:3658;以及 Lim(林)等人,1999,美国化学会志,121:5633)。这些和其他聚合物的 特性以及用于制备它们的方法在本领域中是熟知的(参见,例如美国专利 6,123,727;5,804,178;5,770,417;5,736,372;5,716,404;6,095,148;5,837,752; 5,902,599;5,696,175;5,514,378;5,512,600;5,399,665;5,019,379;5,010,167; 4,806,621;4,638,045;以及4,946,929;Wang(王)等人,2001,美国化 学会志,123:9480;Lim(林)等人,2001,美国化学会志,123:2460; Langer(朗格尔),2000,化学研究评述,33:94;Langer(朗格尔),1999, 控释杂志,62:7;以及Uhrich(乌利希)等人,1999,化学评论,99:3181)。 更一般地,在Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science andPolymeric Amines and Ammonium Salts,Goethals(戈萨尔斯)编辑,培格曼出版社, 1980中;在Principles of Polymerization by Odian,约翰·威利父子出版公 司,第四版,2004中;在Allcock(阿尔库克)等人的Contemporary Polymer Chemistry,Prentice-Hall,1981中;在Deming(德明)等人,1997,自然, 390:386中;以及在美国专利6,506,577、6,632,922、6,686,446、以及 6,818,732中说明了用于合成某些适合的聚合物的多种方法。
在一些实施例中,聚合物可以是线型聚合物或分支聚合物。在一些实 施例中,聚合物可以是树枝状化合物。在一些实施例中,聚合物可以是基 本上彼此交联的。在一些实施例中,聚合物可以基本上不交联。在一些实 施例中,聚合物可以根据本发明进行使用而不经历交联步骤。进一步理解 的是,发明的合成纳米载体可以包含嵌段共聚物、接枝共聚物、共混物、 混合物、和/或任何上述及其他聚合物的加合物。本领域的那些技术人员 将认识到,在此列出的这些聚合物代表根据本发明可以使用的聚合物的示 例性的、而不是全面的清单。
根据本发明的多种组合物包含与药学上可接受的赋形剂(如防腐剂、 缓冲剂、生理盐水或磷酸盐缓冲的生理盐水)组合的合成纳米载体。可以 使用常规药物制造和配制技术制造这些组合物,以实现有用的剂型。在一 个实施例中,将本发明的合成纳米载体与防腐剂一起悬浮在注射用无菌盐 水溶液中。
在多个实施例中,当制备合成纳米载体作为载体时,用于将组分与这 些合成纳米载体偶联的方法可以是有用的。如果该组分是小分子,那么在 组装这些合成纳米载体之前将该组分附接至聚合物上可能是有利的。在多 个实施例中,制备具有用于将该组分与合成纳米载体偶联的表面基团的合 成纳米载体也可能是有利的,该偶联是通过使用这些表面基团而不是将该 组分附接至聚合物上且随后在合成纳米载体的构建中使用这种聚合物共轭物来进行。
在某些实施例中,该偶联可以是共价连接物。在多个实施例中,根据 本发明的多肽可以经由1,2,3-三唑连接物共价偶联至外表面上,该连接物 通过纳米载体表面上的叠氮基团与含有炔基的抗原或免疫抑制剂进行 1,3-偶极环加成反应、或通过纳米载体表面上的炔与含有叠氮基团的抗原 或免疫抑制剂进行1,3-偶极环加成反应而形成。此类环加成反应优选地是 在铜(I)催化剂以及适合的Cu(I)-配体和将Cu(II)化合物还原成催化活性 的Cu(I)化合物的还原剂存在下进行的。此类Cu(I)催化的叠氮-炔环加成 反应(CuAAC)也可以称为点击反应。
另外,共价偶联可以包含一个共价连接物,该共价连接物包含酰胺连 接物、二硫化物连接物、硫醚连接物、腙连接物、酰肼连接物、亚胺或肟 连接物、脲或硫脲连接物、脒连接物、胺连接物、以及磺酰胺连接物。
酰胺连接物经由一种组分(如抗原或免疫抑制剂)上的胺与第二组分 (如纳米载体)的羧酸基团之间的酰胺键形成。该连接物中的酰胺键可以 用被适当保护的氨基酸与被活化的羧酸(如被N-羟基丁二酰亚胺活化的 酯)、使用任何常规酰胺键形成反应制成。
二硫化物连接物经由在例如R1-S-S-R2的形式的两个硫原子之间形成 二硫(S-S)键制成。二硫键可以通过含有硫醇基/巯基(-SH)的抗原或 免疫抑制剂与聚合物或纳米载体上另一个被活化的硫醇基或含有硫醇基/ 巯基的纳米载体与含有被活化的硫醇基的抗原或免疫抑制剂进行硫醇交 换形成。
三唑连接物(特别是其中R1和R2可以是任何化学实体的形式的 1,2,3-三唑)是通过附接至第一组分(如纳米载体)上的叠氮基与附接至 第二组分(如免疫抑制剂或抗原)上的末端炔的1,3-偶极环加成反应制成。 该1,3-偶极环加成反应在有或无催化剂的情况下、优选地在有经由1,2,3- 三唑官能团连接两个组分的Cu(I)催化剂的情况下进行。夏普里斯 (Sharpless)等人,在德国应用化学(Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.),41(14),2596, (2002)中以及梅尔达尔(Meldal)等人,在化学评述(Chem.Rev.),2008, 108(8),2952-3015中详细描述了此化学作用,并且该化学作用常常被称为 “点击”反应或CuAAC。
在多个实施例中,制备了一种在聚合物链末端含有一个叠氮基或炔基 的聚合物。然后使用此聚合物来制备合成纳米载体,以此方式使得多个炔 或叠氮基放置在该纳米载体的表面上。可替代地,可以通过另一种途径制 备该合成纳米载体,并且随后用炔或叠氮基功能化。该组分是在或者炔(如 果该聚合物含有叠氮基)或者叠氮基(如果该聚合物含有炔)存在下制备。 然后在具有或不具有催化剂的情况下允许该组分与该纳米载体经由1,3-偶极环加成反应进行反应,该催化剂将该组分经由1,4-二取代的1,2,3-三 唑连接物共价偶联至颗粒上。
硫醚连接物通过以例如R1-S-R2的形式形成硫-碳(硫醚)键制成。硫 醚可以通过用第二组分上的烷基化基团(如卤基或环氧基)烷基化一种组 分上的硫醇基/巯基(-SH)制成。硫醚连接物还可以通过将一种组分上的 硫醇基/巯基与作为迈克尔受体的含有顺丁烯二酰亚胺基或乙烯砜基的第 二组分上的缺电子烯基进行迈克尔加成来形成。以另一种方式,硫醚连接 物可以通过一种组分上的硫醇基/巯基与第二组分上的烯基进行自由基硫醇-烯反应来制备。
腙连接物通过一种组分上的酰肼基与第二组分上的醛基/酮基进行反 应制成。
酰肼连接物通过一种组分上的肼基与第二组分上的羧酸基团进行反应 来形成。此类反应通常使用类似于形成酰胺键的化学方法(其中羧酸用活 化试剂活化)来进行。
亚胺或肟连接物通过一种组分上的胺或N-烷氧基胺基(或氨氧基)与 第二组分上的醛或酮基进行反应来形成。
脲或硫脲连接物通过一种组分上的胺基与第二组分上的异氰酸酯或异 硫氰酸酯基进行反应来制备。
脒连接物通过一种组分上的胺基与第二组分上的亚氨酸酯基团进行反 应来制备。
胺连接物通过一种组分上的胺基与第二组分上的烷基化基团(如卤基、 环氧基、或磺酸酯基)进行烷基化反应制成。可替代地,胺连接物还可以 用适合的还原试剂(如氰基硼氢化钠或三乙酰氧基硼氢化钠)、通过一种 组分上的胺基与第二组分上的醛基或酮基进行还原胺化反应制成。
磺酰胺连接物通过一种组分上的胺基与第二组分上的磺酰基卤化物 (如磺酰氯)基团进行反应制成。
砜连接物通过亲核试剂与乙烯砜进行迈克尔加成制成。或者该乙烯砜 或者该亲核试剂可以位于纳米载体的表面上或附接至一种组分上。
该组分还可以经由非共价共轭方法与纳米载体共轭。例如,带负电荷 的抗原或免疫抑制剂可以通过静电吸附与带正电荷的纳米载体共轭。含有 金属配体的组分还可以经由金属-配体络合物与含有金属络合物的纳米载 体共轭。
在多个实施例中,该组分可以在组装该合成纳米载体之前附接至聚合 物(例如聚乳酸-嵌段-聚乙二醇)上,或可以形成该合成纳米载体而使得 反应性或可活化基团在它的表面上。在后一种情况下,可以制备该组分以 使其具有与由这些合成纳米载体的表面呈现的附接化学性质相容的基团。 在其他实施例中,可以使用一种适合的连接物将肽组分附接至VLP或脂 质体上。连接物是能够将两个分子偶联在一起的化合物或试剂。在一个实 施例中,该连接物可以是在赫曼森(Hermanson)2008中所描述的同双 功能或异双功能试剂。例如,可以在EDC存在下用同双功能连接物(己 二酸二酰肼(ADH))处理表面上含有羧基的VLP或脂质体合成纳米载 体,以形成具有ADH连接物的相应合成纳米载体。然后使所得被ADH连接的合成纳米载体经由NC上的该ADH连接物的另一端与含有酸基团 的肽组分共轭,以产生相应的VLP或脂质体肽共轭物。
针对可获得的共轭方法的详细描述,参见2008年由学术出版公司 (AcademicPress,Inc.)出版的第2版,赫曼森·GT(Hermanson GT) “生物共轭技术(BioconjugateTechniques)”。除了共价附接之外,该组 分可以通过吸附至预先形成的合成纳米载体上来偶联、或它可以通过在该 合成纳米载体形成过程中进行封装来偶联。
在此所提供的任何免疫抑制剂可以与该合成纳米载体偶联。免疫抑制 剂包括但不限于:抑制素;mTOR抑制剂,如雷帕霉素或一种雷帕霉素 类似物;TGF-β信号剂;TGF-β受体激动剂;组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC) 抑制剂;皮质类固醇类;线粒体功能抑制剂,如鱼藤酮;P38抑制剂;NF-κβ 抑制剂;腺苷受体激动剂;前列腺素E2激动剂;磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,如磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂;蛋白酶体抑制剂;激酶抑制剂;G-蛋白偶联受体激 动剂;G-蛋白偶联受体拮抗剂;糖皮质激素类;类视黄醇类;细胞因子抑 制剂;细胞因子受体抑制剂;细胞因子受体活化剂;过氧化物酶体增殖物 激活受体拮抗剂;过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体激动剂;组蛋白去乙酰化 酶抑制剂;钙调磷酸酶抑制剂;磷酸酶抑制剂以及氧化的ATP。免疫抑制剂还包括IDO、维生素D3、环孢霉素A、芳香烃受体抑制剂、白藜芦 醇、硫唑嘌呤、6-巯基嘌呤、阿司匹林、尼氟酸、雌三醇、雷公藤甲素、 白细胞介素(例如,IL-1、IL-10)、环孢霉素A、siRNA靶向细胞因子或 细胞因子受体等。
抑制素的实例包括:阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin) 西立伐他汀(cerivastatin)、氟伐他汀(fluvastatin) (XL)、洛伐他汀(lovastatin) 美伐他汀(mevastatin)匹伐他汀(pitavastatin)罗苏伐他汀(rosuvastatin)罗苏伐他汀 以及辛伐他汀(simvastatin)
mTOR抑制剂的实例包括:雷帕霉素和其类似物(例如,CCL-779、 RAD001、AP23573、C20-甲代烯丙基雷帕霉素(C20-Marap)、C16-(S)- 丁基磺酰氨基雷帕霉素(C16-BSrap)、C16-(S)-3-甲基吲哚雷帕霉素 (C16-iRap)(贝尔(Bayle)等人,化学与生物学(Chemistry&Biology) 2006,13:99-107))、AZD8055、BEZ235(NVP-BEZ235)、大黄根酸(大 黄酚)、德福罗莫司(deforolimus)(MK-8669)、依维莫司(everolimus) (RAD0001)、KU-0063794、PI-103、PP242、替西罗莫司(temsirolimus) 以及WYE-354(可获自赛立克公司(Selleck),休斯顿(Houston),德克 萨斯州(TX),美国(USA))。
TGF-β信号剂的实例包括:TGF-β配体(例如,活化素A、GDF1、 GDF11、骨形态发生蛋白、nodal、TGF-β)和它们的受体(例如,ACVR1B、 ACVR1C、ACVR2A、ACVR2B、BMPR2、BMPR1A、BMPR1B、TGFβRI、 TGFβRII)、R-SMADS/co-SMADS(例如,SMAD1、SMAD2、SMAD3、 SMAD4、SMAD5、SMAD8)、以及配体抑制剂(例如,卵泡抑素、头蛋 白、腱蛋白、DAN、lefty、LTBP1、THBS1、核心蛋白聚糖)。
线粒体功能抑制剂的实例包括:苍术苷(二钾盐)、米酵菌酸(三铵盐)、 羰基氰化间氯苯腙、羧基苍术苷(例如,来自苍术属植物(Atractylis gummifera))、CGP-37157、(-)-鱼藤素(例如,来自栓皮豆(Mundulea sericea))、F16、己糖激酶II VDAC结合域肽、寡霉素、鱼藤酮、Ru360、 SFK1、以及缬氨霉素(例如,来自极暗黄链霉菌(Streptomycesfulvissimus))(EMD4生物科学(EMD4Biosciences),美国(USA))。
P38抑制剂的实例包括:SB-203580(4-(4-氟苯基)-2-(4-甲基亚硫酰基 苯基)-5-(4-吡啶基)1H-咪唑)、SB-239063(反式-1-(4-羟基环己基)-4-(氟苯 基)-5-(2-甲氧基-嘧啶-4-基)咪唑)、SB-220025(5-(2-氨基-4-嘧啶基)-4-(4- 氟苯基)-1-(4-哌啶基)咪唑))、以及ARRY-797。
NF(例如,NK-κβ)抑制剂的实例包括:IFRD1、2-(1,8-萘啶-2-基)- 苯酚、5-氨基水杨酸、BAY 11-7082、BAY 11-7085、CAPE(咖啡酸苯乙 酯)、马来酸二乙酯、IKK-2抑制剂IV、IMD 0354、乳胞素(lactacystin)、 MG-132[Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-CHO]、NFκB活化抑制剂III、NF-κB活化抑制 剂II、JSH-23、小白菊内酯(parthenolide)、氧化苯胂(PAO)、PPM-18、 吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵盐、QNZ、RO 106-9920、楝酰胺(rocaglamide)、 楝酰胺AL、楝酰胺C、楝酰胺I、楝酰胺J、洛克米兰醇(rocaglaol)、 (R)-MG-132、水杨酸钠、雷公藤甲素(PG490)、蟛蜞菊内酯 (wedelolactone)。
腺苷受体激动剂的实例包括CGS-21680和ATL-146e。
前列腺素E2激动剂的实例包括E-前列腺素类激素2(E-Prostanoid 2) 和E-前列腺素类激素4。
磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(非选择性和选择性抑制剂)的实例包括:咖啡因、 氨茶碱、IBMX(3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤)、副黄嘌呤、己酮可可碱、可 可碱、茶碱、甲基化的黄嘌呤类、长春西汀(vinpocetine)、EHNA(赤-9-(2- 羟基-3-壬基)腺嘌呤)、阿那格雷(anagrelide)、伊诺昔酮(enoximone) (PERFANTM)、米利酮(milrinone)、左昔孟坦(levosimendon)、松叶 菊碱(mesembrine)、异丁司特(ibudilast)、吡拉米司特(piclamilast)、 木犀草素(luteolin)、屈他维林(drotaverine)、罗氟司特(roflumilast)(DAXASTM、DALIRESPTM)、西地那非(sildenafil) 他达拉非(tadalafil)伐地那非 (vardenafil)乌地那非(udenafil)、阿伐那 非(avanafil)、淫羊藿苷(icariin)、4-甲基哌嗪、以及吡唑并嘧啶-7-1。
蛋白酶体抑制剂的实例包括硼替佐米(bortezomib)、双硫仑 (disulfiram)、表儿茶素-3-没食子酸盐、以及盐孢菌酰胺A (salinosporamide A)。
激酶抑制剂的实例包括:贝伐单抗(bevacizumab)、BIBW 2992、西 妥昔单抗(cetuximab)伊马替尼(imatinib)曲妥单抗(trastuzumab)吉非替尼(gefitinib) 兰尼单抗(ranibizumab)哌加他尼 (pegaptanib)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、达沙替尼(dasatinib)、舒尼替 尼(sunitinib)、埃罗替尼(erlotinib)、尼罗替尼(nilotinib)、拉帕替尼(lapatinib)、帕尼单抗(panitumumab)、凡德他尼(vandetanib)、E7080、 帕唑帕尼(pazopanib)、木利替尼(mubritinib)。
糖皮质激素类的实例包括:氢化可的松(皮质醇)、醋酸可的松、强的 松(prednisone)、泼尼松龙(prednisolone)、甲泼尼龙 (methylprednisolone)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、倍他米松 (betamethasone)、曲安西龙(triamcinolone)、倍氯米松(beclometasone)、 醋酸氟氢可的松、醋酸脱氧皮质酮(DOCA)、以及醛固酮。
类视黄醇类的实例包括:视黄醇、视黄醛、维甲酸(视黄酸,)、 异维甲酸阿利维甲酸 (alitretinoin)依曲替酯(etretinate)(TEGISONTM) 和它的代谢物阿维A(acitretin)他扎罗汀(tazarotene) 贝沙罗汀(bexarotene)以及阿达帕林(adapalene)
细胞因子抑制剂的实例包括IL1ra、IL1受体拮抗剂、IGFBP、TNF-BF、 尿调节素(uromodulin)、α-2-巨球蛋白、环孢霉素A、戊烷脒、以及己 酮可可碱
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体拮抗剂的实例包括GW9662、PPARγ拮 抗剂III、G335、T0070907(EMD4生物科学(EMD4Biosciences),美国 (USA))。
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体激动剂的实例包括:吡格列酮 (pioglitazone)、环格列酮(ciglitazone)、氯贝特(clofibrate)、GW1929、 GW7647、L-165,041、LY 171883、PPARγ活化剂、Fmoc-Leu、曲格列 酮(troglitazone)、以及WY-14643(EMD4生物科学(EMD4Biosciences), 美国(USA))。
组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的实例包括:异氢肟酸类(或异氢肟酸酯类), 如曲古抑菌素A(trichostatin A);环状四肽类(如曲破辛B(trapoxin B)) 和缩肽类;苯甲酰胺类;亲电酮类;脂肪族酸化合物,如苯基丁酸酯和丙 戊酸;异羟肟酸类,如伏立诺他(vorinostat)(SAHA)、贝林司他 (belinostat)(PXD101)、LAQ824、以及帕比司他(panobinostat) (LBH589);苯甲酰胺类,如恩替诺特(entinostat)(MS-275)、CI994、 以及莫替司他(mocetinostat)(MGCD0103)、烟酰胺;NAD的衍生物、 二氢香豆素、萘并吡喃酮(naphthopyranone)、以及2-羟基萘醛类。
钙调磷酸酶抑制剂的实例包括环孢霉素、吡美莫司(pimecrolimus)、 伏环孢素(voclosporin)、以及他克莫司(tacrolimus)。
磷酸酶抑制剂的实例包括:BN82002盐酸盐、CP-91149、花萼海绵诱 癌素A(calyculin A)、斑蝥酸(cantharidic acid)、斑蝥素(cantharidin)、 氯氰菊酯(cypermethrin)、乙基-3,4-迪磷他汀(ethyl-3,4-dephostatin)、 福司曲星(fostriecin)钠盐、MAZ51、甲基-3,4-迪磷他汀 (methyl-3,4-dephostatin)、NSC 95397、去甲斑蝥素(norcantharidin)、 来自凹形原甲藻(prorocentrum concavum)的冈田酸铵盐、冈田酸、冈田酸钾盐、冈田酸钠盐、氧化苯胂、各种磷酸酶抑制剂混合、蛋白磷酸酶 1C、蛋白磷酸酶2A抑制蛋白、蛋白磷酸酶2A1、蛋白磷酸酶2A2、原钒 酸钠。
在一些实施例中,在此所描述的APC可呈递抗原也与合成纳米载体偶 联。在一些实施例中,这些APC可呈递抗原与这些免疫抑制剂偶联至其 上的相同或不同的合成纳米载体偶联。在其他实施例中,这些APC可呈 递抗原不与任何合成纳米载体偶联。APC可呈递抗原包括任何在此提供 的抗原。这类抗原包括与炎性疾病、自身免疫性疾病、过敏症、移植物抗 宿主病、组织或器官排斥有关的抗原、移植抗原以及治疗性蛋白抗原。
治疗性蛋白包括但不限于:可输注的治疗性蛋白、酶、酶辅助因子、 激素、凝血因子、细胞因子和干扰素、生长因子、单克隆抗体、及多克隆 抗体(例如,作为替代疗法向受试者给予的多克隆抗体)、以及与庞贝氏 病相关联的蛋白质(例如,阿葡糖苷酶α、rhGAA(例如,Myozyme和 Lumizyme(健赞公司(Genzyme)))。治疗性蛋白还包括涉及在凝血级联 系统中的蛋白质。治疗性蛋白包括但不限于:因子VIII、因子VII、因子 IX、因子V、血管性血友病因子、von Heldebrant因子、组织型纤溶酶原 激活物、胰岛素、生长激素、α促红细胞生成素、VEGF、促血小板生成 素、溶菌酶、抗凝血酶等。治疗性蛋白还包括脂肪因子类,如瘦素和脂联 素。如下和在此其他地方描述了治疗性蛋白的其他实例。还包括作为抗原 而提供的任何治疗性蛋白的片段或衍生物。
在具有溶酶体贮积症的受试者的酶替代疗法中使用的治疗性蛋白的实 例包括但不限于:用于治疗高雪病的伊米苷酶(例如,CEREZYMETM)、 用于治疗法布里病的a-半乳糖苷酶A(a-gal A)(例如,阿加糖酶β、 FABRYZYMETM)、用于治疗庞贝氏病的酸性a-葡糖苷酶(GAA)(例如, 阿葡糖苷酶α、LUMIZYMETM、MYOZYMETM)、用于治疗粘多糖病的 芳基硫酸酯酶B(例如,拉罗尼酶(laronidase)、ALDURAZYMETM、艾 度硫酸酯酶、ELAPRASETM、芳基硫酸酯酶B、NAGLAZYMETM)。
酶的实例包括氧化还原酶、转移酶、水解酶、裂解酶、异构酶、以及 连接酶。
激素的实例包括:褪黑素(N-乙酰基-5-甲氧基色胺)、血清素、甲状腺 素(或四碘甲状腺原氨酸)(一种甲状腺激素)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(一种 甲状腺激素)、肾上腺素(Epinephrine)(或肾上腺素(adrenaline))、去 甲肾上腺素(Norepinephrine)(或去甲肾上腺素(noradrenaline))、多 巴胺(或催乳素抑制激素)、抗苗勒氏管激素(或苗勒氏管抑制因子或激 素)、脂联素、促肾上腺皮质激素(Adrenocorticotropic hormone)(或促 肾上腺皮质激素(corticotropin))、血管紧张素原和血管紧张素、抗利尿 激素(Antidiuretichormone)(或加压素(vasopressin)、精氨酸加压素 (arginine vasopressin))、心房利钠肽(或心房肽)、降钙素、缩胆囊素 (Cholecystokinin)、促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素、红细胞生成素、促卵 泡激素、胃泌素、胃饥饿素(Ghrelin)、胰高血糖素(Glucagon)、胰高 血糖素样肽(GLP-1)、GIP、促性腺激素释放激素、生长激素释放激素、 人绒毛膜促性腺激素、人胎盘催乳素、生长激素、抑制素(Inhibin)、胰 岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(或生长调节素)、瘦素、促黄体激素、促黑素 细胞激素、阿立新(Orexin)、催产素、甲状旁腺激素、催乳素、松弛素、 分泌素、促生长素抑制素、促血小板生成素、促甲状腺激素(或促甲状腺 素)、促甲状腺素释放激素、皮质醇、醛固酮、睾酮、脱氢表雄酮、雄烯 二酮、二氢睾酮、雌二醇、雌酮、雌三醇、黄体酮、骨化三醇(1,25-二羟 基维生素D3)、骨化二醇(25-羟基维生素D3)、前列腺素类、白三烯类、 前列腺环素、凝血噁烷、催乳素释放激素、促脂解素、脑利钠肽、神经肽 Y、组胺、内皮素、胰多肽、肾素、以及脑啡肽。
血液和凝血因子的实例包括:因子I(纤维蛋白原)、因子II(凝血酶 原)、组织因子、因子V(促凝血球蛋白原、易变因子)、因子VII(稳定 因子、前转变素)、因子VIII(抗血友病球蛋白)、因子IX(克雷司马斯 因子(Christmas factor)或血浆促凝血酶原激酶组分)、因子X(斯图亚 特因子(Stuart-Prower factor))、因子Xa、因子XI、因子XII(哈格曼 因子(Hageman factor))、因子XIII(纤维蛋白稳定因子)、血管性血友 病因子、前激肽释放酶(费莱彻因子(Fletcher factor))、高分子量激肽 原(HMWK)(菲茨杰拉德因子)、纤连蛋白、纤维蛋白、凝血酶、抗凝 血酶III、肝素辅助因子II、蛋白C、蛋白S、蛋白Z、蛋白质Z相关蛋白酶抑制剂(ZPI)、纤溶酶原、α2-抗纤维蛋白溶酶、组织型纤溶酶原激 活物(tPA)、尿激酶、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI1)、纤溶酶原激活 物抑制剂-2(PAI2)、癌性促凝物质、以及阿法依伯汀(益比奥(Epogen)、 普罗克里特(Procrit))。
细胞因子的实例包括:淋巴因子、白细胞介素、及趋化因子、1型细 胞因子(如IFN-γ、TGF-β)、以及2型细胞因子(如IL-4、IL-10、以及 IL-13)。
生长因子的实例包括:肾上腺髓质素(AM)、血管生成素(Ang)、自 分泌运动因子、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、 表皮生长因子(EGF)、红细胞生成素(EPO)、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)、 胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子(GDNF)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)、 粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、生长分化因子-9(GDF9)、 肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、肝细胞瘤源性生长因子(HDGF)、胰岛素样生 长因子(IGF)、促移行因子、肌生长抑制素(GDF-8)、神经生长因子(NGF) 和其他神经营养蛋白、血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)、促血小板生成素 (TPO)、α-转化生长因子(TGF-α)、β-转化生长因子(TGF-β)、α-肿瘤 坏死因子(TNF-α)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、Wnt信号通路、胎盘 生长因子(PlGF)、[(胎牛生长激素)](FBS)、IL-1、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、 IL-5、IL-6、以及IL-7。
单克隆抗体的实例包括:阿巴伏单抗(Abagovomab)、阿昔单抗 (Abciximab)、阿达木单抗(Adalimumab)、阿德木单抗 (Adecatumumab)、阿非莫单抗(Afelimomab)、阿夫土珠(Afutuzumab)、 培化阿珠单抗(Alacizumab pegol)、ALD、阿仑单抗(Alemtuzumab)、 喷替酸阿妥莫单抗(Altumomab pentetate)、麻安莫单抗(Anatumomab mafenatox)、安芦珠单抗(Anrukinzumab)、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白、阿泊珠 单抗(Apolizumab)、阿西莫单抗(Arcitumomab)、阿塞珠单抗 (Aselizumab)、那他珠单抗(Atlizumab)(托珠单抗(tocilizumab))、 阿托木单抗(Atorolimumab)、巴品珠单抗(Bapineuzumab)、巴利昔单 抗(Basiliximab)、巴维昔单抗(Bavituximab)、贝妥莫单抗 (Bectumomab)、贝利木单抗(Belimumab)、贝那利珠单抗 (Benralizumab)、柏替木单抗(Bertilimumab)、贝索单抗(Besilesomab)、 贝伐单抗(Bevacizumab)、比西单抗(Biciromab)、比伐珠单抗-美登素(Bivatuzumab mertansine)、兰妥莫单抗(Blinatumomab)、贝伦妥单抗 -维多汀(Brentuximab vedotin)、布雷奴单抗(Briakinumab)、卡那单抗 (Canakinumab)、莫坎妥珠单抗(Cantuzumab mertansine)、卡罗单抗 喷地肽(Capromab pendetide)、卡妥索单抗(Catumaxomab)、西利珠 单抗(Cedelizumab)、赛妥珠单抗(Certolizumab pegol)、西妥昔单抗 (Cetuximab)、泊西他珠单抗(Citatuzumab bogatox)、西妥木单抗 (Cixutumumab)、克立昔单抗(Clenoliximab)、克伐珠单抗 (Clivatuzumab tetraxetan)、可那木单抗(Conatumumab)、达西珠单抗 (Dacetuzumab)、达利珠单抗(Daclizumab)、达雷木单抗(Daratumumab)、地诺单抗(Denosumab)、地莫单抗(Detumomab)、 阿托度单抗(Dorlimomabaritox)、达利珠单抗(Dorlixizumab)、依美昔 单抗(Ecromeximab)、依库珠单抗(Eculizumab)、埃巴单抗 (Edobacomab)、依决洛单抗(Edrecolomab)、依法利珠单抗(Efalizumab)、依芬古单抗(Efungumab)、依洛珠单抗(Elotuzumab)、 艾西莫单抗(Elsilimomab)、培化恩莫单抗(Enlimomab pegol)、西艾匹 莫单抗(Epitumomabcituxetan)、依帕珠单抗(Epratuzumab)、厄利珠 单抗(Erlizumab)、厄妥索单抗(Ertumaxomab)、埃达珠单抗 (Etaracizumab)、艾维单抗(Exbivirumab)、法索单抗(Fanolesomab)、 法拉莫单抗(Faralimomab)、法利珠单抗(Farletuzumab)、泛维珠单抗(Felvizumab)、非扎奴单抗(Fezakinumab)、芬妥木单抗(Figitumumab)、 芳妥珠单抗(Fontolizumab)、福拉韦单抗(Foravirumab)、夫苏木单抗 (Fresolimumab)、加利昔单抗(Galiximab)、罗氏单抗(Gantenerumab)、 加维莫单抗(Gavilimomab)、吉妥珠单抗-奥唑米星(Gemtuzumab ozogamicin)、GC1008、吉瑞昔单抗(Girentuximab)、格雷帕珠单抗-维 德汀(Glembatumumab vedotin)、戈利木单抗(Golimumab)、戈利昔单 抗(Gomiliximab)、伊巴珠单抗(Ibalizumab)、替伊莫单抗(Ibritumomab tiuxetan)、伊戈伏单抗(Igovomab)、英西单抗(Imciromab)、英夫利昔 单抗(Infliximab)、英妥木单抗(Intetumumab)、伊诺莫单抗(Inolimomab)、伊珠单抗-奥加米星(Inotuzumab ozogamicin)、伊匹单 抗(Ipilimumab)、伊妥木单抗(Iratumumab)、凯利昔单抗(Keliximab)、 拉贝珠单抗(Labetuzumab)、来金珠单抗(Lebrikizumab)、来马索单抗 (Lemalesomab)、乐德木单抗(Lerdelimumab)、来沙木单抗 (Lexatumumab)、利韦单抗(Libivirumab)、林妥珠单抗(Lintuzumab)、 罗佛珠单抗-美登素(Lorvotuzumab mertansine)、鲁卡木单抗 (Lucatumumab)、鲁昔单抗(Lumiliximab)、马帕木单抗 (Mapatumumab)、马司莫单抗(Maslimomab)、马妥珠单抗 (Matuzumab)、美泊利单抗(Mepolizumab)、美替木单抗 (Metelimumab)、米拉珠单抗(Milatuzumab)、明瑞莫单抗(Minretumomab)、米妥莫单抗(Mitumomab)、莫罗木单抗 (Morolimumab)、莫维珠单抗(Motavizumab)、莫罗单抗-CD3 (Muromonab-CD3)、他那可洛单抗(Nacolomab tafenatox)、他那莫单 抗(Naptumomab estafenatox)、那他珠单抗(Natalizumab)、奈巴库单 抗(Nebacumab)、奈昔木单抗(Necitumumab)、奈瑞莫单抗 (Nerelimomab)、尼妥珠单抗(Nimotuzumab)、莫诺非莫单抗 (Nofetumomab merpentan)、奥瑞珠单抗(Ocrelizumab)、奥度莫单抗 (Odulimomab)、奥法木单抗(Ofatumumab)、奥拉雷单抗 (Olaratumab)、奥马珠单抗(Omalizumab)、莫奥珠单抗(Oportuzumab monatox)、奥戈伏单抗(Oregovomab)、奥昔珠单抗(Otelixizumab)、 帕吉昔单抗(Pagibaximab)、帕利珠单抗(Palivizumab)、帕尼单抗(Panitumumab)、帕诺库单抗(Panobacumab)、帕考珠单抗 (Pascolizumab)、帕尼单抗(Pemtumomab)、帕妥珠单抗(Pertuzumab)、 培克珠单抗(Pexelizumab)、平妥单抗(Pintumomab)、普立昔单抗 (Priliximab)、普托木单抗(Pritumumab)、瑞非韦鲁(Rafivirumab)、 礼来单抗(Ramucirumab)、来尼珠单抗(Ranibizumab)、瑞希巴库(Raxibacumab)、瑞加韦单抗(Regavirumab)、瑞利珠单抗 (Reslizumab)、利妥木单抗(Rilotumumab)、利妥珠单抗(Rituximab)、 罗妥木单抗(Robatumumab)、罗利珠单抗(Rontalizumab)、罗韦来单 抗(Rovelizumab)、芦利珠单抗(Ruplizumab)、喷地肽沙妥莫单抗 (Satumomab pendetide)、司韦单抗(Sevirumab)、西罗珠单抗 (Sibrotuzumab)、西法木单抗(Sifalimumab)、司妥昔单抗(Siltuximab)、 希普利珠单抗(Siplizumab)、苏兰珠单抗(Solanezumab)、索尼普单抗 (Sonepcizumab)、索土珠单抗(Sontuzumab)、司他芦单抗(Stamulumab)、硫索单抗(Sulesomab)、他珠单抗(Tacatuzumab tetraxetan)、他度珠单抗(Tadocizumab)、他利珠单抗(Talizumab)、他 尼珠单抗(Tanezumab)、帕他莫单抗(Taplitumomab paptox)、特非珠 单抗(Tefibazumab)、阿替莫单抗(Telimomab aritox)、替妥莫单抗 (Tenatumomab)、替奈昔单抗(Teneliximab)、替利珠单抗(Teplizumab)、 替西莫单抗(Ticilimumab)(替西木单抗(tremelimumab))、替加珠单 抗(Tigatuzumab)、托珠单抗(Tocilizumab)(阿替珠单抗(atlizumab))、 托利珠单抗(Toralizumab)、托西莫单抗(Tositumomab)、曲妥珠单抗 (Trastuzumab)、曲美木单抗(Tremelimumab)、西莫白细胞介素单抗 (Tucotuzumab celmoleukin)、妥韦单抗(Tuvirumab)、乌珠单抗 (Urtoxazumab)、优特克单抗(Ustekinumab)、伐利昔单抗 (Vapaliximab)、维多珠单抗(Vedolizumab)、维妥珠单抗(Veltuzumab)、 维帕莫单抗(Vepalimomab)、维西珠单抗(Visilizumab)、伏洛昔单抗 (Volociximab)、伏妥莫单抗(Votumumab)、扎鲁木单抗 (Zalutumumab)、扎木单抗(Zanolimumab)、齐拉木单抗 (Ziralimumab)、以及阿佐莫单抗(Zolimomab aritox)。
输注疗法或可注射的治疗性蛋白的实例包括:例如,塔西单抗 (Toeilizumab)(罗氏公司(Roche))、α-1抗胰蛋白酶(卡 美达公司(Kamada)/AAT)、(Affymax和Takeda,合成肽)、 白蛋白干扰素α-2b(诺华公司(Novartis)/ZalbinTM)、(嫁接 集团(Pharming Group),C1抑制剂替代疗法)、替莫瑞林(tesamorelin)(治疗技术公司(Theratechnologies)/Egrifta,合成生长激素释放因子)、 奥瑞珠单抗(ocrelizumab)(遗传技术公司(Genentech)、罗氏公司(Roche) 以及生物遗传公司(Biogen))、杯利单抗(belimumab)(葛兰素史克公 司(GlaxoSmithKline))、聚乙二醇重组尿酸酶(Savient制药 公司/KrystexxaTM)、α-他利苷酶(Protalix公司/Uplyso)、阿加糖酶α(夏 尔公司(Shire))、α-重组葡糖脑苷脂酶(夏尔公司(Shire))。
对根据本发明的方面有用的另外的治疗性蛋白对于本领域普通技术人 员而言将是显而易见的,并且本发明在此方面是不受限的。
在一些实施例中,可以对一种组分(如抗原或免疫抑制剂)进行分离。 分离是指该成分与它的天然环境分离并且以容许对它进行鉴定或使用的 足够量存在。这意味着,例如,该成分可以(i)通过表达克隆选择性地产 生或(ii)如通过色谱法或电泳进行纯化。分离的成分可以是基本上纯的, 但是不需要如此。由于在药物制剂中分离的成分可以与药学上可接受的赋 形剂相混合,按该制剂的重量计该成分可以仅包含小的百分比。虽然如此,该成分是分离的原因在于,它已经从在活系统中可能与其结合的物质中分 离出来,即从其他脂质或蛋白质中分离出来。可以对在此提供的任何成分 进行分离。在此提供的任何抗原可以以分离的形式包含在这些组合物中。 D.制造和使用本发明的组合物的方法和相关方法
可以使用本领域中已知的各种各样的方法制备合成纳米载体。例如, 可以通过如纳米沉淀、使用流体通道的流动聚焦、喷雾干燥、单和双乳液 溶剂蒸发、溶剂萃取、相分离、研磨、微乳液步骤、微制造、纳米制造、 牺牲层、简单和复杂凝聚法的方法、以及本领域的那些普通技术人员熟知 的其他方法形成合成纳米载体。可替代地或另外地,已经说明了用于单分 散半导体,传导性的、磁性的、有机的、以及其他纳米材料的水性和有机 溶剂合成(Pellegrino(佩莱格里诺)等人,2005,小物质,1:48;Murray (莫雷)等人,2000,材料科学年度评论,30:545;以及Trindade(特林 达德)等人,2001,材料化学,13:3843)。在文献中已经描述了另外的方 法(参见,例如,多布罗夫(Doubrow)编著,“医药中的微胶囊和纳米 颗粒(Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy)”, CRC出版社,博卡拉顿(Boca Raton),1992;马西威兹(Mathiowitz) 等人,1987,控释期刊(J.Control.Release),5:13;马西威兹(Mathiowitz) 等人,1987,反应性聚合物(ReactivePolymers),6:275;以及马西威兹 (Mathiowitz)等人,1988,应用聚合物科学期刊(J.Appl.Polymer Sci.), 35:755;美国专利5578325和6007845;P·保利赛利(P.Paolicelli)等人, “可以有效结合并递送病毒样颗粒的表面修饰的基于PLGA的纳米颗粒 (Surface-modified PLGA-based Nanoparticles that can Efficiently Associateand Deliver Virus-like Particles)”,纳米医学(Nanomedicine), 5(6):843-853(2010))。可以使用各种方法将各种材料封装在所令人希望的 合成纳米载体中,这些方法包括但不限于:C·阿斯泰特(C.Astete)等人, “PLGA纳米颗粒的合成和表征(Synthesisand characterization of PLGA nanoparticles)”生物材料科学期刊(J.Biomater.Sci.)聚合物版,第17 卷,第3期,第247-289页(2006);K·阿芙古斯塔基斯(K.Avgoustakis)“PEG化的聚(丙交酯)和聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)纳米颗粒:制备、特性以及 在药物递送中的可能应用(Pegylated Poly(Lactide)and Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide)Nanoparticles:Preparation,Properties and Possible Applications in Drug Delivery)”当前药物递送(Current Drug Delivery)1:321-333(2004);里斯·C(C.Reis)等人,“纳米封装I.用于制备载药聚合物纳米颗粒的方法(Nanoencapsulation I.Methods for preparation ofdrug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles)”纳米医学 (Nanomedicine)2:8-21(2006);P·保利赛利(P.Paolicelli)等人,“可以 有效结合和递送病毒样颗粒的表面修饰的基于PLGA的纳米颗粒 (Surface-modified PLGA-based Nanoparticles that can EfficientlyAssociate and Deliver Virus-like Particles)”纳米医学(Nanomedicine), 5(6):843-853(2010)。可以使用其他适合于将材料封装至合成纳米载体中 的方法,这些方法包括但不限于披露在昂格尔(Unger)的美国专利 6,632,671(2003年10月14日)中的方法。
在某些实施例中,通过纳米沉淀工艺或喷雾干燥来制备合成纳米载体。 可以改变在制备合成纳米载体中使用的条件以产生具有希望的大小和特 性(例如,疏水性、亲水性、外部形态学、“粘性”、形状等等)的颗粒。 制备这些合成纳米载体的方法和使用的条件(例如,溶剂、温度、浓度、 空气流速等等)可以取决于有待偶联至这些合成纳米载体上的材料和/或 该聚合物基质的组成。
如果通过任何以上方法制备的颗粒具有在希望的范围外的大小范围, 那么可以按大小分类这些颗粒,例如使用一个筛。
本发明的合成纳米载体的组分(即,成分)(如构成一个免疫特征表面 的部分、靶向部分、聚合物基质、抗原、免疫抑制剂等)可以例如通过一 个或多个共价键偶联至整体的合成纳米载体上或可以借助一个或多个连 接物来偶联。使合成纳米载体功能化的另外方法可以由以下文献改编而 来:萨尔茨曼(Saltzman)等人的公布的美国专利申请2006/0002852、戴 斯蒙(DeSimone)等人的公布的美国专利申请2009/0028910、或默西 (Murthy)等人的公布的国际专利申请WO/2008/127532A1。
可替代地或另外地,可以经由非共价相互作用使合成纳米载体直接地 或间接地偶联至如在此提供的成分上。在非共价的实施例中,通过非共价 相互作用介导非共价偶联,这些非共价相互作用包括但不局限于:电荷相 互作用、亲和相互作用、金属配位、物理吸附、主-客体相互作用、疏水 相互作用、TT堆积相互作用、氢键相互作用、范德华相互作用、磁相互 作用、静电相互作用、偶极-偶极相互作用、和/或其组合。此类偶联可以 安排在本发明合成纳米载体的一个外表面或一个内表面上。在多个实施例 中,封装和/或吸附是偶联的形式。在多个实施例中,本发明的这些合成 纳米载体可以通过在相同媒介物或递送系统中混合而与抗原相组合。
可以使用传统的药物混合方法组合多个群体的合成纳米载体以形成根 据本发明的药物剂型。这些方法包括液体-液体混合,其中两种或更多种 各自含有一个或多个纳米载体子集的悬浮液被直接组合或经由一个或多 个含有稀释剂的容器被集合在一起。因为合成纳米载体还可以以粉末形式 生产或贮存,所以可以进行干燥的粉末-粉末混合,也可以将两种或更多 种粉末再悬浮于共同的介质中。取决于纳米载体的特性和它们的相互作用 潜力,一种或另一种混合途径可能也有优势。
包含合成纳米载体的典型的发明组合物可以包含无机或有机缓冲剂 (例如,磷酸、碳酸、乙酸、或柠檬酸的钠盐或钾盐)和pH调节剂(例 如,盐酸、氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾、柠檬酸或乙酸的盐、氨基酸和它们的盐)、 抗氧化剂(例如,抗坏血酸、α-生育酚)、表面活性剂(例如,聚山梨酯 20、聚山梨酯80、聚氧乙烯9-10壬基酚、去氧胆酸钠)、溶液和/或低温/ 冻干稳定剂(例如,蔗糖、乳糖、甘露醇、海藻糖)、渗透调节剂(例如, 盐类或糖类)、抗细菌剂(例如,苯甲酸、苯酚、庆大霉素)、消泡剂(例 如,聚二甲基硅酮(polydimethylsilozone))、防腐剂(例如,硫柳汞、2- 苯氧乙醇、EDTA)、聚合物稳定剂和粘度调节剂(例如,聚乙烯吡咯酮、 泊洛沙姆488、羧甲基纤维素)、以及共溶剂(例如,甘油、聚乙二醇、 乙醇)。
根据本发明的组合物包含与药学上可接受的赋形剂组合的本发明的合 成纳米载体。可以使用常规药物制造和配制技术制造这些组合物,以实现 有用的剂型。适合用于实践本发明的技术可以在以下文献中找到:爱德 华·L保罗(Edward L.Paul),维克多·A.Atiemo-Obeng(Victor A. Atiemo-Obeng)以及苏珊娜·M.Kresta(Suzanne M.Kresta)编著的工业混合手册:科学与实践(Handbook of Industrial Mixing:Science and Practice),2004约翰威利国际出版公司(John Wiley&Sons,Inc.);和奥 斯丁·M.E.(M.E.Auten)编著的制药学:剂型设计科学(Pharmaceutics:The Science of Dosage Form Design),第2版,2001,丘吉尔利文斯通出 版社(Churchill Livingstone)。在一个实施例中,将本发明的合成纳米载 体与防腐剂一起悬浮在注射用无菌盐水溶液中。
应当理解可以按任何适合的方式制造本发明的这些组合物,并且本发 明绝不局限于可以使用在此描述的方法所产生的组合物。适当方法的选择 可能需要注意被结合的特定部分的特性。
在一些实施例中,本发明的合成纳米载体是在无菌条件下制造或最后 进行灭菌。这可以确保所得的组合物是无菌的并且是非感染性的,因此当 与非无菌的组合物相比时提高了安全性。这提供了有价值的安全措施,尤 其是当接受合成纳米载体的受试者具有免疫缺陷、正在遭受感染、和/或 易受感染时。在一些实施例中,取决于配制策略,可以将本发明的合成纳 米载体冻干并且储存在悬浮液中或呈冻干粉末形式,持续延长的时间而无 活性损失。
可以通过各种途径给予本发明的这些组合物,这些途径包括或不限于 皮下、鼻内、静脉内、腹膜内、肌肉内、透粘膜、透粘膜、舌下、直肠、 眼睛、肺部、皮肤内、经皮肤、经皮或真皮内或这些途径的组合。给予途 径还包括通过吸入或肺气溶胶来进行的给予。用于制备气溶胶递送系统的 技术是本领域技术人员众所周知的(参见,例如夏拉(Sciarra)和库替 (Cutie),“气溶胶(Aerosols),”雷明顿的药物科学(Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences),第18版,1990,第1694-1712页;该文献通 过引用结合在此)。
本发明的作为基于细胞的治疗而提供的可移植的移植物或治疗性蛋白 可以通过肠胃外、动脉内注射、鼻内或静脉内给予或通过注射至淋巴结或 眼前房或通过局部给予至感兴趣的器官或组织而进行给予。可以通过皮 下、鞘内、心室内、肌肉内、腹膜内、冠状动脉内、胰腺内、肝内或支气 管注射来进行给予。
本发明的这些组合物可以按有效的量给予,如在此其他地方描述的有 效的量。根据本发明,剂型的剂量含有不同量的多个群体的合成纳米载体 和/或不同量的抗原和/或免疫抑制剂。本发明的剂型中存在的合成纳米载 体和/或抗原和/或免疫抑制剂的量可以根据这些抗原和/或免疫抑制剂的 性质、有待完成的治疗益处、以及其他此类参数而改变。在多个实施例中, 可以进行剂量范围研究,以建立有待存在于该剂型中的合成纳米载体群体 的最佳治疗量以及抗原和/或免疫抑制剂的量。在多个实施例中,这些合 成纳米载体和/或这些抗原和/或免疫抑制剂是以一定的量存在于该剂型 中,当向受试者给予时,该量有效产生针对这些抗原的致耐受性免疫应答。 在受试者中使用常规剂量范围研究和技术,也许有可能确定对产生致耐受 性免疫应答有效的抗原和/或免疫抑制剂的量。可以在多种频率下给予本 发明的剂型。在一个优选的实施例中,至少一次给予该剂型足以产生药理学上相关的应答。在多个更优选的实施例中,利用至少两次给予、至少三 次给予、或至少四次给予该剂型来确保药理学上相关的应答。
可以在疾病、紊乱或病症发作之前启动这些发明组合物的预防性给予, 或可以在紊乱、紊乱或病症建立之后启动治疗性给予。
在一些实施例中,例如在给予一种治疗性蛋白、可移植的移植物或暴 露于一种过敏原之前进行合成纳米载体的给予。在多个示例性的实施例 中,在给予一种治疗性蛋白、可移植的移植物或暴露于一种过敏原之前包 括但不限于30天、25天、20天、15天、14天、13天、12天、11天、 10天、9天、8天、7天、6天、5天、4天、3天、2天、1天、或0天给 予合成纳米载体一次或多次。另外或可替代地,可以在给予治疗性蛋白、 可移植的移植物或暴露于一种过敏原之后向受试者给予合成纳米载体。在 多个示例性的实施例中,在给予一种治疗性蛋白、可移植的移植物或暴露 于一种过敏原之后包括但不限于1天、2天、3天、4天、5天、6天、7天、8天、9天、10天、11天、12天、13天、14天、15天、20天、25 天、30天等等而给予合成纳米载体一次或多次。
在一些实施例中,在初始给予已经在受试者中产生一种致耐受性应答 之后向该受试者给予维持剂量(例如,在此提供的合成纳米载体组合物的 维持剂量),例如以便维持在初始剂量之后所达到的致耐受性作用、以便 防止该受试者中的所不希望的免疫应答、或以便防止该受试者变为处于经 历所不希望的免疫应答或所不希望的水平的免疫应答风险中的受试者。在 一些实施例中,该维持剂量是与该受试者接受的初始剂量相同的剂量。在一些实施例中,该维持剂量是比初始剂量更低的剂量。例如,在一些实施 例中,该维持剂量是约3/4、约2/3、约1/2、约1/3、约1/4、约1/8、约 1/10、约1/20、约1/25、约1/50、约1/100、约1/1,000、约1/10,000、约 1/100,000、或约1/1,000,000(重量/重量)的初始剂量。
出于免疫抑制的目的,在此描述的这些组合物和方法可以用来诱导或 增强一种致耐受性免疫应答和/或抑制、调节、引导或重定向所不希望的 免疫应答。在此描述的这些组合物和方法可以用于诊断、预防和/或治疗 其中免疫抑制(例如,致耐受性免疫应答)将会赋予治疗益处的疾病、紊 乱或病症。这类疾病、紊乱或病症包括自身免疫性疾病、炎性疾病、过敏 症、器官或组织排斥以及移植物抗宿主病。在此描述的这些组合物和方法 还可以用于已经经历或将要经历移植的受试者。在此描述的这些组合物和 方法还可以用于已经接受、正在接受或将要接受一种治疗性蛋白的受试 者,针对该治疗性蛋白,该受试者已经产生或预期会产生一种所不希望的 免疫应答。
自身免疫性疾病包括但不限于类风湿性关节炎、多发性硬化症、免疫 介导的或I型糖尿病、炎性肠病(例如,克罗恩病或溃疡性结肠炎)、系 统性红斑狼疮、银屑病、硬皮病、自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、斑秃、格雷夫 病、格林-巴利综合征、腹腔病、干燥综合征、风湿热、胃炎、自身免疫 性萎缩性胃炎、自身免疫性肝炎、胰岛炎、卵巢炎、睾丸炎、葡萄膜炎、 晶状体源性葡萄膜炎、重症肌无力、原发性粘液性水肿、恶性贫血、自身 免疫性溶血性贫血、阿狄森病、硬皮病、肺出血肾炎综合征、肾炎(例如, 肾小球肾炎)、银屑病、寻常性天疱疮、类天疱疮、交感性眼炎、特发性 血小板减少性紫癜、特发性白细胞减少症(feucopenia)、韦格纳肉芽肿病 以及多/皮肌炎。
一些另外的示例性自身免疫性疾病、相关性自身抗原、以及自身抗体 (它们预期会在本发明中使用)在以下表1中描述:
炎症性疾病包括但不限于:阿尔茨海默病、关节炎、哮喘、动脉粥样 硬化、克罗恩病、结肠炎、囊性纤维化、皮炎、憩室炎、肝炎、肠易激综 合征(IBS)、红斑狼疮、肌营养不良、肾炎、帕金森病、带状疱疹以及溃 疡性结肠炎。炎性疾病还包括,例如,心血管疾病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)、支气管扩张、慢性胆囊炎、结核病、桥本氏甲状腺炎、败血 病、结节病、矽肺及其他尘肺、以及伤口中的植入异体、但都不局限于此。 如在此所使用,术语“败血症”是指一种众所周知的与针对微生物侵袭的宿 主系统性炎症应答相关的临床综合征。在此所使用的术语“败血症”是指典 型地信号为发热或低体温、心动过速以及呼吸急促的一种病症,并在严重 的情况下可进展为低血压、器官功能障碍,甚至死亡。
在一些实施例中,炎性疾病是非自身免疫性炎性肠道疾病、手术后粘 连、冠状动脉疾病、肝纤维化、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、急性炎性胰腺炎、 内窥镜逆行胆管胰造影术引起的胰腺炎、烧伤、冠状动脉粥样硬化、脑和 外周动脉、阑尾炎、胆囊炎、憩室炎、内脏纤维化症、伤口愈合、皮肤瘢 痕形成紊乱(瘢痕疙瘩、化脓性汗腺炎)、肉芽肿病(结节病、原发性胆汁性肝硬变)、哮喘、坏疽性脓皮病、Sweet氏综合征、白塞病、原发性 硬化性胆管炎或脓肿。在一些实施例中,炎性疾病是炎性胆道疾病(例如, 克罗恩病或溃疡性结肠炎)。
炎性疾病包括但不限于:阿尔茨海默病、强直性脊柱炎、关节炎、哮 喘、动脉粥样硬化、白塞病、慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经根神经病、克 罗恩病、自身免疫性炎性肠病、胰岛素依赖型糖尿病、糖尿病、青少年糖 尿病、自发性自身免疫性糖尿病、胃炎、自身免疫性萎缩性胃炎、自身免 疫性肝炎、甲状腺炎、桥本氏甲状腺炎、胰岛炎、卵巢炎、睾丸炎、葡萄 膜炎、晶状体源性葡萄膜炎、多发性硬化症、重症肌无力、原发性粘液性 水肿、甲状腺功能亢进、恶性贫血、自身免疫性溶血性贫血、阿狄森病、 强直性脊柱炎、结节病、硬皮病、肺出血肾炎综合征、格林-巴利综合征、 格雷夫病、肾小球肾炎、银屑病、寻常性天疱疮、类天疱疮、湿疹、大疱 性类天疱疮、交感性眼炎、特发性血小板减少性紫癜、特发性白细胞减少症(feucopenia)、干燥综合征、系统性硬化、韦格纳肉芽肿、多肌炎/皮 肌炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬变、原发性硬化性胆管炎、红斑狼疮或系统性红 斑狼疮。
移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)是多能细胞(例如,干细胞)或骨髓移植 之后可以发生的并发症,在移植中新移植的材料对移植受体身体产生攻 击。在一些实例中,GVHD在输血后发生。移植物抗宿主病可以分为急 性和慢性形式。急性或暴发形式的疾病(aGVHD)通常在移植后头100 天观察到,并且由于相关的发病率和死亡率它对移植物是一项重大挑战。 慢性形式的移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)通常发生在100天之后。cGVHD 的中度至重度情况的出现有害影响长期生存。
实例
实例1:具有偶联的布洛芬的介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(预示的)
介孔SiO2纳米颗粒核心通过溶胶-凝胶法来产生。将十六烷基三甲基溴 化铵(CTAB)(0.5g)溶解在去离子水(500mL)中,并且然后将2M 的NaOH水溶液(3.5mL)添加到CTAB溶液中。将该溶液搅拌30分钟, 并且然后向该溶液中添加四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)(2.5mL)。在80℃的 温度下将生成的凝胶搅拌3小时。通过过滤捕获形成的白色沉淀,随后用 去离子水洗涤并且在室温下干燥。然后通过悬浮于HCl的乙醇溶液中过 夜而从颗粒中提取出残留的表面活性剂。将这些颗粒用乙醇洗涤、离心、 并且在超声处理下再分散。这个洗涤程序另外再重复两次。
然后使用(3-氨基丙基)-三乙氧基硅烷(APTMS)用氨基对SiO2纳米颗 粒进行功能化。为此,将颗粒悬浮在乙醇(30mL)中,并且将APTMS (50μL)添加到悬浮液中。允许该悬浮液在室温下静置2小时,并且然 后煮沸4小时,通过周期性地添加乙醇使体积保持恒定。残留的反应物通 过五个离心洗涤和再分散于纯乙醇中的循环来去除。
在一个单独的反应中,产生1-4nm直径的金种子。在此反应中使用的 所有的水首先被去离子并且然后从玻璃蒸馏。将水(45.5mL)添加到100 mL圆底烧瓶中。在搅拌下,添加0.2M水性NaOH(1.5mL),随后添 加氯化四(羟甲基)鏻(THPC)的1%水溶液(1.0mL)。在添加THPC溶 液之后两分钟,添加已经老化至少15分钟的氯金酸的10mg/mL水溶液 (2mL)。通过用水透析来纯化这些金种子。
为了形成核-壳纳米载体,将以上形成的氨基功能化的SiO2纳米颗粒首 先在室温下与这些金种子混合2小时。将金修饰的SiO2颗粒通过离心来 收集,并且与氯金酸和碳酸氢钾的水溶液混合来形成金外壳。然后将这些 颗粒离心洗涤、并且再分散于水中。通过将这些颗粒悬浮于布洛芬钠的溶 液(1mg/L)中72小时来负载布洛芬。然后将游离的布洛芬通过离心从 颗粒中洗涤出并且再分散于水中。
实例2:含有环孢霉素A的脂质体(预示的)
这些脂质体使用薄膜水合来形成。将1,2-二棕榈酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆 碱(DPPC)(32μmol)、胆固醇(32μmol)、以及环孢霉素A(6.4μmol) 溶解在纯氯仿(3mL)中。将此脂质溶液添加到50mL的圆底烧瓶中, 并且在60℃的温度下在旋转蒸发器上蒸发溶剂。烧瓶然后用氮气冲洗以 去除残留溶剂。将磷酸盐缓冲盐水(2mL)和五个玻璃珠添加到烧瓶中,并且通过在60℃下摇晃1小时来使脂质膜水合以形成悬浮液。将该悬浮 液转移到一个小的压力管中并且在60℃下进行声处理,持续四个30秒脉 冲循环,其中在每个脉冲之间有30秒的延迟。然后使悬浮液在室温下静 置2小时,以允许完全水合。离心洗涤脂质体,随后再悬浮于新鲜磷酸盐 缓冲盐水中。
实例3:含有聚合物-雷帕霉素共轭物的聚合纳米载体(预示的)
PLGA-雷帕霉素共轭物的制备:
将具有酸端基的PLGA聚合物(7525 DLG1A,酸值0.46mmol/g, Lakeshore生物材料公司(Lakeshore Biomaterials);5g,2.3mmol,1.0 当量)溶解在30mL的二氯甲烷(DCM)中。添加N,N-二环己基碳二亚 胺(1.2当量,2.8mmol,0.57g),随后添加雷帕霉素(1.0当量,2.3mmol, 2.1g)和4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)(2.0当量,4.6mmol,0.56g)。将混 合物在室温下搅拌2天。然后过滤混合物以去除不溶的二环己脲。将滤液 浓缩至体积大约为10mL并且添加到100mL的异丙醇(IPA)中以沉淀 出PLGA-雷帕霉素共轭物。将IPA层去除并且聚合物然后用50mL的IPA 和50mL的甲基叔丁醚(MTBE)洗涤。然后将聚合物在35C下真空干 燥2天,给出呈白色固体的PLGA-雷帕霉素(大约6.5g)。
含有PLGA-雷帕霉素共轭物和卵白蛋白肽(323-339)的纳米载体的制 备:
根据实例1中所述的程序如下制备含有PLGA-雷帕霉素的纳米载体:
如下进行制备用于纳米载体形成的溶液:
溶液1:在稀释的盐酸水溶液中的卵白蛋白肽323-339@20mg/mL。 通过在室温下将卵白蛋白肽溶解在0.13M盐酸溶液中而制备该溶液。溶 液2:在二氯甲烷中的PLGA-雷帕霉素@100mg/mL。通过将PLGA-雷 帕霉素溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液3:在二氯甲烷中的 PLA-PEG@100mg/mL。通过将PLA-PEG溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制备 该溶液。溶液4:在100mM的pH 8的磷酸盐缓冲液中的聚乙烯醇@50 mg/mL。
首先制备第一油包水乳液。通过将溶液1(0.2mL)、溶液2(0.75mL)、 以及溶液3(0.25mL)合并在一个小的压力管中并且使用布兰森数字超 声波仪250在50%振幅下进行声处理40秒来制备W1/O1。然后通过将溶 液4(3.0mL)与第一W1/O1乳液合并、涡旋10秒、并且使用布兰森数 字超声波仪250在30%振幅下进行声处理60秒来制备第二乳液 (W1/O1/W2)。将该W1/O1/W2乳液添加到含有70mM的pH 8磷酸盐 缓冲溶液(30mL)的烧杯中并且在室温下搅拌2小时以允许二氯甲烷蒸 发并且允许纳米载体形成。通过以下方式来洗涤一部分纳米载体:将纳米 载体悬浮液转移至一个离心管中,并且在75,600×g和4℃下离心35分钟、去除上清液、并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。重复该洗涤程 序,并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中以用于约10mg/mL的最终的 纳米载体分散液。
实例4:含有雷帕霉素的金纳米载体(AuNCs)的制备(预示的)
HS-PEG-雷帕霉素的制备:
将PEG酸二硫化物(1.0当量)、雷帕霉素(2.0-2.5当量)、DCC(2.5 当量)以及DMAP(3.0当量)在无水DMF中的溶液在室温下搅拌过夜。 通过过滤去除不溶的二环己脲并且将滤液添加到异丙醇(IPA)中以沉淀 出PEG-二硫化物-二-雷帕霉素酯并用IPA洗涤并干燥。聚合物然后用在 DMF中的三(2-羧乙基)膦盐酸盐处理,以便将PEG二硫化物还原成硫醇 基PEG雷帕霉素酯(HS-PEG-雷帕霉素)。通过沉淀从IPA回收生成的 聚合物并且如先前所述进行干燥并且通过H NMR和GPC来分析。
金NCs(AuNCs)的形成:
在一个装备有冷凝器的1L圆底烧瓶中,在剧烈搅拌下加热回流500 mL的1mMHAuCl4的水溶液10分钟。然后向搅拌的溶液迅速添加50 mL的40mM的柠檬酸三钠溶液。将生成的深酒红色溶液保持回流25-30 分钟,然后停止加热,并且冷却该溶液至室温。然后通过一个0.8μm薄 膜过滤器过滤该溶液,以给出AuNCs溶液。使用可见光谱学和透射电子 显微术表征AuNCs。这些AuNCs直径大约20nm,被柠檬酸盐包裹,并 且吸收峰在520nm处。
具有HS-PEG-雷帕霉素的AuNCs共轭物:
将150μl的HS-PEG-雷帕霉素的溶液(在10mM pH 9.0碳酸盐缓冲 液中的10μM)添加到1mL的20nm直径的柠檬酸盐包裹的金纳米载体 (1.16nM)中,以产生2500∶1的硫醇基与金的摩尔比。在室温在氩下 搅拌混合物1小时以允许金纳米载体上的硫醇与柠檬酸盐完全交换。然后 通过在12,000g下离心30分钟将表面上的具有PEG-雷帕霉素的AuNCs 纯化。将上清液倾析出来并且然后将含有AuNC-S-PEG-雷帕霉素的沉淀 用1 x PBS缓冲液沉淀洗涤。然后将纯化的金-PEG-雷帕霉素纳米载体再 悬浮于合适的缓冲液中以便进行进一步分析和生物测定。
实例5:具有或不具有卵白蛋白肽(323-339)的带有偶联的雷帕霉素的合成纳米载
体的免疫应答
材料
从巴亨美洲公司(Bachem Americas Inc.,柏市街(Kashiwa Street) 3132号,托伦斯(Torrance),加利福尼亚州(CA)90505,区号#4065609) 购买卵白蛋白肽323-339,即一种已知为卵白蛋白的T和B细胞表位的 17氨基酸肽。从TSZ化学品公司(TSZ CHEM,威尔逊街(Wilson Street) 185号,弗雷明汉(Framingham),马萨诸塞州(MA)01702;产品目录 #R1017)购买雷帕霉素。从SurModics制药公司(SurModics Pharmaceuticals,汤姆马丁路(Tom Martin Drive)756号,伯明翰 (Birmingham),亚拉巴马州(AL)35211;产品代码7525DLG 7A)购 买丙交酯∶乙交酯比为3∶1并且特性粘度为0.75dL/g的PLGA。从EMD 化学品公司(EMD Chemicals,产品编号1.41350.1001)购买聚乙烯醇 (85%-89%水解的)。
溶液1:在稀释的盐酸水溶液中的卵白蛋白肽323-339@20mg/mL。 通过在室温下将卵白蛋白肽溶解在0.13M盐酸溶液中而制备该溶液。溶 液2:在二氯甲烷中的雷帕霉素@50mg/mL。通过将雷帕霉素溶解在纯 二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液3:在二氯甲烷中的PLGA@100mg/mL。 通过将PLGA溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液4:在100mM的 pH 8的磷酸盐缓冲液中的聚乙烯醇@50mg/mL。
用于制备含有雷帕霉素和卵白蛋白(323-339)的合成纳米载体的方法
首先制备第一油包水乳液。通过将溶液1(0.2mL)、溶液2(0.2mL)、 以及溶液3(1.0mL)合并在一个小的压力管中并且使用布兰森数字超声 波仪(Branson DigitalSonifier)250在50%振幅下进行声处理40秒来制 备W1/O1。然后通过将溶液4(3.0mL)与第一W1/O1乳液合并、涡旋 10秒、并且使用布兰森数字超声波仪250在30%振幅下进行声处理60秒 来制备第二乳液(W1/O1/W2)。
将该W1/O1/W2乳液添加到含有70mM的pH 8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(30 mL)的烧杯中并且在室温下搅拌2小时以允许二氯甲烷蒸发并且允许合 成纳米载体形成。通过以下方式来洗涤一部分合成纳米载体:将合成纳米 载体悬浮液转移至一个离心管中,并且在21,000×g和4℃下离心一小时、 去除上清液、并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。重复该洗涤程序, 并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中以用于约10mg/mL的最终的合成 纳米载体分散液。
通过HPLC分析来确定在合成纳米载体中的肽和雷帕霉素的量。通过 重量法来确定每mL悬浮液的总的干燥合成纳米载体质量。
用于产生含有雷帕霉素的合成纳米载体的方法
首先制备第一油包水乳液。通过将0.13M盐酸溶液(0.2mL)、溶液2 (0.2mL)、以及溶液3(1.0mL)合并在一个小的压力管中并且使用布 兰森数字超声波仪250在50%振幅下进行声处理40秒来制备W1/O1。然 后通过将溶液4(3.0mL)与第一W1/O1乳液合并、涡旋10秒、并且使 用布兰森数字超声波仪250在30%振幅下进行声处理60秒来制备第二乳 液(W1/O1/W2)。
将该W1/O1/W2乳液添加到含有70mM的pH 8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(30 mL)的烧杯中并且在室温下搅拌2小时以允许二氯甲烷蒸发并且允许合 成纳米载体形成。通过以下方式来洗涤一部分合成纳米载体:将合成纳米 载体悬浮液转移至一个离心管中,并且在21,000×g和4℃下离心一小时、 去除上清液、并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。重复该洗涤程序, 并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中以用于约10mg/mL的最终的合成 纳米载体分散液。
通过HPLC分析来确定在合成纳米载体中的雷帕霉素的量。通过重量 法来确定每mL悬浮液的总的干燥合成纳米载体质量。
用于测量雷帕霉素负载量的方法
收集近似3mg的合成纳米载体,并且离心以使上清液与合成纳米载体 沉淀分离。向该沉淀添加乙腈,并且对样品进行声处理并且离心以去除任 何不溶的材料。将该上清液和沉淀注射在RP-HPLC上,并且在278nm 处读取吸光度。该沉淀中发现的μg用来计算%包载(负载),在上清液和 沉淀中的μg用来计算回收的总μg。
用于测量卵白蛋白(323-339)负载量的方法
收集近似3mg的合成纳米载体,并且离心以使上清液与合成纳米载体 沉淀分离。向该沉淀添加三氟乙醇并且对样品进行声处理以溶解该聚合 物,添加0.2%三氟乙酸并且对样品进行声处理并且然后离心以去除任何 不溶的材料。将该上清液和沉淀注射在RP-HPLC上,并且在215nm处 读取吸光度。该沉淀中发现的μg用来计算%包载(负载),在上清液和沉 淀中的μg用来计算回收的总μg。
在Treg细胞发育上的抗原特异性致耐受性树突状细胞(tDC)活性
该测定包括使用具有对免疫显性卵白蛋白肽(323-339)具特异的转基 因T细胞受体的OTII小鼠。为了产生抗原特异性tDC,将CD11c+脾脏 细胞分离,并且在1μg/ml或无抗原下在体外添加卵白蛋白肽(323-339)。 然后将可溶的或纳米载体封装的雷帕霉素添加到DC中保持2小时,然后 将这些DC充分洗涤以从培养物中去除游离雷帕霉素。将纯化的应答CD4+CD25-细胞从OTII小鼠分离并且以10∶1的T与DC比添加到tDC 中。然后将tDC与OTII T细胞的混合物培养4-5天,并且通过如图1所 示的流式细胞术来分析Treg细胞(CD4+CD25highFoxP3+)的频率。基 于同种型对照选择区域。
测定纳米载体尺寸的方法
通过动态光散射(DLS)获得合成纳米载体尺寸的测量值。将合成纳 米载体的悬浮液用纯化水稀释到以达到近似0.01至0.1mg/mL的最终的 合成纳米载体悬浮液浓度。在一个适合的比色皿中直接制备稀释的悬浮液 以用于DLS分析。然后将该比色皿置于布鲁克海文仪器公司(Brookhaven Instruments Corp.)ZetaPALS中,允许其平衡至25℃,并且然后扫描充 分的时间以在介质的粘度和样品的折射率的适当输入的基础上获得稳定 且可再现的分布。然后报告有效直径,或该分布的平均值。
结果
对于概念证明实验,组合使用诱导耐受性的药物雷帕霉素与II类结合 卵白蛋白肽323-339。雷帕霉素是一种用来抑制同种异体移植排斥的免疫 抑制剂并且是mTOR的抑制剂,该mTOR是若干细胞功能包括APC和 T细胞行为的调节因子。根据上文制备合成纳米载体,其代表性实例在下 表(表2-4)中予以更详细的表述。
表2:含有雷帕霉素和低水平浓度的卵白蛋白(323-339)二者的合成纳米载体
表3:含有雷帕霉素和高水平浓度的卵白蛋白(323-339)二者的合成纳米载体
表4:含有雷帕霉素的合成纳米载体
代表性流式细胞术分析的结果显示当用游离雷帕霉素和游离卵白蛋白 (323-339)处理DC时CD4+CD25highFoxP3+细胞的数目增加(图1)。
将游离雷帕霉素或含有雷帕霉素的合成纳米载体与游离可溶的卵白蛋 白(323-339)结合以评估对tDC的诱导(图2)。发现结合游离卵白蛋白 (323-339)的含有雷帕霉素的合成纳米载体诱导Treg发育。简单而言, 抗原特异性tDC通过以下方式获得:分离树突状细胞(CD11c+脾脏细胞)、 并且将它们与卵白蛋白(323-339)肽加上可溶的或纳米载体封装的雷帕 霉素(合成纳米载体#s 13、14、15以及16)结合培养2小时,随后进行 充分洗涤。从OTII小鼠分离纯化的响应CD4+CD25-细胞并且添加到tDC 中。然后将tDC与OTII T细胞的混合物培养4-5天,并且通过流式细胞 术来分析Treg细胞(CD4+CD25highFoxP3+)的频率。数据显示,对于 游离雷帕霉素和纳米载体封装的雷帕霉素二者,CD4+CD25highFoxP3+皆 剂量依赖性增加,这表明雷帕霉素纳米载体处理的DC诱导Treg。
使用各种纳米载体组合物来评估对tDC的诱导(图3),并且证实了对 Treg的诱导。发现具有共同封装的雷帕霉素和卵白蛋白(323-339)肽的 纳米载体与未受刺激的(1.3%)或雷帕霉素单独(2.7%)相比引起更高 的对FoxP3表达细胞的诱导(6.5%)。有趣的是,仅含有雷帕霉素的两种 单独的纳米载体组合物(合成纳米载体#s 7和8)当与一群含有卵白蛋白 (323-339)的合成纳米载体结合时,相比与游离卵白蛋白(323-339)肽 的混合物(分别是12.7%和17.7%)显示出优越的对FoxP3表达细胞的 诱导(分别是22.4%和27.2%)。总之,数据显示,当使用纳米载体封装 的雷帕霉素时CD4+CD25highFoxP3+增加,并且使用共同封装的卵白蛋白 (323-339)肽抑或使用混合的含卵白蛋白(323-339)肽的纳米载体见到优越的应答。
实例6:通过T细胞表型分析评估致耐受性免疫应答(预示的)
将本发明的组合物溶解磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)中并且以含500μg的 该组合物的0.1-0.2ml肌内地注射到雌路易斯鼠中。一个大鼠对照组接受 0.1-0.2ml的PBS。在注射之后9到10天,从这些小鼠收获脾脏和淋巴结 并且通过经由40μm的尼龙细胞滤网浸软组织来获得单细胞悬浮液。在 PBS(1%FCS)中对样品进行染色,并且适当地稀释相关单克隆抗体。碘化丙啶染色细胞从分析中排除。在LSR2流式细胞仪(BD生物科学公 司(BDBiosciences),USA)上获得样品并且使用FACS Diva软件进行 分析。在细胞上分析标记CD4、CD25high以及FoxP3的表达。 CD4+CD25highFoxP3+细胞的存在表明对CD4+Treg细胞的诱导。
实例7:在体内评估对APC可呈递抗原的致耐受性免疫应答(预示的)
Balb/c小鼠用不完全弗氏佐剂中的APC可呈递抗原免疫以便诱导T细 胞增殖(例如CD4+T细胞),评定增殖水平。随后,以剂量依赖性方式 皮下给予本发明的包含APC可呈递抗原和免疫抑制剂的组合物。然后将 相同小鼠再次暴露于APC可呈递抗原,并且再次评定T细胞增殖的水平。 然后监测T细胞群的变化,其中在随后用APC可呈递抗原激发时T细胞 增殖减少,表明了致耐受性免疫应答。
实例8:在体内评估使用包含免疫抑制剂和APC可呈递抗原的合成纳米载体的致耐
受性免疫应答
合成纳米载体生产的材料和方法
纳米载体1
从TSZ化学品公司(威尔逊街185号,弗雷明汉,马萨诸塞州01702; 产品目录#R1017)购买雷帕霉素。从SurModics制药公司(汤姆马丁路 756号,伯明翰,亚拉巴马州35211;产品代码7525 DLG 7A)购买丙交 酯∶乙交酯比为3∶1并且特性粘度为0.75dL/g的PLGA。合成了PEG嵌 段大约为5,000Da并且PLA嵌段大约为20,000Da的PLA-PEG嵌段共 聚物。从EMD化学品公司(产品编号1.41350.1001)购买聚乙烯醇 (85%-89%水解的)。
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:在二氯甲烷中的雷帕霉素@50mg/mL。通过将雷帕霉素溶解 在纯二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液2:在二氯甲烷中的PLGA@100 mg/mL。通过将PLGA溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液3:在 二氯甲烷中的PLA-PEG@100mg/mL。通过将PLA-PEG溶解在纯二氯 甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液4:在100mM的pH 8的磷酸盐缓冲液中的 聚乙烯醇@50mg/mL。
使用水包油乳液来制备纳米载体。通过将溶液1(0.2mL)、溶液2(0.75 mL)、溶液3(0.25mL)、以及溶液4(3mL)合并在一个小的压力管中 并且使用布兰森数字超声波仪250在30%振幅下进行声处理60秒来制备 O/W乳液。将该O/W乳液添加到含有70mM的pH 8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(30 mL)的烧杯中并且在室温下搅拌2小时以允许二氯甲烷蒸发并且允许纳 米载体形成。通过以下方式来洗涤一部分纳米载体:将纳米载体悬浮液转 移至一个离心管中,并且在21,000×g和4℃下离心45分钟、去除上清 液、并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。重复该洗涤程序,并且将沉 淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中以用于约10mg/mL的最终的纳米载体分散 液。
通过动态光散射来确定纳米载体大小。通过HPLC分析来确定在纳米 载体中的雷帕霉素的量。通过重量法来确定每mL悬浮液的总的干燥纳米 载体质量。
纳米载体2
从巴亨美洲公司(柏市街3132号,托伦斯,加利福尼亚州90505,区 号#4065609)购买卵白蛋白肽323-339,即一种已知为卵白蛋白的T和B 细胞表位的17氨基酸肽。从SurModics制药公司(汤姆马丁路756号, 伯明翰,亚拉巴马州35211;产品代码7525 DLG7A)购买丙交酯∶乙交酯 比为3∶1并且特性粘度为0.75dL/g的PLGA。合成了PEG嵌段大约为5,000Da并且PLA嵌段大约为20,000Da的PLA-PEG嵌段共聚物。从 EMD化学品公司(产品编号1.41350.1001)购买聚乙烯醇(85%-89%水 解的)。
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:在稀释的盐酸水溶液中的卵白蛋白肽323-339@20mg/mL。 通过在室温下将卵白蛋白肽溶解在0.13M盐酸溶液中而制备该溶液。溶 液2:在二氯甲烷中的PLGA@100mg/mL。通过将PLGA溶解在纯二 氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液3:在二氯甲烷中的PLA-PEG@100mg/mL。通过将PLA-PEG溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液4: 在100mM的pH 8的磷酸盐缓冲液中的聚乙烯醇@50mg/mL。
首先制备第一油包水乳液。通过将溶液1(0.2mL)、溶液2(0.75mL)、 以及溶液3(0.25mL)合并在一个小的压力管中并且使用布兰森数字超 声波仪250在50%振幅下进行声处理40秒来制备W1/O1。然后通过将溶 液4(3.0mL)与第一W1/O1乳液合并、涡旋10秒、并且使用布兰森数 字超声波仪250在30%振幅下进行声处理60秒来制备第二乳液 (W1/O1/W2)。
将该W1/O1/W2乳液添加到含有70mM的pH 8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(30 mL)的烧杯中并且在室温下搅拌2小时以允许二氯甲烷蒸发并且允许纳 米载体形成。通过以下方式来洗涤一部分纳米载体:将纳米载体悬浮液转 移至一个离心管中,并且以75,600×g和4℃离心45分钟、去除上清液、 并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。重复该洗涤程序,并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中以用于约10mg/mL的最终的纳米载体分散液。
通过动态光散射来确定纳米载体大小。通过HPLC分析来确定在纳米 载体中的肽的量。通过重量法来确定每mL悬浮液的总的干燥纳米载体质 量。
纳米载体3
从LKT实验设备公司(大学路西2233号,圣保罗,明尼苏达州55114; 产品目录#S3449)购买辛伐他汀。从SurModics制药公司(汤姆马丁路 756号,伯明翰,亚拉巴马州35211;产品代码7525 DLG 7A)购买丙交 酯∶乙交酯比为3∶1并且特性粘度为0.75dL/g的PLGA。合成了PEG嵌 段大约为5,000Da并且PLA嵌段大约为20,000Da的PLA-PEG嵌段共 聚物。从EMD化学品公司(产品编号1.41350.1001)购买聚乙烯醇 (85%-89%水解的)。
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:在二氯甲烷中的辛伐他汀@50mg/mL。通过将辛伐他汀溶解 在纯二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液2:在二氯甲烷中的PLGA@100 mg/mL。通过将PLGA溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液3:在 二氯甲烷中的PLA-PEG@100mg/mL。通过将PLA-PEG溶解在纯二氯 甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液4:在100mM的pH 8的磷酸盐缓冲液中的 聚乙烯醇@50mg/mL。
使用水包油乳液来制备纳米载体。通过将溶液1(0.15mL)、溶液2 (0.75mL)、溶液3(0.25mL)、以及溶液4(3mL)合并在一个小的压 力管中并且使用布兰森数字超声波仪250在30%振幅下进行声处理60秒 来制备O/W乳液。将该O/W乳液添加到含有70mM的pH 8磷酸盐缓 冲溶液(30mL)的烧杯中并且在室温下搅拌2小时以允许二氯甲烷蒸发 并且允许纳米载体形成。通过以下方式来洗涤一部分纳米载体:将纳米载 体悬浮液转移至一个离心管中,并且在75,600×g和4℃下离心35分钟、 去除上清液、并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。重复该洗涤程序, 并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中以用于约10mg/mL的最终的纳米 载体分散液。
通过动态光散射来确定纳米载体大小。通过HPLC分析来确定在纳米 载体中的辛伐他汀的量。通过重量法来确定每mL悬浮液的总的干燥纳米 载体质量。
纳米载体4
从巴亨美洲公司(柏市街3132号,托伦斯,加利福尼亚州90505,区 号#4065609)购买卵白蛋白肽323-339,即一种已知为卵白蛋白的T和B 细胞表位的17氨基酸肽。从TSZ化学品公司(威尔逊街185号,弗雷明 汉,马萨诸塞州01702;产品目录#R1017)购买雷帕霉素。从SurModics 制药公司(汤姆马丁路756号,伯明翰,亚拉巴马州35211;产品代码7525 DLG7A)购买丙交酯∶乙交酯比为3∶1并且特性粘度为0.75dL/g的 PLGA。合成了PEG嵌段大约为5,000Da并且PLA嵌段大约为20,000Da 的PLA-PEG嵌段共聚物。从EMD化学品公司(产品编号1.41350.1001) 购买聚乙烯醇(85%-89%水解的)。
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:在稀释的盐酸水溶液中的卵白蛋白肽323-339@20mg/mL。 通过在室温下将卵白蛋白肽溶解在0.13M盐酸溶液中而制备该溶液。溶 液2:在二氯甲烷中的雷帕霉素@50mg/mL。通过将雷帕霉素溶解在纯 二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液3:在二氯甲烷中的PLGA@100mg/mL。 通过将PLGA溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液4:在二氯甲烷中 的PLA-PEG@100mg/mL。通过将PLA-PEG溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制 备该溶液。溶液5:在100mM的pH 8的磷酸盐缓冲液中的聚乙烯醇@50 mg/mL。
首先制备第一油包水乳液。通过将溶液1(0.2mL)、溶液2(0.2mL)、 溶液3(0.75mL)、以及溶液4(0.25mL)合并在一个小的压力管中并且 使用布兰森数字超声波仪250在50%振幅下进行声处理40秒来制备 W1/O1。然后通过将溶液5(3.0mL)与第一W1/O1乳液合并、涡旋10 秒、并且使用布兰森数字超声波仪250在30%振幅下进行声处理60秒来 制备第二乳液(W1/O1/W2)。
将该W1/O1/W2乳液添加到含有70mM的pH 8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(30 mL)的烧杯中并且在室温下搅拌2小时以允许二氯甲烷蒸发并且允许纳 米载体形成。通过以下方式来洗涤一部分纳米载体:将纳米载体悬浮液转 移至一个离心管中,并且以21,000×g和4℃离心45分钟、去除上清液、 并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。重复该洗涤程序,并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中以用于约10mg/mL的最终的纳米载体分散液。
通过动态光散射来确定纳米载体大小。通过HPLC分析来确定在纳米 载体中的肽和雷帕霉素的量。通过重量法来确定每mL悬浮液的总的干燥 纳米载体质量。
纳米载体5
从巴亨美洲公司(柏市街3132号,托伦斯,加利福尼亚州90505,区 号#4065609)购买卵白蛋白肽323-339,即一种已知为卵白蛋白的T和B 细胞表位的17氨基酸肽。从LKT实验设备公司(大学路西2233号,圣 保罗,明尼苏达州55114;产品目录#S3449)购买辛伐他汀。从SurModics 制药公司(汤姆马丁路756号,伯明翰,亚拉巴马州35211;产品代码7525 DLG7A)购买丙交酯∶乙交酯比为3∶1并且特性粘度为0.75dL/g的 PLGA。合成了PEG嵌段大约为5,000Da并且PLA嵌段大约为20,000Da 的PLA-PEG嵌段共聚物。从EMD化学品公司(产品编号1.41350.1001) 购买聚乙烯醇(85%-89%水解的)。
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:在稀释的盐酸水溶液中的卵白蛋白肽323-339@20mg/mL。 通过在室温下将卵白蛋白肽溶解在0.13M盐酸溶液中而制备该溶液。溶 液2:在二氯甲烷中的辛伐他汀@50mg/mL。通过将辛伐他汀溶解在纯 二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液3:在二氯甲烷中的PLGA@100mg/mL。 通过将PLGA溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液4:在二氯甲烷中 的PLA-PEG@100mg/mL。通过将PLA-PEG溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制 备该溶液。溶液5:在100mM的pH 8的磷酸盐缓冲液中的聚乙烯醇@50 mg/mL。
首先制备第一油包水乳液。通过将溶液1(0.2mL)、溶液2(0.15mL)、 溶液3(0.75mL)、以及溶液4(0.25mL)合并在一个小的压力管中并且 使用布兰森数字超声波仪250在50%振幅下进行声处理40秒来制备 W1/O1。然后通过将溶液5(3.0mL)与第一W1/O1乳液合并、涡旋10 秒、并且使用布兰森数字超声波仪250在30%振幅下进行声处理60秒来 制备第二乳液(W1/O1/W2)。
将该W1/O1/W2乳液添加到含有70mM的pH 8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(30 mL)的烧杯中并且在室温下搅拌2小时以允许二氯甲烷蒸发并且允许纳 米载体形成。通过以下方式来洗涤一部分纳米载体:将纳米载体悬浮液转 移至一个离心管中,并且以75,600×g和4℃离心45分钟、去除上清液、 并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。重复该洗涤程序,并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中以用于约10mg/mL的最终的纳米载体分散液。
通过动态光散射来确定纳米载体大小。通过HPLC分析来确定在纳米 载体中的肽和辛伐他汀的量。通过重量法来确定每mL悬浮液的总的干燥 纳米载体质量。
体内给予1
收获来自B6.Cg-Tg(TcraTcrb)425Cbn/J(OTII)和C57BL/6(B6)小 鼠的脾脏、机械解离并且单独过滤通过70μM筛以产生单细胞悬浮液。 然后以2步骤的方法提取纯化的CD4+CD25-细胞。使用美天旎生物技术 公司(Miltenyi Biotec)的AutoMACS磁性细胞分选仪将脾脏细胞首先用 CD4+T-细胞分离试剂盒II进行标记,并且未标记的部分用CD25耗尽试 剂盒耗尽CD25+细胞。纯化的B6细胞在与纯化的OTII细胞以等浓度混 合之前用细胞内染料羧基荧光素琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE)进行染色。然后 将它们静脉(i.v.)注射到B6.SJL-Ptprca/BoyAi(CD45.1)受体小鼠中。
第二天,用靶向的致耐受性合成疫苗颗粒(t2SVP)处理受体CD45.1 小鼠。它们负载有卵白蛋白肽(323-339)(OVA323-339)、雷帕霉素(Rapa) 和/或辛伐他汀(Simva)的组合并且皮下地(s.c.)给予。
注射构成一个致耐受性处理,并且随后进行另外4次注射,每次注射 之间间隔2周。在治疗计划完成之后,将受体CD45.1动物杀死并且收获 它们的脾脏和腘淋巴结、机械解离并且单独过滤通过70μM筛以产生单 细胞悬浮液。通过用RBC裂解缓冲液孵育来使脾脏细胞耗尽红血细胞 (RBC)(干细胞技术(Stem Cell Technologies))并且对脾脏和淋巴结二 者都进行细胞计数。
将脾脏或淋巴结细胞在增补有10U/ml IL-2的CM(完全培养基)中 培养、在96孔圆底(RB)培养板中以0.3×106细胞/孔用OPII再刺激、 并且在37℃、5%CO2下孵育。细胞在第2天分裂并且在第5天被收获。 收集上清液并且冷冻,同时对细胞进行染色以便通过流式细胞术进行表型 分析。这些细胞在碧迪公司的FacsCanto流式细胞仪上进行分析。
体内给予2
收获来自B6.Cg-Tg(TcraTcrb)425Cbn/J(OTII)和C57BL/6(B6)小 鼠的脾脏、机械解离并且单独过滤通过70μM筛以产生单细胞悬浮液。 然后使用美天旎生物技术公司AutoMACS磁性细胞分选仪以2步骤的方 法提取纯化的CD4+CD25-细胞。脾脏细胞使用美天旎的CD4+T-细胞分离 试剂盒II来标记。未标记的CD4+T-细胞部分然后用CD25耗尽试剂盒耗尽CD25+细胞。然后,来自B6小鼠的纯化的CD4细胞在与纯化的OTII 细胞以等浓度混合之前用细胞内染料羧基荧光素琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE) 进行染色。然后将它们静脉(i.v.)注射到B6.SJL-Ptprca/BoyAi(CD45.1) 受体小鼠中。
第二天,用靶向的致耐受性合成疫苗颗粒处理受体CD45.1小鼠。它们 包含卵白蛋白肽(323-339)(OVA323-339)、雷帕霉素(Rapa)以及辛伐他 汀(Simva)的组合并且皮下地(s.c.)或静脉内地(i.v.)给予。
在治疗计划完成之后,将受体CD45.1动物杀死并且收获它们的脾脏和 腘淋巴结、机械解离并且单独过滤通过70μM筛以产生单细胞悬浮液。 通过与RBC裂解缓冲液结合来使脾脏细胞耗尽红血细胞(RBC)(干细 胞技术)并且对脾脏和淋巴结二者都进行细胞计数。
将脾脏或淋巴结细胞在增补有10U/ml IL-2的CM中培养、在96孔圆 底(RB)培养板中以0.3×106细胞/孔用1μM OPII再刺激、并且在37℃、 5%CO2下孵育。细胞在第2天分裂并且在第5天被收获。收集上清液并 且冷冻,同时对细胞进行染色以便通过流式细胞术进行表型分析。这些细 胞在碧迪公司的FacsCanto流式细胞仪上进行分析。
结果
结果显示在图4和图5(免疫调节剂1:雷帕霉素;免疫调节剂2:辛 伐他汀)中。这些图显示了体内作用并且证明了当与仅有抗原的纳米载体 相比较时,通过包含抗原和免疫抑制剂的合成纳米载体使免疫细胞的数目 减少。图5证明了使用包含抗原和免疫抑制剂的合成纳米载体使表达 FoxP3的免疫细胞的百分数增加。
实例9:评估使用包含免疫抑制剂的合成纳米载体的CD69活化
纳米载体
从Avanti Polar Lipids公司(Industrial Park Drive街道700号,阿拉 巴斯特(Alabaster),阿拉巴马州(Alabama)35007-9105;目录号867000P) 购买α-半乳糖神经酰胺(KRN7000)。从SurModics制药公司(汤姆马丁 路756号,伯明翰,亚拉巴马州35211;产品代码5050DLG 4.5A)购买 丙交酯∶乙交酯比为1∶1并且特性粘度为0.45dL/g的PLGA。从EMD化学品公司(产品编号1.41350.1001)购买聚乙烯醇(85%-89%水解的)。
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:在二甲亚砜(DMSO)中的KRN7000@2mg/mL。该溶液通 过将干脂质溶解在纯的DMSO中而制备。溶液2:在二氯甲烷中的PLGA @100mg/mL。通过将PLGA溶解在纯二氯甲烷中而制备该溶液。溶液3: 在100mM的pH 8的磷酸盐缓冲液中的聚乙烯醇@50mg/mL。
通过将溶液1(1mL)、溶液2(1mL)、溶液3(3mL)合并在一个 小的压力管中并且使用布兰森数字超声波仪250在30%振幅下进行声处 理60秒来制备一种油包水乳液(W/O),其中该压力管沉浸在一个冰水浴 中。然后将该W/O乳液添加到含有70mM的pH 8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(30 mL)的烧杯中并且在室温下搅拌2小时以允许二氯甲烷蒸发并且允许纳 米载体形成。通过以下方式来洗涤一部分纳米载体:将纳米载体悬浮液转 移至一个离心管中,并且以75,600×g和4℃离心45分钟、去除上清液、 并且将沉淀再悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。重复该洗涤程序,并且将沉淀再 悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水中以用于约10mg/mL的最终的纳米载体分散液。 通过动态光散射来确定纳米载体大小。将纳米载体中KRN7000的量报告 为假定加工时没有损失的理论负载量。通过重量法来确定每mL悬浮液的 总的干燥纳米载体质量(NP浓度)。
免疫
将小鼠指定为仅接受PBS、sol aGC+solRAPA、sol aGC+NP RAPA的 组。小鼠在上午9点进行注射并且在9点30分接受静脉内注射的布雷菲 德菌素A以防止所产生的细胞内细胞因子的释放。在下午1点,将小鼠 牺牲并且用PBS灌注肝脏并加工来获得富集淋巴细胞的单细胞悬浮液。 将细胞以针对iNKT细胞(负载agc的CD1d四聚体)的细胞表面标记和 T细胞受体(TCRb)以及活化标记CD69进行染色。在FacsCanto流式 细胞仪上获取细胞并通过FlowJo进行分析。
结果
如通过细胞因子产生以及细胞表面上CD69的上调所见,来自接受 aGC的小鼠的iNKT细胞被活化。可溶性的和纳米载体雷帕霉素都引起 iNKT细胞表面上CD69表面水平的显著下降,表明在处理之后与PBS处 理对照相比,这些细胞被更少活化。这些结果示于图6中。
实例10:含有卵白蛋白的介孔二氧化硅-金核-壳纳米载体(预示的)
介孔SiO2纳米颗粒核心通过溶胶-凝胶法来产生。将十六烷基三甲基溴 化铵(CTAB)(0.5g)溶解在去离子水(500mL)中,并且然后将2M 的NaOH水溶液(3.5mL)添加到CTAB溶液中。将该溶液搅拌30分钟, 并且然后向该溶液中添加四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)(2.5mL)。在80℃的 温度下将生成的凝胶搅拌3小时。通过过滤捕获形成的白色沉淀,随后用 去离子水洗涤并且在室温下干燥。然后通过悬浮于HCl的乙醇溶液中过 夜而从颗粒中提取出残留的表面活性剂。将这些颗粒用乙醇洗涤、离心、 并且在超声处理下再分散。这个洗涤程序另外再重复两次。
然后使用(3-氨基丙基)-三乙氧基硅烷(APTMS)用氨基对SiO2纳米颗 粒进行功能化。为此,将颗粒悬浮在乙醇(30mL)中,并且将APTMS (50μL)添加到悬浮液中。允许该悬浮液在室温下静置2小时,并且然 后煮沸4小时,通过周期性地添加乙醇使体积保持恒定。残留的反应物通 过五个离心洗涤和再分散于纯乙醇中的循环来去除。
在一个单独的反应中,产生1-4nm直径的金种子。在此反应中使用的 所有的水首先被去离子并且然后从玻璃蒸馏。将水(45.5mL)添加到100 mL圆底烧瓶中。在搅拌下,添加0.2M水性NaOH(1.5mL),随后添 加氯化四(羟甲基)鏻(THPC)的1%水溶液(1.0mL)。在添加THPC溶 液之后两分钟,添加已经老化至少15分钟的氯金酸的10mg/mL水溶液 (2mL)。通过用水透析来纯化这些金种子。
为了形成核-壳纳米载体,将以上形成的氨基功能化的SiO2纳米颗粒首 先在室温下与这些金种子混合2小时。将金修饰的SiO2颗粒通过离心来 收集,并且与氯金酸和碳酸氢钾的水溶液混合来形成金外壳。然后将这些 颗粒离心洗涤、并且再分散于水中。通过将这些颗粒悬浮于硫醇化的卵白 蛋白溶液(1mg/L)中72小时来负载硫醇化的卵白蛋白(通过用2-亚氨 基硫烷盐酸盐处理卵白蛋白而制成)。颗粒然后用1x PBS(pH 7.4)沉淀 洗涤以去除游离蛋白。然后将生成的含有卵白蛋白的二氧化硅-金核-壳纳 米载体再悬浮于1xPBS中以便进行进一步分析和测定。
实例11:含有雷帕霉素和卵白蛋白的脂质体(预示的)
这些脂质体通过薄膜水合来形成。将1,2-二棕榈酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆 碱(DPPC)(32μmol)、胆固醇(32μmol)、以及雷帕霉素(6.4μmol)溶 解在纯氯仿(3mL)中。将此脂质溶液添加到10mL玻璃管中,并且在 氮气流下去除溶剂并且真空干燥6小时。通过用2.0ml的25mM MOPS 缓冲液pH 8.5使该膜水合来获得多层囊泡,其含有过量的卵白蛋白。使管涡旋,直到脂质膜从管表面上剥落。为了将多层囊泡打破成单层的,应 用十个冷冻(液氮)和融化(30℃水浴)循环。然后将样品在25mM MOPS 缓冲液pH 8.5中稀释到1ml。通过使样品10倍穿过200nm孔聚碳酸酯 过滤器而挤出,来将生成的脂质体的大小均化。然后使用生成的脂质体用 于进一步分析和生物测定。
实例12:由具有表面共轭的卵白蛋白的修饰聚氨基酸组成的聚合纳米载体(预示
的)
步骤1.用L-苯丙氨酸乙酯(L-PAE)修饰的聚(γ-谷氨酸)(γ-PGA)的 制备:将4.7单位毫摩尔的-PGA(Mn=300kD)溶解在0.3N-NaHCO3水溶液(50mL)中。将L-PAE(4.7mmol)和EDC.HCl(4.7mmol) 添加到该溶液中并且在4C下搅拌30分钟。然后在搅拌下将该溶液保持在室温24小时。使用具有MWCO 50kD的透析薄膜通过渗析去除低分 子量化学物质。通过冻干获得生成的γ-PGA-接枝-L-PAE。
步骤2.由γ-PGA-接枝-L-PAE聚合物制备纳米颗粒:由γ-PGA-接枝 -L-PAE组成的纳米颗粒通过沉淀和透析方法来制备。将γ-PGA-接枝 -L-PAE(20mg)溶解在2ml的DMSO中,随后添加2mL的水以形成 半透明溶液。然后在室温下用蒸馏水使用纤维素薄膜配管(50,000 MWCO)透析该溶液72小时,以形成纳米颗粒并且去除有机溶剂。蒸馏 水以12小时的间隔进行更换。然后使用生成的纳米颗粒溶液(在水中的 10mg/mL)以用于抗原共轭。
步骤3.卵白蛋白与γ-PGA纳米颗粒的共轭:γ-PGA纳米颗粒(10 mg/ml)的表面羧酸基团首先在环境温度下通过EDC和NHS(各自在磷 酸盐缓冲液中的10mg/mL,pH 5.8)活化2小时。在沉淀洗涤以去除过 量的EDC/NHS之后,将活化的纳米颗粒与1mL的卵白蛋白(10mg/ml) 混合在磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS,pH 7.4)中,并且将混合物在4C-8C下 孵育24小时。将生成的卵白蛋白共轭的γ-PGA纳米颗粒用PBS洗涤两 次并且以5mg/mL再悬浮于PBS中以便进行进一步分析和生物测定。
实例13:红细胞生成素(EPO)封装的γ-PGA纳米颗粒(预示的)
为了制备EPO封装的γ-PGA纳米颗粒,将0.25-4mg的EPO溶解在 1mL的PBS(pH7.4)中,并且将1mL的γ-PGA-接枝-L-PAE(DMSO 中的10mg/mL)添加到EPO溶液中。将生成的溶液在14,000x g下离心 15分钟并且用PBS重复清洗。然后将生成的EPO封装的γ-PGA纳米颗 粒再悬浮于PBS(5mg/mL)中以便进行进一步分析和生物测定。
实例14:含有卵白蛋白的金纳米载体(AuNCs)的制备(预示的)
步骤1.金NCs(AuNCs)的形成:在一个装备有冷凝器的1L圆底烧 瓶中,在剧烈搅拌下加热回流500mL的1mM HAuCl4的水溶液10分钟。 然后向搅拌的溶液迅速添加50mL的40mM的柠檬酸三钠溶液。将生成 的深酒红色溶液保持回流25-30分钟,然后停止加热,并且冷却该溶液至 室温。然后通过一个0.8μm薄膜过滤器过滤该溶液,以给出AuNCs溶液。 使用可见光谱学和透射电子显微术表征AuNCs。这些AuNCs直径大约 20nm,被柠檬酸盐包裹,并且吸收峰在520nm处。
步骤2.卵白蛋白与AuNCs的共轭:将150μl的硫醇化的卵白蛋白溶液 (在10mM pH9.0碳酸盐缓冲液中的10μM)添加到1mL的20nm直 径的柠檬酸盐包裹的金纳米载体(1.16nM)中,以产生2500∶1的硫醇 基与金的摩尔比。在室温在氩下搅拌混合物1小时以允许金纳米载体上的 硫醇与柠檬酸盐完全交换。然后通过在12,000g下离心30分钟将表面上的具有卵白蛋白的AuNCs纯化。将上清液倾析出来并且然后将含有 AuNC-卵白蛋白的沉淀用1x PBS缓冲液沉淀洗涤。然后将纯化的金-卵 白蛋白纳米载体再悬浮于合适的缓冲液中以便进行进一步分析和生物测 定。
F.参考文献
在此任何参考文献的列举并非承认该参考文献或其传授内容是现有技 术。
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以下内容对应于原申请的权利要求书:
1.一种组合物,包含:
(i)第一群体的合成纳米载体,该第一群体的合成纳米载体与免疫抑制 剂偶联,和
(ii)一种APC可呈递抗原.
2.如实施方案1所述的组合物,其中该组合物中的该免疫抑制剂处于 有效产生针对该APC可呈递抗原的一种致耐受性免疫应答的量。
3.如实施方案1或2所述的组合物,其中该APC可呈递抗原与该第 一群体的合成纳米载体的合成纳米载体偶联。
4.如实施方案1或2所述的组合物,其中该APC可呈递抗原与第二 群体的合成纳米载体的合成纳米载体偶联。
5.如实施方案1-4中任一项所述的组合物,其中使用对该第一和/或第 二群体的这些合成纳米载体进行的动态光散射而获得的粒度分布的平均 值是大于100nm的直径。
6.如实施方案5所述的组合物,其中该直径大于150nm。
7.如实施方案6所述的组合物,其中该直径大于200nm。
8.如实施方案7所述的组合物,其中该直径大于250nm。
9.如实施方案8所述的组合物,其中该直径大于300nm。
10.如实施方案1-9中任一项所述的组合物,其中该免疫抑制剂包括 一种抑制素、一种mTOR抑制剂、一种TGF-β信号剂、一种皮质类固醇、 一种线粒体功能抑制剂、一种P38抑制剂、一种NF-κβ抑制剂、一种腺 苷受体激动剂、一种前列腺素E2激动剂、一种磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂、一 种HDAC抑制剂、或一种蛋白酶体抑制剂。
11.如实施方案10所述的组合物,其中该mTOR抑制剂是雷帕霉 素。
12.如实施方案1-11中任一项所述的组合物,其中该APC可呈递抗 原包含MHC I类限制性表位和/或MHC II类限制性表位。
13.如实施方案1-11中任一项所述的组合物,其中该APC可呈递抗 原是与Cd1d结合的一种脂质。
14.如实施方案1-13中任一项所述的组合物,其中该APC可呈递抗 原是一种治疗性蛋白或其部分、一种自身抗原或一种过敏原,或与一种自 身免疫性疾病、炎性疾病、过敏症、器官或组织排斥、或移植物抗宿主病 相关。
15.如实施方案1-14中任一项所述的组合物,其中平均在该第一合 成纳米载体群体上的免疫抑制剂的负载是在0.0001%与50%之间(重量/ 重量)。
16.如实施方案15所述的组合物,其中平均在该第一合成纳米载体 群体上的免疫抑制剂的负载是在0.1%与10%之间(重量/重量)。
17.如实施方案1-16中任一项所述的组合物,其中平均在该第一和/ 或第二合成纳米载体群体上的APC可呈递抗原的负载是在0.0001%与 50%之间(重量/重量)。
18.如实施方案17所述的组合物,其中平均在该第一和/或第二合成 纳米载体群体上的APC可呈递抗原的负载是在0.1%与10%之间(重量/ 重量)。
19.如实施方案1-18中任一项所述的组合物,其中该第一群体和/ 或第二群体合成纳米载体的这些合成纳米载体包括脂质纳米颗粒、聚合物 纳米颗粒、金属纳米颗粒、基于表面活性剂的乳液、树枝状化合物、巴基 球、纳米线、病毒样颗粒、或肽或蛋白质颗粒。
20.如实施方案19所述的组合物,其中当该第一群体和/或第二群体 合成纳米载体的这些合成纳米载体包括聚合物纳米颗粒时,这些聚合物纳 米颗粒包含为非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物的聚合物。
21.如实施方案19或20所述的组合物,其中这些聚合物纳米颗粒 包含聚酯、与聚醚偶联的聚酯、聚氨基酸、聚碳酸酯、聚缩醛、聚缩酮、 多糖、聚乙基噁唑啉、或聚乙烯亚胺。
22.如实施方案21所述的组合物,其中该聚酯包含一种聚(乳酸)、 聚(乙醇酸)、聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、或聚己酸内酯。
23.如实施方案21或22所述的组合物,其中这些聚合物纳米颗粒 包含一种聚酯以及与聚醚偶联的聚酯。
24.如实施方案21-23中任一项所述的组合物,其中该聚醚包含聚乙 二醇或聚丙二醇。
25.如实施方案1-24中任一项所述的组合物,其中该第一群体和/ 或第二群体合成纳米载体的这些合成纳米载体的长宽比大于1∶1、1∶1.2、 1∶1.5、1∶2、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7或1∶10。
26.如实施方案1-25中任一项所述的组合物,其中该组合物进一步 包含一种药学上可接受的赋形剂。
27.一种包含如实施方案1-26中任一项所述的组合物的剂型。
28.一种包括向受试者给予如实施方案27所述的剂型的方法。
29.如实施方案28所述的方法,其中该受试者是有抗原特异性耐受 需要的。
30.如实施方案28或29所述的方法,其中该剂型是按一个有效产 生对该APC可呈递抗原特异的一种致耐受性免疫应答的量给予的。
31.如实施方案28-30中任一项所述的方法,其中根据一个治疗方案 向该受试者给予该剂型,该治疗方案先前已经显示在一个或多个测试受试 者中产生对该APC可呈递抗原特异的一种致耐受性免疫应答。
32.如实施方案28-31中任一项所述的方法,其中该方法进一步包括 提供或鉴定该受试者。
33.如实施方案28-32中任一项所述的方法,其中该方法进一步包括 评定该受试者中对该APC可呈递抗原特异的致耐受性免疫应答的产生。
34.如实施方案28-33中任一项所述的方法,其中该受试者具有一种 自身免疫性疾病、一种炎性疾病、一种过敏症、器官或组织排斥、移植物 抗宿主病、或已经经历或将要经历移植。
35.如实施方案28-33中任一项所述的方法,其中该受试者已经接 受、正在接受或将要接受一种治疗性蛋白,该受试者已经经历、正在经历 或预期会经历针对该治疗性蛋白的一种所不希望的免疫应答。
36.如实施方案28-35中任一项所述的方法,其中通过静脉内、腹膜 内、透粘膜、经口、皮下、肺部、鼻内、皮内或肌肉内给予来给予该剂型。
37.如实施方案28-35中任一项所述的方法,其中该给予是通过吸入 或静脉内、皮下或透粘膜给予进行的。
38.如实施方案1-26中任一项所定义的组合物或如实施方案27所述 的剂型,用于治疗或预防。
39.如实施方案1-26中任一项所定义的组合物或如实施方案27所述 的剂型,用于在受试者中的治疗或预防,该受试者已经经历或将要经历移 植、或已经接受或正在接受或将要接受一种治疗性蛋白,该受试者已经经 历、正在经历或预期将会经历针对该治疗性蛋白的一种所不希望的免疫应 答。
40.如实施方案1-26中任一项所定义的组合物或如实施方案27所述 的剂型,用于如实施方案28-37中任一项所定义的方法中。
41.如实施方案1-26中任一项所定义的组合物或如实施方案27所述 的剂型,用于一种诱导致耐受性免疫应答的方法中。
42.如实施方案1-26中任一项所定义的组合物或如实施方案27所述 的剂型,用于一种预防或治疗自身免疫性疾病、炎性疾病、过敏症、移植 物抗宿主病或所不希望的免疫应答的方法中。
43.如实施方案1-26中任一项所定义的组合物或如实施方案27所述 的剂型,用于一种治疗或预防的方法中,该方法包括通过如实施方案36 或实施方案37中所定义的途径进行给药。
44.如实施方案1-26中任一项所定义的组合物或如实施方案27所述 的剂型用于制造药剂的用途,该药剂用于如实施方案28-37和41-43中任 一项所定义的方法中。
Claims (10)
1.一种组合物,包含:
(i)第一群体的合成纳米载体,该第一群体的合成纳米载体与免疫抑制剂偶联,和
(ii)一种APC可呈递抗原。
2.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中该组合物中的该免疫抑制剂处于有效产生针对该APC可呈递抗原的一种致耐受性免疫应答的量。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的组合物,其中该APC可呈递抗原与该第一群体的合成纳米载体的合成纳米载体偶联。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的组合物,其中该APC可呈递抗原与第二群体的合成纳米载体的合成纳米载体偶联。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的组合物,其中使用对该第一和/或第二群体的这些合成纳米载体进行的动态光散射而获得的粒度分布的平均值是大于100nm的直径。
6.如权利要求5所述的组合物,其中该直径大于150nm。
7.如权利要求6所述的组合物,其中该直径大于200nm。
8.如权利要求7所述的组合物,其中该直径大于250nm。
9.如权利要求8所述的组合物,其中该直径大于300nm。
10.如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的组合物,其中该免疫抑制剂包括一种抑制素、一种mTOR抑制剂、一种TGF-β信号剂、一种皮质类固醇、一种线粒体功能抑制剂、一种P38抑制剂、一种NF-κβ抑制剂、一种腺苷受体激动剂、一种前列腺素E2激动剂、一种磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂、一种HDAC抑制剂、或一种蛋白酶体抑制剂。
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